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This research paper focuses on the use of solid biomass waste, specifically a combination of Polyalthia longifolia seed (PLSF) and graphite (GH) powder, as reinforcements in vinyl ester (VE) composites. The composites were produced via the hand layup method, with the filler concentration varying from 0 to 15 wt% of PLSF and 0–9 wt% of graphite. The objective was to examine the influence of the hybrid filler on the mechanical characteristics of the composites. The mechanical properties of composites prepared from P. longifolia seeds and graphite powder were experimentally characterized. These properties included tensile strength, flexural strength, impact resistance, and hardness. The hybrid composite had a maximum tensile strength of 48.4 MPa, and its tensile modulus was 1.66 GPa. The hybrid filler at 15% wt% of PLSF and 6% of graphite has the highest flexural strength, which is around 148 MPa. The ultimate impact strength and hardness were measured to be 41.3 kJ/m2 and 44.5, respectively, after the addition of 15 and 6 wt% of hybrid filler. In comparison to neat vinyl ester resin, the PLSF/GH‐VE composites exhibited an increase in tensile, flexural, impact, and hardness of 2.69, 1.82, 3.03, and 1.59 times, respectively. Hybrid composite surfaces were analyzed using scanning electron microscopes to determine surface characteristics and fractured surfaces. In addition, the PLSF/GH‐VE composites have been utilized in the production of components for four‐wheelers. Highlights: Investigated the impact of hybrid filler‐reinforced vinyl ester composites.Mechanical and thermal properties were experimentally characterized.Surface characteristics and fractured surfaces were examined.PLSF/GH‐VE composites are used in producing components for four‐wheelers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using Camellia oleifera shell as raw materials to preparative SiC ceramics by warm‐press forming and sintering is proposed in this paper. Warm‐press forming before preparing for the C. oleifera shell‐based SiC ceramics is beneficial to obtain the internal uniform and suitable pore structure of the cylindrical sample. Thermogravimetric analysis with differential scanning calorimetry was applied to analyze the pyrolysis behavior of C. oleiefra shell and phenolic resin. The scanning electron microscope and X‐ray diffraction were used to investigate the properties of C. oleifera shell‐based SiC ceramics. Then, the response surface method was applied to establish a multivariate prediction model based on the process parameters of warm‐press forming. And the regression equations of porosity and bending strength of COS‐SiC are obtained. The result demonstrated that the predicted and experimental values can be in good agreement for the model. By comparing the F‐value, it is found that the forming temperature and pressure during the process of warm‐press forming have a more significant influence on the porosity and bending strength of SiC ceramics. The optimization process parameters were obtained as follows: forming temperature 153°C, pressure 35 MPa, and holding time 30 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of using some polymers at different concentrations in the consolidation of vegetable-tanned leather artifacts. Design/methodology/approach: New vegetable-tanned leather samples were prepared. The consolidants used were polyacrylamide (PAM) and polymethyl methacrylate/hydroxyethyl methacrylate (MMA-HEMA). Accelerated heat aging was applied to the untreated and treated samples. Analytical techniques used were Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), digital microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), change of color and mechanical properties. Findings: The characteristic FTIR bands showed the effect of accelerated heat aging on the molecular structure of the studied samples, but treated and aged treated samples used were better than aged untreated samples. Microscopic investigations (digital and SEM), and mechanical properties proved that 2% was the best concentration for polymers used. The change in the total color difference of the treated and aged treated samples was limited. Originality/value: This study presents the important results obtained from PAM and poly(MMA-HEMA) used for the consolidation of vegetable-tanned leather artifacts. The best results of the studied polymers can be applied directly to protect historical vegetable-tanned leathers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the effect of Ce element on the microstructure and mechanical properties was studied by Ce addition to the hot‐formed steel. Scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM‐EDS) was used to analyze the improvement effect of Ce on inclusions and the effect of inclusions on fracture behavior; Electron back scattering diffractometer (EBSD) was used to analyze the refinement and strengthening effect of Ce on martensitic grains; transmission electron microscope (TEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) was used to analyze the microstructure strengthening effect and microalloying effect of solid solution Ce in hot‐formed steel. Through a systematic analysis of mechanical properties and microstructure, the mechanism of Ce enhances the strength and elongation of hot‐formed steel was clarified. Besides, this work provides a research basis for further improving the safety and machinability of hot‐formed steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the challenges of storing hydrogen in saline aquifers is the possible geochemical reactions between host rock, formation solution, and hydrogen. This study investigated the effect of hydrogen treatment on the mechanical properties of sandstone samples from Hulett member of Sundance Formation, a potential underground hydrogen storage host in Wyoming, USA. Cylindrical specimens were treated with brine, brine+50%H 2, and brine+100%H 2 for two weeks at a pressure of 15 MPa and a temperature of 83 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), uniaxial compression, and triaxial compression tests were conducted on specimens. Results showed that specimens treated with brine+50%H 2 and brine+100%H 2 , on average, exhibited 24 and 41% lower peak strength, respectively, compared to that of specimens treated with the brine. XRD results showed a decrease in dolomite and clay content of specimens after exposure to hydrogen, causing degradation of the mechanical and elastic properties of the specimens. • The effect of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of Hulett sandstone was investigated. • Dolomite and clay dissolution was observed after the treatment with hydrogen. • Specimens treated with hydrogen on average showed 41% lower strength. • An average 43% decrease in elastic modulus was observed after hydrogen treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the lithology, pore throat, and fluid characteristics of the reservoir in Liaohe Oilfield Block 3624, using group V rocks as an example, combining a high-temperature and high-pressure reaction still with other equipment such as a rock mechanics tester and a scanning electron microscope. This study also designs and develops three controlled variable experiments, including the subcritical steam reservoir rock dissolution experiment, the subcritical steam reservoir rock mineral composition transformation experiment, and the subcritical steam reservoir rock mineral mechanical property experiment, also making clear the rule of change on the part of the rocks in the deep and heavy oil reservoirs after the injection of subcritical steam. Experimental results reveal the following: (1) Steam causes the dissolution of rocks, and when the steam temperature is in the subcritical region, dissolution is visible. After a 350 °C subcritical steam treatment, the relative melting temperatures of the components of rock materials are substantially greater than the melting point of the cement holding them together, causing the cement to significantly dissolve and a secondary crack network to emerge. (2) The mineral composition of the rocks changes as a result of elevated temperatures, with various mineral transformation trajectories being recorded after various steam treatments. Montmorillonite in reservoir rocks is converted into minerals like illite and chlorite in the subcritical steam temperature range. Another element influencing the creation of secondary cracks on rock surfaces is the reciprocal transformation of minerals, which alters the cohesiveness among mineral components. (3) Rocks suffer thermal damage and changes to their mechanical characteristics as a result of high-temperature steam dissolution and mineral transformations; the severity of these changes increases with the steam temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A composite resin containing eggshell particles for the additive manufacturing according to the stereolithography (SLA) printing technology was studied. First, the viscosity properties of the eggshell-particle-reinforced resin were determined. Then, the effect of particle wt% on the hardness, tensile, and compressive behaviors of the composite specimens were investigated. Besides, the optical microscopy images of unreinforced and reinforced 3D printed composites were scrutinized. The cross-sections of the composite were analyzed by the energy dispersion spectrometry and optical and scanning electron microscopes (EDS/SEM) in order to examine its structure in detail. To analyze the damping properties and the elastic modulus determined in tension and free vibration tests were also carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultra-high-rise buildings require high concrete bearing capacity. Ordinary concrete often fails to meet the project requirements. Admixture of admixtures in concrete is a means of solution. Currently, studies on the incorporation of basalt fiber (BF) and fly ash (FA) in concrete are relatively mature. However, research on incorporating nano-Titanium Carbide (nano-TiC) in concrete is still relatively scarce, which has a lot of room for development. To further improve the mechanical properties of concrete, BF, and FA synergized with nano-TiC were incorporated into concrete to produce TBF concrete in this study. And Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the mechanical properties of concrete. The collapse and compressive deformation damage characteristics of concrete were analyzed. The microstructure of the cement matrix was analyzed by the SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). An optimization model of the TBF concrete craving function was developed. Optimized ratios with compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths as response objectives were obtained, and the accuracy of the optimized ratios was investigated using the same experimental conditions. The results of the study showed that FA increased the collapse of concrete, while nano-TiC and BF decreased the collapse of concrete. Under uniaxial compression, nano-TiC, FA, and BF together incorporated into concrete can improve its compressive damage state. Moderate amounts of nano-TiC, BF, and FA could improve the mechanical properties of concrete. Their optimal mixing ratio admixtures were 0.88%, 0.24%, and 5.49%, respectively. And the measured values under the same conditions were compared with the predicted values. The maximum difference in compressive strength was 6.09%. The maximum difference in split tensile strength was 7.14%. The maximum difference in flexural strength was 8.45%. This indicated that the accuracy of the RSM optimization model was good. A moderate amount of nano-TiC, FA, and BF could improve the densification of concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tensile behavior of a flexible epoxy resin reinforced with knitted reinforcements from various fiber materials was comprehensively studied in the wale and course direction. By measuring dry yarns, temperature‐treated yarns, dry knitted fabrics and flexible composites, the effect of the fiber material and the knitted fabric on the tensile properties was analyzed. The interlock knit structure strongly affected the deformation behavior of the flexible composites which differed significantly from the dry knitted fabrics. The deformation behavior of the flexible composites was monitored using digital image correlation which revealed the formation of cracks and high local strain differences in the course direction for all fiber materials. This was linked to fiber‐matrix debonding by scanning electron microscope observations. In the wale direction, the deformation of the knitted structure under tensile load led to plastic deformation of the matrix material. Overall, with yarns from recycled thermoplastic fibers, a higher maximum stress and strain at break was achieved compared to bio‐based fibers. However, irreversible damage occurred for all fiber materials at similar strain values. Highlights: Tensile tests on yarns, knitted fabrics and flexible composites.Investigation of the effect of fiber material on mechanical properties.High local strain differences in composites due to knitted structure.Fiber‐matrix debonding in course direction.Plastic deformation of the matrix material in the wale direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HTW-50 solid wire CO2 gas-shielded arc spot welding and resistance spot welding techniques were utilized to fabricate multiple sets of HRB400E hot-rolled ribbed seismic reinforcement cross-spot welded test specimens. These specimens were subjected to unidirectional tensile testing to investigate the impact of cross-spot welding on the mechanical properties of the steel bars. Chemical composition analysis and hardness testing were conducted on the brittle fracture test specimens using a metallurgical microscope, scanning electron microscope, and Rockwell hardness tester, among other related equipment. The brittle fracture mechanism of the cross-welded test specimens was subsequently examined from both macroscopic and microscopic perspectives. The results indicate that cross-spot welding of large-diameter rebars does not affect their strength. However, 80% of the test specimens exhibited brittle fractures that occurred at the weld point. Moreover, the elongation of the brittle fracture specimens was lower than the standard value, indicating a need for improved toughness. In comparison to CO2 gas-shielded arc spot welding, resistance spot welding had a lesser impact on the elongation of the steel bars and demonstrated greater stability. The test specimens exhibited fractures primarily at the welded area, where only a minimal amount of toughness was observed. Disintegration steps and river-like patterns were also observed at the weld, suggesting a mechanism of disintegration fracture. Additionally, tempered martensite was detected in the heat-affected zone, rendering the bars brittle, and making them prone to fracture at the weld. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper presents a comparative experimental study on the impact of zinc oxide and zirconium dioxide nanomaterials on the chemical, mechanical, and crystalline properties of epoxy resin (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A). Nanomaterials were incorporated into the epoxy resin at three different concentrations (4%, 6%, and 8%) by weight. Results indicated enhanced properties of the epoxy resin, including tensile and compressive strengths, as well as improvements in chemical and crystalline characteristics, assessed through scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Notably, zirconium dioxide exhibited superior performance across all properties, enhancing tensile and compressive strengths by 67% and 50%, respectively. Zinc oxide, at the same concentrations, led to a 50% increase in tensile strength and a 40% increase in compressive strength. These outcomes were observed at the highest concentration (8%wt) of both nanomaterials and the pure epoxy resin. The presence of nanomaterials at this ratio promoted greater cohesion within the composite, as evidenced by SEM images of selected samples. SEM analysis highlighted the pivotal role of ZrO2 nanoparticles in improving epoxy integration, surface quality, crystallization, and imperfection removal, crucial factors for enhancing composite materials. FTIR analysis of the resin containing ZrO2 nanoparticles revealed shifts and alterations in peaks, indicating successful nanoparticle-epoxy interaction, resulting in notable structural changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-diameter polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber has a broad application prospect in the field of reinforcing geomorphic building materials owing to its large diameter and excellent mechanical properties. In this work, PVA2499 polymer was used as the raw material, DMSO/H2O as the hybrid solvent, and the staged heating approach was adopted to obtain high solid content of spinning solutions, and then a series of large-diameter medium-strength PVA fibers with different solid contents of spinning solutions (SCS) were prepared by dry-wet spinning, and the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scan electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal analysis (TGA), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and electronic universal testing machine were performed to explore the effect of the SCS on the structure and performance of PVA fiber. The results displayed that with the increase of the SCS, the -OH stretching vibration absorption peak of PVA fiber moved from 3276 cm−1 to 3262 cm−1; The tensile strength, initial modulus, the crystallization and orientation of PVA fibers all increased first and then decreased. Especially, when the SCS was 23.5wt%, the diameter of the PVA fiber was 110.6 ± 6.0 μm (124.8 ± 6.2 dtex), the tensile strength was 7.0 ± 0.3 cN/dtex, the initial modulus was 106.2 ± 10.3 cN/dtex, the crystallization and the orientation were 49.6% and 96.8%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the effect of stir‐casting process parameters, including stirring speed, stirring time, and weight % of the ceramic microsphere, on the fabrication of an aluminium 6061‐ceramic microsphere composite. Experiments are conducted using a full‐factorial design approach to determine the effect of variables on mechanical properties. A field effect scanning electron microscope is used to analyze the fracture surfaces of the test specimen. Further, the results are subjected to the Anderson‐darling normality test to validate the accuracy of the model, and finally, an analysis of variance is performed to identify the most significant parameters that affect the mechanical properties. The results confirm the validity of the designed experimental model for enhancing the mechanical properties of the aluminium 6061‐ceramic microsphere composite. The optimum mechanical properties are attained for a stirring speed of 600 min−1, stirring time of 15 min, and 5 weight % of reinforcement. Furthermore, the weight percentage of the ceramic microsphere increase, the ductility of the composite decreases while its strength and hardness increase. Finally, the analysis of variance shows that all parameters significantly impact the mechanical properties of the designed composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates making an injection mouldable conductive plastic formulation that aims for conductivity into the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding range, with good mechanical properties (i.e., stiffness, strength, and impact resistance). While conductivity in the range (electrostatic charge dissipation) and EMI shielding have been attained by incorporating conductive fillers such as carbon black, metals powders, and new materials, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), this often occurs with a drop in tensile strength, elongation-to-break resistance, and impact resistance. It is most often the case that the incorporation of high modulus fillers leads to an increase in modulus but a drop in strength and impact resistance. In this work, we have used short carbon fibres as the conductive filler and selected a 50/50 PBT/rPET (recycled PET) for the plastic matrix. Carbon fibres are cheaper than CNTs and graphenes. The PBT/rPET has low melt viscosity and crystallises sufficiently fast during injection moulding. To improve impact resistance, a styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene (SEBS) rubber toughening agent was added to the plastic. The PBT/rPET had very low-impact resistance and the SEBS provided rubber toughening to it; however, the rubber caused a drop in the tensile modulus and strength. The short carbon fibre restored the modulus and strength, which reached higher value than the PBT/rPET while providing the conductivity. Scanning electron microscope pictures showed quite good bonding of the current filler (CF) to the PBT/rPET. An injection mouldable conductive plastic with high conductivity and raised modulus, strength, and impact resistance could be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present work was to evaluate six commercially available abutment screws by characterising roughness parameters, microstructure and mechanical properties. Six abutment screws from each implant system, were used. The surface roughness parameters (S a , S q , S sk , S ku , S pk , S k and S vk) were identified by an optical interferometric profiler. Microstructural observations and crystallographic analysis were performed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) device for elemental analysis and an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), respectively. The Martens Hardness (HM), Indentation Modulus (E IT), elastic index (η IT) and Vickers hardness (HV) of all specimens were determined by instrumented indentation testing (IIT). The results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey multiple-comparison tests (a=0.05). EDX and XRD showed the abutment screws to be mixed α- and β-phase titanium alloys. Microstructural analysis revealed a fine homogeneous microstructure without porosity, consisting of fine dispersoid rods of β-phase embedded in a continuous α-phase matrix. Statistically significant differences were found among the mechanical properies and surface roughness parameters apart from S q , S pk and S vk. The tested abutment screws showed significant differences in the probed properties, and, thus, differences in their clinical behaviour are anticipated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid setting rate restricts the application of sulfoaluminate cement (SAC), it is necessary to develop SAC mortar with a controlled setting time. Therefore, this paper tries to use sodium gluconate (SG) and mineral admixture to reduce its reaction speed and study the effects of SG and mineral admixture on the workability, mechanical properties and durability of SAC mortar. First, the optimal amount of SG doping was determined to be 0.4% under the comprehensive consideration of the working performance, mechanical performance, and durability of SAC. Again, based on the determination of SG dosing, the effects of four mineral admixtures, fly ash, silica fume, Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS), and limestone powder, on the mechanical properties and chloride ion penetration resistance of SAC were studied, and the optimal dosing of each mineral admixture was determined. Finally, a microscopic analysis of the specimen was conducted through a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to reveal the reaction mechanism of SAC from a macroscopic perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a high-performance composite material, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber-reinforced engineered cementitious composites (PVA-ECCs) are often used in sub-elevated temperature environments (< 200°C) for long-term service. However, the effect of exposure time in sub-elevated temperature on the performance of PVA-ECCs is not still clear. In this study, the properties of PVA-ECCs in sub-elevated temperature environments were examined, with emphasis on the effect of exposure time (1, 3, 6, and 9 h). Furthermore, the microstructure and tensile behavior of single PVA fibers exposed to a sub-elevated temperature environment was investigated. Results showed that PVA-ECCs have enhanced tensile ductility at different sub-elevated temperature exposure times below 100°C. However, the tensile properties of PVA-ECCs at 150°C showed a strain retraction phenomenon at 6 and 9 h. The strain-hardening characteristics of PVA-ECCs gradually disappeared with the increase of the sub-elevated temperature exposure time at 200°C. The results of thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that the degradation of PVA fibers was accelerated by exposure time in sub-elevated temperature, which caused the reduction of mechanical properties of PVA-ECCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) are just one of the attractive graphene-based nanomaterials that are rapidly emerging and have sparked the interest of many industries. These small stacks of platelet-shaped graphene sheets have a unique size and morphology that quickly disperse into other materials such as polymers, resulting in higher-value composite materials with improved thermal, conductivity, and mechanical capabilities. A detailed analysis of reinforced High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) using different sizes (2, 15, 25 μm) and compositions (8, 10, 15 wt.%) of Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNP) has been conducted. The microstructure of the HDPE/GNP nanocomposites was extensively examined during the melt blending and injection moulding processes. Based on the results, the nanocomposites with different sizes of GNP exhibited dissimilar behaviour with different compositions. Furthermore, scanning electron microscope (SEM) results indicated a homogeneous dispersion for GNP in melt mixing. Moreover, thermogravimetric (TG) data demonstrate that increasing filler showed a slight increase in the material's thermal stability. The use of GNP improved mechanical properties, as evidenced by the increases in Young's modulus of yield strength from around 100 MPa to over 400 MPa. This study provides a practical reference for the industrial preparation of polymer-based graphene nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, maleic anhydride (MA) was used to graft-modify chitosan (CS) to obtain maleic anhydride-modified chitosan (MCS). Composite films with different ratios were prepared by melt blending-extrusion pelletizing-blown film using Poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) as the substrate and CS or MCS as the filler. These films can be utilized in a variety of ways, such as food packaging, agricultural mulching film, and more. The composite films were characterized and tested by a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and electronic universal testing machine, and the effects of different fillers and filler contents on the properties of the composite films were investigated. The results showed that the thermal stability of the composite films decreased slightly with the increase in filler ratio, the melt crystallization temperature increased and then decreased, and the tensile strength and elongation at break of the composite films decreased. Compared with unmodified CS, MCS had better dispersion and compatibility when blended with PBAT, and the interaction between MCS and PBAT was greater than that of CS. The optimal filler amount of MCS was 6% for the combination of film material cost and performance considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is the leading high-performance thermoplastic biomaterial that can be processed through material extrusion (ME) additive manufacturing (AM), also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, for patient-specific load-bearing implant manufacture. Considering the importance of cyclic loading for load-bearing implant design, this work addresses the high-cycle fatigue behaviour of 3D-printed PEEK. In this work, printed PEEK specimens are cyclically loaded under stress-controlled tension–tension using different stress levels between 75% and 95% of printed PEEK's tensile strength. The experimental results are used to document 3D-printed PEEK's fatigue behaviour using Basquin's power law, which was compared with previous fatigue research on bulk PEEK and other 3D-printing materials. As a pioneering study on its fatigue behaviour, the results from this work show that 3D-printed PEEK exhibits an above-average fatigue strength of 65 MPa, corresponding to about 75% of its tensile strength. Fracture surface analysis suggests that a transition can occur from ductile to brittle fracture with maximum stresses between 85% and 95% of the tensile strength. Evidence of crack propagation features on fracture surfaces under scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation suggests crack initiation in void defects created by printing deposition that propagates longitudinally through line bonding interfaces along layers. Considering this, 3D-printed PEEK's fatigue behaviour can be strongly related to printing conditions. Further research on the fatigue behaviour of 3D-printed PEEK is necessary to support its use in load-bearing implant applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-entropy MAX phase (Ti 0.5 Nb 0.15 Zr 0.1 Mo 0.1 Ta 0.1 W 0.05) 2 AlC was synthesized via current-assisted sintering using Ti/Al/NbC/ZrC/MoC/TaC/WC as the raw material. The phase composition, microstructure, and elemental distribution are analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope with energy-dispersive spectrometer elemental analysis. The results obtained indicate that the as-synthesized bulk exhibits high purity with minimal elemental segregation at the grain boundary. The doped atoms caused numerous dislocations and severe lattice distortions in the crystal structure. By means of mechanical properties tests, the hardness, flexural strength, and fracture toughness of (Ti 0.5 Nb 0.15 Zr 0.1 Mo 0.1 Ta 0.1 W 0.05) 2 AlC are determined to be 9.3 ± 0.2 GPa, 433 ± 27 GPa, and 8.9 ± 0.3 MPa m1/2, respectively. These findings demonstrate notable enhancements in terms of hardening, strengthening, and toughening effects compared to the Ti 2 AlC phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to study the effect of injection parameters on the mechanical properties of the developed green composites. Natural flax fibre and biodegradable polymer, polylactic acid was chosen to develop the green composites. The flax fibre was chemically treated using sodium hydroxide to fabricate the green composite by injection moulding. The injection parameters namely (i) injection pressure (bar), (ii) injection speed (mm/s), and (iii) injection temperature (°C) was considered to investigate their effect on the mechanical properties of developed polylactic acid/flax green composites. The mechanical properties, such as (a) tensile strength (TS), (b) tensile modulus (TM), (c) percentage elongation under tensile loading (PET), (d) flexural strength (FS), (e) flexural modulus (FM), (f) percentage elongation under flexural loading (PEF), (g) compressive strength (CS), and (h) shear strength (SS) was evaluated under different injection conditions. Furthermore, the morphology of the mechanically tested specimens was investigated using a scanning electron microscope. Grey relational analysis was performed to find the optimal injection condition. The optimum injection condition depicting superior mechanical properties was found at injection parameters combination of 90 bar (injection pressure), 60 mm/s (injection speed), and 165 °C (injection temperature). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microstructure and properties of an AlSi10Mg alloy produced by selective laser melting were examined using optical microscopes, scanning electron microscopes, electron backscattered diffraction, and x‐ray diffraction. The results show that the mechanical characteristics of selective laser melting formed AlSi10Mg alloy is superior to those of traditional sand cast AlSi10Mg alloy due to fine grain strengthening and solid solution strengthening. AlSi10Mg alloy formed by selective laser melting is mainly composed of α‐aluminum solid solution, eutectic silicon with network structure and a small amount of Magnesium silicon precipitated phase, and different cross‐sections have unique microstructures and properties. The XOY plane is composed primarily of equiaxed grains with an average grain size of 7.34 μm and a {001} <100> cubic texture, and it has a hardness value of 130.7 HV 0.2. The majority of the YOZ plane, which has a {111}<110> brass R texture and a hardness value of 108.9 HV 0.2, comprises columnar crystals with an average grain size of 8.42 μm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-strength metastable β titanium alloys are promising structural materials to be used in aviation industries. In order to achieve a high strength level, solid solution treatment within β region and subsequent low-temperature aging are usually necessary to obtain fine α precipitates. The selection of the aging temperature is considered critical to the mechanical performance of metastable β titanium alloys. In this work, we investigated the effect of aging temperature on the microscopic structure and mechanical properties of a novel type of titanium alloy TB18 (Ti-4.5Al-5Mo-5V-6Cr-1Nb). A series of aging treatments were conducted on TB18 specimens at 510 °C, 520 °C, 530 °C, and 540 °C after the solid solution treatment at 870 °C. On the basis of the systematic results of scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope, the behavior of the α phases affected by the varied aging temperatures were studied. As the aging temperature rose, the grain width of the α phase increased from 60 nm (510 °C) to 140 nm (540 °C). For the TB18 samples aged at 510 °C and 540 °C, the tensile strength/yield strength/impact toughness values were 1365 ± 3 MPa/1260 ± 0.9 MPa/26.5 ± 1.2 J/cm2 and 1240 ± 0.9 MPa/1138 ± 0.8 MPa/36.2 ± 1.3 J/cm2, respectively. As a result, the tensile performance and the grain width of the α phase agreed well with the Hall–Petch relationship. This work offers valuable support for both theoretical analyses and the heat treatment strategies on the novel TB18 titanium alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance the fracture toughness of epoxy resin at low temperature, a secondary branched epoxy‐terminated silicone resin (ESR‐6) was synthesized and incorporated into bisphenol A epoxy resin at different contents. The structure of ESR‐6 was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), and the fracture surface of the composites was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscopy. At room temperature and − 70°C, the maximum values of elongation at break were 15.78% and 12.55% with 10 wt% ESR. Compared with those of neat epoxy resin, the values of elongation at break of the composite were increased by 50.86% and 36.12%. The results of dynamic mechanical analysis also showed that the toughness of the modified resin had been improved. The SEM images of the fracture surfaces suggested that the fracture mode of the modified resin changed from brittle one to plastic one because of the addition of ESR‐6, which further confirmed the toughening effect of ESR‐6. These research results may provide a new strategy for enhancing the low‐temperature toughness of epoxy resins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research work reports the influence of 3-µm-sized Palm Sprout Shell Ash (PSSA) reinforcement on the mechanical and tribological behavior of the Al-Cu-Mg alloy. Composites of varying weight percentages of reinforcement ranging from 1 to 6 at intervals of 1 Wt.% were produced using the ultrasonic-assisted bottom-poured stir casting technique. Microstructural studies, mechanical testing, and wear properties analysis were performed on the alloy and the synthesized composites. The microstructure of the obtained samples was examined using Scanning Electron Microscope, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and XRay Diffraction (XRD). The XRD patterns provided confirmation of the presence of PSSA (SiO2 and Al2O3) particles. The addition of PSSA reinforcement has significantly improved the hardness, tensile strength, and compression strength of composites. The hardness, ultimate tensile strength, and compression strength were improved by 13.89%, 24.04%, and 32.93%, respectively, with the 6 Wt.% PSSA-reinforced composite. However, the incorporation of reinforcement has resulted in a decrease in the ductility of the Al-Cu-Mg alloy composite; the maximum decrement of 42.87% was with the 6% PSSA-reinforced composite. Tests were conducted at different loads and speeds to evaluate the wear behavior of the prepared samples. Superior wear resistance was observed in the composites. The fracture and wear mechanisms of reinforced and unreinforced were observed using SEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on how microalgae protein biomass, such as spirulina (SP), can be used to create thermoplastic blends and algal‐based bioplastics. Algal bioplastics can be customized for a variety of material properties and applications while remaining biodegradable. In this work, the casting approach has been performed to create spirulina‐starch‐glycerol composite films by adding SP to plasticized starch films. The characteristics and properties of the composite films were inspected by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), tensile strength, antimicrobial activity, and biodegradation analysis. The composite film with 3% SP was found to have the best combination of mechanical and chemical properties, and additional SP causes the mechanical properties to degrade. The results demonstrated that bio‐composites prepared by plasticized starch and containing SP could be promising in the development of new environmentally friendly bio‐nanocomposites for interesting applications in food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to overcome the limitations of traditional pervious concrete, which is difficult to balance in terms of both mechanical properties and permeability, this study proposed a novel and effective approach to improve the performances of pervious concrete (PC) based on hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and basalt fibers (BF). The mechanical properties and permeability tests of PC with single-doped or double-doped h-BN and BF were conducted first. Then the influence laws of h-BN and BF content on the compressive strength, flexural strength, porosity, and permeability coefficient for PC were revealed. Finally, the micro-mechanism effects of h-BN and BF on the performances of PC were explored by using a scanning electron microscope and an energy dispersive spectrometer. The results showed that the compressive strength of PC was increased with the increase in the h-BN content, and the flexural strength, porosity, and permeability coefficient increased first and then decreased. Meanwhile, with the increase in the BF content, the compressive strength and flexural strength of PC increased first and then decreased. Moreover, the compressive strength, flexural strength, porosity, and permeability coefficient of the proposed pervious concrete were 22.8 MPa, 5.17 MPa, 18.5%, and 5.09 mm/s, respectively, which were increases of 21.9%, 19.7%, 60.9%, and 42.2%, respectively, compared with ordinary permeable concrete when the optimal admixture combination was 15% fly ash, 0.08% h-BN, and 2.25% BF. This study can avoid the limitations of traditional pervious concrete and provide an efficient alternative way for improving the mechanical and permeability properties of pervious concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CrWN/MoN nano-multilayer coatings were deposited in pure N2 by multi-arc ion plating using CrW and Mo targets, with the cathode co-controlled by a permanent magnet combined with an electromagnet. The effects of the thickness modulation period on the microstructure and mechanical and tribological performance were systematically analyzed by grazing-incident X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Nanoindentation, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and profilometry using a Talysurf profilometer. The local coherent interfaces and nanoscale modulation period were confirmed by TEM, while the coatings were confirmed to be composed of fcc-CrWN and hexagonal δ-MoN by GIXRD. With the increase in the modulation period, the hardness of the CrWN/MoN nano-multilayer coatings decreased, and the values of the H/E ratio and friction coefficient showed the same variation trend. At an 8.0 nm modulation period, the CrWN/MoN nano-multilayer coating showed the maximum hardness (30.2 GPa), the lowest H/E value (0.082) and an H3/E*2 value of 0.16. With the decrease in the modulation period, the average friction coefficient of the CrWN/MoN nano-multilayer coatings gradually decreased from 0.45 to 0.29, while the wear rate decreased from 4.2 × 10−7 mm3/Nm to 3.3 × 10−7 mm3/Nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of different composition V-Mn-Cr inoculants on the microstructure and mechanical properties of GCI were investigated through Optical microscope (OM), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), etc. The results showed that the optimum quantity of inoculant was 7% V, 1% Mn and 6% Cr, and compared with the commercial inoculant samples, the tensile strength, Brinell hardness, and elastic modulus of the V-Mn-Cr inoculant samples increased by 16.7%, 14.2%, and 12.8%, respectively. V-Mn-Cr inoculants were found to refine austenite, graphite, pearlite and eutectic cells size, reduce pearlite lamellar spacing, and increase pearlite and eutectic cells number, thus improving mechanical properties. In addition, graphite nucleation substance may consist of oxides (SiO2, FeO, Cr2O3), carbides (SiC, TiC), sulfides (MnS, FeS), and XO·SiO2 silicates (X: Mn, Fe, Ca). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two kinds of porous hollow glass microsphere (HGM) were synthesized using HGM as a raw material. Then, silicone rubber (SR) based composites with porous HGM as inorganic filler were prepared. The microstructures of the composites were characterized by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the relationship between the interface structure and strengthening mechanism was explained. Due to the formation of interpenetrating networks through SR chains inserting into porous HGM, the interfacial adhesion was enhanced. Therefore, tensile strength and elongation at break of SR were greatly improved by porous HGM. Especially for HGM-2 with high specific surface area and through-hole, tensile strength of SR/HGM-2 composite with only 2 phr HGM-2 increased from 0.41 MPa to 0.91 MPa, and elongation at break increased from 103 to 251%. The densities of composites with filler content ranging from 2 phr to 15 phr were also examined. Particularly, the density of SR/HGM-1 composite with 15 phr HGM-1 further decreased to 0.75 g/cm3 compared with that of SR/HGM (0.82 g/cm3). In addition, the thermal stability of SR composites with porous HGM was also significantly improved. Along with through-hole structure of HGM-2, another straightforward consequence of SR/HGM-2 composite was high transparency caused by reduction of light scattering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive polyimide (PI) containing phenolic hydroxyl groups was prepared by the polymerization of 2,2-bis(3-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane and mixed thiodiphthalic anhydride. A series of epoxy resin composites were obtained by adding reactive PI to N,N,N′,N′ -tetraglycidyl-4,4′-diamino-diphenylmethane (TGDDM) epoxy resin in different proportions. The effect of PI content on curing behavior, thermal properties, and mechanical properties was carefully investigated. Even a small amount of PI addition improved the mechanical properties and heat resistance of the epoxy resin, particularly the fracture toughness. Among them, epoxy resin composites EP-PI-1.5 with the addition of 1.5 wt% PI showed the best mechanical properties, whose impact strength, fracture toughness, and tensile strength were increased by 114%, 59%, and 34%, respectively. The phase morphology was also investigated to illustrate the fracture mechanism by scanning electron microscope (SEM) characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the primary factors affecting the performance of PcBN (Polycrystalline cubic boron nitride) tool materials were investigated by high temperature/high pressure sintering through the variation of TiB 2 -Sialon volume ratio, the strength of TiB 2 -Sialon binder itself, as well as the matching of the average coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) with cBN (Cubic boron nitride). The effects of TiB 2 -Sialon on the phase composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties of PcBN composites were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), universal testing machine, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results show that the properties of TiB 2 -Sialon binder are analogous to those of the corresponding composites. The phase composition of PcBN composite is not affected by the change of volume ratio. It was found that prepared composite, have TiB 2 rod crystals growing along the (100) plane and Sialon rod crystals growing on the (001) plane. The influence of the volume ratio of TiB 2 -Sialon on the mechanical properties of the composites is principally concerned with the density, mechanical properties, and thermal expansion coefficient of the used binder. The extent to which the binder matches the coefficient of thermal expansion is favorable to the strength of the composite. When the volume ratio of TiB 2 to Sialon was 1:3, the hardness (25.21 GPa, 37.44 GPa) and toughness (7.09 Pa m1/2 and 7.48 Pa m1/2) of TiB 2 -Sialon binder/TiB 2 -Sialon-cBN composites reached the maximum value, and the optimal impact resistance was also achieved. The density of the binder and the composite material was maximized when the volume ratio is 1:4. The average thermal expansion coefficient of the binder hoc tempore matches comparatively with cBN, and the interface bonding is better, displaying the best flexural strength (805.30 MPa and 1059.60 MPa) and wear ratio (2005). Therefore, adjusting the volume ratio of TiB 2 -Sialon within a certain range is beneficial to further enhance the binder's strength and mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facing the lack of limestone materials in some highway construction areas, the reasonable utilization of local raw materials become more and more concerned. To verify the feasibility of replacing limestone aggregate with sandstone in macadam, comparative analysis of appearance and composition between sandstone and limestone is conducted first. Then the mechanical properties, water stability and micro morphology of sandstone concrete are conducted via the compressive strength test, splitting strength test, water stability test and scanning electron microscope (SEM) test. The results showed that irregular polygonal grains and loose structure were in both limestone and sandstone, but limestone has large particles in local pores. All the mechanical properties of sandstone concrete could meet the specification requirements which provided support for alternative some limestone in cement stabilized macadam base. The strength growth rate with less than 4.0% cement content was not obvious. With curing age increasing, the splitting tensile strength of sandstone concrete with different cement content gradually increased, but the strength growth trend slowed down after 28 days. The porosity and water absorption of sandstone were larger than that of limestone, which affected the mechanical properties of sandstone. In addition, the application of sandstone replacing limestone project was evaluated, and the pavement test results verified the feasibility of sandstone concrete in expressway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated how the chemical structural properties, mechanical properties, and morphology of large‐size graphene platelets (LGPs) doped glass fabric (GF)/epoxy composites are affected by varying loading amounts of LGPs. Scanning electron microscope results revealed that the dispersion and filling effect of LGPs can improve the flowability of the resin, reducing the aggregation and shrinkage of the resin on the glass fabric surface, thereby facilitating better resin infiltration and coverage of the glass fabric surface. From the spectrum analysis, the binding of LGPs with epoxy resin was the physical combination, without new chemical groups generated during the curing process. The addition of LGPs improved the ratio of the crystalline phases in the composites, from 30.00% of the GF/epoxy to 57.50% of the GF/epoxy@2.2LGPs. Mechanical properties indicated that the composites exhibited greater tensile strength than pure GF, which progressively increased with increasing LGPs content until it reached 1.5 wt%, then the tensile strength starts to decrease. And the GF/epoxy@1.5 LGPs exhibited 136% enhancement in tensile strength compared to other carbon fillers reinforced composites, which achieved a satisfactory enhancement under relatively low loading content. Highlights: The effect of the large‐size graphene platelets (LGPs) on the properties of glass fabric (GF)/epoxy composites.Compared to the glass fabric/epoxy composite, the LGPs doped composite possessed a much higher storage modulus (E′).The LGPs doped composite exhibited 136% enhancement in tensile strength compared to other carbon fillers reinforced composites.The addition of LGPs improved the ratio of the crystalline phases in the composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to determine the effect of different friction stir welding (FSW) parameters on mechanical and metallurgical characteristics of aviation-grade AA8090 alloy joints. Design/methodology/approach: Response surface methodology with central composite design is used to design experiments. The mechanical and microstructure characteristics of the weld joints have been studied through a standardized method, and the influence of threaded pins on the joint microstructure has also been assessed. Findings: From a desirability strategy, the optimum parameters setting of the friction stir welding was the tool rotational speed (TRS) of 800, 1,100 and 1,400 rpm; tool traverse speed (TTS) of 20, 30 and 40 mm/min; and tilt angle 1°, 2° and 3° with different tool pin profiles, i.e. cylindrical threaded (CT), square threaded and triangular threaded (TT), for achieving the maximum tensile strength, yield strength (YTS) and % elongation as an output parameter. The TRS speed was the highest weld joint characteristics influencing parameter. Peak tensile strength (378 MPa), percentage elongation (10.1) and YTS (308 MPa) were observed for the optimized parametric value of TRS-1,400, TTS-40 mm/min and TA (3°) along with CT pin profile. Microstructure study of the welded surface was achieved by using scanning electron microscope of output parameters. When the tool rotation speed, tool transverse speed, tilt angle and tool profile are set to moderately optimal levels, a mixed mode of ductile and brittle fracture has been seen during the microstructure analysis of the welded joint. This has been aided by the material's plastic deformation and the small cracks surrounding the weld zone. Originality/value: From the reported literature, it has been observed that limited work has been reported on aviation-grade AA8090 alloys. Further thermal behavior of welded joints has also been observed in this experimental work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, considering environmental issues, partial replacement of Portland cement with supplementary cementitious material (SCM), namely ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), has been in the spotlight of research. On the other hand, carbon‐based nanomaterials, especially graphene oxide (GO), are recognized as an extraordinary additive with special characteristics that can be included in cementitious materials. In this research, the impact of GGBS on the mechanical properties and durability of GO‐modified mortars was investigated at 28 and 90 days. The results demonstrate that by increasing the content of GGBS, a decrease in the flexural and compressive strength compared to plain cement sample was seen. On the other hand, incorporation of GGBS and GO led to higher strength compared to GO‐cement mortar. Also, the compressive strength of the sample containing 20% GGBS and 0.03% GO was 38.7% higher than the plain cement sample at 90 days. On the other hand, adding GGBS to a GO‐reinforced sample resulted in a more durable specimen against chloride and acid environments. The sample made of 40% GGBS in GO‐modified mortar not only has the best efficiency in harsh environments but also has the lowest water absorption. This mortar improved the migration coefficient, mass loss in HCl solution, and initial sorptivity by 20.1%, 57.7%, and 37.1%, respectively. Moreover, the mentioned sample had a denser microstructure with smaller cracks compared to other samples, based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of research on polymer composites based on polypropylene filled with various fillers. The physical and thermal properties of the composites are the result of the used polymer matrix as well as the properties and geometric features of the used filler. The geometric shape of the filler is particularly important in the processing of plastics in which the flow is forced, and high shearing tension occurs, which determines the high macromolecular orientation and specific arrangement of the filler particles. Thermal analysis (STA) was used in the research and photographs were taken using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) of fractures of polymer composites. The following fillers were used: talc, fibreglass, glass beads, and a halogen-free nitrogen-phosphorus flame retardant. The test material was obtained by extrusion. Shapes for strength tests, which were subjected to scanning microscopy tests after a static tensile test, were obtained by injection. The carried-out tests allowed us to determine the influence of the type and shape of individual fillers on structural changes in the structure of polypropylene composites and the degree of sample weight loss in a specific temperature range, depending on the used filler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of waste tire rubber in the concrete industry is one of the most effective and environmentally friendly ways to solve the problem of so-called black pollution. However, the application of rubber particles (RP) in the concrete industry is hindered by their low stiffness and poor bonding performance with the cement matrix. In this paper, a novel modification method of polydopamine (PDA) modification was used to enhance the hydrophilicity of the RP surface. The surface morphology, element content, and hydrophilicity of RP treated with PDA and KMnO4 were analyzed through scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) and sedimentation methods. The unit weight, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), compressive strength, compressive toughness, toughness index, and flexural strength were taken to determine the mechanical properties of ultrahigh-performance rubber concrete (RUHPC). The results showed that the adhesion between paste and RP and the sedimentation rate of RP with PDA or KMnO4 treatment methods exhibited a remarkable improvement. Compared with unmodified RUHPC, the basic mechanical properties of KMnO4 -modified RUHPC were improved slightly, and its toughness index was improved greatly. SEM and EDS results confirmed that PDA was deposited on the surface of RP, eliminating the gap of interface transition zone and significantly enhancing UPV, compressive strength, and flexural strength of RUHPC by 4.1%–5.8%, 17%–20%, and 6.1%–9.8%, respectively. In addition, the compressive toughness of unmodified and KMnO4 -modified RUHPC decreased, whereas that of PDA-modified RUHPC increased significantly. It can be concluded that the mechanical properties of RUHPC with treated RP have improved significantly and the application of RP in ultrahigh-performance composites (UHPC) offers more opportunities for recycling RP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MgO-based cementitious materials have attracted increasing attentions due to their advantages of low energy consumption, fire resistance, and low CO2 emission. This study develops a new reactive MgO cement (RMC)-silica fume (SF) engineered cementitious composite (ECC). The effects of RMC∶SF mass ratio, fiber type, fiber content, and curing conditions on the mechanical properties and strain-hardening behavior of the RMC-SF ECC are investigated. The hydration characteristics of RMC-SF ECC under different curing conditions were studied through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. It was found that the RMC-SF ECC obtained a tensile strain capacity of 5.7%. Polyethylene (PE) fibers achieved higher compressive strength, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers yielded better tensile strain capacity. A RMC-SF mass ratio of 1∶1 obtained a higher ductility under high temperature curing at 50°C. Although carbon dioxide curing improves the mechanical properties of RMC-SF ECC due to the formation of MgCO3 , it greatly reduces its ductility. A large amount of brucite and M─ S─ H gels were generated under room temperature curing with plastic wrap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water content is an important factor affecting the mechanical properties and crack development of rock. To further study the effect of water content on the mechanical properties and microcrack development of mudstone, acoustic emission (AE) tests under uniaxial compression were conducted on mudstone samples with water contents of 0, 1.14, 2.16, 4.50, 9.05, and 15.63%. The experimental results indicate that with increasing water content, the compressive strength and elastic modulus of mudstone decrease exponentially, and Poisson's ratio increases linearly. Besides, the failure mode of mudstone changes from tensile failure to shear failure with increasing water content. Based on the crack volumetric strain method combined with the cumulative AE hits analysis, the thresholds of crack closure, crack initiation and crack damage stress were identified, and the failure process was characterized by five stages of crack propagation. The relationship between the cracking stages and AE signals of mudstone samples with different water contents was analyzed. Crack damage starts at more than 0.85 times the uniaxial compressive strength. Crack initiation and crack closure start at 0.5–0.8 times and 0.4–0.6 times the uniaxial compressive strength, respectively. Furthermore, the results obtained by scanning electron microscope (SEM) demonstrate that the intrusion of water results in changes in the cementation and compaction of mudstone, which further causes degradation of the mechanical properties of mudstone. An equation to predict the strength and crack evolution stages of mudstone is established. The obtained results not only provide a theoretical basis for the influence of water content on the mechanical properties of mudstone but also have guiding significance for the study on microcrack evolution in mudstone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abundant research on geopolymer concrete in the last two decades has provided worldwide acceptability in conventional structural applications. The high-impact applications of geopolymers are mostly limited because they are quasi-brittle in nature and show moderate crack resistance; hence, they require suitable reinforcing materials such as fibers. This paper reports a study to assess the strength and durability properties of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete (FA-GPC) prepared with novel C-glass fibers. The binder mix was comprised of Fly Ash (FA), Lime (L), Silica Fume (SF) and was activated by sodium hydroxide (12 M) and sodium silicate solution, followed by curing under ambient conditions. Glass fibers were utilized in varying proportions (0.125, 0.25, 0.375, 0.5, 0.625, and 0.75%), by weight of the binder mix. It was found that the incorporation of 0.5% glass fiber significantly increased the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength properties. From the durability perspective, the samples exhibited good resistance against seawater, MgSO4 solution, and H2SO4 when compared with the control mix. Further, the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis was employed to explore the nature of the geopolymer–fiber matrix. It was revealed that excellent interfacial bonding existed between fiber and the geopolymer matrix. The results indicate that addition of C-glass fibers significantly improves the overall mechanical performance of FA-GPC. The research presented here establishes the advantages of using C-glass fibers-based geopolymer concrete, thus encouraging its broader utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to understand the behavior of martensitic H13 steel in accordance with the microstructural evolution, mechanical properties and wear in repeated tempering cycles. The microstructures were characterized by an axio image observer microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Uniaxial tensile test, Charpy v-notch impact test, rockwell hardness test and wear test were conducted to analyze the changes in mechanical properties, impact properties, hardness and wear in repeated tempering cycles. The specimens prepared were subjected to hardening at 1030 °C for 20 minutes, oil quenched and subjected to repeated tempering cycles at 570 °C for 2hrs holding time each. The mechanical properties recorded indicate that the maximum ultimate tensile strength obtained was at double tempering due to secondary hardening effect i.e., alloy carbides precipitation offering strength to the matrix and corresponding wear was found to be minimum. The annealed specimen revealed bainitic microstructure and with hardening and repeated tempering cycles, fine needle like structure and carbides were observed in the microstructure and retained austenite was converted into martensite and martensite was converted into tempered martensite. Carbide size and martensite lath distribution control the strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence laws of two different rolling processes on the microstructures and properties of 6016 aluminum alloys in rolling, T4, T4P states, and aging are studied, respectively. The microstructures under different rolling processes are also analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The results indicate that during the cold rolling process, compared with B alloy, A alloy generated small initial grains. The small initial grains will increase the deformation resistance, and the strength and hardness of A alloy are better after rolling, but with poor plasticity. After solution treatment, A alloy generated small grains with recrystallization, the hardness, plasticity, and formability of A alloy in T4 state are better than B alloy after solution treatment and natural aging. A alloy is more sensitive to aging response, and artificial aging occurs during the pre-aging process. The proportion of large Angle grain boundaries in A alloy is large but with small dislocation density, uneven distribution, and small texture content. This makes A alloy have better strength and hardness in T4P and poor plasticity and formability than B alloy after solution treatment, pre-aging and natural aging. However, the strength and hardness of A alloy are also smaller than that of alloy B after artificial aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leucaena is a fast-growing tree in the legume family. Its leaf contains a significant amount of protein and is thus widely used as fodder for cattle. To broaden its application in the rubber field, the effects of Leucaena leaf powder and its extracted products on the cure characteristics and mechanical properties of natural rubber were investigated. The extraction of Leucaena leaf was carried out by using a proteolytic enzyme at 60 °C. The digested protein was separated from the residue by centrifugation. Both digested protein and residue were then dried and ground into powder, namely digested protein powder and residual powder, respectively, before being characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, particle size determination, and protein analysis. After being added to natural rubber at 3 parts per hundred rubber, they significantly reduced both the scorch time and the optimum cure time of the rubber compounds, probably due to the presence of nitrogen-containing substances, without a significant sacrifice of the mechanical properties. For instance, the optimum cure time decreased by approximately 25.5, 35.4, and 54.9% for Leucaena leaf powder, residual powder, and digested protein powder, respectively. Thus, they can be used as green and sustainable fillers with a cure-activation effect in rubber compounding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polylactic acid (PLA) has been widely used in many fields because of its good biodegradability, biocompatibility, and renewability. This work studied the degradation behavior and mechanical properties of cellulose nanofiber (CNF)/PLA composites. In vitro degradation experiments of 3D-printed samples were conducted at elevated temperatures, and the degradation characteristics were evaluated by mechanical tests, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetric (DSC), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results indicated that the addition of CNF (0.5 wt%) accelerated the degradation rate of PLA. The decreases in number average molecular weight ( M n ) and weight average molecular weight  (M w)  of composites were 7.96% and 4.91% higher than that of neat PLA, respectively. Furthermore, the tensile modulus of composites was 18.4% higher than that of neat PLA, while the strength was 7.4% lower due to poor interfacial bonding between CNF and PLA. A mapping relationship between accelerated and normal degradation showed that the degradation experienced during 60 days at 37 °C was equivalent to that undergone during 14 days at 50 °C; this was achieved by examining the alteration in  M n . Moreover, the degradation process caused a notable deformation in the samples due to residual stress generated during the 3D printing process. This study provided valuable insights for investigating the in vitro degradation behavior of 3D-printed products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the effects of different quenching holding times on the microstructure and properties of high-silicon hypereutectic high-chromium cast iron (Fe–4.0C–35.0Cr–1.9Si) were investigated. The effect of quenching holding time on the microstructure of high silicon hypereutectic high chromium cast iron was analyzed by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffractometer. The hardness and wear resistance of high-silicon hypereutectic high-chromium cast iron quenched at 1150∘C for different time were tested by Rockwell hardness tester, microhardness tester and wear tester. The results show that the microstructure of as-cast high-silicon hypereutectic high-chromium cast iron is mainly composed of pearlite matrix and M7C3 carbide. Quenching heat treatment makes part of the matrix transform from pearlite to martensite, and precipitate a small amount of M 2 3 C6 type secondary carbide. With the increase of quenching holding time from 1 h to 6 h, the amount of martensite transformation gradually increases, the primary carbide has no obvious change, the eutectic carbide tip dissolves, and the morphology gradually becomes smooth. The hardness and wear resistance both increase first and then decrease. After 4 hours of insulation, the hardness reaches the highest 60.5HRC, which is increased by 3 HRC compared to 1 hour of insulation. The wear resistance increases by 22.1% compared to 1 hour of insulation. At this time, the wear resistance is the best. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view ol the problems ol incomplete penetration and poor perlormance in the traditional method ol welding thick plate Inconel625 alloy, plasma welding technology was used to weld 8 mm thick Inconel625 alloy, and ERNiCrMo-3 welding wire was used as the lilling material to ensure molding. The microstructure and properties ol the welded joints were analyzed via Optical Microscope (OM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), universal testing machine and microhardness testing machine. The results show that the welded joint has the optimal lorming and mechanical properties under the welding current ol 230 A, welding speed ol 240 mm/min, wire feeding speed ol 1 400 mm/min and plasma gas flow ol 4 L/min. The welded joints show a c Y;-shaped morphology with a wide top and a narrow bottom. The base metal area is austenite equiaxed crystal, the weld zone is mainly composed ol line cellular crystals, and the fusion line area is coarse cellular crystals grown perpendicular to the fusion line, MC carbide and Laves phase will precipitate during the welding process. The tensile strength of the joint is the highest, which can reach 811. 36 MPa, and the Iracture ol the welded joint is ductile Iracture, The hardness ol the weld zone is the highest under all parameters. As the welding heat input increases, the overall hardness of the welded joint increases. When the current reaches 240 A and 250 A, the hardness dillerence of the welded joint is small・ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of alloying elements on the microstructure evolution and properties of GH2107 superalloy during long-term aging are investigated by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope. The results indicate that the microstructure of the alloy becomes unstable with the prolongation of aging time. Cr element promotes the precipitation of M23C6 carbides at grain boundaries, and Fe element inhibits the precipitation and growth of M23C6 carbides at high temperature. At the same time, high Fe promotes the growth of γ' phase and the precipitation of TCP phase, which has a certain influence on the plasticity and strength of the alloy. The yield strength of alloy1 (15.41% Cr, 35.3% Fe) and alloy2 (15.08% Cr, 40.1% Fe) decreases with the increase in aging time. However, for alloy3 with high Fe content, the yield strength increases suddenly at 3000 h aging time due to the improving effect of solid solution strengthening. In addition, the dislocation movement mechanism of GH2107 alloy was studied, and Orowan bypass mechanism is more likely to occur in alloys with high Fe content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability of microstructure and performance after long-term service are crucial for the engineering application of ASME SA335-P92 steel. In this present work, a series of isothermal aging tests for P92 steel were performed at 680 °C as long as 21,000 h. Microstructure at different stages of evolution was characterized using scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscopy. Strength and plasticity measurements under the static mechanical tensile condition were also carried out at room temperature. Results showed that Laves phases precipitated rapidly at the early aging stage and coarsened with a relatively high rate in the followed aging period, while M23C6 carbides were precipitated continuously during the aging process. The tensile strength and plasticity of P92 steel at room temperature declined rapidly at the early stage of aging. During the afterward aging process, strength overall presented a slowly falling tendency but plasticity remained a sustainable stability. Micro-mechanism of variation on mechanical tensile properties for P92 steel aged for a long-term time would be further revealed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]