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Za stručnost, kao najvažniju i najcjenjeniju osobinu dobroga govornika, može se reći da je i danas jednako važna kao i u antičko doba. Još je Ciceron govorio kako dobar govornik mora biti mudar, posjedovati široko znanje i visoku razinu opće kulture. I suvremeni autori naglašavaju važnost stručnosti, kompetencije i znanja, kao primarnih, uz dodatke još nekih specifičnih odrednica poput uvjerljivosti, časti i karizme. Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je ustanoviti kako pojam karizme doživljavaju studenti, kako ga definiraju i koju osobu percipiraju kao karizmatičnu. Odabrani su studenti sa studija Odnosa s javnošću i studija medija na kojem se obrazuju stručnjaci za odnose s javnošću, osviješteni i educirani za prepoznavanje i najmanjih tragova iznimnih karizmatičnih darova u svakom pojedincu., For the expertise, as the most important and appreciated characteristic of a good speaker, it can be said that it is still as important today as in ancient times. Cicero said that a good speaker must be wise, possess broad knowledge and a high level of general culture. Contemporary authors also emphasise the importance of expertise, competence and knowledge, as primary ones with addition to some specific determinants such as persuasion, honour and charisma. The aim of this research was to determine how the concept of charisma is perceived by students, how they define it and which public figures they perceive as charismatic. Students were selected from the Public Relations and Media Studies, where public relations experts are educated, made aware and trained to recognize even the smallest traces of exceptional charismatic gifts in each individual.

Nadrealizam je umjetnički pokret koji je imao najjači utjecaj između dva svjetska rata. Jedan od najvažnijih tekstova je „Manifest nadrealizma”, u kojem André Breton govori o mašti, slobodi i prijašnjim pokretima. „San na javi” je kolekcija djela Radovana Ivšića. Sadrži tekstove o ratu, komunikaciji, nagradama, budućnosti itd. Simon Karlinski piše o ruskom nadrealizmu, njegovom odnosu s francuskim nadrealizmom i utjecaju Sovjetskog Saveza. Michael Sheringham govori o nadrealizmu u Francuskoj, njegovom dugoročnom utjecaju i aspektima ljudskog uma koje nadrealizam želi prikazati. Surrealism is an artistic movement that had the strongest influence between the two world wars. One of the most important texts is „Manifesto of Surrealism”, in which André Breton talks about imagination, freedom and the pre-existing movements. „San na javi” is a collection of Radovan Ivšić's works. It contains texts about war, communication, rewards, future, etc. Simon Karlinsky writes about Russian surrealism, its relationship with French surrealism and the Soviet Union's influence. Michael Sheringham talks about surrealism in France, it's long term effects and the aspects of the human mind that surrealism wishes to display.

U završnom radu izneseni su rezultati kvalitativnog istraživanja na temu tetovaža, odnosno značaja tetovaža za tetovirane osobe, prihvaćenosti i iskustava tetoviranih osoba u različitim sferama života. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku osoba koje imaju vidljive tetovaže, na vidljivim mjestima na tijelu. Korištena metoda u ovom istraživanju je polu-strukturirani intervju sa svrhom dobivanja što boljeg uvida u iskustvo navedenih sugovornika. Nakon provedenih intervjua i analize rezultata može se zaključiti da tetovaže danas imaju drugačiju svrhu od one koja je povijesno bila dominantna, a to je najčešće pripadnost određenoj skupini ljudi ili plemenima, isto tako motivi najčešće nisu vezani uz pomorstvo, plemena, vojsku ili bikere kao najdominantnije skupine osoba koje su bile tetovirane. Motivi su vezani prvenstveno uz živote sugovornika i estetiku. Analizom rezultata se isto tako došlo do zaključka da su tetovirane osobe uglavnom prihvaćene, iako neki sugovornici navode stigmatizaciju i diskriminaciju kao dio svojih iskustava. The final paper presents the results of qualitative research on the topic of tattoos, that is, the significance of tattoos for tattooed people, the acceptance and experiences of tattooed people in different spheres of life. The research was conducted on a sample of people who have visible tattoos, in visible places, solely for the purpose of better insight into the experiences of those people. The method used in this research is a semi-structured interview with the purpose of gaining as much insight as possible into the experience of the mentioned interlocutors. After the conducted interview and the analysis of the results, it can be concluded that tattoos today have a different purpose from the one that was historically dominant, which is most often belonging to a certain group of people or tribes, also the motives are usually not related to seafaring, tribes, the army or bikers as the most dominant groups of people who were tattooed. The motives are primarily related to the interlocutors' lives and aesthetics. The analysis of the results also led to the conclusion that tattooed people are mostly accepted, although not completely. Some participants cited stigma and discrimination as part of their experiences.

In this article, I propose to analyse the earliest Indian systematic discussion on the problem of meaning and denotation of words. The discussion itself seems to have been conceived within the famous Indian grammatical tradition (vyākaraṇa), and its definitive form was given by the Grammarian Patañjali (second century BC) in his work Mahābhāṣya. This whole discussion is carried over and further developed within classical Indian philosophy, beginning with the Nyāya school, whose positions regarding semantics are also analysed here, based on classical works of this school., U članku predlažem analizirati najraniju indijsku sustavnu raspravu o problemu značenja i denotacije riječi. Rasprava je, čini se, začeta u poznatoj indijskoj gramatičkoj tradiciji (vyākaraṇa), a svoj je konačni oblik dobila kod gramatičara Patañjalija (drugo stoljeće prije Krista) u djelu Mahābhāṣya. Čitava se rasprava prenijela i nadalje razvijala unutar klasične indijske filozofije, počevši sa školom Nyāya čija su stajališta vezana za semantiku ovdje također analizirana na osnovi klasičnih djela te škole., In diesem Artikel beabsichtige ich, die früheste indische systematische Diskussion über das Problem der Bedeutung und Denotation von Wörtern abzuhandeln. Die Diskussion selbst scheint innerhalb der illustren indischen grammatikalischen Tradition (vyākaraṇa) initiiert worden zu sein und nahm ihre endgültige Form im Werk Mahābhāṣya des Grammatikers Patañjali (zweites Jahrhundert v. Chr.) an. Die gesamte Diskussion wird innerhalb der klassischen indischen Philosophie fortgeführt und weiterentwickelt, beginnend mit der Nyāya-Schule, deren Standpunkte in puncto Semantik hier ebenfalls basierend auf klassischen Werken dieser Schule analysiert werden., Dans cet article, je propose d’analyser le plus ancien débat systématique sur les problèmes de signification et dénotation des mots. Ce débat semble être apparu au sein de la célèbre tradition grammaticale (vyākaraṇa), alors que sa forme définitive a été donnée par le grammairien Patañjali (deuxième siècle av. J.-C.) dans son œuvre Mahābhāṣya. Cette discussion dans son ensemble a été transmise et a poursuivi son développement au sein de la philosophie classique indienne, à commencer par l’école Nyāya, dont les positions, au regard de la sémantique, sont également analysées dans le présent travail sur la base des œuvres classiques de cette école.

Ovaj diplomski rad bavi se pojmom znaka i problemom uspostavljanja značenja u romanima Luke Bekavca Drenje, Viljevo i Policijski sat. U teorijskom dijelu rada pri-kazujemo pojam znaka, objašnjavamo dekonstrukciju i njene najvažniji pojmove kao i Barthesovu filozofiju tekstualnosti. Na primjeru navedenih romana istražili smo i oprimjerili načine pomoću kojih se autor poigrava sa čitateljskim očekivanjima te pro-izvodi neodređenost značenja. Naime, zaključili smo kako traganje za smislom i ne-kim konačnim jednoznačnim značenjem nije primarno već je to jednostavno užitak u tekstu. This thesis deals with the problem of a sign and the problem of establishing meaning in the novels of Luka Bekavac Drenje, Viljevo and Policijski sat. In the the-oretical part of the paper we present the concept of sign, explain deconstruction and its most important concepts as well as Barthes' philosophy of textuality. On the example of these novels we explored and exemplified the ways in which the author plays with the reader's expectations and produces indecision of meaning. Namely we concluded that the search for meaning and some final meaning is not primarily but pleasure in the text.

In this paper Gärdenfors’s geometric approach to meaning in natural language is compared to Jackendoff's algebraic one, and this is done against the backdrop of formal semantics. Ultimately, the paper tries to show that Jackendoff's framework is to be preferred to all others. The paper proceeds as follows. In Section 2, the common theoretical commitments of Gärdenfors and Jackendoff are outlined, and it is attempted to argue briefly that they are on the right track. In Section 3, the basics of the two frameworks to be compared are laid out, and it is assessed how they deal with some central issues in semantic theory, namely reference and truth, lexical decomposition, and compositionality. In Section 4, we get into the nitty-gritty of how Gärdenfors and Jackendoff actually proceed in semantic analysis, using an example of a noun and a verb (embedded in a sentence). In Section 5, the merits of Gärdenfors's empiricism when it comes to word learning and concept acquisition are assessed and compared to the moderate nativism of Jackendoff, and it is argued that Jackendoff's nativism is to be preferred. In the sixth section, the semantic internalism common to both frameworks is commented on., U ovom članku uspoređuje se Gärdenforsov geometrijski pristup značenju u prirodnom jeziku s Jackendoffovim algebarskim pristupom, i to na pozadini formalne semantike. U konačnici, tvrdi se da Jackendoffov teorijski okvir treba preferirati u odnosu na sve druge. Članak je organiziran kako slijedi. U prvom odjeljku, navode se teorijska gledišta zajednička Gärdenforsu i Jackendoffu, te se ukratko argumentira da su na dobrom tragu. U drugom odjeljku, iznose se osnove dvaju teorijskih okvira koji su predmetom usporedbe, te se razmatra na koji se način nose s nekim središnjim temama semantike, naime s referencijom i istinom, leksičkom dekompozicijom i kompozicionalnošću. U trećem odjeljku, ulazi se u detalje toga kako Gärdenfors i Jackendoff zaista postupaju pri semantičkoj analizi, služeći se primjerom imenice i glagola (uklopljenog u rečenicu). U četvrtom odjeljku, razmatraju se dosezi Gärdenforsovog empirizma glede učenja riječi i stjecanja pojmova i uspoređuju se s Jackendoffovim umjerenim nativizmom, te se tvrdi da Jackendoffovom nativizmu treba dati prednost. U završnom odjeljku, komentira se semantički internalizam koji je zajednički obama okvirima.

Pojam konceptualne metafore pojavio se 80-ih godina prošloga stoljeća. Lakoff i Johnson objavili su knjigu Metafore koje život znače i njome postavili temelje za njezin daljnji razvoj. Sjeme konceptualne metafore, zakopano je duboko u našim kognitivnim procesima i ona je prisutna u svakodnevnom govoru, iako toga nismo ni svjesni. Kako u svakodnevnim situacijama, tako i u različitim književnim oblicima. Bajka je jedna od književih vrsta u kojoj se skriva pregršt mističnoga, na prvi pogled oku nevidljivih detalja i značenja kojima moramo otkriti smisao. Polazimo od toga da su upravo metafora, metonimija i konceptualna metafora nositeljice skrivenoga značenja u književnoj vrsti zvanoj bajka. Cilj je ovoga rada prikazati, odnosno pronaći metafore, metonimije, i na koncu, konceptualne metafore u bajkama braće Grimm. U radu je analizirano 46 bajki braće Grimm, koje je objavio Philip Pullman, a s engleskoga jezika na hrvatski prevela je Husić Snježana. The term of conceptual metaphor emerged in the 1980s. Lakoff and Johnson have published the book Metaphors We Live By and placed the discipline for its furher development. Conceptual metaphor is shaped in our cognitive processes and it is present in everyday speech, even though we are not even aware of it, it happens both in everyday situations and in various literary forms. A fairy tale is the type of story where there are a lot of at first glance invisible details with meanings that are hidden which we must discover. The fact is that metaphor, metonymy and conceptual metaphor are the ones that carry the hidden meaning in a fairy tale. The aim of this dissertation is to present, apropos, to find metaphors, metonymies and conceptual metaphors in the fairy tales of the Grimm brothers. In the dissertation you will find analysis of 46 fairy tales of the Grimm brothers which is published by Philip Pullman and translated from english into croatian by Snježana Husić.

Svaki čovjek posjeduje raznolik opseg rječnika. Kod djeteta rječnik se najčešće obogaćuje u školi tijekom nastavnog procesa. Usvajanje značenja novih riječi u školama još uvijek nije zastupljeno u dovoljnoj mjeri, a u nekima se čak taj problem i zanemaruje. Proširivanje djetetova rječnika ovisi o mnogočemu, ali ključnu ulogu ima učitelj razredne nastave koji treba obogatiti nastavni sat strategijama razumijevanja značenja riječi. Zbog toga je za temu diplomskog rada odabrana tema Strategija razumijevanja značenja riječi u razrednom kontekstu. Cilj je provedenog istraživanja, koje je analizirano u praktičnom dijelu rada, utvrditi koje strategije razumijevanja značenja riječi učitelji najčešće koriste. Je li riječ o tzv. neplaniranom podučavanju (odnosi se na spontane reakcije nastavnika u cilju pružanja pomoći kada učenici čitajući tekst naiđu na riječ čije je značenje nepoznato) ili je riječ o tzv. planiranom podučavanju (usmjereno je na namjernu, eksplicitnu primjenu odabranih strategija podučavanja) u svrhu proširivanja učenikova vokabulara. Za istraživanje se koristila anketa, a istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 81 učitelja razredne nastave na područjima Osječko-baranjske županije, Požeško-slavonske županije, Virovitičko-podravske županije, Primorsko-goranske županije, Splitsko-dalmatinske županije i Grada Zagreba. Everyone possesses a diverse range of vocabulary. When it comes to the children, vocabulary is most often enriched in schools during the teaching process. The acquisition of the meaning of new words in schools is still not adequately represented, and in some, this problem is even being neglected. Expanding a child’s vocabulary depends on numerous things, but the key role is played by the primary school teacher who needs to enrich the lesson with strategies for understanding the meaning of words. Therefore, the topic Strategy for understanding the meaning of words in the classroom context was chosen for the thesis. The aim of the research, which is analysed in the practical part of the paper, is to determine which strategies for understanding the meaning of words primary teachers use most often. There are two possible strategies, the so-called unplanned teaching ( refers to spontaneous reactions of teachers to assist when students reading a text come across a word whose meaning is unknown) or the so-called planned teaching ( focused on the intentional, explicit application of selected teaching strategies) to expand the student's vocabulary. A questionnaire was used for the research and it was conducted on a sample of 81 primary school teachers in the areas of Osijek-Baranja County, Požega-Slavonia County, Virovitica-Podravina County, Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Split-Dalmatia County and the City of Zagreb.

Music semiotics is a branch of music theory that has been particularly developing since the 1960s. As semiotics moved from general linguistics, structuralism and theory of communication to cognitive and psychological linguistics, as sources of understanding music cognition – that is, as it moved from “hard” to “soft” semiotics as Agawu calls them (1999: 154) – its vocabulary became strongly metaphoric and complex. At the same time, there was no strict convention concerning the usage of the vocabulary in question. In this paper, I will focus on some important interrelated issues of music semiotics vocabulary, such as the concept of meaning, and all rhetorical variations regarding this term in music. Special attention will be given to explanation of terminological issues of the two most prominent “languages” of music semiotics, that of Robert Hatten and Eero Tarasti., Glazbena semiotika grana je teorije glazbe koja se posebno razvijala od 1960-ih. Kako se semiotika odmaknula od opće lingvistike, strukturalizma i teorije komunikacije ka kognitivnoj znanosti i psiholingvistici, kao izvorima razumijevanja glazbene kognicije – tj. prelazeći iz „tvrdeˮ u „mekanuˮ semiotiku, kao što ih Agawu naziva (1999: 154) – njezin je vokabular postao izrazito metaforičan i složen. Istodobno, nije bilo stroge konvencije o upotrebi toga rječnika. U ovome su radu razmatrana neka međusobna i važna pitanja glazbene semiotike, kao što je koncept značenja i sve retoričke varijacije u vezi s tim pojmom u glazbi. Posebna je pozornost posvećena objašnjenju terminoloških pitanja dvaju najistaknutijih „jezikaˮ glazbene semiotike, Roberta Hattena i Eera Tarastija.

U ovom radu istražuje se jedna grupa vježbača sustava Joga u svakodnevnom životu u Zagrebu. Svrha je bila obuhvatiti iskustvo prakticiranja joge te značenja i definicije koje pojedinac pripisuje tom iskustvu. Obzirom da je istraživani kontekst dominantno katolički, u prvom dijelu rada se sagledava odnos Katoličke Crkve i joge. Osim toga, raspravlja se i o promjenama koje zahvaćaju religiju, čime se na neki način otvara put alternativnim vjerovanjima i tehnikama, među kojima je i joga. Fenomenološkim pristupom i metodom dubinskih intervjua nastojalo se razumijeti kakvu ulogu joga ima u svakodnevici vježbača, koje su njene subjektivne dobrobiti, ali i kako vježbači smještaju jogu u religijski ili duhovni kontekst. Analiza intervjua je ukazala na četiri središnje teme iskustva joge u sugovornika, a to su joga kao: „bijeg“ od svakodnevice; nematerijalistička samoaktualizacija; grupna pripadnost i podrška i odnos prema duhovnosti. This paper explores a group of yoga practitioners in Yoga in daily life center in Zagreb. The purpose was to explore the experience of practicing yoga and the meaning and definition that an individual attributes to that experience. Considering that the explored context is predominantly Catholic, the first part of the paper inquires the relationship between the Catholic Church and yoga. In addition, religious-related changes are discussed, which opened the way to alternative beliefs and techniques, including yoga. In terms of the phenomenological perspective and the method of in-depth interviews, the aim is to understand what role yoga has in the everyday life of a practitioner, the subjective wellbeing of yoga, but also how they experience yoga in a religious or spiritual context. The analysis of the interviews pointed four main themes of yoga experience which are: yoga as an "escape" from everyday life; a non-materialistic self-actualization; the group affiliation and support, and a relationship with spirituality.

Starozavetni prorok David bio je u sakralnoj istoriji poznat kao car Judeja, kao prorok, sastavljač Psaltira, ali i kao muzičar. Stoga se on na predstavama u istočnohrišćanskoj umetnosti koje ilustruju svetu istoriju odnosno biblijski narativ po pravilu prikazuje sa određenim muzičkim instrumentom u rukama. Iako su predstave muzičkih instrumenata u umetnosti zemalja vizantijskog kulturnog kruga u (etno)muzikološkoj nauci i istoriji umetnosti temeljno obrađene, postojeća likovna građa i dalje pruža mogućnosti za nova istraživanja. Dok je do sada u okviru analize ikonografije, kada je reč o instrumentima, najviše pažnje posvećeno organografskoj analizi (M. Velimirović, D. Dević, R. Pejović), njihovo značenje i uloga muzike ostali su nedovoljno obrađeni. Scene o kojima ćemo u radu govoriti dozvoljaju obe vrste analize. Ono što je sa ikonografske i organografske tačke gledišta zanimljivo jeste činjenica da su muzički instrumenti sa kojima je car David prikazan u scenama Smrti pravednika različiti. Ovom prilikom, razmotrićemo pojedine scene Smrti pravednika u vremenskom rasponu od XIII do XVII veka u vizantijskoj, kao i srpskoj, ruskoj i rumunskoj crkvenoj umetnosti nakon 1453. godine sa aspekta ikonografije, a posebna pažnja će biti posvećena opravdanosti pojave određenih instrumenata u rukama cara Davida, kao i njihovim značenjima. The Old Testament prophet David was known in sacred history as the King of Jews, as a prophet, the compiler of the Psalter, but also as a musician. Therefore, he is usually depicted with certain musical instruments in his hands in Eastern Christian art that illustrates sacred history or the biblical narrative. Although the representations of musical instruments in the art of the lands under the Byzantine cultural and spiritual influence have been minutely analysed, the existing art still provides opportunities for further research. Until present day most attention was given to the organographic analysis of the musical instruments (M. Velimirović, D. Dević, R. Pejović), while their meaning and the role in the scenes have remained insuficiently addressed. T e scene analysed in this paper allows for both types of analysis. What is interesting from the iconographic and organographic point of view is the fact that the musical instruments with which Emperor David is portrayed in the scenes of the Death of the Righteous man are diferent. On this occasion, we will look at scenes of the Death of the Righteous man in the time span from the thirteenth to the seventeenth centuries in Byzantine art, as well as Serbian, Russian and Romanian ecclesiastical art after 1453 from the aspect of iconography. Special attention will be paid to the justif cation of the reasons for the appearance of certain instruments in the hands of King David, as well as their meanings.

Along with spoken communication, reading is the most important means of indirectly mastering vocabulary. The primary goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that how much someone reads (reading volume) positively influences the richness of their vocabulary. The study’s secondary goal was to determine some of the possible factors of influence on reading frequency or volume. Two hundred students enrolled in the third year of secondary school at three schools in Zagreb participated in the study. For the purposes of an empirical investigation, a research instrument (questionnaire) was designed to check the participants’ knowledge of the meanings of lexemes excerpted from works of literature from the secondary-school curriculum. In addition, data on the reading habits of the participants were collected by means of a survey. At the primary level of investigation, the study investigated the relationship between the percentage of correctly identified meanings of lexemes and the average volume of reading literature and determined that the students who on average did more reading also recognized the meaning of more lexemes. At the secondary level of investigation, the study looked into the dependence of average reading volume on other variables: exposure to stories and fairy tales during childhood, love of reading (reading pleasure), reading comprehension, and the average reading volume of the participants’ parents. The results indicated a statistically significant positive correlation between average reading volume and the first three of these four variables., Uz govorenu komunikaciju čitanje je najvažniji način indirektnog ovladavanja rječnikom. Primarni cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je ispitati hipotezu o pozitivnom utjecaju količine čitanja na bogatstvo rječnika. Sekundarnom razinom istraživanja pokušali su se utvrditi neki od mogućih čimbenika utjecaja na učestalost, odnosno količinu čitanja. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 200 učenika trećih razreda triju zagrebačkih srednjih škola. Za potrebe empirijskog istraživanja oblikovan je istraživački materijal kojim se provjeravalo prepoznavanje značenja leksema ekscerpiranih iz lektirnih djela, a anketom su prikupljeni podatci o čitalačkim navikama ispitanika. Na prvoj razini istraživanja ispitan je odnos između postotka točno prepoznatih značenja leksema i prosječne količine čitanja književnosti te je utvrđeno da su učenici koji u prosjeku više čitaju točno prepoznali značenje većeg broja leksema. Na sekundarnoj razini istraživanja propitala se ovisnost prosječne količine čitanja o varijablama izloženosti pričama i bajkama u djetinjstvu, ljubavi prema čitanju (užitka u čitanju), razumijevanja tijekom čitanja i prosječne količine čitanja roditelja. Rezultati su ukazali na postojanje statistički značajne pozitivne korelacije između prosječne količine čitanja i prvih triju navedenih varijabli.

U ovom kraćem prikazu pokušava se objasniti i proanalizirati naziv "boduli" koji se koristi za otočane. Naziv je hrvatskoga podrijetla, a nastao je u komunikaciji ljudi s obale sa stanovnicima otoka. Za stanovnike s kopna otočani su oni koji stanuju dolje. S druge strane, za otočane su stanovnici na kopnu oni koji stanuju gore. Najčešće se koristi naziv "boduli" za stanovnike onoga otoka koji je najbliže obali. Ljudi na kopnu gledaju mještane najbližega otoka, a dalji im otoci nisu uočljivi. U izvornom značenju naziv za otočane nema negativno značenje. Budući da je naziv "boduli" hrvatskoga podrijetla, njegovo povezivanje s talijanskom riječi "botolo", odnosno mletačkom "bodolo", nema pravnog utemeljenja., This brief overview is an attempt to explain and analyse the term "boduli", which is used to refer to islanders. The term is, as demonstrated in a series of arguments, of Croatian origin. It emerged in communication between people from the mainland and the inhabitants of the islands. For mainland residents, islanders are those who live 'down there’ ("doli") in line with the archaic expression "v’ doli" or "b’ doli", so based on this adverb, the term "boduli" was created. On the other hand, for islanders, the mainland residents are those who live ‘up there’ ("gori"), so they were given the name "gorinci", but also "vlasi" (‘Vlachs’). Most often, the term "boduli" is used to refer to the residents of the island closest to the mainland shore. The reason is entirely understandable. People on the mainland look at the residents of the closest island, while the more distant islands are not visible. In its original meaning, the name for islanders did not have a negative connotation. Since the term "boduli" is Croatian in origin, linking it to the Italian word "botolo", or the Venetian "bodolo", has no foundation. It is therefore unnecessary and pointless to mount a defence against the negative meaning of these Italian words, because this Croatian term has an entirely different origin. Islanders are not ashamed of the term "boduli", but they need not excessively extol it, either, for it will only then acquire a demeaning aspect.

Ovaj je rad posvećen poredbenom prikazu primarnih prijedloga koji se upotrebljavaju s genitivom u suvremenom standardnom hrvatskom jeziku i u suvremenom standardnom ukrajinskom jeziku. Budući da su hrvatski i ukrajinski srodni slavenski jezici, veliku većinu ovih prijedloga čine prijedlozi koji su postojali i u praslavenskome jeziku. Literatura o prijedlozima i o prijedlozima s genitivom vrlo je opširna, ali ova tema u njoj do sad nije poredbeno opisana Cilj je ovoga doktorskog rada, usporedno, kontrastivno opisivanje uporabe prijedloga s genitivom, koji kao padež posesivnosti, partitivnosti i ablativnosti uza sebe veže brojne prijedloge koji mu dodatno obogaćuju popis značenja. Kontrastivni opis napravljen je na korpusu primarnih prijedloga obaju navedenih jezika. U radu je prikazano sadašnje stanje upotrebe prvotnih prijedloga s genitivom u hrvatskom i ukrajinskom jeziku. U oba se srodna slavenska jezika upotrebljavaju prijedlozi podrijetlom iz praslavenskog. U popis hrvatskih prijedloga ušli su i oni koji zapravo nisu prvotni, ali ih u hrvatskim gramatikama svrstavaju među prvotne, netvorbene, jer se čini kao da ne podliježu daljoj tvorbenoj analizi i kao da se njihovo značenje danas ne može izvesti ni iz koje druge riječi te u njima nije očito njihovo podrijetlo. Iz toga razloga u hrvatskome je obrađeno 26 prijedloga, a u ukrajinskom 13 ̶broj obrađenih ukrajinskih prijedloga je manji jer su se u klasifikaciji ukrajinskih prijedloga autori pridržavali strožeg određenja prvotnih prijedloga. Usporedna analiza je potvrdila pretpostavku da primarni prijedlozi s genitivom u oba jezika kao zatvoreni skup nisu doživjeli znatniju promjenu od stanja u praslavenskom. Prepositions are included in the auxiliary types of words. For them in grammars, the authors emphasize that they have a relational role, that their meanings are generalized, and that they establish relations between words, although some grammaticians also acknowledge lexical meaning to them. Prepositions only come with dependent cases, most commonly with genitive, least commonly with dative, and with locative case prepositions are obligate. Prepositions can be described from various sides, as they are also found in the chapters of morphology, syntax and semantics, and beside that, the complexity of the description is also contributed by the fact that some suggestions can stand with more than one case, giving them different meanings or in some cases, the same meaning. Some prepositions appear regularly and frequently, others are already considered marked or outdated. For some, we are say that they have disappeared from use in the modern language, while some have left a mark in some phraseology or dialectisms. New expressions, combinations, constructions and a whole set of words that, over time and through the changing of language and with more open approach to the classification of word types also got the status of the propositions. The aim of this doctoral thesis, as the title itself states, is a comparative, contrastive description of the use of a genitive prepositions which, as an case of possessiveness, partitiveness and ablativity, binds to itself numerous suggestions that further enrich the list of meanings. Contrastive description was made on the corpus of the primary propositions in two Slavic languages - Ukrainian and Croatian. In the introductory part of the paper, motivation is presented in selecting the topic, means and method of analysis. Through a brief overview of the subject area, papers and authors were presented in the two analyzed languages in the subject of the prepositions, in the narrower or broader sense. The resources and selection of the literature that were used for the research in this paper work are shown in this introductory part. Grammatics were served for both languages. monolingual (explanatory) dictionary for both standard languages, etymological dictionaries and internet language corpora. The first part of the paper shows how are the prepositions, as one of the unchangeable types of words, described in Ukrainian grammars on the one hand, and in the Croatian on the other hand. Concepts and theories about the meaning and role of the prepositions are presented. It is stated which authors acknowledge to them only a relational role and which also recognizes them as a words with lexical meaning. Also, a description of the genitive case will be presented as a case that has besides himself the prepositions I am analysing in this paperwork. The genitive case will also be presented from the view of the Ukrainian and Croatian grammarians. In the central part of the paper, an analysis of all selected primary prepositions was made. This section describes the meaning of prepositions and examples. Prepositions are selected based on the principle of origin. For the Croatian language in the list of analysed prepositions are chosen those primary prepositions which are as such defined in the grammars E. Barić et al., and in the grammar of S. Babić et al., since only those two grammars, among those taken as relevant, the prepositions are classified and listed by the principle of origin. In the other two grammars used to describe the proposal, prepositions that are connected to the genitive case are not defined and listed by theirs origin. Thus, the list of Croatian language primary prepositions was made according to grammar E. Baric et al., And S. Babic et al. For Ukrainian language, this choice was made according to a very comprehensive and detailed dictionary of Ukrainian proposals in which primary and secondary prepositions were processed and in each of these prepositions it is precisely determined in which group it belongs to by the principle of the origin. The grammars does not specifies the exact list of proposals with each case distinct by the origin, i.e. by the characteristic primary - secondary. Because of this reason, the list of Croatian primary prepositions that are connected with genitive is longer than the one in the Ukrainian language. Some prepositions were included in that list are actually of the secondary origin, but they have lost an obvious connection with the word from which they originated, and they are ranked among the primary (underived) in these two Croatian grammars. On the Croatian side, the primary prepositions that are taken into consideration are: bez, do, iz, iza, izim, kod, mimo, nakon, od, osim, oko, preko, poput, pored, protiv, radi, s, spram, sred, suprot, u, unutar, uslijed, van, za, zbog. Ukrainian primary prepositions that were taken into consideration: без, в/у, від, для, до, з, за, з-за (із-за), крім, між, проти, ради, серед. In the analysis, first are presented, in alphabetical order, the prepositional pairs (pairs in the similarity of the sounding and meaning) (bez – без, do – до, iz – s – з, з-за (із-за), od – від, osim – izim – крім, protiv – проти, radi – ради, sred – серед, u – в/у, za - за), i.e. Croatian prepositions that have their equivalents in the Ukrainian. In such a pair, the Croatian proposal was first presented, followed by his Ukrainian analogue and, at the end, analysis of the compatibility and incompatibility regarding usage. In two cases it is not only about pair, but about trio (iz - s – з, osim – izim - крім). After that, it is presented, in alphabetical order too, the primary genitive prepositions that have no equivalent in the primary prepositions with the genitive case in the other analyzed language, first such Croatian prepositions(iza, kod, mimo, nakon, oko, preko, spram,suprot, poput, pored, unutar, uslijed, van, zbog), then Ukrainian (для, між). In such "non-pairs" the answer is given how such prepositions in the other analyzed language are translated, i.e. what can be found in their place. After the central part and the analysis follows the conclusion that shows the results of the analyzed prepositions and compatibility and incompatibility of these two analyzed languages have been demonstrated and the most important cognitions are distinguished in comparison. At the very end there is a list of literature, in alphabetical order, that served in the theoretical elaboration of the prepositions as one of the world classes, genitive case that binds all the elaborated prepositions in this paper and in a concrete analysis of the meaning of each individual preposition. Also, dictionaries and corpora from which are taken examples of usage the analyzed prepositions are also listed. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the description of the proposals in the Slavic languages, by comparing the prepositions in the Croatian and Ukrainian languages.

U tekstu se ispituje umjetnička upotreba medijskog diskursa na primjeru ciklusa fotografija Women of Allah. Učinjena analiza provedena je kroz sagledavanje elemenata kojima je proizvodnja značenja usmjerena. U tom cilju, u tekstu se promatra korištenje čadora, oružja i perzijskog teksta. Tekst ukazuje da se specifičnim umjetničkim postupkom kombiniranja ovih elemenata, destabilizira interpretativna pozicija, čime se promatrač potiče da preispita vlastite pristupe u određivanju značenja fotografija., In this text, author analyzes artistic use of media discourse in Shirin Neshat’s work Women of Allah. Analysis is conducted through examination of elements that are related with meaning production. The elements that are taken in consideration are chador, weapon and farsi text. Text shows that author, by applying specific artistic approach, destabilizes interpretation of photographs, by which she attract viewer to examine his/her own approaches to reading.

U radu se prikazuju osnovne postavke kognitvne lingvistike te konceptualne metafore koja je zaživjela knjigom Metaphors We Live By (1980.) George Lakoffa i Mark Johnsona. Na temelju analize prijepisa razgovora između psihoterapeuta i klijenta želi se prikazati temeljna postavka konceptualne metafore: koncepti upravljaju našim načinom mišljenja, ponašanja, određuju što opažamo i kako se odnosimo prema drugima, a uvjetovani su čovjekovom kulturom, iskustvom i biologijom. The paper presents the core ideas of cognitive linguistics and conceptual metaphors that started in book Metaphors We Live By (1980) written by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson. Based on the analysis of the transcript of the conversation between the psychotherapist and the client, the aim is to present the fundamental ideas of conceptual metaphors: concepts govern our way of thinking, our behavior, they determine what we observe and how we deal with others whereas other are conditioned by human culture, experience and biology.

Istraživanje polazi od shvatanja komunikacije kao produkcije značenja u procesu označavanja stvarnosti britanskih kulturnih studija, čiji su rodonačelnici Stjuart Hol (Stuart Hall), Ričard Hogart (Richard Hoggart) i Rejmond Vilijams (Raymond Williams), kao i komplementarne teorije o društvenom konstruisanju realnosti Pitera Bergera (Peter Berger) i Tomasa Lakmana (Thomas Luckmann). Za razliku od „dominantne paradigme” američke komunikologije koja je komunikaciju sagledavala sa aspekta efekata transfera poruka i uspostavljanja kontrole, kulturološka škola pažnju usmerava na reprezentaciju kao proces kreacije simboličke realnosti u kome učestvuju i primaoci poruka. Praksa masovnih medija se u tom smislu shvata kao označavajuća aktivnost kojom se realnost u skladu sa interpretativnim okvirima preoblikuje u simboličku realnost. U vezi sa tim, simbolička realnost dovodi se u vezu ne samo sa svetom empirijsko‒iskustvenih pojava koje rezprezentuje već i sa diskursom i njegovom hijerarhijom kao svojim referentnim okvirom. U tom smislu istraživanje se bavi i strukturalističkim shvatanjem diskursa Mišela Fukoa (Michel Foukault), Rolana Barta (Roland Barthes) i Žaka Lakana (Jacques Lacan). Istraživanje se zasniva na pretpostavci da je analiza medijskog delovanja sa pozicija kulturoloških studija efektnija od analiza sa pozicija dominantne paradigme jer sveobuhvatnije sagledava prirodu medijskog delovanja. Naime, analiza medijskog delovanja sa aspekta efekata i motiva je selektivna i bavi se samo određenim segmentima medijske produkcije, pri čemu upada u zamku da i sama bude manipulativna i vrednosno obojena. Optužiti medije za propagandno delovanje, iako istinito, postaje svojevrsna propaganda. Za razliku od nje, analiza medijskih sadržaja sa pozicija kulturoloških studija ne negira postojanje efekata ali ih situira u dugoročne, sistemske i nepredvidive... This research comes from understanding communication, not from the aspect of the transfer of message, but from the production of meaning in the process of designating reality of British cultural studies, whose founders were Stuart Hall, Richard Hoggart and Raymond Williams, as well as Berger and Luckmann’s complementary theory of social construction of reality. As opposed to the “dominant paradigm” of American communicology, which perceived communication from the viewpoint of effects on transferring messages and establishing control, culturological school focuses attention on representation as the process of creating symbolic reality. Practice of mass media is in this sense understood as signifying activity that substitutes reality for symbolic reality, in compliance with interpretative frameworks. With reference to this point, symbolic reality is linked not only to the world of empirical experimental phenomena being represented, but also to the discourse and its hierarchy as its referential framework. Along these lines, the research also deals with the structuralist notion of discourse of Foucault, Barthes and Lacan. The media reality is therefore seen as the result of specific form of managing and production of meaning in the culturological studies, in which process the possibility of defining the same event is interpreted in different ways exposed to different referential frameworks, not disturbing its factual structure at the same time, and giving freedom to the media in managing the meaning of events. Objective reality can therefore be viewed from a number of aspects, and since it alone does not provide information about their relevance, it cannot be fully comprehended. Consequently, media structuralization of events into semantic units of different media contents makes media reality, not as an equivalent offprint, but as media interpretation about its distinctive traits. A reality constructed in this way becomes primary reality, especially for recipients who do not have immediate access to real events being reported about. A new reality is reestablished through absorbing and replacing real world with media constructions, whose semiocentric nature makes immediate comprehension of that world difficult. The research makes distinction between construction of media reality as a process of signification and media construction of reality as possible effects of this process relating to media and other social systems (Drame, 1992)...

Even though the figure of the active reader has been repeatedly emphasized as the foundation of romanesque poetics of Milorad Pavić, the review of scientific works on the literary creation of this writer points to the absence of a monograph which encompasses Pavić’s entire romanesque work from the point of view of contemporary reading theories. Consequently, scientific studies on Pavić’s works have paid insufficient attention to determining the types of readers of his novels and selecting criteria for their possible grouping. The aim of this dissertation is to determine the types of readers in Pavić’s novels, precisely describe their characteristics, functions as well as their systematization in the context of contemporary reading theories. Due to the complex nature of the problem itself and the description of readers in the novels of Milorad Pavić, it was necessary to take into account the literarytheoretical considerations of encoded readers in the diachrony, and then to see them through the modifications within the poetics of Milorad Pavić, both a writer and a scientist. Apart from the contextualization within contemporary literary theories, from its objectivistic, phenomenological, semiotic, receptionist, to psychoanalytical, rhetoric and cognitive orientations, the research also aims at determining unique concepts of readers promoted in Pavić’s novels. Considering the domain of the theory of literature, the research aims at the review and revision of existing conclusions on literary theories oriented towards the reader and their active role in constituting the meaning of a literary work. Furthermore, its aim is to expand this corpus with theoreticians from the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century who deal with the problem of reading and the role of the reader in a given process, as well as to classify them, which would include theoreticians whose works deal with the phenomenon of the reader’s reaction, using criteria such as the reader’s position (in or outside the text), the problem of constitution the meaning and the type of the reader paradigmatic for a given approach or a reading theoretician. According to the selected material and methodological frame, reading methods oriented towards phenomenology, semiotics, psychoanalysis, deconstruction, new rhetoric and cognitive aspect have been applied in the dissertation. By finding analogues between Pavić’s poetry and contemporary reading theories, as well as by modifying some theoretical settings in Pavić’s key, the research has formed a strong theoretical basis for considering Milorad Pavić a significant reading theoretician. A precise description of both the concepts of readers in Pavić’s novels and their roles has resulted in highlighting the typology based on the criteria for the classification of readers in the context of contemporary reading theories, and those characteristic of Pavić’s reading theory. By reaching the mentioned results, this research will primarily contribute to the scientific study of the romanesque work of Milorad Pavić. Moreover, by revising the classifications of contemporary reading theories and expanding this corpus with contemporary theoreticians, including Pavić, it will contribute to literarytheoretical studies of the reading process and thereby become a strong methodological frame for considering romanesque range of Serbian postmodernism.

Rad se bavi analizom stopljenica primjenom teorije konceptualne integracije. I stopljenice i teorija konceptualne integracije svojevrsne su novosti u lingvistici. Stapanje je rječogradni postupak koji je u posljednje vrijeme postao izrazito plodnim, a teorija konceptualne integracije, iako je s razvojem počela u 1990-im godinama, svoje korijene vuče desetak godina prije toga, od 1980. godine kada je, objavom već sada kultne knjige Metaphors We Live By, uspostavljena teorija konceptualne metafore. Iako je teorija konceptualne integracije relativno mlada, pokazalo se da ima određene prednosti u odnosu na teoriju konceptualne metafore – tumačenje jezičnih i nejezičnih ostvarenja, metaforičnih i nemetaforičnih izraza te konvencionalnih i inovativnih metafora, njezinim se dinamičnim pristupom utemeljenim na umnim prostorima podrobnije opisuju preslikavanja i stvaranje novoga značenja. U prvomu dijelu rada najprije se kratko predstavlja teorija konceptualne metafore, koja je, dijakronijski gledano, nastala u 1980-im godinama i svojim ustrojem, hipotezama, ali i slabim mjestima, postala temeljem i poticajem za stvaranjem nove, složenije i dinamičnije teorije konceptualne integracije u 1990-ima. Nakon opisa teorije konceptualne integracije prikazan je odnos dviju spomenutih teorija. U drugomu dijelu rada analizirane su stopljenice podijeljene u dvije skupine – stopljenice nastale stapanjem na leksičkoj i konceptualnoj razini (konceptualne stopljenice) koje stoga nose novo značenje i stopljenice nastale na leksičkoj razini (engl. puns). Pri analizi stopljenica u obzir je uzet neverbalni, slikovni dio – fotomontaža uz koju su stopljenice objavljene jer utječe na značenje. Nakon zaključka, na samomu je kraju navedeno trinaest stopljenica izdvojenih iz Hrvatskoga rječnika stopljenica. The paper deals with the analysis of blends by applying the theory of conceptual integration. The first part of the paper covers the theory of conceptual metaphor, which was established in 1980's and used for its structure, hypothesis' and weak spots to create new, more complex and dynamical theory of conceptual integration in 1990’s. After the description of the theory of conceptual integration, the two theories are compared. In a second part of the paper, the analyzed blends are separated in two groups – blends that emerge at both formal and conceptual level (conceptual blends) and thus bear a new meaning and blends that emerge solely at the formal level (puns). When analyzing the blends, the non-verbal, pictorial element – photomontage was taken into consideration as it plays an important part in the construction of meaning. After the conclusion, at the very end of this paper, thirteen blends collected from Hrvatski rječnik stopljenica are listed.

U ovom tekstu razmatram Aristotelovu psihologijsku koncepciju značenja. Pokazat ću da u spisu O tumačenju možemo pronaći takvu koncepciju značenja koja omogućuje odgovor na tipične prigovore psihologijskim koncepcijama značenja. Sukladno mojoj interpretaciji zahtijeva se da su misli, a ne mentalne slike, significata naših termina. Naime, mentalne slike mogu biti subjektivna svojstva pojedinog uma u pojedinom vremenskom periodu, međutim, misli kao izomorfne nalike univerzalnog i nužnog aspekta izvanmentalne zbilje pružaju osnovu za intersubjektivnost koja se zahtijeva u adekvatnom objašnjenju značenja. U takvoj interpretaciji referencija nije fiksirana kroz relaciju nalikovanja jer se mentalni sadržaj nereferirajućeg termina također osigurava kroz relaciju nalikovanja između neke misli i dva ili više izvanmentalnih entiteta., In this paper, I investigate Aristotle's psychological conception of meaning. I will show that in Aristotle's De interpretatione we can find a conception of meaning that enables a response to typical objections such psychological accounts are facing with. According to my interpretation, it is required that thoughts are significata of our terms rather than mental images. Mental images could occur as subjective features of a particular mind in particular portion of time, whereas thoughts as an isomorphic likeness of the universal and necessary aspect of extramen¬tal reality provide ground for intersubjectivity required for an adequate account of meaning. In my interpretation, however reference is not fixed via likening relation because a mental content of nonreferring terms is also provided via likening relation between thought and two or many extramental things.