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Parastenocaris enckelli n. sp. (Figs. 2���7) Type locality. River Krishna (water temperature 31 ��C, pH 7.0) near Kanaka Durga Varadhi at Vijayawada city (16 �� 29 ���13.0���N, 80 �� 37 ��� 38.6 ���E; elevation ca 10 m) in Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh state, southeastern India (Fig. 1). Type material examined. Holotype male (MNHN-IU- 2013-11923), dissected on 3 slides; allotype female (MNHN-IU- 2013-11924), dissected on 4 slides; 1 male paratype (MNHN-IU- 2013-11925) and 1 female paratype (MNHN-IU- 2013-11926) whole-mounted on 1 slide each; 2 juveniles (1 male and 1 female, both of copepodid V stage) whole-mounted on 1 slide each in TVR���s personal collections. 31 August 1998, Coll. Y. Ranga Reddy. Description of adult male. Total body length, measured from tip of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (excluding caudal setae) 362���378 ��m. Preserved specimens colourless. Nauplius eye absent. Habitus (Fig. 2 a, b) cylindrical and very slender, with inconspicuous podoplean boundary between prosome and urosome; prosome/ urosome ratio about 0.6 in dorsal view; greatest width in dorsal view at fifth pedigerous somite. Free pedigerous prosomites narrower than distal half of cephalothorax. Body length/width ratio about 8.3; cephalothorax 1.4 times as wide as genital somite in lateral view. Free pedigerous somites without any lateral or dorsal expansions, all connected by well developed arthrodial membranes. Hyaline fringes of all somites smooth, very narrow and hard to distinguish from arthrodial membranes. Integument smooth, ornamented only with sensilla and pores. Cephalothorax with obovate, dorsal, cuticular double-window at about midlength. Pleural areas of cephalothorax and free pedigerous somites moderately developed; cephalic appendages and coxa of leg 1 clearly exposed in lateral view (Fig. 2 b). Rostrum (Fig. 2 a) small, subtriangular, membranous, not demarcated at base, barely reaching midlength of first antennular segment and ornamented with 2 small, dorsal sensilla. Cephalothorax (Fig. 2 a, b) somewhat dilated behind, about 1.4 times as long as wide in dorsal view, representing 16.4 % of total body length. Surface of cephalic shield ornamented with 8 pairs of large sensilla besides dorsal double-window. Second pedigerous somite 0.9 times as wide as posterior half of cephalothorax in dorsal view, with 2 pairs of large sensilla (1 dorsal, 1 lateral). Third pedigerous somite slightly wider and longer than second pediger, with 3 pairs of large sensilla (2 dorsal, 1 lateral). Fourth pedigerous somite slightly wider and longer than third prosomite and with 3 pairs of large posterior sensilla. Urosome: first urosomite widest of all urosomites but slightly shorter than fourth prosomite, and with 2 pairs of large posterior sensilla. Second urosomite about as wide as first urosomite but slightly shorter, with 2 pairs of posterior sensilla and with small elliptical dorsal cuticular window in anterior half. Third urosomite about as long as first urosomite but slightly narrower, with wider dorsal cuticular window, and with 2 pairs of large posterior sensilla. Fourth urosomite slightly narrower than third one, with 2 pairs of large posterior sensilla, and with dorsal cuticular window. Preanal somite slightly narrower and longer than fourth urosomite, and without any surface ornamentation except for dorsal cuticular window. Anal somite (Fig. 3 a, b) about as long as, but slightly narrower than, preanal somite, 1.2 times as long as wide and ornamented with 2 large dorsal sensilla, 1 lateral cuticular pore (Fig. 2 b) in anterior half. A single large, longitudinally placed spermatophore (Figs. 2 a, 3 b) visible through fifth pediger and genital somite, about 2.7 times as long as wide, bean-shaped, with narrow and curved neck. Anal operculum moderately developed, ornamented with 1 transverse row of ventro-distal spinules, with slightly concave distal margin, not reaching posterior end of anal somite and representing 68 % of somite's width. Anal sinus wide open. Caudal rami (Figs. 2 a, b, 3 a, b): slightly divergent, distal third narrow, about 3 times as long as greatest width at subproximal level in dorsal view, 2.6 times as long in lateral view, and about 0.7 times as long as anal somite; full complement of setae (3 lateral, 1 dorsal, 2 apical, and 1 outer) and ornamented with large lateral cuticular pore anteriorly (Fig. 2 b). Dorsal seta (VII) slender and smooth, inserted close to inner margin at about �� of ramus length at the level of setae I���III, about 0.8 times as long as caudal ramus, biarticulate basally. Inner apical seta (VI) smooth, inserted close to ventral margin, about 0.7 times as long as ramus. Middle apical seta (V) strongest, without breaking plane, unipinnate, about 4 times as long as ramus, directed distally. Outer apical seta (IV) also without breaking plane and unipinnate, about 1.2 times as long as ramus, inserted subapically close to dorsal surface and directed laterally. Antennule (Fig. 4 b): slightly longer than cephalothorax, 8 -segmented, prehensile, ���pocket-knife type��� sensu Schminke 2010, and digeniculate; geniculation between segments 3 and 4, and 6 and 7; antepenultimate segment sharply bent inwards, forming sickle-shaped structure with its preceding segment; segment 8 directed medially. First segment short, ornamented with 1 row of spinules. Segments 5 and 6 moderately dilated, segment 5 without any proximal spinous process on anterior surface, with slender, elongate aesthetasc having blunt tip, overreaching ultimate segment, and fused basally to simple seta; shorter, slender, staff-like apical aesthetasc on segment 8, fused basally to 2 setae (acrotheck). Setal formula: 0.5.4.1.3+aes.0.0.9+aes. All setae slender, smooth except proximalmost seta on second segment unipinnate with long setules along outer margin. Length ratio of antennular segments from proximal to distal end and along caudal margin 1.0: 2.7: 1.4: 0.2: 1.3: 0.9: 0.8: 1.5. Antenna (Fig. 4 c): relatively stout and composed of coxa, allobasis, 1 -segmented endopod, and 1 -segmented exopod. Coxa very short, unornamented. Allobasis about 2.6 times as long as maximum width, unarmed but ornamented with 1 crescentic row of spinules on anterior surface. Exopod small, cylindrical, about 3.2 times as long as wide, unornamented and armed with 1 apical unipinnate seta, which is 2.7 times as long as segment. Endopod 0.6 times as long as allobasis and 2.3 times as long as wide, with surface frill subdistally, ornamented with 2 spinular rows on inner margin, and armed with 2 short bipinnate similar spines laterally and 5 strong elements (2 spines, 2 geniculate and 1 unipinnate transformed setae) subapically. Mandible (Fig. 4 d, e): cutting edge narrow on elongate coxa and with 2 complex teeth ventrally, 1 unipinnate seta dorsally and several smaller teeth. Palp 1 -segmented, subcylindrical, about 3.7 times as long as wide, unornamented and armed with 2 smooth, apical setae. Maxillule (Fig. 4 f): praecoxal arthrite trapezoidal, about 1.4 times as long as wide in lateral view; armed with 1 strong, smooth lateral seta and 3 strong, apical spinous processes. Coxal endite armed with 2 smooth apical setae. Basis slightly longer than coxal endite and armed with 2 smooth apical setae. Maxilla (Fig. 4 g): composed of syncoxa, basis, and 1 -segmented endopod. Syncoxa unornamented and with 2 endites; proximal endite short, armed with 1 smooth apical seta; distal endite armed with 1 smooth seta and 1 strong pinnate seta apically. Allobasis prolonged into strong claw with serrulate inner margin and without seta at base. Endopod represented by small segment, armed with 2 smooth, subequal apical setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 4 h): with short and slender syncoxa, unarmed and unornamented. Basis slender, 2.6 times as long as wide and 2.1 times as long as syncoxa, unarmed and unornamented; endopod small, with unipinnate claw, slightly shorter than basis. Leg 1 (Fig. 5 a): coxa ornamented with 1 row of spinules near outer margin on dorsal surface. Basis shorter than coxa, trapezoidal; armed with 1 slender seta on outer margin and 1 spiniform seta on inner margin; ornamented with 1 row of large spinules at base of exopod, 1 ventral row of spinules at base of endopod, 1 row near inner margin and 1 cuticular pore on anterior surface. Exopod 3 -segmented; first segment 0.8 times as long as next 2 segments combined, armed with 1 outer bipinnate spine on first segment; second segment unarmed and third segment with 4 elements (1 outer spine, 1 apical seta and 2 apical geniculate setae); ornamented with spinular rows along outer margin of all exopodal segments, as illustrated. Endopod 2 -segmented, about as long as exopod; first segment reaching distal margin of second exopodal segment, 3 times as long as wide, unarmed and ornamented with 1 row of spinules on outer margin and 2 rows of spinules on inner margin; second segment ornamented with 1 transverse row of spinules on outer margin and armed apically with 1 long geniculate seta and 1 short spine; endopodal geniculate seta 1.5 times as long as entire endopod, 1.2 times as long as larger geniculate exopodal seta and almost 2.4 times as long as outer spine on endopod. All exopodal and endopodal armature elements unipinnate along outer margin except bipinnate spine on first exopodal segment. Leg 2 (Fig. 5 b): coxa large, unarmed and ornamented with 1 row of small spinules on outer margin. Basis much smaller than coxa, unarmed, ornamented with 1 row of spinules at base of exopod and 1 pore on anterior surface. Exopod 3 -segmented; first segment 0.7 times as long as next 2 segments combined and slightly curved inwards; all segments ornamented with rows of spinules along outer margin, as illustrated, and segments 1 and 3 with hyaline frill each at inner distal corner; inner corner of second segment with 1 row of spinules; segment 1 armed with outer bipinnate spine; segment 2 unarmed. Segment 3 longer than segment 2, armed with 3 long elements: 1 subapical unipinnate spine and 2 apical bipinnate setae. Endopod 1 -segmented, subcylindrical and distally dilated, almost 2.6 times as long as wide, about half as long as first exopodal segment; apical margin armed with 1 smooth seta, which is 0.8 times as long as segment and pointing inwards, and ornamented with 2 spinules. Leg 3 (Fig. 5 c): coxa trapezoidal, ornamented with arched row of spinules near mid-distal margin ventrally. Basis robust, ornamented with 1 ventral row of minute spinules near outer margin and 1 pore on anterior surface; armed with moderately long, slender seta on outer margin. Endopod represented by smooth, slender seta, inserted at 3 / 4 of inner margin of basis. Both exopodal segments fused; ancestral proximal segment moderately stout, 3.5 times as long as wide, swollen at subproximal outer margin, only slightly curved inwards; small prominence on inner distal margin; 1 spinular row on posterior surface of outer distal corner; ancestral distal segment (apophysis) ladle-shaped with hyaline membrane, somewhat bent inwards, longer than thumb, unornamented and unarmed; thumb slender, spiniform, inwardly curved and reaching 3 / 4 of apophysis. Leg 4 (Fig. 5 d): coxa rectangular, ornamented with short oblique spinular row near outer distal corner. Basis shorter, trapezoidal in anterior view and armed with moderately long outer seta; ornamented with 1 pore on anterior surface. Exopod 3 -segmented, ornamented with spinules along outer margins of all segments; segments 1 and 3 with hyaline frill each at inner distal corner; segment 2 with 1 row of spinules at inner distal corner; segment 1 stout, about as long as next 2 segments combined and armed with strong bipinnate outer spine; segment 2 unarmed; segment 3 armed with 1 outer spine and 1 inner bipinnate seta; inner apical seta 1.8 times as long as outer seta, 2.4 times as long as third exopodal segment, 0.8 times as long as entire exopod. Inner distal margin of basis with large chitinized plate, below which lie 2 hyaline, outwardly directed, blunt structures at outer corner (arrowed in Fig. 5 d); also, with 1 smooth, moderately strong, somewhat claw-like spine at distal inner corner. Endopod proper as acutely pointed conical hyaline membrane, ornamented with 3 spinules at mid-outer margin. Leg 5 (Figs. 2 b, 3 a): simple, elongated, rhomboidal plate; both legs fused at base, pointing caudally and slightly overreaching end of the somite, inner distal corner produced into long, acute spiniform process, ornamented with cuticular pore on anterior surface and armed with basal seta and 2 inner smooth setae on oblique distal margin; basal seta longer than entire leg; outer seta about 0.3 times as long as leg 5, and 1.2 times as long as inner seta. Leg 6 (Fig. 3 a): smooth, unarmed, forming simple operculum covering gonopore and elliptical in ventral view. Description of adult female. Body length, measured as in male, 385���400 ��m. Habitus (Fig. 4 a): slightly less slender than in male, prosomites, colour and nauplius eye similar to male, except genital and first abdominal somites fused into double-somite. Genital double-somite (Figs. 4 a, 6 a, b): shorter than maximum width (ventral view), without any trace of subdivision, with oval dorsal cuticular window in anterior half. Genital complex occupying anteroventral half of genital double-somite; genital apertures paired, each covered by vestigial sixth legs; copulatory pore medial; seminal receptacles small, hard to distinguish from internal tissue and gut content; copulatory duct very short and weakly sclerotized (Fig. 6 c). Sensilla similar to those on male third urosomite, while 2 sensilla of male second urosomite missing. Third urosomite, preanal somite, and anal somite very similar to male. Caudal rami (Figs. 4 a, 6 a, b): 0.7 times as long as anal somite, about 2.8 times as long as wide in ventral view, with armature and ornamentation as in male. Antennule (Fig. 4 i): 7 -segmented, segment 1 ornamented with 4 minute spinules disto-ventrally, aesthetasc on segment 4 slender, overreaching tip of appendage, and that on segment 7 more slender, staff-like and fused basally to 2 apical setae; setal formula: 0.4.4.2+aes.0.2.8+aes. All setae except proximalmost one on segment 2 smooth. Length ratios of antennular segments from proximal to distal end and along caudal margin 1.0: 2.5: 2.2: 2.2: 0.5: 0.5: 1.3. Antenna, labrum, mandible, maxillule, maxilla, maxilliped, and leg 5 similar to male. Leg 1 (Fig. 7 a): coxa rectangular, ornamented with 1 row of spinules near distal margin; basis trapezoidal, ornamented with 1 row of spinules near base of exopod, 1 row at base of endopod, 1 pore on proximal surface; armed with 1 small seta each on outer margin; exopod and endopod almost as in male. Leg 2 (Fig. 7 b): coxa trapezoidal, ornamented with 1 arched row of minute spinules near inner margin and another row at outer distal corner ventrally. Basis larger than coxa, unarmed, and ornamented with arched spinular row near outer distal corner and 1 pore proximally; exopodal segments as in male. Endopod cylindrical, 4.5 times as long as wide; apical margin armed with 1 seta and ornamented with 2 spinules. Leg 3 (Fig. 7 c): coxa with arched row of ventral spinules on outer distal margin. Basis ornamented with 1 arched spinular row near outer margin and armed with long and smooth outer seta, which is about 0.6 times as long as entire exopod. Exopod 2 -segmented, ornamented with large spinules along outer margin, each segment with hyaline frill distally on inner distal corner; segment 1 armed with single outer spine; segment 2 with outer spine and strong apical seta; seta 1.8 times as long as spine; all elements bipinnate. Endopod 1 -segmented, slender, 0.6 times as long as first exopodal segment, tapering to pointed tip and with spinulose disto-lateral margins. Leg 4 (Fig. 7 d): exopod similar to male. Endopod lanceolate, slightly shorter than first exopodal segment; distal third bent inwards, gradually tapering to acuminate point and with serrulate lateral margins. Leg 6 (Fig. 6 c) vestigial, fused into simple cuticular flap, covering gonopores; unarmed and unornamented. Etymology. The new species is named in honour of Dr. P. H. Enckell, who was the first to describe parastenocaridids from the Indian subcontinent. The specific epithet, enckelli, is a noun in the genitive singular. Distribution and ecology. This species is so far known from the type locality, co-occurring with the following taxa: a species each of Harpacticoida, Cyclopoida and Cladocera, some rotifers, oligochaetes and chironomid larvae., Published as part of Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, Totakura, Venkateswara Rao & Shaik, Shabuddin, 2016, Two new species of Parastenocarididae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from India, pp. 125-151 in Zootaxa 4066 (2) on pages 127-130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4066.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/270540, {"references":["Schminke, H. K. (2010) High-level phylogenetic relationships within Parastenocarididae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida). Crustaceana, 83, 343 - 367. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 001121610 X 12627655658168"]}

Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, Totakura, Venkateswara Rao, Shaik, Shabuddin (2016): Two new species of Parastenocarididae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from India. Zootaxa 4066 (2): 125-151, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4066.2.2

Parastenocaris enckelli n. sp. (Figs. 2–7) Type locality. River Krishna (water temperature 31 °C, pH 7.0) near Kanaka Durga Varadhi at Vijayawada city (16 ° 29 ′13.0″N, 80 ° 37 ′ 38.6 ″E; elevation ca 10 m) in Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh state, southeastern India (Fig. 1). Type material examined. Holotype male (MNHN-IU- 2013-11923), dissected on 3 slides; allotype female (MNHN-IU- 2013-11924), dissected on 4 slides; 1 male paratype (MNHN-IU- 2013-11925) and 1 female paratype (MNHN-IU- 2013-11926) whole-mounted on 1 slide each; 2 juveniles (1 male and 1 female, both of copepodid V stage) whole-mounted on 1 slide each in TVR’s personal collections. 31 August 1998, Coll. Y. Ranga Reddy. Description of adult male. Total body length, measured from tip of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (excluding caudal setae) 362–378 Μm. Preserved specimens colourless. Nauplius eye absent. Habitus (Fig. 2 a, b) cylindrical and very slender, with inconspicuous podoplean boundary between prosome and urosome; prosome/ urosome ratio about 0.6 in dorsal view; greatest width in dorsal view at fifth pedigerous somite. Free pedigerous prosomites narrower than distal half of cephalothorax. Body length/width ratio about 8.3; cephalothorax 1.4 times as wide as genital somite in lateral view. Free pedigerous somites without any lateral or dorsal expansions, all connected by well developed arthrodial membranes. Hyaline fringes of all somites smooth, very narrow and hard to distinguish from arthrodial membranes. Integument smooth, ornamented only with sensilla and pores. Cephalothorax with obovate, dorsal, cuticular double-window at about midlength. Pleural areas of cephalothorax and free pedigerous somites moderately developed; cephalic appendages and coxa of leg 1 clearly exposed in lateral view (Fig. 2 b). Rostrum (Fig. 2 a) small, subtriangular, membranous, not demarcated at base, barely reaching midlength of first antennular segment and ornamented with 2 small, dorsal sensilla. Cephalothorax (Fig. 2 a, b) somewhat dilated behind, about 1.4 times as long as wide in dorsal view, representing 16.4 % of total body length. Surface of cephalic shield ornamented with 8 pairs of large sensilla besides dorsal double-window. Second pedigerous somite 0.9 times as wide as posterior half of cephalothorax in dorsal view, with 2 pairs of large sensilla (1 dorsal, 1 lateral). Third pedigerous somite slightly wider and longer than second pediger, with 3 pairs of large sensilla (2 dorsal, 1 lateral). Fourth pedigerous somite slightly wider and longer than third prosomite and with 3 pairs of large posterior sensilla. Urosome: first urosomite widest of all urosomites but slightly shorter than fourth prosomite, and with 2 pairs of large posterior sensilla. Second urosomite about as wide as first urosomite but slightly shorter, with 2 pairs of posterior sensilla and with small elliptical dorsal cuticular window in anterior half. Third urosomite about as long as first urosomite but slightly narrower, with wider dorsal cuticular window, and with 2 pairs of large posterior sensilla. Fourth urosomite slightly narrower than third one, with 2 pairs of large posterior sensilla, and with dorsal cuticular window. Preanal somite slightly narrower and longer than fourth urosomite, and without any surface ornamentation except for dorsal cuticular window. Anal somite (Fig. 3 a, b) about as long as, but slightly narrower than, preanal somite, 1.2 times as long as wide and ornamented with 2 large dorsal sensilla, 1 lateral cuticular pore (Fig. 2 b) in anterior half. A single large, longitudinally placed spermatophore (Figs. 2 a, 3 b) visible through fifth pediger and genital somite, about 2.7 times as long as wide, bean-shaped, with narrow and curved neck. Anal operculum moderately developed, ornamented with 1 transverse row of ventro-distal spinules, with slightly concave distal margin, not reaching posterior end of anal somite and representing 68 % of somite's width. Anal sinus wide open. Caudal rami (Figs. 2 a, b, 3 a, b): slightly divergent, distal third narrow, about 3 times as long as greatest width at subproximal level in dorsal view, 2.6 times as long in lateral view, and about 0.7 times as long as anal somite; full complement of setae (3 lateral, 1 dorsal, 2 apical, and 1 outer) and ornamented with large lateral cuticular pore anteriorly (Fig. 2 b). Dorsal seta (VII) slender and smooth, inserted close to inner margin at about ¾ of ramus length at the level of setae I–III, about 0.8 times as long as caudal ramus, biarticulate basally. Inner apical seta (VI) smooth, inserted close to ventral margin, about 0.7 times as long as ramus. Middle apical seta (V) strongest, without breaking plane, unipinnate, about 4 times as long as ramus, directed distally. Outer apical seta (IV) also without breaking plane and unipinnate, about 1.2 times as long as ramus, inserted subapically close to dorsal surface and directed laterally. Antennule (Fig. 4 b): slightly longer than cephalothorax, 8 -segmented, prehensile, ‘pocket-knife type’ sensu Schminke 2010, and digeniculate; geniculation between segments 3 and 4, and 6 and 7; antepenultimate segment sharply bent inwards, forming sickle-shaped structure with its preceding segment; segment 8 directed medially. First segment short, ornamented with 1 row of spinules. Segments 5 and 6 moderately dilated, segment 5 without any proximal spinous process on anterior surface, with slender, elongate aesthetasc having blunt tip, overreaching ultimate segment, and fused basally to simple seta; shorter, slender, staff-like apical aesthetasc on segment 8, fused basally to 2 setae (acrotheck). Setal formula: 0.5.4.1.3+aes.0.0.9+aes. All setae slender, smooth except proximalmost seta on second segment unipinnate with long setules along outer margin. Length ratio of antennular segments from proximal to distal end and along caudal margin 1.0: 2.7: 1.4: 0.2: 1.3: 0.9: 0.8: 1.5. Antenna (Fig. 4 c): relatively stout and composed of coxa, allobasis, 1 -segmented endopod, and 1 -segmented exopod. Coxa very short, unornamented. Allobasis about 2.6 times as long as maximum width, unarmed but ornamented with 1 crescentic row of spinules on anterior surface. Exopod small, cylindrical, about 3.2 times as long as wide, unornamented and armed with 1 apical unipinnate seta, which is 2.7 times as long as segment. Endopod 0.6 times as long as allobasis and 2.3 times as long as wide, with surface frill subdistally, ornamented with 2 spinular rows on inner margin, and armed with 2 short bipinnate similar spines laterally and 5 strong elements (2 spines, 2 geniculate and 1 unipinnate transformed setae) subapically. Mandible (Fig. 4 d, e): cutting edge narrow on elongate coxa and with 2 complex teeth ventrally, 1 unipinnate seta dorsally and several smaller teeth. Palp 1 -segmented, subcylindrical, about 3.7 times as long as wide, unornamented and armed with 2 smooth, apical setae. Maxillule (Fig. 4 f): praecoxal arthrite trapezoidal, about 1.4 times as long as wide in lateral view; armed with 1 strong, smooth lateral seta and 3 strong, apical spinous processes. Coxal endite armed with 2 smooth apical setae. Basis slightly longer than coxal endite and armed with 2 smooth apical setae. Maxilla (Fig. 4 g): composed of syncoxa, basis, and 1 -segmented endopod. Syncoxa unornamented and with 2 endites; proximal endite short, armed with 1 smooth apical seta; distal endite armed with 1 smooth seta and 1 strong pinnate seta apically. Allobasis prolonged into strong claw with serrulate inner margin and without seta at base. Endopod represented by small segment, armed with 2 smooth, subequal apical setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 4 h): with short and slender syncoxa, unarmed and unornamented. Basis slender, 2.6 times as long as wide and 2.1 times as long as syncoxa, unarmed and unornamented; endopod small, with unipinnate claw, slightly shorter than basis. Leg 1 (Fig. 5 a): coxa ornamented with 1 row of spinules near outer margin on dorsal surface. Basis shorter than coxa, trapezoidal; armed with 1 slender seta on outer margin and 1 spiniform seta on inner margin; ornamented with 1 row of large spinules at base of exopod, 1 ventral row of spinules at base of endopod, 1 row near inner margin and 1 cuticular pore on anterior surface. Exopod 3 -segmented; first segment 0.8 times as long as next 2 segments combined, armed with 1 outer bipinnate spine on first segment; second segment unarmed and third segment with 4 elements (1 outer spine, 1 apical seta and 2 apical geniculate setae); ornamented with spinular rows along outer margin of all exopodal segments, as illustrated. Endopod 2 -segmented, about as long as exopod; first segment reaching distal margin of second exopodal segment, 3 times as long as wide, unarmed and ornamented with 1 row of spinules on outer margin and 2 rows of spinules on inner margin; second segment ornamented with 1 transverse row of spinules on outer margin and armed apically with 1 long geniculate seta and 1 short spine; endopodal geniculate seta 1.5 times as long as entire endopod, 1.2 times as long as larger geniculate exopodal seta and almost 2.4 times as long as outer spine on endopod. All exopodal and endopodal armature elements unipinnate along outer margin except bipinnate spine on first exopodal segment. Leg 2 (Fig. 5 b): coxa large, unarmed and ornamented with 1 row of small spinules on outer margin. Basis much smaller than coxa, unarmed, ornamented with 1 row of spinules at base of exopod and 1 pore on anterior surface. Exopod 3 -segmented; first segment 0.7 times as long as next 2 segments combined and slightly curved inwards; all segments ornamented with rows of spinules along outer margin, as illustrated, and segments 1 and 3 with hyaline frill each at inner distal corner; inner corner of second segment with 1 row of spinules; segment 1 armed with outer bipinnate spine; segment 2 unarmed. Segment 3 longer than segment 2, armed with 3 long elements: 1 subapical unipinnate spine and 2 apical bipinnate setae. Endopod 1 -segmented, subcylindrical and distally dilated, almost 2.6 times as long as wide, about half as long as first exopodal segment; apical margin armed with 1 smooth seta, which is 0.8 times as long as segment and pointing inwards, and ornamented with 2 spinules. Leg 3 (Fig. 5 c): coxa trapezoidal, ornamented with arched row of spinules near mid-distal margin ventrally. Basis robust, ornamented with 1 ventral row of minute spinules near outer margin and 1 pore on anterior surface; armed with moderately long, slender seta on outer margin. Endopod represented by smooth, slender seta, inserted at 3 / 4 of inner margin of basis. Both exopodal segments fused; ancestral proximal segment moderately stout, 3.5 times as long as wide, swollen at subproximal outer margin, only slightly curved inwards; small prominence on inner distal margin; 1 spinular row on posterior surface of outer distal corner; ancestral distal segment (apophysis) ladle-shaped with hyaline membrane, somewhat bent inwards, longer than thumb, unornamented and unarmed; thumb slender, spiniform, inwardly curved and reaching 3 / 4 of apophysis. Leg 4 (Fig. 5 d): coxa rectangular, ornamented with short oblique spinular row near outer distal corner. Basis shorter, trapezoidal in anterior view and armed with moderately long outer seta; ornamented with 1 pore on anterior surface. Exopod 3 -segmented, ornamented with spinules along outer margins of all segments; segments 1 and 3 with hyaline frill each at inner distal corner; segment 2 with 1 row of spinules at inner distal corner; segment 1 stout, about as long as next 2 segments combined and armed with strong bipinnate outer spine; segment 2 unarmed; segment 3 armed with 1 outer spine and 1 inner bipinnate seta; inner apical seta 1.8 times as long as outer seta, 2.4 times as long as third exopodal segment, 0.8 times as long as entire exopod. Inner distal margin of basis with large chitinized plate, below which lie 2 hyaline, outwardly directed, blunt structures at outer corner (arrowed in Fig. 5 d); also, with 1 smooth, moderately strong, somewhat claw-like spine at distal inner corner. Endopod proper as acutely pointed conical hyaline membrane, ornamented with 3 spinules at mid-outer margin. Leg 5 (Figs. 2 b, 3 a): simple, elongated, rhomboidal plate; both legs fused at base, pointing caudally and slightly overreaching end of the somite, inner distal corner produced into long, acute spiniform process, ornamented with cuticular pore on anterior surface and armed with basal seta and 2 inner smooth setae on oblique distal margin; basal seta longer than entire leg; outer seta about 0.3 times as long as leg 5, and 1.2 times as long as inner seta. Leg 6 (Fig. 3 a): smooth, unarmed, forming simple operculum covering gonopore and elliptical in ventral view. Description of adult female. Body length, measured as in male, 385–400 Μm. Habitus (Fig. 4 a): slightly less slender than in male, prosomites, colour and nauplius eye similar to male, except genital and first abdominal somites fused into double-somite. Genital double-somite (Figs. 4 a, 6 a, b): shorter than maximum width (ventral view), without any trace of subdivision, with oval dorsal cuticular window in anterior half. Genital complex occupying anteroventral half of genital double-somite; genital apertures paired, each covered by vestigial sixth legs; copulatory pore medial; seminal receptacles small, hard to distinguish from internal tissue and gut content; copulatory duct very short and weakly sclerotized (Fig. 6 c). Sensilla similar to those on male third urosomite, while 2 sensilla of male second urosomite missing. Third urosomite, preanal somite, and anal somite very similar to male. Caudal rami (Figs. 4 a, 6 a, b): 0.7 times as long as anal somite, about 2.8 times as long as wide in ventral view, with armature and ornamentation as in male. Antennule (Fig. 4 i): 7 -segmented, segment 1 ornamented with 4 minute spinules disto-ventrally, aesthetasc on segment 4 slender, overreaching tip of appendage, and that on segment 7 more slender, staff-like and fused basally to 2 apical setae; setal formula: 0.4.4.2+aes.0.2.8+aes. All setae except proximalmost one on segment 2 smooth. Length ratios of antennular segments from proximal to distal end and along caudal margin 1.0: 2.5: 2.2: 2.2: 0.5: 0.5: 1.3. Antenna, labrum, mandible, maxillule, maxilla, maxilliped, and leg 5 similar to male. Leg 1 (Fig. 7 a): coxa rectangular, ornamented with 1 row of spinules near distal margin; basis trapezoidal, ornamented with 1 row of spinules near base of exopod, 1 row at base of endopod, 1 pore on proximal surface; armed with 1 small seta each on outer margin; exopod and endopod almost as in male. Leg 2 (Fig. 7 b): coxa trapezoidal, ornamented with 1 arched row of minute spinules near inner margin and another row at outer distal corner ventrally. Basis larger than coxa, unarmed, and ornamented with arched spinular row near outer distal corner and 1 pore proximally; exopodal segments as in male. Endopod cylindrical, 4.5 times as long as wide; apical margin armed with 1 seta and ornamented with 2 spinules. Leg 3 (Fig. 7 c): coxa with arched row of ventral spinules on outer distal margin. Basis ornamented with 1 arched spinular row near outer margin and armed with long and smooth outer seta, which is about 0.6 times as long as entire exopod. Exopod 2 -segmented, ornamented with large spinules along outer margin, each segment with hyaline frill distally on inner distal corner; segment 1 armed with single outer spine; segment 2 with outer spine and strong apical seta; seta 1.8 times as long as spine; all elements bipinnate. Endopod 1 -segmented, slender, 0.6 times as long as first exopodal segment, tapering to pointed tip and with spinulose disto-lateral margins. Leg 4 (Fig. 7 d): exopod similar to male. Endopod lanceolate, slightly shorter than first exopodal segment; distal third bent inwards, gradually tapering to acuminate point and with serrulate lateral margins. Leg 6 (Fig. 6 c) vestigial, fused into simple cuticular flap, covering gonopores; unarmed and unornamented. Etymology. The new species is named in honour of Dr. P. H. Enckell, who was the first to describe parastenocaridids from the Indian subcontinent. The specific epithet, enckelli, is a noun in the genitive singular. Distribution and ecology. This species is so far known from the type locality, co-occurring with the following taxa: a species each of Harpacticoida, Cyclopoida and Cladocera, some rotifers, oligochaetes and chironomid larvae.

Dussartstenocaris bisetosa n. sp. (Figs. 8���13) Type locality. Farm bore (water temperature 32 ��C, pH 7.0) at Chintalapudi village, ~ 5 km from Nidubrolu town (16 ��02��� 23.8 ���N, 80 �� 32 ��� 35.4 ���E; elevation ca 36.5 m) in Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh state, southeastern India (Fig. 1). Type material examined. Holotype male (MNHN-IU- 2013-11956) and allotype female (MNHN-IU- 2013- 11957), dissected on 4 slides each; 2 paratypes: 1 male (MNHN-IU- 2013-11958), dissected on 4 slides; 1 male (MNHN-IU- 2013-11959), whole-mounted on 1 slide; 0 4 January 2010, Coll. V. R. Totakura. Other material examined. 1 male, dissected on 3 slides in TVR���s personal collections. Farm bore at Kunchanapalli village (16 �� 23 ��� 42.1 ���N, 80 �� 32 ��� 28.2 ���E, elevation 26 m; water temperature 28 ��C, pH 7.0) in Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, South India, 21 December 2010, Coll. V. R. Totakura. Description of adult male. Total body length, measured from tip of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami, 296���352 ��m. Preserved specimens colourless. Nauplius eye absent. Habitus (Fig. 8 A) cylindrical and slender, without any demarcation between prosome and urosome; prosome/urosome ratio about 0.8 in dorsal view; greatest width in dorsal view at genital somite. Body with thin, imperforated cuticle, length/width ratio about 7.4. Free pedigerous somites without any expansions; all somites connected by well developed arthrodial membranes. Hyaline fringes of all somites smooth, narrow and hard to distinguish from arthrodial membranes. Integument ornamented with sensilla, some pores and spinules, and also with somewhat obpyriform cuticular double-window on cephalothorax, somewhat close to posterior margin, and 1 elliptical, dorsal cuticular window each in the anterior half of genital somite and next 3 urosomites; window on genital somite smallest. Cephalothorax (Fig. 8 a) obovate, about 1.3 times as long as wide in lateral view, representing 16.7 % of total body length. Surface of cephalic shield ornamented with 8 pairs of sensilla. Rostrum (Figs. 8 a, b, 10 a) small, membranous, not demarcated at base, ornamented with 2 dorso-lateral sensilla. Second pedigerous somite as wide as posterior half of cephalothorax in dorsal view, with 2 pairs of large sensilla, 1 pair proximally. Third pedigerous somite slightly longer than second pediger, with 2 pairs of large sensilla. Fourth pedigerous somite as long as third prosomite, with 2 pairs of large posterior sensilla. Urosome (Fig. 9 a, b) gradually narrowing behind. First urosomite as wide as distal half of genital somite, with 2 pairs of dorso-distal sensilla and 1 pair each on ventral surface of urosomites 1���4. Genital somite shorter than first urosomite, also with 3 pairs of sensilla (dorsal, lateral) and 1 sensillum on either side of sixth legs. Third and fourth urosomites nearly as long as genital somite, with 2 pairs of sensilla (dorsal, lateral). Preanal somite without any surface ornamentation. Anal somite about 1.5 times as long as wide in dorsal view, slightly narrower than preanal somite; ornamented with 2 short rows of small spinules at 2 / 5 of segment length, 1 complete row of very fine spinules close to posterior margin of anal operculum, 8 mid-dorsal, relatively large spinules, 1 pair of large dorsal sensilla at base of anal operculum and 1 cuticular pore proximo-laterally. A single, large, longitudinally placed spermatophore (Fig. 8 a) visible through genital somite and next somite, about 2.9 times as long as wide, bean-shaped, with narrow curled neck. Anal operculum moderately developed, with smooth, slightly convex margin, not reaching posterior end of anal somite and representing 74.3 % of somite's width. Anal sinus wide, ornamented with 1 short diagonal row of 3���5 spinules on either side postero-ventrally as in Fig. 9 a-d. Caudal rami (Fig. 9 a���c): divergent, cylindrical, narrow at base in ventral view; about 4 times as long as greatest width in dorsal view and about 0.7 times as long as anal somite; armed with 6 setae (2 lateral, 1 dorsal, 2 apical, and 1 subapical), and with ventral row of fine spinules along posterior margin, of which 1 spinule at inner distal corner elongate. Lateral setae (I, III) unequal and located slightly anterior to midlength; seta II missing. Dorsal seta (VII) inserted at distal fifth of caudal rami and close to inner margin, slender, plumose, about as long as caudal ramus and biarticulate basally. Inner apical seta (VI) smooth, inserted close to ventral margin, about long as ramus. Middle apical seta (V) stout, without breaking plane, bipinnate, about 6.2 times as long as ramus, pointing distally, with acute tip. Outer apical seta (IV) small, smooth, only about 0.4 times as long as ramus, inserted close to dorsal surface and pointing laterally. Antennule (Fig. 10 b): slightly longer than cephalothorax, slender, 8 -segmented, ���coiled type���; digeniculate, geniculation between fourth and fifth, and between sixth and seventh segments. First segment short, ornamented with 1 row of spinules; second segment longest, being about 3 times as long as maximum width; segments 5 and 6 moderately dilated; segment 5 without any proximal spiniform process on anterior surface, with moderately developed aesthetasc, constricted at about midlength, with blunt tip, barely reaching end of ultimate segment, and fused basally with 1 simple seta; ultimate segment with aesthetasc, only slightly smaller than that on segment 5, fused basally with 2 setae (acrotheck). Setal formula: 0.5.4.1.4+aes.0.0.9+aes. All setae slender, smooth; proximalmost seta on second segment unipinnate with long setules along disto-lateral margin; proximalmost seta of segments 2 and 8 articulate basally. Length ratios of segments, from proximal to distal end and along caudal margin 1.0: 2.6: 0.7: 0.4: 2.5: 1.1: 1.7: 1.5. Antenna (Fig. 10 c): composed of coxa, allobasis, 1 -segmented endopod, and 1 -segmented exopod. Coxa very short, ornamented with arched row of short spinules. Allobasis about 3.8 times as long as maximum width and ornamented with 2 arched rows of spinules on anterior surface. Exopod small, somewhat cylindrical, about 3.3 times as long as wide, unornamented, armed with 1 apical seta, which is 3.3 times as long as segment. Endopod 0.6 times as long as allobasis and about 2.3 times as long as wide, with surface frill distally, ornamented with 2 spinular rows on inner margin and armed laterally with 2 short bipinnate unequal spines and apically with 5 strong elements (2 subequal spines, 2 subequal geniculate setae and 1 unipinnate transformed seta). Mandible (Fig. 10 d): cutting edge narrow on elongate coxa and with 2 complex teeth ventrally, 1 unipinnate seta dorsally, and several smaller teeth. Palp 1 -segmented, cylindrical, about 3.2 times as long as wide, unornamented and armed apically with 2 smooth apical setae. Maxillule (Fig. 10 e): praecoxal arthrite rectangular, about 2.2 times as long as wide in lateral view, armed with strong lateral seta and 3 weak apical elements. Coxal endite armed with 1 smooth apical seta. Basis; (c) genital field. slightly longer than coxal endite and armed with 2 smooth apical setae. Maxilla (Fig. 10 f): composed of syncoxa, basis and 1 -segmented endopod. Syncoxa with 2 endites, proximal one short and armed with 2 smooth apical setae, and distal endite armed with 1 smooth seta and 1 strong pinnate spiniform seta apically. Allobasis prolonged into strong unipinnate claw and without seta at base. Endopod represented by small segment, armed with 2 smooth apical setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 10 g): syncoxa unarmed and unornamented; basis slender, 5.5 times as long as wide; endopod small with unipinnate claw, about 0.6 times as long as basis. Legs 1���4 (Fig. 11 a���c, g): praecoxa and intercoxal sclerite of all legs smooth. Leg 1 (Fig. 11 a): coxa rhomboidal, ornamented with 1 row of small spinules disto-medially. Basis shorter than coxa, trapezoidal, with outer seta and ornamented with 1 row of spinules each near base of exopod and endopod. Exopod 3 -segmented; first segment 0.8 times as long as next 2 segments combined; segments 1 and 2 with 1 longitudinal row of spinules each at outer distal corner, and segment 3 with 1 longitudinal row of spinules at about midlength of inner margin; segment 1 armed with 1 short and slender outer bipinnate spine; segment 2 unarmed and segment 3 with 4 elements (1 outer spine, 1 apical seta and 2 apical geniculate setae). Endopod 2 -segmented, slightly longer than exopod; first segment 1.6 times as long as second exopodal segment, 3.1 times as long as wide, unarmed and ornamented with 2 rows of elongate spinules on outer margin and 2 longitudinal rows of small spinules on inner margin; segment 2 ornamented with 1 row of spinules on inner margin and armed with 1 spine subapically and 1 long geniculate seta apically; endopodal geniculate seta 1.4 times as long as entire endopod, almost twice as long as outer spine on endopod, 1.2 times as long as inner geniculate seta on exopod. All exopodal and endopodal armature elements except spine on first exopodal segment unipinnate along outer margin. Leg 2 (Fig. 11 b): coxa with 1 arched row of spinules near inner distal corner. Basis smaller than coxa, unarmed and ornamented with 1 row of spinules along outer margin and 1 row of fine spinules at base of endopod. Exopod 3 -segmented; ornamented with isolated rows of spinules along outer margins of all segments; segments 1 and 3 with hyaline frill each at inner distal corner, but segment 2 with 1 row of spinules instead. Segment 1 strong, 1.3 times as long as next 2 segments combined, armed with 1 outer spine on segment 1; segment 2 unarmed; segment 3 about as long as segment 2, armed with 3 elements (1 subapical spine and 2 apical plumose setae); innermost seta 1.4 times as long as exopod. Endopod 1 -segmented, slender, almost cylindrical, 7.6 times as long as wide, about 0.6 times as long as first exopodal segment, ornamented with 2 large spinules on subdistal outer margin, and apical margin with 2 spinules and armed with 1 smooth seta, which is 1.2 times as long as endopod. Leg 3 (Fig. 11 c���f): coxa trapezoidal, smaller than basis, ornamented with 1 arched row of spinules at inner distal corner. Basis robust, produced at inner distal corner, ornamented with 1 longitudinal row of spinules on inner margin and 1 pore on anterior surface and armed with long, slender, simple seta on outer margin. Endopod represented by very small, rudimentary seta, inserted at distal fourth of inner margin of basis. Exopod with both segments perfectly fused together; ancestral proximal segment moderately strong, slightly curved inwards, 4 times as long as wide, ornamented with 2 rows of spinules on outer proximal margin; ancestral distal segment (apophysis) ladle-shaped, with hyaline lateral margins, unornamented and unarmed; thumb, longer than apophysis, and with 3 unequal apical lobes lined with hyaline margins (arrowed in Fig. 11 c). Leg 4 (Fig. 11 g): coxa rhomboidal, ornamented with arched row of spinules at outer distal corner and 2 modified, elongate spinules, reaching almost distal end of basis and with a hyaline zone around them at inner distal corner. Basis trapezoidal and slightly longer than coxa, ornamented with 1 row of small spinules at base of exopod and armed with moderately long seta on outer margin. Exopod 3 -segmented, ornamented with rows of spinules on outer margins of all segments and additional row of spinules along inner distal corner of segment 2, 1 hyaline frill each at inner distal corner of segments 1 and 3; segment 1 slightly curved inwards, 0.7 times as long as next 2 segments combined, armed with strong bipinnate outer spine subdistally; segment 2 with straight inner margin and unarmed; segment 3 slightly longer than second one and armed with 1 outer spine and 1 apical bipinnate seta; apical seta 2.2 times as long as outer spine, 3.9 times as long as third exopodal segment, 1.2 times as long as entire exopod. Endopod claw-like and outcurved and ornamented with 1 spinule at proximal third of its length; 2 equal, large spinules also occurring near the base of endopod on outer side with hyaline zone around them. Leg 5 (Fig. 9 a, b, e): without intercoxal sclerite; legs distinct at base, small, bowl-shaped plate, located at distal half of somite, with acute, minute spinous process at inner distal angle and smooth inner margins; cuticular pore not discernible; armed with 2 unequal smooth setae on distal margin (probably ancestral endopodal armature), inner seta 2.6 times as long as outer one; basal seta missing. Leg 6 (Fig. 9 a, b): smooth, unarmed and unornamented, forming simple operculum covering gonopore, fused with sixth pedigerous somite, hook-like in lateral view, triangular plate-like structure in ventral view. Description of adult female. Body length, measured as in male, 348 ��m. Habitus (Fig. 8 b): ornamentation of prosomites, colour and nauplius eye similar to male, except genital somite and first abdominal somite fused into double-somite. Genital double-somite (Fig. 12 a): genital complex located mostly in the anteroventral half of genital doublesomite, and broader than high; genital apertures covered by vestigial sixth legs; median copulatory pores also covered by fused sixth legs; seminal receptacles small; copulatory duct very short and sclerotized. All posterior sensilla of third urosomite homologous to those on male, while 2 sensilla from male second urosomite missing. Third, preanal and anal somites very similar to male. Caudal rami (Fig. 12 a���c): slightly divergent, 1.5 times as long as anal somite, about 2.8 times as long as wide in ventral view, gradually tapering; armature and ornamentation as in male. Antennule (Fig. 10 h): 7 -segmented; segment 1 short, ornamented with 1 row of spinules on ventral surface; segment 2 longest; segment 4 with short, moderately strong, medially constricted aesthetasc with pointed tip, slightly overreaching distal margin of sixth segment; aesthetasc on segment 7 more slender and shorter than that on segment 4, 0.7 times as long as segment, fused basally to 2 apical setae (acrotheck); setal formula: 0.4.4.2+aes.1.1.9+aes. All setae, except unipinnate proximalmost one on second segment smooth. Length ratios of segments, from proximal to distal end and along caudal margin 1.0:3.0: 1.6: 1.3: 1.2: 0.8: 1.4. Antenna, labrum, mandible, maxillule, maxilla, maxilliped, and leg 1 (Fig. 13 a) and 5 (Fig. 12 a) similar to male. Leg 2 (Fig. 13 b): coxa rhomboidal, ornamented with 2 rows of spinules on medial surface; basis smaller than coxa; ornamentation same as in male. Exopod similar to male. Endopod nearly cylindrical, 0.7 times as long as first exopodal segment and ornamented with 2 spinules on subdistal outer margin; apical margin armed with 1 seta, which is 0.8 times as long as endopod, and ornamented with 2 spines. Leg 3 (Fig. 13 c): coxa with 1 arched row of spinules medially. Basis trapezoidal, ornamented with 4 or 5 large spinules in a row on outer distal margin and armed with long, basally articulate, smooth outer seta, which is 0.8 times as long as entire exopod. Exopod 2 -segmented, with large spinules along outer margin, both segments with hyaline frill each at inner distal corner; segment 1 armed with 1 outer spine; segment 2 with outer spine and strong apical seta; seta 3.2 times as long as spine; all armature elements bipinnate. Endopod greatly reduced to small, smooth, knob-like structure (arrowed in Fig. 13 c). Leg 4 (Fig. 13 d): exopod similar to male. Endopod 1 -segmented, 0.8 times as long as first exopodal segment, straight, ornamented with transverse row of 5 spinules at 3 / 5 of length, spiniform, ending in acuminate point, and with spinulose disto-lateral margins. Leg 6 not discernible. Variation. Number of spinules on ventro-distal margin of anal somite varying between 3 and 5 in male (Fig. 3 c, d). Etymology. The specific epithet, bisetosa, from the Latin adjective, setosu s, alludes to the presence two setae on leg 5 in both sexes; gender feminine. Distribution and ecology. The new species is known only from two farm bores, about 50 km apart, in Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh state. It was accompanied by one bathynellacean species only at the type locality (Chintalapudi bore), and one bathynellacean, one cyclopoid species, a new species of a new parastenocaridid genus, and some other unidentified harpacticoids in the other bore., Published as part of Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, Totakura, Venkateswara Rao & Shaik, Shabuddin, 2016, Two new species of Parastenocarididae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from India, pp. 125-151 in Zootaxa 4066 (2) on pages 137-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4066.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/270540

Rybocyclops dussarti Ranga Reddy & Defaye, 2008 (Fig. 23) Synonymy. Rybocylops dussarti Ranga Reddy & Defaye, 2008: 40–50, Figs. 1–3. Material examined. Two female topotypes collected from the type locality. Remark. A close scrutiny of the topotypes of R. dussarti shows that the original figures and description of the antennule and antenna (Figs. 23 a, b), especially of the former, are incomplete in certain respects. Hence fresh drawings are provided herein for both these appendages. Importantly, the female antennule has the modified conical seta on segment 5, an aesthetasc on segment 8 as well as segment 11, and plumosity on certain setae, but these details are missing in the original account. Otherwise, the topotypes examined perfectly agree with the original account.

Brevicyclops n. g. Generic diagnosis. Small cyclopinae, total body length of females 324���410 ��m, of males 228���361 ��m. Body cyclopiform, moderately strong; genital double-somite strongly dilated proximally and somewhat narrow distally; anal operculum moderately developed; caudal rami 1.6���1.8 times as long as wide; dorsal seta particularly long; principal outer apical seta either greatly reduced, being about as long as innermost apical seta, or completely absent; female antennule 11 -segmented; seventh segment with 2 setae; male antennule 16���17 -segmented; antennal armature formula 1.1.5.7; mandibular palp lacking; maxilliped 4 -segmented, setal formula 2.1.1.2; legs 1���4 with 2 - segmented exopod and endopod; spine formula of second exopodal segment: 2.2. 2.2 or 2.3.3.2; setal formula: 5.4. 4.4 or 5.5.5.4; leg 1 basis without inner spine; coxopodal spine absent at least on leg 4; legs 1���4 intercoxal plates with small, rounded, and mostly smooth prominences. Leg 5 reduced to 3 setae. Leg 6 reduced to 2 distinctly unequal setae. Type species. Brevicyclops brevisetosus n. g., n. sp. Other species. Brevicyclops asetosus n. g., n. sp., Brevicyclops viduus n. g., n. sp. Remark. The significant synapomorphy of the genus Brevicyclops n. g. is that the principal outer apical caudal seta is either extremely reduced in size or completely absent. Clearly, this genus has closest morphological affinity with the genus Rybocyclops Dussart, 1982. Etymology. The genus name is derived by prefixing the Latin brevi (= short) to the common term Cyclops to denote to the above-mentioned synapomorphic feature. Gender masculine., Published as part of Totakura, Venkateswara Rao & Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, 2015, Groundwater cyclopoid copepods of peninsular India, with description of eight new species, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3945 (1) on page 41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3945.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/288235, {"references":["Dussart, B. H. (1982) Crustaces Copepodes des eaux interieures. Faune Madagascar, ORSTOM-CNRS, 58, 1 - 146. [Paris]"]}

Rybocyclops dussarti Ranga Reddy & Defaye, 2008 (Fig. 23) Synonymy. Rybocylops dussarti Ranga Reddy & Defaye, 2008: 40���50, Figs. 1���3. Material examined. Two female topotypes collected from the type locality. Remark. A close scrutiny of the topotypes of R. dussarti shows that the original figures and description of the antennule and antenna (Figs. 23 a, b), especially of the former, are incomplete in certain respects. Hence fresh drawings are provided herein for both these appendages. Importantly, the female antennule has the modified conical seta on segment 5, an aesthetasc on segment 8 as well as segment 11, and plumosity on certain setae, but these details are missing in the original account. Otherwise, the topotypes examined perfectly agree with the original account., Published as part of Totakura, Venkateswara Rao & Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, 2015, Groundwater cyclopoid copepods of peninsular India, with description of eight new species, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3945 (1) on page 41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3945.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/288235

Brevicyclops asetosus n. g., n. sp. (Figs. 30���33) Type locality. River Krishna at Madipadu village (16 �� 48 ��� 50 ������ N 80 ��04 ��� 22 ������ E, elevation 40 m) (water temperature 27 ��C, pH 7.0) in Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, South India (Fig. 1). Type material examined. Holotype female (MNHN-IU- 2013-11868), undissected on 1 slide; and 1 paratype female, dissected on 2 slides (MNHN-IU- 2013-11869); 12 October 2008; Coll. V. R. Totakura. Diagnosis. Medium-sized cyclopinae; total body length of females 324���402 ��m. Genital double-somite about as long as wide; anal operculum of moderate size, bowl-shaped, with fine serrulate margin, hardly reaching distal margin of anal somite. Caudal rami 1.8 times as long as wide, unornamented; principal outer apical seta completely absent, and dorsal seta 2.3 times as long as ramus. Antennule 11 -segmented in female. Legs 1���4 with 2 -segmented rami in both sexes; spine formula of second exopodal segment of legs 1���4: 2.2.2.2; setal formula: 5.5.5.4; coxa of all legs unornamented. Inner basal spine of leg 1 absent. Intercoxal plates of legs 1���4 with rounded small prominences, coxal armature present only on legs 2 and 3. Leg 4 endopod 1.3 times as long as wide, armed with 1 spine and 1 seta apically. Leg 5 reduced to 3 setae: basipodal seta plumose, inner 2 setae unequal and smooth. Leg 6 reduced to 2 very small elements. Description of adult female. Total body length, measured from base of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (excluding caudal setae), 324 ��m. Naupliar eye absent. Body (Fig. 30 a) somewhat robust, with prosome/ urosome ratio 1.6 and greatest width at posterior end of cephalothorax. Body length/width ratio 2.8. Cephalothorax (Fig. 30 a) 0.9 times as long as wide, not produced postero-laterally, and 46.2 % of total body length. Rostrum (Fig. 32 a) well developed, broadly triangular, furnished with 2 large sensilla. Free pedigerous somites 2���4 only slightly produced at distal angles, postero-lateral margins rounded; fifth pedigerous somite with oblique lateral margins. Second pedigerous somite about as wide as cephalothorax. Arthrodial membranes between free pedigerous somites moderately developed and hyaline frill slightly developed mid-dorsally, smooth on all somites; all somites partially perforated, no cuticular windows, and sensilla discernible. Pseudosomite between prosome and urosome absent. Medial part of fifth pedigerous somite 0.9 times as wide as genital double-somite and ornamented with 4 sensilla. Genital double-somite (Fig. 30 a���c) somewhat expanded subproximally, 0.9 times as long as wide and ornamented with 4 sensilla near posterior border; genital apparatus as in Fig. 30 c; hyaline fringe of genital double-somite as well as next 2 somites narrow and smooth. Anal somite (Fig. 30 a���c) 0.6 times as long as wide, ornamented with transverse row of tiny spinules latero-ventrally on posterior margin and 2 small sensilla dorsally. Anal operculum (Fig. 30 a, b) moderately developed, bowl-shaped, 71 % of somite���s width, not reaching posterior margin of somite, nearly straight, with finely serrulate posterior margin. Anal sinus wide, without apparent ornamentation. Caudal rami (Fig. 30 b, c): parallel, close to each other and about 1.3 times as long as anal somite; each ramus 1.8 times as long as sub-proximal maximum width and unornamented disto-ventrally (Fig. 30 c); dorsal seta inserted at 4 / 5 of ramus length and biarticulate at base, 0.4 times as long as inner apical seta; lateral seta arising from dorsal surface close to outer margin at 3 / 5 of ramus length and about half as long as maximum width of ramus; outermost apical seta 0.9 times as long as ramus, inserted subterminally; innermost apical seta slender and about half as long as outermost apical seta; inner principal apical seta without breaking plane; outer seta completely absent; inner seta about 2.2 times as long as dorsal seta; outermost apical seta about twice as long as innermost seta; both these setae unipinnate; all other setae bipinnate. Antennule (Fig. 31 a): 11 -segmented, ornamented with row of spinules proximally on first segment, with armature formula as follows: 7.1.5.2.1.2.2.2.2.2.7+aes. Segments 1, 3, 6, 7, 9, 10 and 11 with 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2 and 4 long bipinnate setae, respectively; all other setae smooth. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis 1.0: 0.2: 0.6: 0.3: 0.2: 0.4: 0.6: 0.5: 0.3: 0.5: 0.6. Antenna (Fig. 31 b): 4 -segmented, consisting of coxobasis and 3 -segmented endopod. Setal formula of endopod: 1.5. 7. Coxobasis about twice as long as wide, armed with 1 seta at inner distal corner and unornamented; exopodal seta absent. First endopodal segment 1.3 times as long as wide, ornamented with 1 row of spinules at outer distal corner and armed with 1 seta on subdistal inner margin; second endopodal segment 2.2 times as long as maximum width; third endopodal segment 2.6 times as long as wide. Other details same as in type species. Labrum (Fig. 32 b): relatively small, trapezoidal, anterior cutting edge almost straight, with 12 moderate-sized, acute teeth between slightly produced triangular lateral lobes; ornamented with 2 groups of hair-like spinules on dorsal surface. Mandible (Fig. 32 c) and maxillule (Fig. 32 d): same as in type species. Maxilla (Fig. 32 e): endopodal proximal segment armed with 2 claws; proximal claw with serrulate inner margin and 2.4 times as long as distal one. Other details as in type species. Maxilliped (Fig. 32 f): same as in type species. Legs 1���4 (Fig. 33 a���d): short, with 2 -segmented exopod and endopod. Hairs present on rounded inner margin of basis and lateral margins of exopod and endopod, as illustrated. Endopod nearly as long as exopod on legs 1���3, but distinctly shorter on leg 4. Second exopodal segment spine formula: 2.2.2.2; setal formula: 5.5. 5.4. Coxae of all legs unornamented. Intercoxal plates with 2 small rounded unornamented prominences each on all legs. Inner basal spine absent on leg 1. Coxal seta present on legs 2 and 3 only. Spine and setal formulae (legend: same as that of Paracyclopina orientalis): Coxa Basis Exopod Endopod 1 2 1 2 Leg 1 0-0 0-1 0- I 4, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 2 1 -0 0-1 0- I 4, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 3 1 -0 0-1 0- I 4, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 4 0-0 0-1 0- I 3, 1+I, I 1 -0 1 +I Leg 5 (Fig. 30 a���c): completely fused to somite and represented by 3 plumose setae; basal seta longest and lying on small protuberance; other 2 setae simple, unequal and located on short prominence, representing ancestral distal segment. Leg 6 (Fig. 30 a���c): trapezoidal, plate-like and armed with 2 reduced spiniform setae. Male unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin adjective setosus (= bristle-bearing) to which the Latin a - (= without) is prefixed, alluding to the absence of the principal outer apical caudal seta; gender masculine. Distribution and ecology. The new species was collected only from the type locality where it was accompanied by Habrobathynella sp., Anzcyclops indicus n. sp., Parastenocaris curvispinus Enckell., Published as part of Totakura, Venkateswara Rao & Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, 2015, Groundwater cyclopoid copepods of peninsular India, with description of eight new species, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3945 (1) on pages 50-55, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3945.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/288235

Halicyclops martinezi n. sp. (Figs. 9–16) Type locality. River Godavari (water temperature 25 ºC, pH 7.0) at Kotipalli village (16 ° 41 ′ 36.4 ″N, 82 °03′09. 9 ″E; elevation 10 m) in East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, South India (Fig. 1). Type material examined. Holotype female (MNHN-IU- 2013-11851) and allotype male (MNHN-IU- 2013- 11852), dissected on 3 slides each; 65 paratypes: 1 female (MNHN-IU- 2013-11853) and 1 male (MNHN-IU- 2013- 11854), dissected on 3 slides each; 2 females (MNHN-IU- 2013-11855 – 11856) and 1 male (MNHN-IU- 201311857) whole-mounted on 1 slide each; 41 females and 9 males in alcohol (MNHN-IU- 2013-11858); and 5 females and 5 males in senior author’s personal collection; 24 January 2010; Coll. V. R. Totakura. Other material examined: River Godavari: South India, Andhra Pradesh, East Godavari District at Kotipalli village (water temperature 23 ºC, pH 7.5), 0 2 February 2008: 2 males and 8 females; at Kota village (16 ° 41 ′ 36.2 ″N, 82 °03′ 99.9 ″E; elevation 10 m; water temperature 28 ºC, pH 7.0), 14 January 2010: 1 female only; at Brahmapuri village (16 ° 43 ′ 22.1 ″N, 82 °08′ 18.0″E; elevation 8 m; water temperature 28 ºC, pH 7.0), 24 January 2010: 1 male, 4 females; Coll. V. R. Totakura. Diagnosis. Total body length of female 382–418 Μm; of male 361–435 Μm; cephalothorax subquadrate, without dorsal integumental window, about as long as its greatest width distally and 37.1 % of total body length; hyaline fringes on all segments denticulate; pseudosomite present between prosome and urosome; genital doublesomite as long as wide, without lateral projections; ornamented with latero-ventral window on either side of distal half; pseudo-operculum on preanal somite extending up to midlength of anal somite; female antennule 6 - segmented, fourth segment 1.9 times as long wide; antenna 4 -segmented, second endopodal segment 5.8 times as long wide, with 5 setae on inner margin; mandibular palp represented by 2 reduced, unequal simple setae; maxillulary basis with basally swollen inner medial plumose seta, exopodal seta half as long as endopod seta; maxilla 4 -segmented; maxilliped 2 -segmented; legs 1–4 spine formula: 3.4. 4.3, and setal formula: 5.5.5.4; leg 4 third endopodal segment with spiniform inner setae; caudal rami slightly divergent, each ramus about twice as long as maximum width; ornamentation on principal outer apical seta and principal inner apical seta heteronomous; lateral seta arising from 3 / 5 of ramus length and 1.3 times as long as maximum width of ramus; outermost apical seta 2.1 times as long as ramus; innermost apical seta 1.8 times as long as outermost apical seta; principal inner apical seta 6.8 times as long as caudal ramus. Leg 5 basis and endopod completely fused to somite; outer basal plumose seta inserted on basal protuberance; exopod armed with 3 strong spines and 1 apical plumose seta. Leg 6 with 2 spiniform setae and 1 small and slender seta. Genital field located anteriorly. Description of adult female. Total body length, measured from base of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (excluding caudal setae), 486 Μm. Preserved specimens colourless. Naupliar eye absent. Body (Fig. 9 a) robust, perforated, cyclopiform, with prosome/urosome ratio 1.3 and greatest width at posterior end of cephalothorax (159 Μm). Body length/width ratio 2.7. Cephalothorax (Fig. 9 a) about as long as its greatest width at distal end, 37.1 % of total body length, 2.4 times as wide as genital double-somite, and not produced posterolaterally; hyaline fringe well developed dorsally; ornamented with several small sensilla as illustrated, and without suture on dorsal surface. Rostral projection (Figs. 9 a, 10 a) moderately developed, broadly triangular in dorsal view, with 2 small sensilla on dorsal surface. Second and third free pedigerous somites pointed postero-laterally, ornamented with 4 and 6 sensilla, respectively. Fourth pediger with rounded corners. Pseudosomite present between prosome and urosome. Fifth pedigerous somite about as wide as genital double-somite. Free pedigers 2–3 with well developed denticulate hyaline fringe on distal margin dorso-ventrally. Urosome (Figs. 9 a, b, 10 b): fifth pedigerous somite with hyaline fringe dorso-ventrally and ornamented with 4 sensilla. Genital double-somite elliptical, 0.9 times as long as wide; hyaline fringe with denticulate margin both dorsally and ventrally; ornamented with 1 vague trapezoidal integumental window in proximal dorsal half, 1 large lateral, cuticular window on either side, 2 large cuticular recesses on each side at midlength, 7 dorsal and 4 ventral pores (Fig. 10 d) and 6 sensilla dorso-posteriorly (Fig. 10 c). Copulatory pore (Fig. 10 d) small; copulatory duct narrow, short and sclerotized. Seminal receptacle very small, ovoid. Ovipores situated dorso-laterally, covered with reduced sixth legs. Sixth legs (Fig. 10 c, e) bearing 3 short, spiniform elements, innermost one somewhat slender. Preanal somite with denticulate hyaline fringe both dorsally and ventrally, but 2 medial dorsal denticles (pseudooperculum) protruding and extending up to distal-third of anal somite (Fig. 9 b). Anal somite (Figs. 9 a, 10 b) ornamented with 2 small sensilla on dorsal surface, and transverse row of spinules on posterior margin. Anal operculum smooth and moderately developed, representing 50.8 % of anal somite’s width. Anal sinus widely open; ornamented with 2 diagonal rows of fine spinules. Caudal rami (Figs. 9 a, 10 b): slightly divergent, with basal space between them about 0.7 times as wide as ramus’ width; ramus 1.9 times as long as maximum width, ornamented with spinular row on distal margin ventrolaterally at base of outermost apical seta and at inner distal corner; dorsal seta about 0.6 times as long as principal outer apical seta, inserted at distal fifth of ramus length and uniarticulate at base; lateral seta arising from dorsal surface close to outer margin at 3 / 5 of ramus length and 1.3 times as long as maximum width of ramus; outermost apical seta 1.2 times as long as ramus, inserted subapically; principal apical setae with breaking planes; inner seta 1.7 times as long as outer seta, 1.2 times as long as urosome, and 6.5 times as long as caudal ramus. All caudal setae plumose. Antennule (Fig. 11 a): 6 -segmented, extending up to 4 / 5 of cephalothorax and ornamented with 1 crescentic row of spinules proximally on first segment. Setal formula: 8.12.3+aes. 6 +aes. 2.9 +aes. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis 1.0: 0.8: 0.4: 1.2: 0.6: 1.0. Segments 1–6 with 3, 3, 3, 4, 2, and 4 long pinnate setae, respectively; all other setae smooth. Probable segmental homology 1 (I–V), 2 (VI–XI), 3 (XII–XIV), 4 (XV–XX), 5 (XXI–XXIV), 6 (XV–XVIII). Antenna (Fig. 11 b): 4 -segmented, comprising coxa, basis and 2 -segmented endopod. Coxa small and unarmed. Basis about as long as first endopodal segment, ornamented with short U-shaped row of tiny spinules near proximal outer corner; armed with 1 smooth seta and 1 pinnate seta at inner distal corner; exopodal seta absent. First endopodal segment 1.9 times as long as wide, armed with 1 smooth seta. Second endopodal segment 5.2 times as long as wide, about twice as long as first one, armed with 5 lateral and 7 apical setae, ornamented with 1 oblique row of spinules on proximal surface and 2 longitudinal rows of small spinules on outer margin. Labrum (Fig. 12 a): trapezoidal; anterior edge straight, narrow with 11 small teeth between large lateral teeth; ornamentation not discernible. Mandible (Fig. 12 b): coxal gnathobase roughly divided into 3 groups of teeth; inner group of only 2 large unequal teeth, innermost one being larger; middle group of 3 small, more or less equal small teeth and 3 strong spinules between small teeth; outer group comprising 1 simple slender tooth and 1 pinnate outermost seta. Palp represented by 2 small, unequal setae. Maxillule (Fig. 12 c): composed of well developed praecoxa and 2 -segmented palp. Arthrite of praecoxa bearing 4 very strong spinous processes and 7 armature elements along inner margin (second proximal one longest and pinnate). Palp composed of coxobasis and endopod. Coxobasis 1.8 times as long as wide, with smooth proximal exopodal seta and 2 apical setae (inner one basally dilated, pinnate) and 1 subapical smooth seta; endopod small and distinct at base, with 3 smooth setae (2 apical setae, 1 inner subapical seta). Maxilla (Fig. 12 d): 3 -segmented, praecoxa partially fused with coxa. Proximal endite of praecoxa small, armed with 2 unequal plumose setae; distal endite small, unarmed. Proximal endite of coxa with 1 short pinnate seta; distal endite highly mobile, bearing 1 completely fused and very stout pinnate seta and 1 small pinnate seta. Basis drawn out into spinulose robust claw and armed with 2 unequal setae; strong seta about as long as claw. Endopod armed with 2 spinulose claws and 3 smooth setae. All strong setae as well as basal claw prehensile. Maxilliped (Fig. 12 e): 2 -segmented, composed of protopod and 1 -segmented endopod. Protopod 3.2 times as long as wide and armed with 2 strong spiniform setae and 1 smooth normal seta; unornamented. Endopod half as long as protopod, armed with 2 strong bipinnate setae and 2 smooth setae and 1 bipinnate strong, claw-like apical seta; apical seta longest, 1.7 times as long as segment and fused at base; unornamented. Legs 1–4 (Fig. 13 a–d): with 3 -segmented exopod and endopod. Praecoxae of all legs short, unornamented. Coxa ornamented with 1 row of spinules at outer distal margin. Basis slightly larger than coxa, ornamented with 1 row of spinules on distal margin between exopod and endopod and another row at inner distal corner. Inner coxal spine and outer basipodal seta present on all legs; leg 1 basis alone with moderately strong inner spine. Endopod nearly as long as exopod on legs 1–4. Third exopodal segment spine formula: 3.4. 4.3, and setal formula: 5.5. 5.4. Intercoxal plate with 2 small, rounded prominences ornamented with 3 rows of fine spinules. Spine and setal formulae (legend: same as that of Paracyclopina orientalis): Coxa Basis Exopod Endopod 1 2 3 1 2 3 Leg 1 1 -0 I- 1 1 -I 1 -I 4, 1+I, II 1 -0 1 -0 2, 1+I, I Leg 2 1 -0 0-1 1 -I 1 -I 4, 1+I, III 1 -0 1 -0 2, 1+I, II Leg 3 1 -0 0-1 1 -I 1 -I 4, 1+I, III 1 -0 1 -0 2, 1+I, II Leg 4 1 -0 0-1 1 -I 1 -I 3, 1+I, II 1 -0 1 -0 II, II, I Leg 5 (Figs. 9 a, b, 10 b, c): basis and endopod completely fused to somite; outer basal plumose seta inserted on basal protuberance, which is 1.2 times as long as wide. Exopod about 1.3 times as long as wide; ornamented with 1 row of small spinules along outer margin; armature consisting of 3 strong spines and 1 apical plumose seta; inner spine 0.4 times as long as segment, slightly longer than outer apical spine and proximal outer spine; apical seta 1.5 times as long as segment and about as long as basal seta. Leg 6 (Figs. 9 a, 10 e): trapezoidal plate, armed with 2 almost equal, smooth dentate spines and 1 smooth and slender spiniform seta, which is slightly longer than spines. Description of adult male. Total body length, excluding caudal setae, 392 Μm. Habitus (Fig. 14 a) somewhat slenderer than female. Prosome/urosome ratio 1.7, greatest width (139 Μm) at posterior end of cephalothorax. Body length/width ratio 2.6. Cephalothorax 37 % of total body length; anterior one-fifth narrow; postero-lateral corners not produced. Hyaline fringes of all somites well developed with denticulate margin. Fifth pedigerous somite with oblique outer margin. Genital somite (Figs. 14 a, b, 15 a, b) 1.3 times as wide as long in dorsal view. Third urosomite ornamented with 1 pore mid-ventrally (Fig. 15 b) and 1 large latero-ventral integumental window on either side (Figs. 14 b, 15 b); fourth urosomite ornamented with 2 latero-ventral pores (Fig. 15 b). Preanal somite, anal somite, and anal operculum similar to female. Caudal rami (Figs. 14 a, b, 15 a, b) almost similar to female, 1.4 times as long as anal somite; each ramus 1.7 times as long as maximum width; armature and ornamentation almost as in female. Antennule (Fig. 16): 12 -segmented, digeniculate, geniculation between segments 5 and 6 and 11 and 12. First segment with 1 short row of spinules at base. Setal formula: 11 + 2 aes. 2.5 +aes.0.0.1aes. 1.2 +aes. 1 +aes. 2 +aes. 1.10 + 3 aes., all aesthetascs smooth and simple; segments 8–11 each with 1 small, modified unipinnate seta; segments 1, 2, 3, 12 with 4, 2, 1 and 6 long bipinnate setae respectively; all other setae smooth. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis 1.0: 0.2: 0.3: 0.2: 0.3: 0.3: 0.4: 0.2: 0.3: 0.3: 0.7: 1.3. Labrum (Fig. 15 c): anterior edge with about 20 small and equal teeth between triangular lateral projections; ornamented with 6 elongate hair-like spinules on dorsal surface and transverse row of 6 large spinules on ventral surface. Other cephalic appendages and legs 1–5 as in female. Leg 6 (Figs. 14 b, 15 b): distinct, large plate, armed with 3 unequal armature elements. Etymology. The new species is named in honour of Dr. P. Martínez Arbizu for his significant contributions to the systematics of copepods; the specific epithet is a noun in the genitive singular. Gender masculine. Remarks. The genus Halicyclops Norman, 1903 is highly speciose and cosmopolitan in distribution. The World Copepoda database on the genus Halicyclops (Boxshall 2011) contains a list of 76 species and 13 subspecies, which are apparently valid (‘direct child species’). Karanovic (2006) divided the genus into two subgenera: Rochacyclops Karanovic, 2006, and Halicyclops s. str. Now, the former includes two species from Australia, and one each from Belize, Mexico, and Malaysia, whereas all other taxa belong to Halicyclops s. str. In India, only six species are so far known, and all of them belong to Halicyclops s. str. The Indian species and their distribution records are as follows: Halicyclops (Halicyclops) tenuispina Sewell, 1924, from Lake Chilka, Odisha State; Halicyclops (Halicyclops) spinifer Kiefer, 1935, from Lake Kolleru, Andhra Pradesh state; Halicyclops (Halicyclops) canui Lindberg, 1941, from a swamp at Bandra, West Mumbai (erstwhile Bombay); Halicyclops (Halicyclops) electus Lindberg, 1943, from Mahim, Mumbai; Halicyclops (Halicyclops) konkanensis Lindberg, 1949, from Konkan, west coast; Halicyclops (Halicyclops) pilifer Lindberg, 1949 from Thane, west coast near Mumbai; and Halicyclops (Halicyclops) martinezi n. sp. from the River Godavari, Andhra Pradesh. Halicyclops (Halicyclops) has eight groups (Group A–H) based on the spine formula of the third exopodal segment of legs 1–4 (see Pesce 2013). In India, as of now, groups A, B and F exist, and they are characterised by the spine formula 4.4. 4.3, 3.4. 4.3, and 2.3. 3.3, respectively. The position of the lone species of group A, i.e. H. (H.) tenuispina is doubtful because, Sewell (1924: 797, Pl. 47, Fig. 3) reported its spine formula as 4.4. 4.3, but the figure of leg 4 exopod has four outer spines. Halicyclops (H.) martinezi n. sp. belongs to the species Group B by possessing, inter alia, the following combination of characters: the spine and setal formulae of the third exopodal segment of legs 1–4 are 3.4. 4.3 and 5.5. 5.4, respectively; the female genital double-somite is devoid of any protuberance on either side; all the five armature elements of the third endopodal segment of leg 4 are transformed into spiniform structures; the hyaline fringes on all somites denticulate; pseudo-operculum (hyaline fringe of penultimate segment) extending up to 2 / 3 of anal somite and bifurcate distally; leg 5 has three spines and one seta in both sexes; its exopod is 1.3 times as long as wide, and ornamented with one row of small spinules along outer margin; the inner apical spine is about half as long as its segment, slightly longer than the outer apical spine and about as long as the proximal outer spine; the apical seta 1.5 times as long as segment and about as long as the basal seta; the caudal ramus 1.9 times as long as maximum width and has no tube near the cuticular protuberance of the dorsal seta. The Group B is a rather complex group, comprising most of the known species and subspecies of Halicyclops, which are distributed almost throughout the world (Pesce 2013). H. (H.) martinezi n. sp. stands out in the Group B by the inner spine of leg 5 in both sexes being slightly longer than other elements except seta, and the fourth antennular segment in the female about twice as long as wide. It can be easily distinguished from all the Indian congeners by the protruding pseudo-operculum on the preanal somite and the presence of a single seta on the second endopodal segment of legs 1–4.

Rybocyclops defayeae n. sp. (Figs. 17–22) Type locality. Farm bore (water temperature 27 ºC, pH 7.0) at Neerukonda village (16 o 32 ′ 19.8 ″N, 80 o 39 ′ 17.6 ″E; elevation 30 m) in Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, South India (Fig. 1). Material examined. Holotype female (MNHN-IU- 2013-11859) and allotype male (MNHN-IU- 2013-11860), dissected on 3 slides; 9 paratypes: 1 female, dissected on 3 slides (MNHN-IU- 2013-11861), 2 females (MNHN-IU- 2013-11862 – 11863), whole-mounted on 1 slide each, 6 females in alcohol in 1 vial (MNHN-IU- 2013-11864). 12 July 2008, Coll. V. R. Totakura. Diagnosis. Total body length of females 321–347 µm and of males 316–343 µm. Body slender; pseudosomite present between fifth pediger and genital double-somite; genital double-somite large; sixth legs located middorsolaterally; anal operculum extending up to somite’s limit, bowl-shaped, with smooth, straight distal margin, representing 65.3 % of anal somite’s width; antennule 11 -segmented in female; the same 15 -segmented in male and digeniculate; mandibular palp absent; maxilliped 4 -segmented, setal formula 2.1. 1.2. Endopod only slightly shorter than exopod on legs 1–3, but distinctly so on leg 4; spine and setal formulae of second exopodal segment 2.2. 2.2, and 5.5. 5.4, respectively; caudal rami cylindrical, parallel, very close to each other and 1.7 times as long as wide; dorsal seta about 2.9 times as long as ramus, inserted at distal fifth of ramus length; lateral seta arising somewhat dorso-laterally at 3 / 5 of ramus length, 0.6 times as long as ramus’ width; outermost seta long as ramus; innermost apical seta small and slender, bipinnate, 0.4 times as long as outermost apical seta; principal apical setae without breaking planes; inner seta about 2.2 times as long as outer seta and 0.3 times as long as body; fifth legs alike in both sexes, represented by 3 reduced setae; sixth leg represented by 2 distinctly reduced spinous structures. Description of adult female. Total body length, measured from tip of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (excluding caudal setae), 338 µm; habitus (Fig. 17 a) slender, dorso-ventrally compressed; prosome/urosome ratio 1.5; body length/width ratio about 3.4 (dorsal view). Free pedigerous somites 1–4 without particular expansions laterally; fifth pediger slightly producing obliquely. Naupliar eye not visible. Rostrum (Fig. 19 a) well developed, linguiform and furnished with 2 large sensilla. Cephalothorax (Fig. 17 a) almost 1.5 times as wide as genital double-somite, 1.7 times as long as wide; greatest width (108 µm) at middle of cephalothorax in dorsal view, 35.7 % of total body length. Surface of cephalothoracic shield and pleurotergites of free pedigerous somites with small sensilla (no cuticular pores and pits), as illustrated. Hyaline fringes of prosomites narrow and smooth. Fifth pedigerous somite (Figs. 17 a, 18 a, b) ornamented with 4 small dorsal sensilla; hyaline fringe smooth, narrow and extending dorso-ventrally. Genital double-somite large, 0.9 times as long as wide; ornamented with 4 small dorsal sensilla; hyaline fringe smooth, narrow; median copulatory pore (Fig. 18 b) small, ovoid, situated at the level of sixth legs; copulatory duct not discernible. Seminal receptacle with somewhat large anterior expansion, and small and narrow posterior expansion. Third urosomite slightly longer than fourth one and unornamented; fourth urosomite with 2 dorso-distal pores. Anal somite ornamented with 2 small sensilla dorsally (Fig. 18 a), transverse row of minute spinules along posterior margin latero-ventrally. Anal operculum large, bowl-shaped, extending up to somite’s limit and representing 63.3 % of anal somite’s width, smooth, with almost straight caudal margin. Anal sinus narrow. Caudal rami (Figs. 17 a, 18 a, b) cylindrical, parallel, 1.9 times as long as wide; ornamented with several spinules on distal ventral margin. Dorsal seta about 2.9 times as long as ramus, inserted at 4 / 5 of ramus length, uniarticulate. Lateral seta arising from dorsal surface, close to outer margin at 3 / 5 of ramus length, 0.6 times as long as ramus’ width. Outermost apical seta as long as ramus. Innermost apical seta small and slender, 0.4 times as long as outermost apical seta. Principal apical setae without breaking planes; inner seta 2.3 times as long as outer apical seta and about 0.4 times as long as body. Antennule (Fig. 17 a, b): 11 -segmented, 63.6 % as long as cephalothoracic shield, and ornamented with arched row of spinules proximally on first segment; armature formula as follows: 7.3.6.2.1.2.2.2+aes.2.2.7; segments 1, 3, 7, 8, 9 and 11 with 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, and 3 long bipinnate seta(e), respectively; all other setae smooth. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis 1.0: 0.3: 0.7: 0.3: 0.2: 0.3: 0.4: 0.4: 0.3: 0.4: 0.7. Probable segmental homology 1 (I–V), 2 (VI–VII), 3 (VIII–XI), 4 (XII–XIII), 5 (XIV), 6 (XV–XVI), 7 (XVII–XX), 8 (XXI–XXIII), 9 (XXIV), 10 (XXV), 11 (XXVI–XXVIII). Antenna (Fig. 19 b): 4 -segmented, consisting of coxobasis and 3 -segmented endopod. Coxobasis large, cylindrical, 1.6 times as long as wide, armed with 1 smooth seta at inner distal corner. Exopodal seta absent. First endopodal segment 1.3 times as long as wide, armed with 1 smooth seta on inner margin and ornamented with 1 row of spinules on outer margin. Second endopodal segment about 1.7 times as long as wide, with narrow concave sclerotized proximal outer corner, armed with 5 setae (2 at inner distal corner, 3 on inner subdistal margin), and ornamented with 1 row of spinules on outer subdistal margin. Third endopodal segment cylindrical, 2.1 times as long as wide, ornamented with 2 oblique rows of spinules near outer margin and armed with 6 smooth apical setae. Labrum (Fig. 19 c): trapezoidal, free margin nearly straight, with 16 small, equal teeth between slightly produced triangular corners and ornamented with some hair-like spinules. Mandible (Fig. 19 d): coxal gnathobase roughly divided into 3 groups of teeth; inner group of 3 large unequal teeth, innermost one being relatively large; middle group of 7 equal, small teeth and 1 subdistal spinular row; and 1 pinnate outermost seta on ventral surface. Palp completely absent. Paragnath (Fig. 19 e): conical and with serrulate lateral margins. Maxillule (Fig. 19 f): composed of praecoxa and 2 -segmented palp. Praecoxal arthrite bearing 3 very strong, claw-like spinous processes and 1 stout pinnate seta and 6 medial elements (proximalmost one longest and pinnate). Palp composed of coxobasis and endopod. Coxobasis with smooth proximal (exopodal) seta and 3 medial setae (2 smooth and slender, 1 strong, pinnate and claw-like). Endopod with 2 equal, apical setae and 1 subapical seta. Maxilla (Fig. 19 g): 4 -segmented; praecoxa fused to coxa. Proximal endite of praecoxa robust, armed with 2 pinnate setae; distal endite small, unarmed. Proximal endite of coxa with 1 plumose seta; distal endite fused at base, elongate and armed apically with 2 equal pinnate setae. Basis expanded into robust claw, which is ornamented with 2 longitudinal rows of spinules along inner margin, and armed with 2 dissimilar setae; strong seta longer than claw, finely serrulate on inner margin, and short seta occurring at base of claw. Endopod 2 -segmented; proximal segment robust, armed with 2 unequal unipinnate setae; distal segment with 1 robust, unipinnate apical seta and 2 slender and smooth subapical setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 19 h): 4 -segmented, composed of syncoxa, basis and 2 -segmented endopod. All segments distally expanded. Each of first 3 segments ornamented with 1 row each of very minute spinules on outer distal margin. Armature formula: 2.1. 1.2. Apical setae on fourth segment prehensile. All setae bipinnate. Swimming legs 1–4 (Fig. 20 a–d): relatively short, with 2 -segmented exopod and endopod. Endopod only slightly shorter than exopod on legs 1–3, but distinctly so on leg 4. Armature formulae of legs 1–4 (legend: same as that of Paracyclopina orientalis): Coxa Basis Exopod Endopod 1 2 1 2 Leg 1 0-0 0-1 0- I 4, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 2 1 -0 0-1 0- I 4, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 3 1 -0 0-1 0- I 4, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 4 0-0 0-1 0- I 3, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Spine and setal formulae of second exopodal segment 2.2. 2.2, and 5.5. 5.4, respectively. All setae on exopod and endopod slender and plumose. Intercoxal sclerite of all legs with concave distal margin and without any ornamentation. Praecoxae on all legs short, smooth and narrow. Coxae on all legs unornamented. Basis with round inner distal corner, ornamented with long hairs. Inner spine on basis of first leg absent. Second endopodal segment of leg 4 about 1.2 times as long as wide; apical spine 0.8 times as long as segment and about half as long as apical seta. Fifth leg (Fig. 18 a–c): completely fused to somite and represented by 3 setae; basal plumose seta on small protuberance; 2 other setae representing ancestral distal segment and occurring on short but somewhat broad prominence; the latter 2 setae unequal, smooth and shorter than basal seta. Sixth leg (Fig. 19 i): small cuticular plate distinct at base, armed with 2 small spiniform elements. Description of adult male. Total body length 318 µm. Habitus (Fig. 21 a) slender, prosome/urosome ratio about 1.5 and greatest width (91 Μm) at posterior end of cephalothorax. Body length/width ratio 3.6; cephalothorax about 1.7 times as wide as genital somite, and 1.2 times as long as wide (dorsal view), representing 35.2 % of total body length. Hyaline fringe of fifth pedigerous somite smooth, both dorsally and ventrally; somite ornamented with 4 dorsal sensilla, as in female. Genital somite almost 1.5 times as wide as long, with smooth hyaline fringe dorsally; ornamented with 4 dorsal sensilla; 2 relatively large, ovoid spermatophores visible from inside. Third urosomite larger than either of next 2 somites, ornamented with 1 mid-ventral pore; next 2 urosomites ornamented only with smooth, narrow hyaline fringes. Anal somite ornamented with 2 tiny dorsal sensilla and transverse row of spinules along caudal margin ventro-laterally. Anal operculum same as in female. Antennule (Fig. 21 b): 15 -segmented, digeniculate, geniculation between segments 8 and 9, and 13 and 14; ornamented with 1 row of spinules only on segment 1. Armature formula as follows: 8.1. 1.1. 0.3. 0.1. 0.1. 1.1. 1.1. 8. Short unipinnate seta present on segment 12; segments 1, 4, 6, 10, and 15 with 1, 1, 1, 1, and 4 long pinnate seta(e), respectively. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis 1.0: 0.3: 0.3: 0.2: 0.3: 0.2: 0.3: 0.6: 0.1: 0.2: 0.3: 0.2: 1.0: 0.7: 0.9. Antenna, labrum, mandible, maxillule, maxilla, maxilliped, legs 1–5, and caudal rami similar to those of female. Leg 6 (Fig. 22 b): almost held laterally, large cuticular plate, slightly fused at base, armed with 2 smooth, equal setae at outer distal corner. Etymology. The new species is named in honour of Dr. D. Defaye, a well-known copepodologist in the world. The name is a noun in the genitive singular. Gender feminine. Variation. In some specimens, proximal seta of leg 5 shorter than distal one (not figured). Ecology. Rybocyclops defayeae n. sp. was accompanied by Nitocrella sp. and Paracyclops sp., and was found in the phreatic zone just like its sole Indian congener, Rybocyclopos dussarti Ranga Reddy & Defaye, 2008. Remarks. Ranga Reddy & Defaye (2008) reviewed the background of the genus Rybocyclops Dussart, 1982, discussed its affinities with the closely allied genera, and also amended its original diagnosis, as given by Dussart & Defaye (2001). Presently, this genus is known only by two species in the world, viz. the Madagascan Rybocyclops pauliani (Lindberg, 1954) (type species), and the Indian Rybocyclops dussarti Ranga Reddy & Defaye, 2008. The morphology of the former is still fragmentarily known. Rybocyclops defayeae n. sp. fulfills almost all the criteria, as given in the amended generic diagnosis, and is rather closely related to R. dussarti by possessing the following salient features in the females: antennule 11 - segmented, segment 5 having a modified conical seta; genital-double somite dilated proximally; dorsal caudal seta as long as or slightly longer than principal outer apical caudal seta; spine and setal formulae: 2.2. 2.2 and 5.5.5.4; endopod of leg 4 shorter than exopod; coxal spine present only on legs 2 and 3; intercoxal plate without any ornamentation; and male leg 6 armed with two short setae. Rybocyclops defayeae n. sp., however, is distinctly different from R. dussarti in that leg 4 endopod shows no sexual dimorphism, the setal armature being the same in both sexes. On the other hand, in R. dussarti, the second endopodal segment of the male leg 4 has one inner seta, which is absent in the female. R. defayeae n. sp. differs from R. dussarti in some other respects as well: body harpacticoidal vs. cyclopiform; caudal ramus length/width ratio 1.7 vs. 2.0; setal formula of the female antennule 4.3.6.2.1.2.2.2+aes.2.2.7 vs. 7.2.5.2.1.2.2.2+aes.2.2.7+aes (presently depicted version); anal operculum short vs. long; 15 male antennular segments vs. 16; rostrum elongate, linguiform vs. short, subtriangular; and female leg 6 dorso-lateral vs. completely dorsal. The new species together with R. pauliani and R. dussarti forms a rather close-knit, Gondwanan, monophyletic lineage. The principal morphological differences between these species are as in Table 2.

Key to the Indian species of the genus Halicyclops Norman, 1903 1. Spine formula 2.3. 3.3........................................................... H. (H.) canui Lindberg, 1941 - Spine formula 4.4. 4.3......................................................... H. (H.) tenuispina Sewell, 1924 2. Genital double-somite with lateral process, spine formula 3.4. 4.3............................................... 3 - Genital double-somite without lateral process, spine formula 3.4. 4.3............................................. 4 3. Genital double-somite with long lateral spinous process................................. H. (H.) spinifer Kiefer, 1935 - Genital double-somite with small, blunt lateral process............................... H. (H.) electus Lindberg, 1941 4. Second endopodal segment of legs 2���4 with 1 inner seta..................................... H. (H.) martinezi n. sp. - Second endopodal segment of legs 2���4 with 2 inner setae..................................................... 5 5. Caudal ramus 1.5 times as long as wide, length-width ratio of leg 4 third endopodal segment 2.2................................................................................................ H. (H.) konkanensis Lindberg, 1949 - Caudal ramus 1.2 times as long as wide, length-width ratio of leg 4 third endopodal segment 1.2..................................................................................................... H. (H.) pilifer Lindberg, 1949, Published as part of Totakura, Venkateswara Rao & Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, 2015, Groundwater cyclopoid copepods of peninsular India, with description of eight new species, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3945 (1) on page 30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3945.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/288235, {"references":["Lindberg, K. (1941) Cyclopoides nouveaux du continent Indo-Iranien. I. Records of the Indian Museum, 43, 87 - 95.","Sewell, R. B. S. (1924) Fauna of the Chilka Lake. Crustacea, Copepoda. Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 5, 771 - 851.","Kiefer, F. (1935) Zur Kenntnis der Halicyclopiden (Crustacea Copepoda). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 100, 10 - 13."]}

Anzcyclops indicus n. sp. (Figs. 38���44) Type locality. River Krishna (water temperature 24 ��C; pH 7.0) at Madipadu village (16 �� 48 ��� 50 ������N 80 ��04��� 22 ������E, elevation 40 m) in Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, South India (Fig. 1). Type material examined. Holotype female (MNHN-IU- 2013-11870) and allotype male (MNHN-IU- 2013- 11871), dissected on 3 slides each; 45 paratypes: 2 females, dissected on 3 slides each (MNHN-IU- 2013- 11872 ��� 11873), 2 females (MNHN-IU- 2013-11874 ��� 11875) and 1 male (MNHN-IU- 2013-11876), whole-mounted on 1 slide each, and 4 males and 37 females in alcohol in a vial (MNHN-IU- 2013-11877); 12 October 2008; Coll. V. R. Totakura. Other material examined. South India, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur District, River Krishna at Taduvayi village (16 �� 45 ��� 32.3 ������N 80 ��07��� 35.8 ������E; elevation 31 m; water temperature 27 ��C; pH 7.0), 27 July 2008: 1 male and 1 female at Challagariga village (16 �� 45 ��� 32 ������N 80 ��07��� 35 ������E; elevation 39 m; water temperature 32 ��C; pH 7.5), 78 km from type locality, 12 October 2008: 1 male and 3 females; 23 November 2008: 3 males and 4 females; at Chamarti village (16 �� 34 ���56.0������N 80 �� 16 ��� 31.7 ������E; elevation 39 m; water temperature 28 ��C; pH 7.5), 27 July 2008: 4 females only; at Ramannapeta village (16 �� 34 ���06.0������N 80 �� 46 ��� 11.6 ������E; elevation 39 m; water temperature 28 ��C; pH 7.5), 7 km from type locality, 27 July 2008: 2 females only; Coll. V. R. Totakura & P. Kondala Rao. Farm bore (water temperature 28 ��C; pH 7.5) at Chintapalli village (16 �� 45 ��� 32 ������N 80 ��07��� 35 ������E; elevation 39 m), 0 3 July 2008: 1 male and 4 females; Coll. V. R. Totakura. Diagnosis. Very small cyclopinae, total body length of females 241���282 ��m and of males 249���273 ��m; greatest width in posterior half of cephalothorax; body length/width ratio in dorsal view 2.4���2.8 in females and 2.5 in males; cephalothorax 1.9 times as wide as genital double-somite in females; hyaline fringes of all somites narrow and smooth; genital double-somite with somewhat inflated anterior part but without lateral recesses, about as long as wide in dorsal view; caudal rami 1.4 times as long as wide and armed with six setae; female antennule 10 -segmented, second and fourth segments with 6 and 1 seta(e), respectively; male antennule 15 -segmented and digeniculate; antenna 4 -segmented, without exopodal seta, with armature formula 1.2.5.6; mandibular palp represented by 2 long plumose setae; maxilla 5 -segmented, with armature formula 2.3.3.2.3; maxilliped 4 - segmented, armature formula 2.2.1.2; spine and setal formulae of second exopodal segment of legs 1���4: 2.3. 3.2, and 5.4. 4.4, respectively; intercoxal sclerite with concave distal margin and without any surface ornamentation; all legs with inner coxal seta; leg 1 basis without inner spine and first exopodal segment unarmed; second endopodal segment of leg 4 about 1.4 times as long as wide, armed with 1 apical spine and 3 inner setae. Leg 5 1 -segmented, quadriform, armed with 2 unequal setae apically; leg 6 with 2 elements. Description of adult female. Total body length, measured from base of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (excluding caudal setae), 248 ��m. Preserved specimens colourless. Naupliar eye absent. Body (Fig. 38 a, b) somewhat dorso-ventrally compressed, with prosome/urosome ratio 1.5 and greatest width at posterior end of cephalothorax (122 ��m). Body perforated, length/width ratio 2.4. Cephalothorax 1.9 times as wide as genital double-somite. Rostral projection (Fig. 40 a) moderately developed, broadly triangular, furnished with 2 dorsal sensilla. Free pedigerous somites 2���4 with rounded postero-lateral corners. Pseudosomite present between prosome and urosome. Cephalothorax (Fig. 38 a) as long as its greatest width and 41.6 % of total body length; ornamented with several small sensilla, with slightly developed, smooth, mid-dorsal hyaline fringe; no other ornamentation discernible. Fifth pedigerous somite about as wide as genital double-somite and with somewhat pronounced, pointed postero-lateral angles, with narrow, smooth hyaline fringe dorsally and ventrally, and ornamented with 4 dorsal sensilla (Fig. 39 a). Genital double-somite about as long as wide, maximum width at about proximal third and somewhat narrow behind; hyaline fringe of genital somite and next 2 somites smooth on dorsal and ventral surfaces. Seminal receptacle (Fig. 39 b) composed of anterior and posterior parts, anterior part slightly larger, with both external margins rounded; copulatory duct short and straight; ovipores crescentic, covered by sixth legs (Fig. 39 a���c). Anal somite (Figs. 38 a, 39 a���b) ornamented with transverse row of long spinules on ventro-lateral posterior margin, 2 small, dorsal sensilla and 1 proximo-lateral pore (Fig. 39 c). Anal operculum (Fig. 39 a, c) moderately developed, convex, 53.3 % of somite���s width, not reaching posterior margin of somite and fringed with a row of fine spinules along posterior margin. Anal sinus narrow, without apparent ornamentation. Caudal rami (Fig. 39 a���c): parallel and close to each other and 0.8 times as long as anal somite; each ramus 1.4 times as long as maximum width, sub-proximally dilated on inner margin and with 1 row of small spinules on postero-ventral margins; similar spinules also occurring at base of outermost apical setae at inner distal corners. Dorsal seta 0.8 times as long as principal outer apical seta, inserted at distal fifth of ramus length, and biarticulate at base. Lateral seta arising from dorsal surface close to outer margin at 3 / 5 of ramus length and 0.7 times as long as maximum width of ramus. Outermost apical seta spiniform, about as long as ramus, inserted subapically. Innermost apical seta slender, 0.4 times as long as of outermost apical seta. Principal apical setae without breaking planes. Outer seta 5 times as long as outermost apical seta, 0.4 times as long as urosome. All setae plumose. Antennule (Fig. 40 b): strong, 10 -segmented, extending up to 4 / 5 of cephalothorax, ornamented with 1 row of spinules on first segment. Setal formula: 7.6.2.1.3.2.2+aes.3.2.7+aes. Segments 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 10 with 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1 and 5 long plumose setae, respectively. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis: 1.0: 0.6: 0.2: 0.1: 0.4: 0.4: 0.5: 0.3: 0.4: 0.5. Probable segmental homology: 1 (I���V), 2 (VI���XI), 3 (XII���XIII), 4 (XIV), 5 (XV���XVI), 6 (XVII���XX), 7 (XXI���XXIII), 8 (XXIV), 9 (XXV), 10 (XXVI���XXVIII). Antenna (Fig. 40 c) 4 -segmented; consisting of coxobasis and 3 -segmented endopod. Coxobasis 1.8 times as long as wide, armed with 1 seta at inner distal corner; exopodal seta absent. First endopodal segment 1.4 times as long as wide, armed with 2 setae, ornamented with row of long spinules on outer margin. Second segment 1.5 times as long as maximum width and armed with 1 seta on inner distal margin ventrally, 2 setae at inner distal corner; 2 setae on distal margin; ornamented with 1 row of spinules at outer distal margin. Third segment 1.8 times as long as wide, ornamented with 2 spinular rows on outer margin and armed with 6 unequal, apical setae. Labrum (Fig. 40 d): trapezoidal; anterior edge almost straight, with 18 tiny, blunt, equal teeth between blunt, rounded lateral corners; ornamented with elongate hair-like spinules on dorsal surface. Mandible (Fig. 40 e���g): coxal gnathobase roughly divided into 3 groups of teeth; inner group of 3 large unequal teeth, innermost one being larger; middle group of 3 moderate teeth and a small sub-distal spinular row; distal group with 1 pinnate outermost seta and 2 long spinules on ventral surface. Palp represented only by 2 equal plumose setae. Paragnaths (Fig. 41 a): conical, with serrulate lateral margins. Maxillule (Fig. 41 b): composed of praecoxa and 2 -segmented palp. Praecoxal arthrite bearing 3 very strong claw-like spinous processes and 1 stout pinnate seta and 6 medial elements; second proximalmost seta largest, pinnate. Palp composed of coxobasis and endopod. Coxobasis with smooth proximal (exopodal) seta and 3 medial setae (2 smooth and 1 plumose), smooth medial setae of about same length; endopod with 2 apical and 1 subapical setae. Maxilla (Fig. 41 c): 5 -segmented, consisting of praecoxa, coxa, basis and endopod. Proximal endite of praecoxa robust, armed with 2 unequal setae (1 plumose, 1 simple); distal endite small, unarmed. Proximal endite of coxa with 1 bipinnate seta; distal endite mobile, elongate and armed with 2 plumose, equal, apical setae; coxa unornamented. Basis expanded into robust claw, ornamented with 1 row of spinules along inner margin and armed with 2 setae, 1 small seta at base; strong seta 0.9 times as long as claw and pinnate. Endopod 2 -segmented; proximal segment armed with 1 robust claw and 1 bipinnate seta, which is slightly shorter; distal segment small, with 1 robust, unipinnate, apical claw and 2 slender and smooth subapical setae. All strong setae and basal claw prehensile. Maxilliped (Fig. 41 d): 4 -segmented; composed of syncoxa, basis and 2 -segmented endopod; syncoxa 1.4 times as long wide; basis 1.6 times as long as maximum width. Setal formula 2.2.1.2; all setae bipinnate except 1 smooth seta on basis. Legs 1���4 (Fig. 42 a���d): 2 -segmented exopod and endopod; endopod only slightly shorter than exopod on all legs. Leg 1 shorter than others and its second exopodal segment subspherical or oval in outline, bearing 5 setae, but 4 setae on other legs. Intercoxal plates with small, rounded, unornamented prominences on all legs. Hairs present on inner corner of basis, and also along margins of exopod and endopod, as illustrated. Outer seta on basis of leg 1 as long as exopod; same seta on legs 2���4 much shorter. Leg 1 without outer spine on first exopodal segment. On all legs, coxa armed with seta and unornamented and without inner spine on basis; first exopodal segment without inner seta. Leg 4 endopod about as wide as exopod, 1.4 times as long as it own width, as long as inner seta and twice as long as apical spine The spine formula of second exopodal segment of legs 1���4: 2.3.3.2; setal formula: 5.4. 4.4. Spine and setal formulae of legs 1���4 (legend: same as that of Paracyclopina orientalis): Coxa Basis Exopod Endopod 1 2 1 2 Leg 1 1 -0 0-1 0-0 3, 2+ II 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 2 1 -0 0-1 0- I 3, 1+I, II 1 -0 2, 1+I, 1 Leg 3 1 -0 0-1 0- I 3, 1+I, II 1 -0 2, 1+I, 1 Leg 4 1 -0 0-1 0- I 3, 1+I, I 1 -0 2, 1+I, 1 Leg 5 (Fig. 39 a���c): composed of protopod completely fused to somite and free exopod. Protopodal seta moderate in size and plumose; exopod small, 1 -segmented, slightly longer than wide, with 2 apical unequal simple setae, inner seta being longer. Leg 6 (Fig. 39 c): small cuticular plate; bearing 2 tiny spines. Description of adult male. Total body length excluding caudal setae 256 ��m. Habitus (Fig. 43 a) slenderer than female. Prosome/urosome ratio 1.6, greatest width (109 ��m) at posterior end of cephalothorax. Body length/ width ratio 2.5. Cephalothorax 1.9 times as wide as genital somite and representing 38.6 % of total body length. Free pedigerous somites gradually narrowing, with slightly produced, pointed postero-lateral corners. Hyaline fringes on all somites narrow and smooth. Fifth pedigerous somite with oblique lateral margins and 0.8 times as wide as genital somite. Genital somite 1.4 times as wide as long. Anal somite and operculum as in female. Caudal rami (Fig. 44 a���c): similar to female, 15.2 % longer than anal somite; each ramus 1.4 times as long as maximum width. Armature and ornamentation almost as in female; innermost seta somewhat longer. Antennule (Fig. 43 b, c): 15 -segmented, digeniculate; proximal geniculation between segments 9 and 10 and distal geniculation between segments 11 and 12. Setal formula: 9 + 2 aes. 4.1 +aes. 0.1 aes. 1 +aes.0.0.0.0.1.0.1aes. 2.9 +aes. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis: 1.0: 0.4: 0.2: 0.4: 0.4: 0.2: 0.6: 0.3: 0.6: 0.5: 1.2: 0.9: 1.3. Antenna, labrum, mandible, maxillule, maxilla, maxilliped, and legs 1-5 similar to those of female. Leg 6 (Fig. 44 a���c): both legs partly fused basally; each leg large, cuticular plate-like, armed with 2 unequal, simple setae and reduced spinous projection. Variation. Sometimes apical spine on second endopodal segment of leg 4 is apically curved inwards or outwards (Fig. 42 e, f). Etymology. The specific epithet, indicus, refers to the occurrence of this species in India and denotes the first description of this new species of the genus Anzcyclops from the Indian subcontinent; derived from the root indic; gender masculine. Distribution. The new species is known only from type locality. Ecology. The new species was collected on several occasions in the hyporheic zone of the River Krishna and only once in riparian farm bore, just about 500 m from the river bank. It co-occurred with several other taxa in different localities. It co-existed with Atopobathynella operculata Ranga Reddy & Schminke, Habrobathynella vaitarini Ranga Reddy & Totakura, Parastenocaris curvispinus Enckell, Folioquinpes chathamensis (Sars), ostracods, mites, amphipods, and oligochaetes, cyclopoids, Parastenocaris sp., and other unidentified harpacticoids at the type locality; Habrobathynella plenituda Ranga Reddy & Schminke, Habrobathynella sp., P. curvispinus, ostracods, and oligochaetes at Ramannapeta; only with P. curvispinus at Taduvayi; with P. curvispinus, Serbanibathynella secunda Totakura & Ranga Reddy, mites, and oligochaetes at Chamarti; with H. vaitarini; H. schminkei Ranga Reddy, H. plenituda, Atopobathynella sp., Kinnecaris godavari Ranga Reddy & Schminke, P. curvispinus, mites, nematodes, oligochaetes, ostracods, and chironomid larvae at Challagariga; with Habrobathynella sp., P. curvispinus, amphipods, nematodes, cladocerans, insect larvae in a farm bore. Remarks. The genus Anzcyclops was established by Karanovic, Eberhard & Murdoch, (2011 with the Anzcyclops yarriensis Karanovic, Eberhard & Murdoch, 2011 as its type species and four other congeners, all from Australia and New Zealand (see Karanovic, Eberhard & Murdoch 2011). Anzcyclops indicus n. sp., which is the first record of Anzcyclops from Asia, fulfills most of the principal generic criteria. For example, legs 1���4 relatively are short, with 2 -segmented rami; endopods are only slightly shorter than exopods; all legs are without inner seta on first exopodal segment, and the spine formula of the second exopodal segment is 2.3.3.2; second exopodal segment of leg 1 subspherical or oval in outline, bearing five setae, but four setae on other legs; the second endopodal segment of leg 4 has a single apical spine and three setae; leg 5 exopod is small, somewhat quadrate and armed apically with two small setae, and the protopodal seta is plumose and of moderate size and; leg 6 has two elements. Also, the body is dorsoventrally flattened and somewhat primitively cyclopiform; antennule is 10 - segmented; and the overall structural and armature details of antenna to maxilliped closely conform, if not identical, to what obtains in Anzcyclops. However, A. indicus n. sp. differs from all its known congeners in other respects: body length is 241���282 ��m vs. 304-500 ��m; anal is operculum short, convex and finely serrulate vs. long, linguiform and smooth; antennal armature formula 1.2. 5.6 vs. 2.1.6(5). 7; the remnant of the mandibular palp is not discernible vs. distinctly seen; maxillary armature formula 2.3. 3.2. 3 vs. 2.3.2.2.3; maxilliped armature formula 2.2. 1.2 vs. 2 (0). 2 (1). 1.2; leg 1 basis without vs. with inner spine, first exopodal segment without vs. with outer spine, and second endopodal segment with two vs. three inner setae. And yet, we think that it would not be advisable at this juncture to establish a separate genus for the new species based on these apparently trivial differences. It is hardly unlikely that future investigations in other parts of the peninsular India would bring to light several other allied species when it would be more appropriate to critically evaluate the generic position of the new species. Compared with the four Western Australian species, viz. Anzcyclops ballensis Karanovic, Eberhard & Murdoch, 2011, A. yarriensis Karanovic, Eberhard & Murdoch, 2011, A. belli Karanovic, Eberhard & Murdoch, 2011, and A. euryantennula Karanovic, Eberhard & Murdoch, 2011, and also to A. silvestris (Harding, 1958) from Australia and New Zealand, A. indicus n. sp. displays somewhat closer morphological kinship with A. ballensis by possessing identical number of antennular segments in both sexes (in females, segment 2 long being fused with the next segment; segment 6 with 3 setae), and also the same armature details on legs 2 and 3. However, A. indicus n. sp. can be easily distinguished from A. ballensis, inter alia, by dorso-ventrally compressed vs. normal body; moderately developed vs. large anal operculum; two setae vs. none on the first segment of maxilliped; six setae vs. seven setae on distal segment of antenna; proximally only slightly dilated vs. distinctly dilated genital doublesomite; dorsal seta longer vs. shorter than caudal rami; and outer seta on second endopodal segment of leg 4 present vs. absent. By having unarmed proximal exopodal segment on leg 1, the new species is close to the Indian Haplocyclops (Kiefercyclops) fiersi Karanovic & Ranga Reddy, 2005 and Haplocyclops godavari n. sp. ��� perhaps a case of convergent evolution. Likewise, the new species lacks the inner spine on leg 1 basis as in the case of Haplocyclops and Rybocyclops., Published as part of Totakura, Venkateswara Rao & Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, 2015, Groundwater cyclopoid copepods of peninsular India, with description of eight new species, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3945 (1) on pages 62-72, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3945.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/288235, {"references":["Karanovic, T., Eberhard, S. M., & Murdoch, A. (2011) A cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of Australian Metacyclops and Goniocyclops, with description of four new species and three new genera (Copepoda, Cyclopoida). Crustaceana, 84, 1 - 67. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 001121610 X 546698","Karanovic, T. & Ranga Reddy, Y. (2005) First Haplocyclops Kiefer (Crustacea, Copepoda) from Indian subterranean waters: the most reduced free-living cyclopoid. Annales de Limnologie, 41, 83 - 92. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 2005011"]}

Haplocyclops (Kiefercyclops) primitivus n. sp. (Figs. 45���50) Type locality. River Godavari, Kapileswarapuram village (16 �� 47 ���09.0������N 82 ��03��� 39.3 ������E; elevation 23 m; water temperature 28 ��C, pH 7.0) in East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, South India (Fig. 1). Type material examined. Holotype female (MNHN-IU- 2013-11878) and allotype male (MNHN-IU- 2013- 11879), dissected on 3 slides each, and 6 paratypes: 1 female, dissected on 3 slides (MNHN-IU- 2013-11890); 2 females whole-mounted on 1 slide each (MNHN-IU- 2013-11891 ��� 11892), 1 male and 1 female in alcohol in 1 vial (MNHN-IU- 2013-11893); 2 females in senior author���s personal collection. 20 July 2008, Coll. V. R. Totakura. Other material examined. South India, Andhra Pradesh, East Godavari, River Godavari at Atreyapuram village (water temperature 28 ��C, pH 7.0), 20 July 2008: 1 male and 3 females; at Dhawaleswaram village (water temperature 27 ��C, pH 7.5), 20 July 2008: 2 females in senior author���s personal collection; Coll. V. R. Totakura. Diagnosis. Very small cyclopinae, cyclopiform and integument smooth. Genital double-somite large and of characteristic shape, swollen both laterally and ventrally, with genital field situated at 3 / 4 of genital doublesomite���s length; anal operculum bowl-shaped, extending up to or beyond the somite���s limit; caudal rami about 1.5���1.7 times as long as wide, with lateral seta inserted in proximal half almost dorsally; ornamented with transverse row fine spinules at the base of lateral seta and dorsal seta; principal inner apical seta 1.3 times as long as principal outer apical seta; female antennule 11 -segmented, lateral seta present on ultimate segment, and with only 2 setae on seventh segment; male antennule 16 -segmented, digeniculate; antenna 4 -segmented, with setal formula 2.1. 5.7 and without exopodal seta; mandibular palp lacking; maxillulary palp 2 -segmented; maxilla 4 - segmented, with small lateral seta on basis; and maxilliped 4 -segmented, setal formula 1.2.1.2; 2 -segmented exopod and endopod on legs 1���4, without any coxal armature; leg 1 basis without inner spine; spine formula of second exopodal segment of legs 1���4: 2.2. 2.2 and setal formula: 5.4.4.4; endopod of leg 4 with 1 spine and 1 seta apically; leg 5 represented by 3 setae, of which 2 setae on small protuberance and 1 basal plumose seta; female leg 6 as distinct cuticular plate, armed with 2 unequal setae and 1 tiny spinous process; the same leg in male with 2 minute spinous processes and 1 slender seta. Description of adult female. Total body length, measured from tip of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (excluding caudal setae), 318���347 ��m (holotype 338 ��m). Habitus (Fig. 45 a) robust, cyclopiform and dorsoventrally compressed, with prosome/urosome ratio 1.5 and greatest width (102 ��m) at distal end of cephalothorax. Body length/width ratio about 3.4 (dorsal view); cephalothorax almost 1.5 times as wide as genital double-somite. Free pedigerous somites without particular expansions, lateral margins somewhat curved. Preserved specimens colourless. Naupliar eye absent. Rostral projection (Fig. 47 a) well developed, membranous, broadly triangular, tip rounded and furnished with 2 large sensilla. Cephalothorax (Fig. 45 a) 1.7 times as long as greatest width (dorsal view) and 35.7 % of total body length; pleurotergites of free pedigerous somites ornamented with small sensilla; no other ornamentation visible. Hyaline fringes of prosomites narrow and smooth. Arthrodial membranes well developed. Third pediger longer than fourth one, fourth pediger unornamented. Fifth pediger (Fig. 46 a) ornamented with 4 small dorsal sensilla; hyaline fringe smooth dorso-ventrally. Genital double-somite (Fig. 46 a���c) proximally expanded, large, about as wide as long (dorsal view) and ornamented with 2 large dorsal sensilla; hyaline fringe of genital double-somite as well as next 2 urosomites smooth. Copulatory pore (Fig. 46 b) small, ovoid, situated at 3 / 4 of somite���s length; copulatory duct narrow, well sclerotized. Seminal receptacle with large anterior expansion but somewhat narrow behind, representing 61.5 % of double-somite���s length; oviducts broad and weakly sclerotized. Ovipores situated dorso-laterally, covered with reduced sixth legs. Anal somite ornamented with 2 large sensilla dorsally and 1 transverse row of minute spinules along posterior margin ventrally and laterally. Anal operculum large, bowl-shaped/sublinguiform, extending slightly beyond somite���s limit, smooth, with almost straight caudal margin, representing 65.3 % of anal somite���s width. Anal sinus somewhat wide. Caudal rami (Fig. 46 a���c): subcylindrical, parallel, 1.5 times as long as wide; ornamented with a row of spinules on subdistal dorsal surface close to dorsal seta. Dorsal seta about 1.9 times as long as ramus, inserted at 4 / 5 of ramus and just above the level of outermost apical seta, biarticulate at base (Figs. 45 a, 46 a���c). Lateral seta arising somewhat dorso-laterally at 3 / 5 of ramus length, 0.7 times as long as ramus width; 1 short transverse row of fine spinules lying beside its base. Outermost apical seta slightly longer than ramus. Innermost apical seta small and slender, 0.4 times as long as outermost apical seta. Principal apical setae without breaking planes. Inner apical seta 3.3 times as long as caudal rami, 1.3 times as long as outer apical seta. All setae plumose. Antennule (Fig. 45 b): 11 -segmented, 73.6 % of the length of cephalothoracic shield and unornamented; armature formula: 7.2.5.2.1.2.2.3.3.3.7+aes. Setae articulating at basal part on segments 7, 8, and 11, and segments 1, 3, 7, 8, 10, and 11 with 4, 1, 2, 1, 1, and 3 long bipinnate setae, respectively; all other setae smooth. Length ratios of antennular segments from proximal end and along caudal margins 1.0: 0.2: 0.5: 0.2: 0.1: 0.3: 0.5: 0.5: 0.3: 0.4: 0.5. Probable segmental homology: 1 (I���V), 2 (VI���VII), 3 (VIII���XI), 4 (XII���XIII), 5 (XIV), 6 (XV���XVI), 7 (XVII���XX), 8 (XXI���XXIII), 9 (XXIV), 10 (XXV), and 11 (XXVI���XXVIII). Antenna (Fig. 47 b): 4 -segmented, comprising coxobasis and 3 -segmented endopod. Coxobasis large, somewhat cylindrical, 2.5 times as long as wide, armed with 2 short, smooth seta at inner distal corner; exopodal seta absent. First endopodal segment stout, 1.3 times as long as wide, with inner smooth seta, and 1 arched row of spinules on outer margin. Second endopodal segment about twice as long as wide, bearing 5 setae and ornamented with 1 spinular row on outer distal margin. Third endopodal segment cylindrical, 2.6 times as long as wide, armed with 7 smooth, prehensile apical setae, and ornamented with 1 spinular row on outer distal margin. Labrum (Fig. 47 c): relatively small, trapezoidal plate; anterior edge slightly concave, with about 20 small blunt teeth between rounded lateral corners; ornamented with 2 groups of long hair-like spinules on dorsal surface. Mandible (Fig. 47 d): coxal gnathobase roughly divided into 3 groups of teeth; inner group of 3 large unequal teeth, innermost one being larger; middle group of 3 moderate teeth and 1 small sub-distal spinular row; distal group with 2 long spinules on ventral surface and 1 unipinnate outermost seta. Maxillule (Fig. 47 e): composed of praecoxa and 2 -segmented palp. Praecoxal arthrite bearing 3 very strong claw-like spinous processes and 1 stout pinnate seta and 7 medial elements, of which second proximal one largest and pinnate. Palp composed of coxobasis and endopod. Coxobasis with smooth proximal (exopodal) seta and 3 medial setae (2 slender, smooth and 1 strong, bipinnate); endopod with 3 smooth (2 apical and 1 subapical) setae. Maxilla (Fig. 47 f): 4 -segmented, consisting of syncoxa, basis and 2 -segmented endopod; praecoxa fused to coxa; proximal endite of praecoxa robust, armed with 2 setae; distal endite small, unarmed. Proximal endite of coxa with 1 bipinnate seta; distal endite fused at base, moderate in size, elongate and armed apically with 2 unequal pinnate setae, proximal seta being 1.2 times longer; syncoxa unornamented. Basis expanded into robust claw, armed with 2 setae; 1 small seta at base and 1 strong pinnate proximal seta about as long as claw. Endopod 2 - segmented; proximal segment armed with 2 robust, unequal, bipinnate setae; distal segment small, with 1 robust, unipinnate apical claw and 2 slender and smooth subapical setae. All strong setae and basal claw prehensile. Maxilliped (Fig. 47 g): 4 -segmented, composed of syncoxa, basis and 2 -segmented endopod. Armature formula: 1.2. 1.2. Ornamentation consisting of longitudinal rows of spinules on first 3 segments. Legs 1���4 (Fig. 48 a���d): relatively short, with 2 -segmented exopod and endopod. Endopod only slightly shorter than exopod on legs 1���3, but distinctly reduced in size on leg 4. Armature formula of legs 1���4 (legend: same as that of Paracyclopina orientalis): Coxa Basis Exopod Endopod 1 2 1 2 Leg 1 0-0 0-1 0- I 4, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 2 0-0 0-1 0- I 3, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 3 0-0 0-1 0- I 3, 1+I, I 1 -0 2, 1+I, 1 Leg 4 0-0 0-1 0- I 3, 1+I, I 1 -0 1 +I Second exopodal segment spine formula 2.2. 2.2 and setal formula 5.4. 4.4. Apical spine on second endopodal segment of legs 1���3 about as long as segment, but distinctly longer on leg 4. Intercoxal sclerites of all swimming legs with concave distal margins and rounded lateral prominences fringed with long hairs. Praecoxae short, narrow and ornamented with 1 row of spinules each at outer distal margin. All coxae ornamented with 1 row of spinules each at outer distal margin. Basis with round inner distal corners, ornamented with long hairs. Inner spine on basis of leg 1 absent. Second endopodal segment of leg 4 as long as wide, armed with 1 spine and 1 seta apically; first segment ornamented with a row of spinules on distal margin (Fig. 47 d). Leg 5 (Figs. 45 a, 46 a���d): with 3 setae, basipodal seta strong, visible clearly in dorsal and lateral views, arising from prominent protuberance; other 2 setae unequal, smooth and located on small protuberance; 1 row of spinules occurring at base of protuberance. Leg 6 (Fig. 46 e): distinct at base, small, semicircular cuticular plate, armed with 2 unequal, spiniform setae and 1 small spinous projection; outer seta about 1.5 times as long as inner one. Description of adult male. Total body length 338 ��m. Habitus (Fig. 49 a) slightly slenderer than in female, prosome/urosome ratio about 1.5 and greatest width (96 ��m) at posterior end of cephalothorax. Body length/width ratio 3.6; cephalothorax about 1.7 times as wide as genital somite. Cephalothorax 1.2 times as long as wide (dorsal view) and 35.2 % of total body length. Ornamentation of prosomites as illustrated. Hyaline fringe of fifth pedigerous somite smooth both ventrally and dorsally. Genital somite (Fig. 50 a, b) about as long as wide, with smooth hyaline fringe dorsally, ornamented with 2 sensilla dorsally; 2 relatively small, ovoid spermatophores visible from inside; next 3 urosomites without any sensilla, integument ornamented only with smooth hyaline frill. Anal somite with transverse row of spinules all along caudal margin. Anal operculum almost similar to female. Antennule (Fig. 49 b, c): 16 -segmented, digeniculate, proximal geniculation between 8 and 9 and distal geniculation between 14 and 15 segments; ornamented with spinules only on first segment. Armature formula: 10.3.3.1.0.1.0.0.1+aes.2.1.1.1.0.1.10. Short unipinnate seta present on segment 13; segments 1, 6 and 16 with 1, 1 and 4 long pinnate seta(e), respectively. Aesthetascs on segments 4 and 9 smooth and of moderate length; 4 setae on segment 16 with articulate base. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis 1.0: 0.3: 0.2: 0.1: 0.1: 0.1: 0.2: 0.3: 0.3: 0.2: 0.3: 0.2: 0.3: 0.7: 0.7: 1.2. Antenna, labrum, mandible, maxillule, maxilla, maxilliped, legs 1���3 and 5, and caudal rami similar to those of female. Leg 4 (Fig. 48 f): second endopodal segment about as long as wide, with 1 apical seta, 1 apical spine and 1 inner seta; otherwise as in female. Leg 6 (Fig. 50 b): large, unornamented cuticular plate fused at base; armed with 1 seta and 2 diminutive prominences on outer distal corner, as in female. Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin adjective, primitivus, alluding to several plesiomorphic character states. Gender masculine. Variation. Second exopodal segment of leg 3 with additional inner seta (Fig. 48 e), second endopodal segment of leg 4 with additional inner seta (Fig. 48 f). Ecology. The new species was found in very small numbers in the present samples. It was, however, accompanied by various taxa at the type locality: Parvulobathynella distincta Ranga Reddy, Elia & Totakura, Habrobathynella plenituda Ranga Reddy & Schminke, and Kinnecaris godavari Ranga Reddy & Schminke; and at Atreyapuram, it co-existed with Serbanibathynella secunda Totakura & Ranga Reddy, Habrobathynella plenituda Schminke & Ranga Reddy, Habrobathynella savita Ranga Reddy & Totakura, Parastenocaris curvispinus Enckell, oligochaetes, nematodes, and insect larvae Remarks. Kiefer (1952) erected the genus Haplocyclops Kiefer, 1952, to accommodate the Madagascan Haplocyclops gudrunae Kiefer, 1952. Later, Kiefer (1955) added Haplocyclops pauliani Kiefer, 1955, and Haplocyclops neuter Kiefer, 1955, from the same region. The description of both these species was repeated by Kiefer himself (1956), but only with some additional drawings. Lindberg (1956) relegated Haplocyclops to a species group in the genus Bryocyclops Kiefer, 1927. Kiefer (1960 a, b) did not completely accept Lindberg���s (1956) decision, but treated Haplocyclops as a subgenus of Bryocyclops, when he described Bryocyclops (Haplocyclops) monodi from the continental Africa. Haplocyclops was considered as subgenus of the genus Bryocyclops by several authors, e. g. Dussart (1981, 1982), Dussart & Defaye (1985), Lescher-Moutou�� (1986), Rocha & Carvalho Bjornbberg (1987), and Pesce (1996). The validity of Haplocyclops was accepted by Reid (1999), Dussart & Defaye (2001) and Fiers (2002) after it was critically examined and redefined by Rocha et al. (1998). Finally, six species have so far been recognized under Haplocyclops (see Kiefer 1955, 1960b; Rocha et al. 1998) including the Indian H. (K.) fiersi Karanovic & Ranga Reddy, 2005, which is, incidentally, the most reduced free-living cyclopoid (see Karanovic & Ranga Reddy, 2005). Now, the rationale behind assigning H. primitivus n. sp. to Haplocyclops needs to be explained. The new species has the following characters, which are considered by Karanovic & Ranga Reddy (2005) the significant ���autapomorphies��� of Haplocyclops: the genital double-somite with ovipores situated in the posterior half and the caudal rami with lateral seta inserted in the proximal half. The other supportive characters include: large anal operculum; principal apical setae without breaking planes; seventh antennular segment armed with 2 setae; fifth legs completely fused to somite and represented by 3 slender setae in both sexes. It must, however, be clarified that H. primitivus n. sp. has at least two interesting plesiomorphic character states that are as yet unknown in Haplocyclops: both rami of legs 1���4 are 2 -segmented, and the second exopodal segment has a setal formula of 5.4. 4.4. Karanovic & Ranga Reddy (2005) subdivided the genus Haplocyclops into two subgenera: Haplocyclops s. str. Kiefer, 1952 and Kiefercyclops Karanovic & Ranga Reddy, 2005. The former contains seven species, mostly from the Gondwanan landmasses of Madagascar, Africa, and South America whereas the latter heretofore is monotypic with the Indian H. (K.) fiersi. Both H. (K.) primitivus n. sp. and H. (K.) godavari n. sp. described herein belong to the latter subgenus mainly because the mandibular palp is completely absent and the legs 1���4 have no coxal armature. H. primitivus n. sp. has a set of primitive characters, and is thus at variance with H. (Kiefercyclops) diagnosis in the following features: coxobasis of antenna with 2 setae vs. 1 seta; maxillulary palp 2 -segmented vs. 1 -segmented; maxilla with vs. without lateral small seta on basis; leg 1 first exopodal segment armed vs. unarmed; exopod of leg 3, as well as endopod of legs 2 and 3, 2-segmented vs. 1 -segmented; and leg 6 with 2 setae vs. 1 seta. Despite these differences, we think it advisable to allocate H. primitivus n. sp. to Kiefercyclops rather than to Haplocyclops s. str. H. primitivus n. sp. can be readily separated from both H. (K.) fiersi and H. (K.) godavari n. sp. by the following features: cyclopiform habitus; dorsal caudal seta 1.9 times as long as ramus length; presence of a row of transverse row of fine spinules at base of dorsal seta and lateral seta; lateral seta present on ultimate segment of antennule; leg 1 without spine on basis; legs 1���4 with 2 -segmented exopod and endopod; and leg 4 second endopodal segment armed with one spine and one seta (the 1 -segmented endopod in H. (K.) fiersi and H. (K.) godavari n. sp. also has similar armature)., Published as part of Totakura, Venkateswara Rao & Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, 2015, Groundwater cyclopoid copepods of peninsular India, with description of eight new species, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3945 (1) on pages 72-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3945.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/288235, {"references":["Kiefer, F. (1952) Haplocyclops Gudrunae n. g. et n. sp. ein neuer Ruderfuβkrebs (Crustacea Copepoda) aus Madagascar. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 149, 240 - 243.","Kiefer, F. (1955) Neue Cyclopoida Gnathostoma (Crustacea Copepoda) aus Madagascar, II. Cyclopinae. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 154, 222 - 232.","Lindberg, K. (1956) Les Cyclopides (Crustaces Copepodes) tres evolues en tant qu'habitants des eaux souterraines; Revue des travaux recents concernant les Bryocyclops Kiefer et Speocyclops Kiefer. Actes prem. Congres International de Speleologie, 1953, 71 - 83. [Paris]","Kiefer, F. (1960 a) Zwei neue Cyclopiden (Crust. Cop.) als Bewohner des Sandluckensystems im Niger (Franzosischer Sudan). Bulletin de l'Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, 22 (A 2), 395 - 401.","Kiefer, F. (1960 b) Beitrage zur Copepodenkunde (XX). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 165, 37 - 45.","Dussart, B. H. (1981) Contribution a l'etude des Copepodes d'Iran. Crustaceana, 41, 162 - 166. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156854081 X 00200","Dussart, B. H. (1982) Crustaces Copepodes des eaux interieures. Faune Madagascar, ORSTOM-CNRS, 58, 1 - 146. [Paris]","Dussart, B. H. & Defaye, D. (1985) Repertoire mondial des Copepodes Cyclopoides. C. N. R. S. Centre Regional de Publications de Bordeaux, 1985, 1 - 236.","Lescher-Moutoue. F. (1986) Copepoda Cyclopoida Cyclopidae des eaux douces souterraines continentales. In: Botosaneanu, L. (Ed.), Stygofauna Mundi. E. J. Brill / Backhuys, Leiden, pp. 299 - 312.","Rocha, C. E. F. da & Carvalho Bjornbberg, M. H. G. (1987) Copepods of the Jureia Ecological Reserve, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, II. The genera Hesperocyclops, Muscocyclops, and Bryocyclops (Copepoda, Cyclopidae). Hydrobiologia, 153, 97 - 107. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00006642","Pesce, G. L. (1996) Towards a revision of Cyclopinae copepods (Crustacea, Cyclopidae). Fragment a Entomologica Roma, 28, 189 - 200.","Reid, J. W. (1999) New records of Bryocyclops from the continental U. S. A. Puerto Rico, and Brazil (Copepoda: Cyclopoida). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 19, 84 - 92. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1549550","Dussart, B. H. & Defaye, D. (2001) Introduction to Copepoda. 2 nd Edition. Vol. 16. Guides to the Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World, 344 pp.","Fiers, F. (2002) The genus Haplocyclops Kiefer, 1952 (Copepoda, Cyclopoida, Cyclopidae): Redescription of the type-species, H. gudrunae, and its congeners. Hydrobiologia, 474, 155 - 169. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1016579619924","Rocha, C. E. F. da, Torres, I. C. & Maia-Barbosa, P. (1998) Haplocyclops torresi n. sp. and Potamocaris estevesi Reid, 1991 from Brazil, with a proposal for revalidation of the genus Haplocyclops Kiefer, 1952 (Copepoda). Beaufortia, 48, 1 - 15.","Karanovic, T. & Ranga Reddy, Y. (2005) First Haplocyclops Kiefer (Crustacea, Copepoda) from Indian subterranean waters: the most reduced free-living cyclopoid. Annales de Limnologie, 41, 83 - 92. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 2005011"]}

Anzcyclops indicus n. sp. (Figs. 38–44) Type locality. River Krishna (water temperature 24 °C; pH 7.0) at Madipadu village (16 ° 48 ′ 50 ′′N 80 °04′ 22 ′′E, elevation 40 m) in Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, South India (Fig. 1). Type material examined. Holotype female (MNHN-IU- 2013-11870) and allotype male (MNHN-IU- 2013- 11871), dissected on 3 slides each; 45 paratypes: 2 females, dissected on 3 slides each (MNHN-IU- 2013- 11872 – 11873), 2 females (MNHN-IU- 2013-11874 – 11875) and 1 male (MNHN-IU- 2013-11876), whole-mounted on 1 slide each, and 4 males and 37 females in alcohol in a vial (MNHN-IU- 2013-11877); 12 October 2008; Coll. V. R. Totakura. Other material examined. South India, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur District, River Krishna at Taduvayi village (16 ° 45 ′ 32.3 ′′N 80 °07′ 35.8 ′′E; elevation 31 m; water temperature 27 °C; pH 7.0), 27 July 2008: 1 male and 1 female at Challagariga village (16 ° 45 ′ 32 ′′N 80 °07′ 35 ′′E; elevation 39 m; water temperature 32 °C; pH 7.5), 78 km from type locality, 12 October 2008: 1 male and 3 females; 23 November 2008: 3 males and 4 females; at Chamarti village (16 ° 34 ′56.0′′N 80 ° 16 ′ 31.7 ′′E; elevation 39 m; water temperature 28 °C; pH 7.5), 27 July 2008: 4 females only; at Ramannapeta village (16 ° 34 ′06.0′′N 80 ° 46 ′ 11.6 ′′E; elevation 39 m; water temperature 28 °C; pH 7.5), 7 km from type locality, 27 July 2008: 2 females only; Coll. V. R. Totakura & P. Kondala Rao. Farm bore (water temperature 28 °C; pH 7.5) at Chintapalli village (16 ° 45 ′ 32 ′′N 80 °07′ 35 ′′E; elevation 39 m), 0 3 July 2008: 1 male and 4 females; Coll. V. R. Totakura. Diagnosis. Very small cyclopinae, total body length of females 241–282 Μm and of males 249–273 µm; greatest width in posterior half of cephalothorax; body length/width ratio in dorsal view 2.4–2.8 in females and 2.5 in males; cephalothorax 1.9 times as wide as genital double-somite in females; hyaline fringes of all somites narrow and smooth; genital double-somite with somewhat inflated anterior part but without lateral recesses, about as long as wide in dorsal view; caudal rami 1.4 times as long as wide and armed with six setae; female antennule 10 -segmented, second and fourth segments with 6 and 1 seta(e), respectively; male antennule 15 -segmented and digeniculate; antenna 4 -segmented, without exopodal seta, with armature formula 1.2.5.6; mandibular palp represented by 2 long plumose setae; maxilla 5 -segmented, with armature formula 2.3.3.2.3; maxilliped 4 - segmented, armature formula 2.2.1.2; spine and setal formulae of second exopodal segment of legs 1–4: 2.3. 3.2, and 5.4. 4.4, respectively; intercoxal sclerite with concave distal margin and without any surface ornamentation; all legs with inner coxal seta; leg 1 basis without inner spine and first exopodal segment unarmed; second endopodal segment of leg 4 about 1.4 times as long as wide, armed with 1 apical spine and 3 inner setae. Leg 5 1 -segmented, quadriform, armed with 2 unequal setae apically; leg 6 with 2 elements. Description of adult female. Total body length, measured from base of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (excluding caudal setae), 248 Μm. Preserved specimens colourless. Naupliar eye absent. Body (Fig. 38 a, b) somewhat dorso-ventrally compressed, with prosome/urosome ratio 1.5 and greatest width at posterior end of cephalothorax (122 Μm). Body perforated, length/width ratio 2.4. Cephalothorax 1.9 times as wide as genital double-somite. Rostral projection (Fig. 40 a) moderately developed, broadly triangular, furnished with 2 dorsal sensilla. Free pedigerous somites 2–4 with rounded postero-lateral corners. Pseudosomite present between prosome and urosome. Cephalothorax (Fig. 38 a) as long as its greatest width and 41.6 % of total body length; ornamented with several small sensilla, with slightly developed, smooth, mid-dorsal hyaline fringe; no other ornamentation discernible. Fifth pedigerous somite about as wide as genital double-somite and with somewhat pronounced, pointed postero-lateral angles, with narrow, smooth hyaline fringe dorsally and ventrally, and ornamented with 4 dorsal sensilla (Fig. 39 a). Genital double-somite about as long as wide, maximum width at about proximal third and somewhat narrow behind; hyaline fringe of genital somite and next 2 somites smooth on dorsal and ventral surfaces. Seminal receptacle (Fig. 39 b) composed of anterior and posterior parts, anterior part slightly larger, with both external margins rounded; copulatory duct short and straight; ovipores crescentic, covered by sixth legs (Fig. 39 a–c). Anal somite (Figs. 38 a, 39 a–b) ornamented with transverse row of long spinules on ventro-lateral posterior margin, 2 small, dorsal sensilla and 1 proximo-lateral pore (Fig. 39 c). Anal operculum (Fig. 39 a, c) moderately developed, convex, 53.3 % of somite’s width, not reaching posterior margin of somite and fringed with a row of fine spinules along posterior margin. Anal sinus narrow, without apparent ornamentation. Caudal rami (Fig. 39 a–c): parallel and close to each other and 0.8 times as long as anal somite; each ramus 1.4 times as long as maximum width, sub-proximally dilated on inner margin and with 1 row of small spinules on postero-ventral margins; similar spinules also occurring at base of outermost apical setae at inner distal corners. Dorsal seta 0.8 times as long as principal outer apical seta, inserted at distal fifth of ramus length, and biarticulate at base. Lateral seta arising from dorsal surface close to outer margin at 3 / 5 of ramus length and 0.7 times as long as maximum width of ramus. Outermost apical seta spiniform, about as long as ramus, inserted subapically. Innermost apical seta slender, 0.4 times as long as of outermost apical seta. Principal apical setae without breaking planes. Outer seta 5 times as long as outermost apical seta, 0.4 times as long as urosome. All setae plumose. Antennule (Fig. 40 b): strong, 10 -segmented, extending up to 4 / 5 of cephalothorax, ornamented with 1 row of spinules on first segment. Setal formula: 7.6.2.1.3.2.2+aes.3.2.7+aes. Segments 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 10 with 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1 and 5 long plumose setae, respectively. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis: 1.0: 0.6: 0.2: 0.1: 0.4: 0.4: 0.5: 0.3: 0.4: 0.5. Probable segmental homology: 1 (I–V), 2 (VI–XI), 3 (XII–XIII), 4 (XIV), 5 (XV–XVI), 6 (XVII–XX), 7 (XXI–XXIII), 8 (XXIV), 9 (XXV), 10 (XXVI–XXVIII). Antenna (Fig. 40 c) 4 -segmented; consisting of coxobasis and 3 -segmented endopod. Coxobasis 1.8 times as long as wide, armed with 1 seta at inner distal corner; exopodal seta absent. First endopodal segment 1.4 times as long as wide, armed with 2 setae, ornamented with row of long spinules on outer margin. Second segment 1.5 times as long as maximum width and armed with 1 seta on inner distal margin ventrally, 2 setae at inner distal corner; 2 setae on distal margin; ornamented with 1 row of spinules at outer distal margin. Third segment 1.8 times as long as wide, ornamented with 2 spinular rows on outer margin and armed with 6 unequal, apical setae. Labrum (Fig. 40 d): trapezoidal; anterior edge almost straight, with 18 tiny, blunt, equal teeth between blunt, rounded lateral corners; ornamented with elongate hair-like spinules on dorsal surface. Mandible (Fig. 40 e–g): coxal gnathobase roughly divided into 3 groups of teeth; inner group of 3 large unequal teeth, innermost one being larger; middle group of 3 moderate teeth and a small sub-distal spinular row; distal group with 1 pinnate outermost seta and 2 long spinules on ventral surface. Palp represented only by 2 equal plumose setae. Paragnaths (Fig. 41 a): conical, with serrulate lateral margins. Maxillule (Fig. 41 b): composed of praecoxa and 2 -segmented palp. Praecoxal arthrite bearing 3 very strong claw-like spinous processes and 1 stout pinnate seta and 6 medial elements; second proximalmost seta largest, pinnate. Palp composed of coxobasis and endopod. Coxobasis with smooth proximal (exopodal) seta and 3 medial setae (2 smooth and 1 plumose), smooth medial setae of about same length; endopod with 2 apical and 1 subapical setae. Maxilla (Fig. 41 c): 5 -segmented, consisting of praecoxa, coxa, basis and endopod. Proximal endite of praecoxa robust, armed with 2 unequal setae (1 plumose, 1 simple); distal endite small, unarmed. Proximal endite of coxa with 1 bipinnate seta; distal endite mobile, elongate and armed with 2 plumose, equal, apical setae; coxa unornamented. Basis expanded into robust claw, ornamented with 1 row of spinules along inner margin and armed with 2 setae, 1 small seta at base; strong seta 0.9 times as long as claw and pinnate. Endopod 2 -segmented; proximal segment armed with 1 robust claw and 1 bipinnate seta, which is slightly shorter; distal segment small, with 1 robust, unipinnate, apical claw and 2 slender and smooth subapical setae. All strong setae and basal claw prehensile. Maxilliped (Fig. 41 d): 4 -segmented; composed of syncoxa, basis and 2 -segmented endopod; syncoxa 1.4 times as long wide; basis 1.6 times as long as maximum width. Setal formula 2.2.1.2; all setae bipinnate except 1 smooth seta on basis. Legs 1–4 (Fig. 42 a–d): 2 -segmented exopod and endopod; endopod only slightly shorter than exopod on all legs. Leg 1 shorter than others and its second exopodal segment subspherical or oval in outline, bearing 5 setae, but 4 setae on other legs. Intercoxal plates with small, rounded, unornamented prominences on all legs. Hairs present on inner corner of basis, and also along margins of exopod and endopod, as illustrated. Outer seta on basis of leg 1 as long as exopod; same seta on legs 2–4 much shorter. Leg 1 without outer spine on first exopodal segment. On all legs, coxa armed with seta and unornamented and without inner spine on basis; first exopodal segment without inner seta. Leg 4 endopod about as wide as exopod, 1.4 times as long as it own width, as long as inner seta and twice as long as apical spine The spine formula of second exopodal segment of legs 1–4: 2.3.3.2; setal formula: 5.4. 4.4. Spine and setal formulae of legs 1–4 (legend: same as that of Paracyclopina orientalis): Coxa Basis Exopod Endopod 1 2 1 2 Leg 1 1 -0 0-1 0-0 3, 2+ II 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 2 1 -0 0-1 0- I 3, 1+I, II 1 -0 2, 1+I, 1 Leg 3 1 -0 0-1 0- I 3, 1+I, II 1 -0 2, 1+I, 1 Leg 4 1 -0 0-1 0- I 3, 1+I, I 1 -0 2, 1+I, 1 Leg 5 (Fig. 39 a–c): composed of protopod completely fused to somite and free exopod. Protopodal seta moderate in size and plumose; exopod small, 1 -segmented, slightly longer than wide, with 2 apical unequal simple setae, inner seta being longer. Leg 6 (Fig. 39 c): small cuticular plate; bearing 2 tiny spines. Description of adult male. Total body length excluding caudal setae 256 Μm. Habitus (Fig. 43 a) slenderer than female. Prosome/urosome ratio 1.6, greatest width (109 Μm) at posterior end of cephalothorax. Body length/ width ratio 2.5. Cephalothorax 1.9 times as wide as genital somite and representing 38.6 % of total body length. Free pedigerous somites gradually narrowing, with slightly produced, pointed postero-lateral corners. Hyaline fringes on all somites narrow and smooth. Fifth pedigerous somite with oblique lateral margins and 0.8 times as wide as genital somite. Genital somite 1.4 times as wide as long. Anal somite and operculum as in female. Caudal rami (Fig. 44 a–c): similar to female, 15.2 % longer than anal somite; each ramus 1.4 times as long as maximum width. Armature and ornamentation almost as in female; innermost seta somewhat longer. Antennule (Fig. 43 b, c): 15 -segmented, digeniculate; proximal geniculation between segments 9 and 10 and distal geniculation between segments 11 and 12. Setal formula: 9 + 2 aes. 4.1 +aes. 0.1 aes. 1 +aes.0.0.0.0.1.0.1aes. 2.9 +aes. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis: 1.0: 0.4: 0.2: 0.4: 0.4: 0.2: 0.6: 0.3: 0.6: 0.5: 1.2: 0.9: 1.3. Antenna, labrum, mandible, maxillule, maxilla, maxilliped, and legs 1-5 similar to those of female. Leg 6 (Fig. 44 a–c): both legs partly fused basally; each leg large, cuticular plate-like, armed with 2 unequal, simple setae and reduced spinous projection. Variation. Sometimes apical spine on second endopodal segment of leg 4 is apically curved inwards or outwards (Fig. 42 e, f). Etymology. The specific epithet, indicus, refers to the occurrence of this species in India and denotes the first description of this new species of the genus Anzcyclops from the Indian subcontinent; derived from the root indic; gender masculine. Distribution. The new species is known only from type locality. Ecology. The new species was collected on several occasions in the hyporheic zone of the River Krishna and only once in riparian farm bore, just about 500 m from the river bank. It co-occurred with several other taxa in different localities. It co-existed with Atopobathynella operculata Ranga Reddy & Schminke, Habrobathynella vaitarini Ranga Reddy & Totakura, Parastenocaris curvispinus Enckell, Folioquinpes chathamensis (Sars), ostracods, mites, amphipods, and oligochaetes, cyclopoids, Parastenocaris sp., and other unidentified harpacticoids at the type locality; Habrobathynella plenituda Ranga Reddy & Schminke, Habrobathynella sp., P. curvispinus, ostracods, and oligochaetes at Ramannapeta; only with P. curvispinus at Taduvayi; with P. curvispinus, Serbanibathynella secunda Totakura & Ranga Reddy, mites, and oligochaetes at Chamarti; with H. vaitarini; H. schminkei Ranga Reddy, H. plenituda, Atopobathynella sp., Kinnecaris godavari Ranga Reddy & Schminke, P. curvispinus, mites, nematodes, oligochaetes, ostracods, and chironomid larvae at Challagariga; with Habrobathynella sp., P. curvispinus, amphipods, nematodes, cladocerans, insect larvae in a farm bore. Remarks. The genus Anzcyclops was established by Karanovic, Eberhard & Murdoch, (2011 with the Anzcyclops yarriensis Karanovic, Eberhard & Murdoch, 2011 as its type species and four other congeners, all from Australia and New Zealand (see Karanovic, Eberhard & Murdoch 2011). Anzcyclops indicus n. sp., which is the first record of Anzcyclops from Asia, fulfills most of the principal generic criteria. For example, legs 1–4 relatively are short, with 2 -segmented rami; endopods are only slightly shorter than exopods; all legs are without inner seta on first exopodal segment, and the spine formula of the second exopodal segment is 2.3.3.2; second exopodal segment of leg 1 subspherical or oval in outline, bearing five setae, but four setae on other legs; the second endopodal segment of leg 4 has a single apical spine and three setae; leg 5 exopod is small, somewhat quadrate and armed apically with two small setae, and the protopodal seta is plumose and of moderate size and; leg 6 has two elements. Also, the body is dorsoventrally flattened and somewhat primitively cyclopiform; antennule is 10 - segmented; and the overall structural and armature details of antenna to maxilliped closely conform, if not identical, to what obtains in Anzcyclops. However, A. indicus n. sp. differs from all its known congeners in other respects: body length is 241–282 µm vs. 304-500 µm; anal is operculum short, convex and finely serrulate vs. long, linguiform and smooth; antennal armature formula 1.2. 5.6 vs. 2.1.6(5). 7; the remnant of the mandibular palp is not discernible vs. distinctly seen; maxillary armature formula 2.3. 3.2. 3 vs. 2.3.2.2.3; maxilliped armature formula 2.2. 1.2 vs. 2 (0). 2 (1). 1.2; leg 1 basis without vs. with inner spine, first exopodal segment without vs. with outer spine, and second endopodal segment with two vs. three inner setae. And yet, we think that it would not be advisable at this juncture to establish a separate genus for the new species based on these apparently trivial differences. It is hardly unlikely that future investigations in other parts of the peninsular India would bring to light several other allied species when it would be more appropriate to critically evaluate the generic position of the new species. Compared with the four Western Australian species, viz. Anzcyclops ballensis Karanovic, Eberhard & Murdoch, 2011, A. yarriensis Karanovic, Eberhard & Murdoch, 2011, A. belli Karanovic, Eberhard & Murdoch, 2011, and A. euryantennula Karanovic, Eberhard & Murdoch, 2011, and also to A. silvestris (Harding, 1958) from Australia and New Zealand, A. indicus n. sp. displays somewhat closer morphological kinship with A. ballensis by possessing identical number of antennular segments in both sexes (in females, segment 2 long being fused with the next segment; segment 6 with 3 setae), and also the same armature details on legs 2 and 3. However, A. indicus n. sp. can be easily distinguished from A. ballensis, inter alia, by dorso-ventrally compressed vs. normal body; moderately developed vs. large anal operculum; two setae vs. none on the first segment of maxilliped; six setae vs. seven setae on distal segment of antenna; proximally only slightly dilated vs. distinctly dilated genital doublesomite; dorsal seta longer vs. shorter than caudal rami; and outer seta on second endopodal segment of leg 4 present vs. absent. By having unarmed proximal exopodal segment on leg 1, the new species is close to the Indian Haplocyclops (Kiefercyclops) fiersi Karanovic & Ranga Reddy, 2005 and Haplocyclops godavari n. sp. — perhaps a case of convergent evolution. Likewise, the new species lacks the inner spine on leg 1 basis as in the case of Haplocyclops and Rybocyclops.

Halicyclops martinezi n. sp. (Figs. 9���16) Type locality. River Godavari (water temperature 25 ��C, pH 7.0) at Kotipalli village (16 �� 41 ��� 36.4 ���N, 82 ��03���09. 9 ���E; elevation 10 m) in East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, South India (Fig. 1). Type material examined. Holotype female (MNHN-IU- 2013-11851) and allotype male (MNHN-IU- 2013- 11852), dissected on 3 slides each; 65 paratypes: 1 female (MNHN-IU- 2013-11853) and 1 male (MNHN-IU- 2013- 11854), dissected on 3 slides each; 2 females (MNHN-IU- 2013-11855 ��� 11856) and 1 male (MNHN-IU- 201311857) whole-mounted on 1 slide each; 41 females and 9 males in alcohol (MNHN-IU- 2013-11858); and 5 females and 5 males in senior author���s personal collection; 24 January 2010; Coll. V. R. Totakura. Other material examined: River Godavari: South India, Andhra Pradesh, East Godavari District at Kotipalli village (water temperature 23 ��C, pH 7.5), 0 2 February 2008: 2 males and 8 females; at Kota village (16 �� 41 ��� 36.2 ���N, 82 ��03��� 99.9 ���E; elevation 10 m; water temperature 28 ��C, pH 7.0), 14 January 2010: 1 female only; at Brahmapuri village (16 �� 43 ��� 22.1 ���N, 82 ��08��� 18.0���E; elevation 8 m; water temperature 28 ��C, pH 7.0), 24 January 2010: 1 male, 4 females; Coll. V. R. Totakura. Diagnosis. Total body length of female 382���418 ��m; of male 361���435 ��m; cephalothorax subquadrate, without dorsal integumental window, about as long as its greatest width distally and 37.1 % of total body length; hyaline fringes on all segments denticulate; pseudosomite present between prosome and urosome; genital doublesomite as long as wide, without lateral projections; ornamented with latero-ventral window on either side of distal half; pseudo-operculum on preanal somite extending up to midlength of anal somite; female antennule 6 - segmented, fourth segment 1.9 times as long wide; antenna 4 -segmented, second endopodal segment 5.8 times as long wide, with 5 setae on inner margin; mandibular palp represented by 2 reduced, unequal simple setae; maxillulary basis with basally swollen inner medial plumose seta, exopodal seta half as long as endopod seta; maxilla 4 -segmented; maxilliped 2 -segmented; legs 1���4 spine formula: 3.4. 4.3, and setal formula: 5.5.5.4; leg 4 third endopodal segment with spiniform inner setae; caudal rami slightly divergent, each ramus about twice as long as maximum width; ornamentation on principal outer apical seta and principal inner apical seta heteronomous; lateral seta arising from 3 / 5 of ramus length and 1.3 times as long as maximum width of ramus; outermost apical seta 2.1 times as long as ramus; innermost apical seta 1.8 times as long as outermost apical seta; principal inner apical seta 6.8 times as long as caudal ramus. Leg 5 basis and endopod completely fused to somite; outer basal plumose seta inserted on basal protuberance; exopod armed with 3 strong spines and 1 apical plumose seta. Leg 6 with 2 spiniform setae and 1 small and slender seta. Genital field located anteriorly. Description of adult female. Total body length, measured from base of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (excluding caudal setae), 486 ��m. Preserved specimens colourless. Naupliar eye absent. Body (Fig. 9 a) robust, perforated, cyclopiform, with prosome/urosome ratio 1.3 and greatest width at posterior end of cephalothorax (159 ��m). Body length/width ratio 2.7. Cephalothorax (Fig. 9 a) about as long as its greatest width at distal end, 37.1 % of total body length, 2.4 times as wide as genital double-somite, and not produced posterolaterally; hyaline fringe well developed dorsally; ornamented with several small sensilla as illustrated, and without suture on dorsal surface. Rostral projection (Figs. 9 a, 10 a) moderately developed, broadly triangular in dorsal view, with 2 small sensilla on dorsal surface. Second and third free pedigerous somites pointed postero-laterally, ornamented with 4 and 6 sensilla, respectively. Fourth pediger with rounded corners. Pseudosomite present between prosome and urosome. Fifth pedigerous somite about as wide as genital double-somite. Free pedigers 2���3 with well developed denticulate hyaline fringe on distal margin dorso-ventrally. Urosome (Figs. 9 a, b, 10 b): fifth pedigerous somite with hyaline fringe dorso-ventrally and ornamented with 4 sensilla. Genital double-somite elliptical, 0.9 times as long as wide; hyaline fringe with denticulate margin both dorsally and ventrally; ornamented with 1 vague trapezoidal integumental window in proximal dorsal half, 1 large lateral, cuticular window on either side, 2 large cuticular recesses on each side at midlength, 7 dorsal and 4 ventral pores (Fig. 10 d) and 6 sensilla dorso-posteriorly (Fig. 10 c). Copulatory pore (Fig. 10 d) small; copulatory duct narrow, short and sclerotized. Seminal receptacle very small, ovoid. Ovipores situated dorso-laterally, covered with reduced sixth legs. Sixth legs (Fig. 10 c, e) bearing 3 short, spiniform elements, innermost one somewhat slender. Preanal somite with denticulate hyaline fringe both dorsally and ventrally, but 2 medial dorsal denticles (pseudooperculum) protruding and extending up to distal-third of anal somite (Fig. 9 b). Anal somite (Figs. 9 a, 10 b) ornamented with 2 small sensilla on dorsal surface, and transverse row of spinules on posterior margin. Anal operculum smooth and moderately developed, representing 50.8 % of anal somite���s width. Anal sinus widely open; ornamented with 2 diagonal rows of fine spinules. Caudal rami (Figs. 9 a, 10 b): slightly divergent, with basal space between them about 0.7 times as wide as ramus��� width; ramus 1.9 times as long as maximum width, ornamented with spinular row on distal margin ventrolaterally at base of outermost apical seta and at inner distal corner; dorsal seta about 0.6 times as long as principal outer apical seta, inserted at distal fifth of ramus length and uniarticulate at base; lateral seta arising from dorsal surface close to outer margin at 3 / 5 of ramus length and 1.3 times as long as maximum width of ramus; outermost apical seta 1.2 times as long as ramus, inserted subapically; principal apical setae with breaking planes; inner seta 1.7 times as long as outer seta, 1.2 times as long as urosome, and 6.5 times as long as caudal ramus. All caudal setae plumose. Antennule (Fig. 11 a): 6 -segmented, extending up to 4 / 5 of cephalothorax and ornamented with 1 crescentic row of spinules proximally on first segment. Setal formula: 8.12.3+aes. 6 +aes. 2.9 +aes. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis 1.0: 0.8: 0.4: 1.2: 0.6: 1.0. Segments 1���6 with 3, 3, 3, 4, 2, and 4 long pinnate setae, respectively; all other setae smooth. Probable segmental homology 1 (I���V), 2 (VI���XI), 3 (XII���XIV), 4 (XV���XX), 5 (XXI���XXIV), 6 (XV���XVIII). Antenna (Fig. 11 b): 4 -segmented, comprising coxa, basis and 2 -segmented endopod. Coxa small and unarmed. Basis about as long as first endopodal segment, ornamented with short U-shaped row of tiny spinules near proximal outer corner; armed with 1 smooth seta and 1 pinnate seta at inner distal corner; exopodal seta absent. First endopodal segment 1.9 times as long as wide, armed with 1 smooth seta. Second endopodal segment 5.2 times as long as wide, about twice as long as first one, armed with 5 lateral and 7 apical setae, ornamented with 1 oblique row of spinules on proximal surface and 2 longitudinal rows of small spinules on outer margin. Labrum (Fig. 12 a): trapezoidal; anterior edge straight, narrow with 11 small teeth between large lateral teeth; ornamentation not discernible. Mandible (Fig. 12 b): coxal gnathobase roughly divided into 3 groups of teeth; inner group of only 2 large unequal teeth, innermost one being larger; middle group of 3 small, more or less equal small teeth and 3 strong spinules between small teeth; outer group comprising 1 simple slender tooth and 1 pinnate outermost seta. Palp represented by 2 small, unequal setae. Maxillule (Fig. 12 c): composed of well developed praecoxa and 2 -segmented palp. Arthrite of praecoxa bearing 4 very strong spinous processes and 7 armature elements along inner margin (second proximal one longest and pinnate). Palp composed of coxobasis and endopod. Coxobasis 1.8 times as long as wide, with smooth proximal exopodal seta and 2 apical setae (inner one basally dilated, pinnate) and 1 subapical smooth seta; endopod small and distinct at base, with 3 smooth setae (2 apical setae, 1 inner subapical seta). Maxilla (Fig. 12 d): 3 -segmented, praecoxa partially fused with coxa. Proximal endite of praecoxa small, armed with 2 unequal plumose setae; distal endite small, unarmed. Proximal endite of coxa with 1 short pinnate seta; distal endite highly mobile, bearing 1 completely fused and very stout pinnate seta and 1 small pinnate seta. Basis drawn out into spinulose robust claw and armed with 2 unequal setae; strong seta about as long as claw. Endopod armed with 2 spinulose claws and 3 smooth setae. All strong setae as well as basal claw prehensile. Maxilliped (Fig. 12 e): 2 -segmented, composed of protopod and 1 -segmented endopod. Protopod 3.2 times as long as wide and armed with 2 strong spiniform setae and 1 smooth normal seta; unornamented. Endopod half as long as protopod, armed with 2 strong bipinnate setae and 2 smooth setae and 1 bipinnate strong, claw-like apical seta; apical seta longest, 1.7 times as long as segment and fused at base; unornamented. Legs 1���4 (Fig. 13 a���d): with 3 -segmented exopod and endopod. Praecoxae of all legs short, unornamented. Coxa ornamented with 1 row of spinules at outer distal margin. Basis slightly larger than coxa, ornamented with 1 row of spinules on distal margin between exopod and endopod and another row at inner distal corner. Inner coxal spine and outer basipodal seta present on all legs; leg 1 basis alone with moderately strong inner spine. Endopod nearly as long as exopod on legs 1���4. Third exopodal segment spine formula: 3.4. 4.3, and setal formula: 5.5. 5.4. Intercoxal plate with 2 small, rounded prominences ornamented with 3 rows of fine spinules. Spine and setal formulae (legend: same as that of Paracyclopina orientalis): Coxa Basis Exopod Endopod 1 2 3 1 2 3 Leg 1 1 -0 I- 1 1 -I 1 -I 4, 1+I, II 1 -0 1 -0 2, 1+I, I Leg 2 1 -0 0-1 1 -I 1 -I 4, 1+I, III 1 -0 1 -0 2, 1+I, II Leg 3 1 -0 0-1 1 -I 1 -I 4, 1+I, III 1 -0 1 -0 2, 1+I, II Leg 4 1 -0 0-1 1 -I 1 -I 3, 1+I, II 1 -0 1 -0 II, II, I Leg 5 (Figs. 9 a, b, 10 b, c): basis and endopod completely fused to somite; outer basal plumose seta inserted on basal protuberance, which is 1.2 times as long as wide. Exopod about 1.3 times as long as wide; ornamented with 1 row of small spinules along outer margin; armature consisting of 3 strong spines and 1 apical plumose seta; inner spine 0.4 times as long as segment, slightly longer than outer apical spine and proximal outer spine; apical seta 1.5 times as long as segment and about as long as basal seta. Leg 6 (Figs. 9 a, 10 e): trapezoidal plate, armed with 2 almost equal, smooth dentate spines and 1 smooth and slender spiniform seta, which is slightly longer than spines. Description of adult male. Total body length, excluding caudal setae, 392 ��m. Habitus (Fig. 14 a) somewhat slenderer than female. Prosome/urosome ratio 1.7, greatest width (139 ��m) at posterior end of cephalothorax. Body length/width ratio 2.6. Cephalothorax 37 % of total body length; anterior one-fifth narrow; postero-lateral corners not produced. Hyaline fringes of all somites well developed with denticulate margin. Fifth pedigerous somite with oblique outer margin. Genital somite (Figs. 14 a, b, 15 a, b) 1.3 times as wide as long in dorsal view. Third urosomite ornamented with 1 pore mid-ventrally (Fig. 15 b) and 1 large latero-ventral integumental window on either side (Figs. 14 b, 15 b); fourth urosomite ornamented with 2 latero-ventral pores (Fig. 15 b). Preanal somite, anal somite, and anal operculum similar to female. Caudal rami (Figs. 14 a, b, 15 a, b) almost similar to female, 1.4 times as long as anal somite; each ramus 1.7 times as long as maximum width; armature and ornamentation almost as in female. Antennule (Fig. 16): 12 -segmented, digeniculate, geniculation between segments 5 and 6 and 11 and 12. First segment with 1 short row of spinules at base. Setal formula: 11 + 2 aes. 2.5 +aes.0.0.1aes. 1.2 +aes. 1 +aes. 2 +aes. 1.10 + 3 aes., all aesthetascs smooth and simple; segments 8���11 each with 1 small, modified unipinnate seta; segments 1, 2, 3, 12 with 4, 2, 1 and 6 long bipinnate setae respectively; all other setae smooth. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis 1.0: 0.2: 0.3: 0.2: 0.3: 0.3: 0.4: 0.2: 0.3: 0.3: 0.7: 1.3. Labrum (Fig. 15 c): anterior edge with about 20 small and equal teeth between triangular lateral projections; ornamented with 6 elongate hair-like spinules on dorsal surface and transverse row of 6 large spinules on ventral surface. Other cephalic appendages and legs 1���5 as in female. Leg 6 (Figs. 14 b, 15 b): distinct, large plate, armed with 3 unequal armature elements. Etymology. The new species is named in honour of Dr. P. Mart��nez Arbizu for his significant contributions to the systematics of copepods; the specific epithet is a noun in the genitive singular. Gender masculine. Remarks. The genus Halicyclops Norman, 1903 is highly speciose and cosmopolitan in distribution. The World Copepoda database on the genus Halicyclops (Boxshall 2011) contains a list of 76 species and 13 subspecies, which are apparently valid (���direct child species���). Karanovic (2006) divided the genus into two subgenera: Rochacyclops Karanovic, 2006, and Halicyclops s. str. Now, the former includes two species from Australia, and one each from Belize, Mexico, and Malaysia, whereas all other taxa belong to Halicyclops s. str. In India, only six species are so far known, and all of them belong to Halicyclops s. str. The Indian species and their distribution records are as follows: Halicyclops (Halicyclops) tenuispina Sewell, 1924, from Lake Chilka, Odisha State; Halicyclops (Halicyclops) spinifer Kiefer, 1935, from Lake Kolleru, Andhra Pradesh state; Halicyclops (Halicyclops) canui Lindberg, 1941, from a swamp at Bandra, West Mumbai (erstwhile Bombay); Halicyclops (Halicyclops) electus Lindberg, 1943, from Mahim, Mumbai; Halicyclops (Halicyclops) konkanensis Lindberg, 1949, from Konkan, west coast; Halicyclops (Halicyclops) pilifer Lindberg, 1949 from Thane, west coast near Mumbai; and Halicyclops (Halicyclops) martinezi n. sp. from the River Godavari, Andhra Pradesh. Halicyclops (Halicyclops) has eight groups (Group A���H) based on the spine formula of the third exopodal segment of legs 1���4 (see Pesce 2013). In India, as of now, groups A, B and F exist, and they are characterised by the spine formula 4.4. 4.3, 3.4. 4.3, and 2.3. 3.3, respectively. The position of the lone species of group A, i.e. H. (H.) tenuispina is doubtful because, Sewell (1924: 797, Pl. 47, Fig. 3) reported its spine formula as 4.4. 4.3, but the figure of leg 4 exopod has four outer spines. Halicyclops (H.) martinezi n. sp. belongs to the species Group B by possessing, inter alia, the following combination of characters: the spine and setal formulae of the third exopodal segment of legs 1���4 are 3.4. 4.3 and 5.5. 5.4, respectively; the female genital double-somite is devoid of any protuberance on either side; all the five armature elements of the third endopodal segment of leg 4 are transformed into spiniform structures; the hyaline fringes on all somites denticulate; pseudo-operculum (hyaline fringe of penultimate segment) extending up to 2 / 3 of anal somite and bifurcate distally; leg 5 has three spines and one seta in both sexes; its exopod is 1.3 times as long as wide, and ornamented with one row of small spinules along outer margin; the inner apical spine is about half as long as its segment, slightly longer than the outer apical spine and about as long as the proximal outer spine; the apical seta 1.5 times as long as segment and about as long as the basal seta; the caudal ramus 1.9 times as long as maximum width and has no tube near the cuticular protuberance of the dorsal seta. The Group B is a rather complex group, comprising most of the known species and subspecies of Halicyclops, which are distributed almost throughout the world (Pesce 2013). H. (H.) martinezi n. sp. stands out in the Group B by the inner spine of leg 5 in both sexes being slightly longer than other elements except seta, and the fourth antennular segment in the female about twice as long as wide. It can be easily distinguished from all the Indian congeners by the protruding pseudo-operculum on the preanal somite and the presence of a single seta on the second endopodal segment of legs 1���4., Published as part of Totakura, Venkateswara Rao & Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, 2015, Groundwater cyclopoid copepods of peninsular India, with description of eight new species, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3945 (1) on pages 19-30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3945.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/288235, {"references":["Boxshall, G. A. (2011). Halicyclops Norman, 1903. In: Walter, T. C. & Boxshall, G. A. (Ed.), World of Copepods database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = taxdetails & id = 106433 (accessed 30 August 2011)","Karanovic, T. (2006) Subterranean copepods (Crustacea, Copepoda) from the Pilbara region in Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, 70, 1 - 230.","Sewell, R. B. S. (1924) Fauna of the Chilka Lake. Crustacea, Copepoda. Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 5, 771 - 851.","Kiefer, F. (1935) Zur Kenntnis der Halicyclopiden (Crustacea Copepoda). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 100, 10 - 13.","Lindberg, K. (1941) Cyclopoides nouveaux du continent Indo-Iranien. I. Records of the Indian Museum, 43, 87 - 95.","Pesce, G. L. (2013) Cyclopoida, Halicyclopinae Kiefer, 1927, Halicyclops A. M. Norman, 1903. Available from: http: // www. luciopesce. net / copepods / halicyc. htm (accessed 22 January 2015)"]}

Paracyclopina orientalis (Lindberg, 1941) (Figs. 2���8) Synonymy. Cyclopetta orientalis Lindberg, 1941 (female): 87���88, Fig. 1 a���h; Lindberg, 1946 (male) (no Fig.): 84-85; Dussart & Defaye, 2001: 114, 230, Fig. L 84; Dussart & Defaye, 2006: 9. Paracyclopina orientalis ( Lindberg, 1941): Boxshall & Jaume, 2012: 44. Material examined. Female (MNHN-IU- 2013-11848) and 1 male (MNHN-IU- 2013-11849), dissected on 3 slides each; 1 female and 1 male (MNHN-IU- 2013-11850), whole-mounted on 1 slide each; 1 female, 1 male and 1 female juvenile (fifth copepodid stage), dissected on 3 slides each, in senior author���s personal collection; River Godavari at Angara village (water temperature 23 ��C; pH 7.5; 16 o 45 ��� 19.3 ���N, 81 o 54 ���07.6���E; elevation 34 m) in East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, South India. 24 January 2008; Coll. V. R. Totakura. Redescription of adult female. Total body length, measured from base of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (excluding caudal setae), 398���462 ��m (n = 3). Naupliar eye absent. Body (Fig. 2 a) cyclopiform, robust, somewhat compressed dorso-ventrally, and prosome-urosome boundary well demarcated at podoplean position. Prosome/urosome ratio 1.2 and greatest body width at posterior end of cephalothorax. Body length/width ratio 2.7. Prosome comprising cephalothorax and 4 pedigerous somites. Cephalothorax 2.2 times as wide as genital double-somite and not produced postero-laterally. Rostral projection (Fig. 4 a) broadly triangular and furnished with 2 ventral sensilla. Free pedigerous somites with straight postero-lateral corners, but fourth pedigerous somite with rounded lateral margins. Pseudosomite between prosome and urosome short. Fifth pedigerous somite slightly wider than genital double-somite and with oblique lateral margins (Fig. 2 a). Cephalothorax (Fig. 2 a) 0.7 times as long as its greatest width, about 25 % of total body length; ornamented with several small sensilla, as illustrated; hyaline fringe moderately developed dorsally and smooth. First pedigerous somite free but partly concealed by posterior extension of dorsal cephalic shield. Free pedigerous somites 1���4 with narrow and smooth hyaline fringe each mid-dorsally (not on later margins) and ornamented with sensilla on dorsal surface, as illustrated. Hyaline fringe on fifth pedigerous somite smooth dorsally and ventrally and ornamented with 4 sensilla. Genital doublesomite subcylindrical in dorsal (Figs. 2 a, 3 a) and ventral views (Figs. 2 b, 3 b), proximally dilated, 1.2 times as long as wide and with a small indentation on either side at about midlength (details of genital apparatus could not be depicted because of unexpected difficulties with slide preparation). Hyaline fringe of genital double-somite and next 2 urosomites with finely serrulate margin both dorsally and ventrally (Fig. 3 a, b). Anal somite (Figs. 2 a, 3 a, b) ornamented with row of dorsal and ventral spinules on distal margin, about as long as wide. Anal operculum (Fig. 2 a) moderately developed, close to anterior margin of anal somite, smooth, 53 % of somite���s width, ornamented with 2 moderately long sensilla at base of anal operculum. Anal sinus widely open, unornamented. Caudal rami (Figs. 2 a, 3 a, b) parallel and close to each other and about as long as anal somite; each ramus 2.6 times as long as maximum width, ornamented with a ventral row of spinules on distal margin (Fig. 3 b) and armed with 6 setae; dorsal seta 0.4 times as long as principal outer apical seta, inserted at distal fifth of ramus length and uniarticulate at base; lateral seta slender, moderately strong, arising from about midlength of outer margin of ramus and about as long as ramus; outermost apical seta about as long as ramus, slightly shorter than innermost seta and inserted on small projection. Principal apical setae with breaking planes. Inner seta 1.6 times as long as outer seta, and 5.5 times as long as caudal ramus. Innermost apical seta slightly longer than caudal rami. All caudal setae plumose. Antennule (Fig. 4 b): 17 -segmented, extending up to 4 / 5 of cephalothorax, ornamented with row of spinules proximally on first segment. Setal formula: 3.5.9.2.2.4+aes.2.1.0.1.1.2.1+aes.2.1.3.7+aes. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis 1.0: 1.0: 1.4: 0.2: 0.2: 0.9: 0.9: 0.4: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 0.5: 0.7: 0.5: 0.6: 0.9. Probable segmental homology: segment 1 (I���II) double, segment 2 (III���V) compound, segment 3 (VI���IX) compound, segment 4 (X) free, segment 5 (XI) free, segment 6 (XII���XIV) compound, segment 7 (XV���XVI) compound, segments 8 (XVII) ��� 16 (XXV) all free, and apical segment 17 (XXVI���XXVII) compound. Antenna (Fig. 4 d): 4 -segmented, consisting of coxobasis and 3 -segmented endopod. Setal formula of endopod: 1.5. 7. Coxobasis 1.8 times as long as wide, armed with 1 short, smooth seta and 1 elongate, bipinnate seta at outer distal corner (perhaps representing exopod), the latter seta 3.1 times as long as the former, and 1 plumose seta at inner distal corner, and ornamented with 1 row of spinules on proximo-ventral surface, 2 rows of spinules on outer margin. First endopodal segment 1.9 times as long as wide, armed with 1 plumose seta at about mid-inner margin, and unornamented. Second endopodal segment shortest, 1.5 times as long as maximum width, armed with 5 unequal setae, as illustrated, and ornamented with 1 row of spinules along outer margin. Third endopodal segment 2.2 times as long as wide, armed with 7 unequal setae and ornamented with 2 rows of spinules on outer margin. Labrum (Fig. 4 e): subtriangular, with smooth free margin; ornamentation not discernible on ventral surface. Mandible (Fig. 5 a): coxa 2.1 times as long as wide, with well developed gnathobase having 1 large innermost tooth (on dorsal surface), 3 bifurcate and 4 pointed teeth in a group and moderately long outermost, unipinnate seta on ventral surface. Palp consisting of large basis, 2.2 times as long as wide and 1.9 times as long as exopod, armed with 1 plumose seta on subdistal inner margin and ornamented with 1 row of spinules on mid-outer margin. Exopod 4 -segmented, proximal 3 segments with 1 seta each at inner distal corner, and distal segment with 2 apical setae. Endopod 2 -segmented, 0.7 times as long as exopod; proximal segment with 2 apical setae and 1 subapical seta; ornamented with long hairs on inner margin; distal segment with 6 unequal simple setae. Maxillule (Fig. 5 b): biramous, composed of praecoxa and palp. Praecoxal arthrite bearing 4 very strong distal claws and 5 medial elements on ventral side (proximalmost spine longest and pinnate) and 1 distally plumose seta arising from coxal endite. Palp composed of coxobasis, exopod and endopod. Coxobasis subcylindrical, 2.4 times as long as wide, armed with 5 setae (4 simple and 1 stout, pinnate). Exopod 1 -segmented, 1.8 times as long as wide, bearing 4 smooth, apical setae. Endopod 1 -segmented, 0.9 times as long as exopod, with 2 setae on inner margin, and 5 apical, simple setae; both rami proximally directed. Maxilla (Fig. 5 c): 6 -segmented, consisting of praecoxa, coxa, basis and 3 -segmented endopod. Praecoxa well developed, 1.2 times longer than coxa, proximal endite of praecoxa small, armed with 2 bipinnate setae and 1 smooth long seta; distal endite small, with only 1 bipinnate seta. Proximal endite of coxa with 3 bipinnate setae; distal endite elongate, expanded distally and armed with 3 apical, bipinnate setae. Basis drawn out into robust, prehensile claw with serrulate inner margin and armed with 1 small simple seta at base and 1 strong bipinnate seta. Endopod 3 -segmented; proximal segment armed with 4 robust, bipinnate setae; second segment with 2 bipinnate setae; distal segment smallest, with 1 unipinnate apical claw and 2 slender and smooth subapical setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 5 d): 3 -segmented, composed of syncoxa (suture between praecoxa and coxa incomplete), basis and 1 -segmented endopod. Syncoxa with 4 endites, with 1, 1, 2, and 2 setae, respectively. Basis armed with 1 smooth seta and 1 pinnate seta. Endopod 1 -segmented, 1.2 times as long as wide, with 2 subapical and 3 apical, unequal setae. Legs 1���4 (Fig. 6 a���d): with 3 -segmented exopod and endopod; leg 1 relatively short. Hairs present on outer margin of coxa, inner margin of basis and along outer margins of exopod and endopod of all legs, as illustrated. Both rami equal in length on leg 1, but endopod slightly shorter than exopod on legs 2���4. Third exopodal segment spine formula of legs 1���4: 4.4.4.3; setal formula: 4.5. 5.5. Intercoxal plate small and unornamented on leg 1 (Fig. 2 c), but large and with 2 transverse rows of spinules (distal row slightly interrupted at middle on leg 2) in anterior view (Fig. 2 e); no ornamentation discernible in posterior view of legs 2���4 (leg 2, Fig. 2 d). All legs with inner distal seta on coxa and outer seta on basis; leg 1 basis with pinnate spine on inner distal margin. Spine and setal formulae as follows (legend: the spines and setae are denoted by Roman and Arabic numerals, respectively; the element or elements on inner margin of any segment are given first, separated by a hyphen from the outer margin element or elements; the armature of the terminal segment of each ramus has three parts separated by commas and are give in the sequence: inner margin, distal margin, and outer margin): Coxa Basis Exopod Endopod 1 2 3 1 2 3 Leg 1 1 -0 I- 1 1 -I 1 -I 3, 1+I, III 1 -0 1 -0 3, 2, 1 Leg 2 1 -0 0-1 1 -I 1 -I 4, 1+I, III 1 -0 2 -0 3, 2, 1 Leg 3 1 -0 0-1 1 -I 1 -I 4, 1+I, III 1 -0 2 -0 3, 2, 1 Leg 4 1 -0 0-1 1 -I 1 -I 4, 1+I, II 1 -0 2 -0 2, 2, 1 Leg 5 (Figs. 2 a, 3 a���b): baseoendopod fused to the somite and exopod distinct at base. Baseoendopod armed with outer plumose seta, inserted on elongate basal protuberance and ornamented with 1 row of fine ventral spinules at base of exopod. Exopod about twice as long as wide; armature consisting of 3 strong but unequal spines and 1 apical plumose seta; inner apical spine 0.3 times as long as segment and 1.8 times as long as outer apical spine; outer apical spine 1.3 times as long as proximalmost spine; apical plumose seta 1.4 times as long as segment. Ornamentation as illustrated. Leg 6 (Figs. 2 a, 3 a): located dorso-laterally on genital double-somite on a small proximal hump, and as a small plate bearing 2 tiny spinules. (* = incomplete description and/or figures;? = no details available; no. = number) Redescription of adult male. Total body length, excluding caudal setae, 412 ��m. Habitus (Fig. 7 a) slenderer than that of female. Prosome/urosome ratio 1.3, greatest width (148 ��m) at middle of cephalothorax. Body length/ width ratio 3.1. Rostral expansion moderately developed. Cephalothorax 2.3 times as wide as genital somite and representing 31.4 % of total body length. Free pedigers 1���3 with almost straight lateral margins, but fourth one with rounded lateral corners. Hyaline fringes of cephalothorax and pedigers 1���3 smooth, slightly produced mid-dorsally and fourth pediger with very narrow hyaline frill, not clearly discernible. Fifth pedigerous somite expanded distally and 0.8 times as wide as genital somite. Pseudosomite between prosome and urosome narrow. Genital somite bulbous, about 0.7 times as long as wide; ornamented with 2 sensilla posteriorly (Fig. 7 a). Anal somite as in female. Spermatophore (Fig. 8 a, b) oval, 1.4 times as long as wide. Caudal rami (Fig. 8 a, b) 2.4 times as long as maximum width. Armature and ornamentation almost as in female. Antennule (Fig. 7 b, c): 17 -segmented, digeniculate, geniculation between segments 10 and 11, and 14 and 15. Setal formula: 4.2.5.1.1.3.3.0.2.1.0.3.0.1.0.2.5+ 2 aes. Segments 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 14 and 15 with 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2 and 2 long bipinnate setae, respectively. First segment ornamented with row of spinules at base; 11 th segment plate-like, protruded dorsally (Fig. 7 c). Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis 1.0: 0.6: 0.3: 0.4: 0.2: 0.2: 0.3: 0.5: 0.7: 0.2: 0.4: 0.8: 0.5: 0.3: 0.8: 1.1: 1.2. Other cephalic appendages and legs 1���5 as in female. Leg 6 (Fig. 8 a, b): cuticular plate, fused to somite at base and armed with 2 unequal, plumose setae and 1 acute spinous process; outer seta 1.3 times as long as inner one. Ecology and distribution. As already pointed out, Paracyclopina is an Indo-Pacific genus. The ecological and geographic distribution of its hitherto known species is as follows: P. nana Smirnov, 1935: brackish water species and known from Vladivostok, Russia (Smirnov 1935); Japan, South Korea, and China (Tai & Chen 1979; Ueda et al. 2001; Chang 2009). P. orientalis (Lindberg, 1941): brackish water Indian species so far reported from Puducherry (erstwhile Pondicherry), Mahim, Angara (Lindberg 1941, 1946). P. intermedia (Sewell, 1924): brackish water Lake Chilka (Sewell 1924) and from both brackish and freshwater conditions of Lake Kolleru (Ranga Reddy & Radhakrishna 1984), both in India. P. longifurca (Sewell, 1924): same as at P. intermedia. P. minuta (Sewell, 1934): freshwater conditions of the River Hughli, Calcuttta (now Kolkata), India (Sewell 1934). P. sacklerae Boxshall & Jaume, 2012: anchialine and brackish habitat on the coast of Muna Island, Indonesia (Boxshall & Jaume 2012). Lindberg (1941) described the females of Paracyclopina orientalis taken from shallow salty waters near the coast of Puducherry and from a lagoon at Oupalom on the southeast coast India. The males of this species were subsequently collected by Lindberg (1946) from a northwestern costal locality at Mahim in Mumbai (erstwhile Bombay). This shows that the species is distributed along both the southeast and northwest costal places adjacent to the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea, respectively. Unfortunately, Lindberg (1941) did not specify whether this species is interstitial or benthic. In the present study, it was collected in brackish interstitial conditions of pits dug out on the sandy bank of the River Godavari, following Karaman & Chappuis method (Chappuis, 1942). Given the fact that all its congeners occur near the bottom, it is difficult to clearly establish whether this is a truly interstitial or epibenthic form. Circumstantial evidence, however, shows that this species is most probably hyporheic because it was accompanied by typically interstitial taxa such as Parvulobathynella distincta Ranga Reddy, Elia & Totakura, 2011, a bathynellacean, Parastenocaris curvispinus Enckell, 1970, a harpacticoid copepod, and other unidentified cyclopoid and harpacticoid copepods. Remarks. Paracyclopina was originally established by Smirnov (1935) for the type and only species, Paracyclopina nana Smirnov, 1935. Smirnov (1935) commented on the affinities between P. nana and the two Indian species, viz. Cyclopina intermedia Sewell, 1924 and Cyclopina longifurca Sewell, 1924. Subsequently, Lang (1946) transferred the latter two species and also another Indian species, Cyclopina minuta Sewell, 1934, to the genus Paracyclopina. The validity of these species was confirmed by Lindberg (1952), who also provided a short generic diagnosis, which has been used till date. Ranga Reddy & Radhakrishna (1984) redescribed Paracyclopina intermedia (Sewell, 1924) and Paracyclopina longifurca (Sewell, 1924) based on the material collected from both brackish and freshwater conditions of Lake Kolleru. Mart��nez Arbizu (2000 a) reexamined some of these species and confirmed the validity of the genus. According to World Copepoda database on the genus Paracyclopina (Boxshall 2011), three species (the Russian Paracyclopina pacifica Smirnov, 1935, the Indian Paracyclopina orientalis (Lindberg, 1941), and the Indonesian Paracyclopina sacklerae Boxshall & Jaume, 2012) in addition to the above-mentioned species are also listed as valid, thus bringing the species tally to seven. However, Boxshall & Jaume (2012) did not recognize P. pacifica as a member of Paracyclopina, and provided an identification key only for the remaining six species. Mart��nez Arbizu (2000 a, b, 2001 a, b) split the family Cyclopinidae Sars, 1913 into four families: Cyclopettidae Mart��nez Arbizu, 2000 a, Giselinidae Mart��nez Arbizu, 2000 b, Hemicyclopinidae Mart��nez Arbizu, 2001 a, and Psammocyclopinidae Mart��nez Arbizu, 2001 b. Subsequently, Mart��nez Arbizu (2006) also added another family Schminkepinellidae Mart��nez Arbizu, 2006, thus the total number of cyclopinid families going up to seven. However, according to Karanovic (2008), the characters considered by Mart��nez Arbizu for establishing these new cyclopinid families are ���unreliable���. Similarly, Boxshall & Jaume (2012) also expressed doubt about the validity of the families because ���no comprehensive parsimony-based test of the validity of the new families derived from the breakup of the Cyclopinidae has yet been carried out���. As for Paracyclopina orientalis (Lindberg, 1941), the original account is rather incomplete in several respects. Hence it is redescribed here based on the present material. The principal morphological characters in which P. orientalis differs from its congeners are given in Table 1. The material under examination closely agrees with the original account of P. orientalis (Lindberg, 1941) except for some minor differences (see below). Surprisingly, this species, as rightly observed by Boxshall & Jaume (2012), has closer affinity with the Indonesian P. sacklerae, than with any of its three Indian congeners, as evident from the strikingly robust terminal spine on the exopod of leg 4 in both sexes and also the presence of three robust spines on the free exopodal segment of the female leg 5. The present study shows that the endopod of maxilliped in P. orientalis is only one-segmented whereas it is two-segmented in P. sacklerae (see Boxshall & Jaume, 2012: 38, Fig. 2 g), and in P. longifurca and P. intermedia (Ranga Reddy & Radhakrishna, 1984: 34, Pl. 6, Fig. 8). The discrepancies in Lindberg���s (1941) account, due most probably to incomplete depiction, are as follows: i) the first exopodal segment of the mandible is without vs. with a seta; ii) the maxillulary endopod has five instead of seven setae; iii) the one-segmented endopod of maxilliped has six vs. five setae; and iv) leg 5 exopodal segment has longer apical seta, but it is rather short in Lindberg���s figure (1941, Fig. 1 f). As already pointed out, Lindberg (1946) provided no figures for the male of P. orientalis. Hence, it is not possible to make a critical comparison of the present material with Lindberg���s (1941) account of the male., Published as part of Totakura, Venkateswara Rao & Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, 2015, Groundwater cyclopoid copepods of peninsular India, with description of eight new species, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3945 (1) on pages 7-18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3945.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/288235, {"references":["Lindberg, K. (1941) Cyclopoides nouveaux du continent Indo-Iranien. I. Records of the Indian Museum, 43, 87 - 95.","Lindberg, K. (1946) Cyclopoides (Crustaces Copepodes) nouveaux et peu connus de l'Inde. Bulletin de la Societe zoologique de France, 71, 84 - 95.","Dussart, B. H. & Defaye, D. (2001) Introduction to Copepoda. 2 nd Edition. Vol. 16. Guides to the Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World, 344 pp.","Dussart, B. H. & Defaye, D. (2006) World Directory of Crustacea Copepoda of Inland Waters II- Cyclopiformes. Backhuys Publishers BV, Leiden, 354 pp.","Boxshall, G. A. & Jaume, D. (2012) Three new species of copepods (Copepoda: Calanoida and Cyclopoida) from anchialine habitats in Indonesia. Zootaxa, 3150, 36 - 58.","Smirnov, S. S. (1935) Zur Systematik der Copepoden-Familie Cyclopinidae G. O. Sars. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 109, 203 - 210.","Tai, A. Y. & Chen, G. X. (1979) Cyclopoida Sars, 1886. In: Chen, C. J. (Ed.), Fauna Sinica, Crustacea, Freshwater Copepoda. Science Press, Peking, pp. 301 - 420.","Ueda, H., Ohtsuka, S., Seike, Y. & Ohtani, S. (2001) Second record of Cyclopina kiraensis, a small, brackish-water cyclopoid copepod, in Japan. Limnology, 2, 49 - 50. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 102010170016","Chang, C. Y. (2009) Inland-water Copepoda. Illustrated Encyclopedia of Fauna & Flora of Korea. Vol. 42. Jeonghaeng-sa, Ministry of Education, Seoul, 687 pp.","Sewell, R. B. S. (1924) Fauna of the Chilka Lake. Crustacea, Copepoda. Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 5, 771 - 851.","Ranga Reddy, Y. & Radhakrishna, Y. (1984) The Calanoid and cyclopoid (Crustacea, Copepoda) of Lake Kolleru, South India. Hydrobiologia, 119, 27 - 48. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00016862","Sewell, R. B. S. (1934) A Study of the Fauna of the Salt Lakes, Calcutta. Records of the Indian Museum, 36, 45 - 121.","Chappuis, P. A. (1942) Eine neue Methode zur Untersuchung der Grundwasserfauna,. Acta Scientifica Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftlichen Universitat Francisco-Josephinae, Koloszvar, 6, 1 - 7.","Ranga Reddy, Y., Bandari, E. & Totakura, V. R. (2011) First Asian record of the genus Parvulobathynella (Malacostraca, Bathynellacea) with description of two new species from southeastern India and amendment of the generic diagnosis. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 31, 485 - 508. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1651 / 10 - 3435.1","Enckell, P. H. (1970) Parastenocarididae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from Ceylon. Arkiv for Zoologi, New Series 2, 22, 545 - 556.","Lang, K. (1946) Einige fur die schwedische Fauna neue marine Cyclopoida Gnathostoma nebst Bemerkungen uber die Systematik der Unterfamilie Cyclopininae. Arkiv for Zoologi, 38, 1 - 15.","Lindberg, K. (1952) Cyclopoides (Crustaces Copepodes) du royaume du Cambodge. B ulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 28, 1 - 16. [Biologie]","Martinez Arbizu, P. (2000 a) A new species of Cyclopetta from the Arctic Laptev Sea (Arctic Ocean), with recognition of Cyclopettidae fam. nov., a new monophylum of free-living Cyclopoida (Copepoda). Bulletin de l'Institut des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique,, 70, 91 - 101. [Biologie]","Boxshall, G. A. (2011). Halicyclops Norman, 1903. In: Walter, T. C. & Boxshall, G. A. (Ed.), World of Copepods database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = taxdetails & id = 106433 (accessed 30 August 2011)","Martinez Arbizu, P. (2000 b) Gieselinidae fam. nov., a new monophyletic group of cyclopoid copepods (Copepoda, Crustacea) from the Atlantic deep sea. Helgoland Marine Research, 54, 190 - 212. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 101520000051","Martinez Arbizu, P. (2001 a) Hemicyclopinidae n. fam., a new monophyletic group of marine cyclopinid Cyclopoida, with description of one new genus and two new species (Crustacea, Copepoda, Cyclopoida). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 81, 37 - 54.","Martinez Arbizu, P. (2001 b) Psammocyclopinidae fam. n., a new monophyletic group of marine Cyclopoida (Copepoda, Crustacea), with description of Psammocyclopina georgei sp. n. from the Magellan Region. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 18, 1325 - 1339. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81752001000400025","Martinez Arbizu, P. (2006) Phylogenetic relationships within Schminkepinellidae fam. n., a new monophyletic group of marine cyclopinids (Cyclopoida: Copepoda), description of two new genera and four new species. Invertebrate Zoology, 3, 185 - 207."]}

Brevicyclops viduus n. g., n. sp. ( Figs. 34���37) Type locality. Farm bore at Araveetikota village (15 o 34.746 ���N, 78 o 55.561 ���E; elevation 263 m) in Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh, South India (Fig. 1). Type material examined. Holotype male, dissected on 3 slides (MNHN. Cp 2395); 3 paratype males wholemounted on 1 slide each (MNHN. Cp 2392���2394); 0 1 April 2006; Coll. Y. Ranga Reddy. Diagnosis. Small cyclopinae, total body length of males 228���300 ��m; body cyclopiform, moderately strong; male genital somite 0.7 times as long as wide; anal operculum bowl-shaped, hardly reaching distal margin of anal somite; caudal rami 1.9 times as long as wide, with greatly reduced principal outer apical seta being shorter than innermost apical seta; antennule 16 -segmented in male; mandibular palp lacking; maxilliped 4 -segmented, setal formula 2.1.1.2; spine formula: 2.3.3.2; legs 1���4 with 2 -segmented rami; setal formula of second exopodal segment of legs 1���4: 5.5.5.4; leg 1 basis without spine; coxal seta present on legs 2 and 3; intercoxal plates of legs 1���4 with rounded small prominences. Leg 5 reduced to 3 setae; leg 6 reduced to 2 distinctly unequal setae. Description of adult male. Total body length, measured from base of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (excluding caudal setae), 240 ��m. Naupliar eye absent. Body (Fig. 34 a) moderately robust, with prosome/ urosome ratio 0.7 and greatest width (102 ��m) at posterior end of cephalothorax. Body length/width ratio 3. Rostral projection (Fig. 36 a) well developed, broadly triangular, furnished with 2 short sensilla. Free pedigerous somites 2���4 with rounded lateral margins. Pseudosomite absent between prosome and urosome. Fifth pedigerous somite as wide as genital somite, and with oblique lateral margins. Cephalothorax (Fig. 34 a) 2.1 times as wide as genital somite, 1.2 times as long as its greatest width and 40.5 % of total body length; not produced postero-laterally. Hyaline fringes of prosomites smooth and narrow. Fifth pedigerous somite with smooth fringe dorsally, ornamented with 2 pairs of sensilla posteriorly. Genital somite 1.4 times as long as wide in dorsal view, about as long as wide in lateral view, ornamented with 2 pairs of sensilla dorsally, hyaline fringe smooth. Anal somite (Figs. 34 a, b, 35 a, b) 0.6 times as long as wide, ornamented with transverse row of latero-ventral spinules on posterior margin at base of caudal ramus (Fig. 34 b) and ornamented with 2 small dorsal sensilla. Anal operculum (Figs. 34 a, 35 b) smooth, moderately developed, 71 % of somite���s width, not reaching posterior margin of somite, distal margin straight. Anal sinus narrow, without apparent ornamentation. Caudal rami (Figs. 34 a, b, 35 a, b) straight and close to each other and 15 % longer than anal somite; each ramus 1.7 times as long as maximum width, with slightly concave outer edge and nearly straight inner edge (Fig. 35 b); ornamented with 1 pore proximo-ventrally (Fig. 35 a), 1 row of tiny spinules at base of outermost apical seta. Dorsal seta inserted at 4 / 5 of ramus length and uniarticulate at base; lateral seta arising from dorsal surface close to outer margin at 3 / 5 of ramus length, and about as long as maximum width of ramus; outermost apical seta spiniform, plumose, 0.7 times as long as ramus, unipinnate, inserted subapically; innermost apical seta much slender and 0.6 times as long as outermost apical seta; principal outer apical setae without breaking planes; outer seta greatly reduced and somewhat shorter than innermost apical seta; inner seta 8.4 times as long as caudal ramus and with heteronomous setulation; all caudal setae plumose. Antennule (Fig. 36 b): 16 -segmented, digeniculate, unornamented. Armature formula as follows: 7 + 3 aes.4.1.3+aes.1.2.1.1.0.3.2.1.1+aes. 1.3.10 +aes. All aesthetascs slender; most setae slender and smooth; short unipinnate setae present on segments 12 and 14. Segments 1, 4, 6, 15 and 16 with 2, 1, 1, 1, and 4 long pinnate setae, respectively. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis 1.0: 0.4: 0.2: 0.2: 0.1: 0.2: 0.3: 0.3: 0.1: 0.3: 0.2: 0.1: 0.2: 0.5: 0.5: 0.8. Antenna (Fig. 36 c): 4 -segmented, consisting of coxobasis and 3 -segmented endopod. Setal formula of endopod: 1.5. 7. Coxobasis 1.9 times as long as wide, armed with 1 seta at inner distal corner; exopodal seta absent. First endopodal segment 1.6 times as long as wide, armed with 1 seta subterminally on inner margin, and ornamented with 1 crescentic row of minute spinules at outer distal corner; second segment 2.2 times as long as maximum width, armed with 5 unequal setae (1 mid-inner margin, 2 subterminal, 2 inner distal corner) and ornamented with 1 row of spinules on outer distal margin. Third segment 2.5 times as long as wide, armed with 7 unequal simple setae and ornamented with 2 rows of spinules on outer margin. Labrum (Fig. 36 d): relatively small, trapezoidal, no ornamentation discernible. Anterior cutting edge almost straight, with tiny, acute, equal teeth between slightly produced lateral corners. Mandible (Fig. 36 e), maxillule (Fig. 36 f), maxilla (Fig. 36 g): same as in type species. Maxilliped (Fig. 36 h): syncoxa 1.8 times as long as wide; other details same as in type species. Legs 1���4 (Fig. 37 a���d): relatively short, with 2 -segmented exopod and endopod. Hairs present on rounded inner margin of basis, and lateral margins of exopod and endopod as illustrated. Endopod nearly equal in length to exopod on legs 1���3, but distinctly shorter on leg 4. Second exopodal segment spine formula: 2.3.3.2; setal formula: 5.5. 5.4. Intercoxal plate with 2 lateral, rounded, unornamented prominences each on all legs. Outer seta on basis short and plumose on all legs. Coxa without seta on legs 1 and 4, but with 1 plumose seta each on legs 2 and 3. Legs 1���4 armature formulae as follows (legend: same as that of Paracyclopina orientalis): Coxa Basis Exopod Endopod 1 2 1 2 Leg 1 0-0 0-1 1 - I 4 + 1 +I+ I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 2 1 -0 0-1 0- I 4, 1+I, II 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 3 1 -0 0-1 0- I 4, 1+I, II 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 4 0-0 0-1 0- I 3, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 5 (Fig. 35 a, c, d): completely fused to somite and represented by 3 plumose setae. Basal seta on small protuberance; 2 other setae representing ancestral distal segment, located on short but somewhat broad prominence; latter 2 setae unequal, plumose and shorter than basal plumose seta. Leg 6 (Fig. 35 a): both legs partly fused medially; each leg large, cuticular plate, with medial septum, and armed with 2 distinctly unequal setae. Etymology. The specific epithet, viduus, is derived from Latin adjective, vidua (= deprived of), alluding to the absence of females in the sample; gender masculine. Female unknown. Ecology. The taxa that co-occurred with the new species included a parabathynellacean (Atopobathynella sp. ) and a bogidiellid amphipod. Remarks. As has already been pointed out, Brevicyclops n. g. is close to the Rybocyclops Dussart, 1982, among the genera containing small cyclopoids. This is obvious from the following characters: cyclopiform body shape; 11 -segemented antennule in female; 2 -segmented exopod and endopod of legs 1���4; and details of maxilla and maxillule. However, Brevicyclops n. g. is distinct from the Rybocyclops in the antennal setal formula being 1.1. 5.7 vs. 1.1.5.6; the spine formula of legs 1���4 either 2.2. 2.2 or 2.3. 3.2 vs. 2.2.2.2; and the principal outer apical caudal seta either extremely short, when present, or absent vs. always long. Clearly, the signal synapomorphy of the new genus is the greatly reduced (B. brevisetosus n. sp. and B. viduus n. sp.) or non-existent (B. asetosus n. sp.) principal outer apical seta on caudal rami. In fact, this character is a completely novel facet to the family Cyclopidae as a whole. Brevicyclops brevisetosus n. sp. and B. asetosus n. sp., while sharing the synapomorphy of the genus, also show identical spine formula of 2.2. 2.2 on second exopodal segment of legs 1���4. However, R. brevisetosus n. sp., R. asetosus n. sp. and R. viduus n. sp. differ from one another in subtle but important features as shown in the Table 3. Leg 5 is represented by only 3 setae, one of which is basal seta and the remaining two setae located on a small protuberance of the somite. This character state is shared by three genera, viz., Rybocyclops Dussart, 1982, Bryocyclops Kiefer, 1927, Palaeocyclops Monchenko, 1972, all of which indeed constitute a distinct lineage within the subfamily Cyclopinae, now called Bryocyclops -group of genera, characterized, inter alia, by 11 -segmented antennule, maxillule with distinct endopod bearing one inner and two or three apical setae and the overall armature details of maxilla, and 2 -segmented exopod and endopod on legs 1���4, with leg 1 and 4 or at least leg 4 without coxal seta. It is noteworthy that the genus Haplocyclops Kiefer, 1952 is also very close to the Bryocyclops -group in almost all the afore-mentioned characters. However, it differs from this group in the following characters: (i) legs 2���4 have one-segmented endopod and legs 3 and 4 with only one-segmented exopod (leg 1 segmentation is same as in Bryocyclops -group); (ii) the posterior location of the genital field on the double-somite of the female; and (iii) proximally located lateral seta on the caudal rami. Put differently, Haplocyclops is undoubtedly advanced over the Bryocyclops -group of genera. According to Karanovic & Ranga Reddy (2005), Haplocyclops (Kiefercyclops) fiersi Karanovic & Ranga Reddy, 2005 is the most reduced species in the whole of the family Cyclopidae., Published as part of Totakura, Venkateswara Rao & Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, 2015, Groundwater cyclopoid copepods of peninsular India, with description of eight new species, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3945 (1) on pages 55-61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3945.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/288235, {"references":["Dussart, B. H. (1982) Crustaces Copepodes des eaux interieures. Faune Madagascar, ORSTOM-CNRS, 58, 1 - 146. [Paris]","Kiefer, F. (1952) Haplocyclops Gudrunae n. g. et n. sp. ein neuer Ruderfuβkrebs (Crustacea Copepoda) aus Madagascar. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 149, 240 - 243.","Karanovic, T. & Ranga Reddy, Y. (2005) First Haplocyclops Kiefer (Crustacea, Copepoda) from Indian subterranean waters: the most reduced free-living cyclopoid. Annales de Limnologie, 41, 83 - 92. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 2005011"]}

Rybocyclops defayeae n. sp. (Figs. 17���22) Type locality. Farm bore (water temperature 27 ��C, pH 7.0) at Neerukonda village (16 o 32 ��� 19.8 ���N, 80 o 39 ��� 17.6 ���E; elevation 30 m) in Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, South India (Fig. 1). Material examined. Holotype female (MNHN-IU- 2013-11859) and allotype male (MNHN-IU- 2013-11860), dissected on 3 slides; 9 paratypes: 1 female, dissected on 3 slides (MNHN-IU- 2013-11861), 2 females (MNHN-IU- 2013-11862 ��� 11863), whole-mounted on 1 slide each, 6 females in alcohol in 1 vial (MNHN-IU- 2013-11864). 12 July 2008, Coll. V. R. Totakura. Diagnosis. Total body length of females 321���347 ��m and of males 316���343 ��m. Body slender; pseudosomite present between fifth pediger and genital double-somite; genital double-somite large; sixth legs located middorsolaterally; anal operculum extending up to somite���s limit, bowl-shaped, with smooth, straight distal margin, representing 65.3 % of anal somite���s width; antennule 11 -segmented in female; the same 15 -segmented in male and digeniculate; mandibular palp absent; maxilliped 4 -segmented, setal formula 2.1. 1.2. Endopod only slightly shorter than exopod on legs 1���3, but distinctly so on leg 4; spine and setal formulae of second exopodal segment 2.2. 2.2, and 5.5. 5.4, respectively; caudal rami cylindrical, parallel, very close to each other and 1.7 times as long as wide; dorsal seta about 2.9 times as long as ramus, inserted at distal fifth of ramus length; lateral seta arising somewhat dorso-laterally at 3 / 5 of ramus length, 0.6 times as long as ramus��� width; outermost seta long as ramus; innermost apical seta small and slender, bipinnate, 0.4 times as long as outermost apical seta; principal apical setae without breaking planes; inner seta about 2.2 times as long as outer seta and 0.3 times as long as body; fifth legs alike in both sexes, represented by 3 reduced setae; sixth leg represented by 2 distinctly reduced spinous structures. Description of adult female. Total body length, measured from tip of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (excluding caudal setae), 338 ��m; habitus (Fig. 17 a) slender, dorso-ventrally compressed; prosome/urosome ratio 1.5; body length/width ratio about 3.4 (dorsal view). Free pedigerous somites 1���4 without particular expansions laterally; fifth pediger slightly producing obliquely. Naupliar eye not visible. Rostrum (Fig. 19 a) well developed, linguiform and furnished with 2 large sensilla. Cephalothorax (Fig. 17 a) almost 1.5 times as wide as genital double-somite, 1.7 times as long as wide; greatest width (108 ��m) at middle of cephalothorax in dorsal view, 35.7 % of total body length. Surface of cephalothoracic shield and pleurotergites of free pedigerous somites with small sensilla (no cuticular pores and pits), as illustrated. Hyaline fringes of prosomites narrow and smooth. Fifth pedigerous somite (Figs. 17 a, 18 a, b) ornamented with 4 small dorsal sensilla; hyaline fringe smooth, narrow and extending dorso-ventrally. Genital double-somite large, 0.9 times as long as wide; ornamented with 4 small dorsal sensilla; hyaline fringe smooth, narrow; median copulatory pore (Fig. 18 b) small, ovoid, situated at the level of sixth legs; copulatory duct not discernible. Seminal receptacle with somewhat large anterior expansion, and small and narrow posterior expansion. Third urosomite slightly longer than fourth one and unornamented; fourth urosomite with 2 dorso-distal pores. Anal somite ornamented with 2 small sensilla dorsally (Fig. 18 a), transverse row of minute spinules along posterior margin latero-ventrally. Anal operculum large, bowl-shaped, extending up to somite���s limit and representing 63.3 % of anal somite���s width, smooth, with almost straight caudal margin. Anal sinus narrow. Caudal rami (Figs. 17 a, 18 a, b) cylindrical, parallel, 1.9 times as long as wide; ornamented with several spinules on distal ventral margin. Dorsal seta about 2.9 times as long as ramus, inserted at 4 / 5 of ramus length, uniarticulate. Lateral seta arising from dorsal surface, close to outer margin at 3 / 5 of ramus length, 0.6 times as long as ramus��� width. Outermost apical seta as long as ramus. Innermost apical seta small and slender, 0.4 times as long as outermost apical seta. Principal apical setae without breaking planes; inner seta 2.3 times as long as outer apical seta and about 0.4 times as long as body. Antennule (Fig. 17 a, b): 11 -segmented, 63.6 % as long as cephalothoracic shield, and ornamented with arched row of spinules proximally on first segment; armature formula as follows: 7.3.6.2.1.2.2.2+aes.2.2.7; segments 1, 3, 7, 8, 9 and 11 with 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, and 3 long bipinnate seta(e), respectively; all other setae smooth. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis 1.0: 0.3: 0.7: 0.3: 0.2: 0.3: 0.4: 0.4: 0.3: 0.4: 0.7. Probable segmental homology 1 (I���V), 2 (VI���VII), 3 (VIII���XI), 4 (XII���XIII), 5 (XIV), 6 (XV���XVI), 7 (XVII���XX), 8 (XXI���XXIII), 9 (XXIV), 10 (XXV), 11 (XXVI���XXVIII). Antenna (Fig. 19 b): 4 -segmented, consisting of coxobasis and 3 -segmented endopod. Coxobasis large, cylindrical, 1.6 times as long as wide, armed with 1 smooth seta at inner distal corner. Exopodal seta absent. First endopodal segment 1.3 times as long as wide, armed with 1 smooth seta on inner margin and ornamented with 1 row of spinules on outer margin. Second endopodal segment about 1.7 times as long as wide, with narrow concave sclerotized proximal outer corner, armed with 5 setae (2 at inner distal corner, 3 on inner subdistal margin), and ornamented with 1 row of spinules on outer subdistal margin. Third endopodal segment cylindrical, 2.1 times as long as wide, ornamented with 2 oblique rows of spinules near outer margin and armed with 6 smooth apical setae. Labrum (Fig. 19 c): trapezoidal, free margin nearly straight, with 16 small, equal teeth between slightly produced triangular corners and ornamented with some hair-like spinules. Mandible (Fig. 19 d): coxal gnathobase roughly divided into 3 groups of teeth; inner group of 3 large unequal teeth, innermost one being relatively large; middle group of 7 equal, small teeth and 1 subdistal spinular row; and 1 pinnate outermost seta on ventral surface. Palp completely absent. Paragnath (Fig. 19 e): conical and with serrulate lateral margins. Maxillule (Fig. 19 f): composed of praecoxa and 2 -segmented palp. Praecoxal arthrite bearing 3 very strong, claw-like spinous processes and 1 stout pinnate seta and 6 medial elements (proximalmost one longest and pinnate). Palp composed of coxobasis and endopod. Coxobasis with smooth proximal (exopodal) seta and 3 medial setae (2 smooth and slender, 1 strong, pinnate and claw-like). Endopod with 2 equal, apical setae and 1 subapical seta. Maxilla (Fig. 19 g): 4 -segmented; praecoxa fused to coxa. Proximal endite of praecoxa robust, armed with 2 pinnate setae; distal endite small, unarmed. Proximal endite of coxa with 1 plumose seta; distal endite fused at base, elongate and armed apically with 2 equal pinnate setae. Basis expanded into robust claw, which is ornamented with 2 longitudinal rows of spinules along inner margin, and armed with 2 dissimilar setae; strong seta longer than claw, finely serrulate on inner margin, and short seta occurring at base of claw. Endopod 2 -segmented; proximal segment robust, armed with 2 unequal unipinnate setae; distal segment with 1 robust, unipinnate apical seta and 2 slender and smooth subapical setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 19 h): 4 -segmented, composed of syncoxa, basis and 2 -segmented endopod. All segments distally expanded. Each of first 3 segments ornamented with 1 row each of very minute spinules on outer distal margin. Armature formula: 2.1. 1.2. Apical setae on fourth segment prehensile. All setae bipinnate. Swimming legs 1���4 (Fig. 20 a���d): relatively short, with 2 -segmented exopod and endopod. Endopod only slightly shorter than exopod on legs 1���3, but distinctly so on leg 4. Armature formulae of legs 1���4 (legend: same as that of Paracyclopina orientalis): Coxa Basis Exopod Endopod 1 2 1 2 Leg 1 0-0 0-1 0- I 4, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 2 1 -0 0-1 0- I 4, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 3 1 -0 0-1 0- I 4, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 4 0-0 0-1 0- I 3, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Spine and setal formulae of second exopodal segment 2.2. 2.2, and 5.5. 5.4, respectively. All setae on exopod and endopod slender and plumose. Intercoxal sclerite of all legs with concave distal margin and without any ornamentation. Praecoxae on all legs short, smooth and narrow. Coxae on all legs unornamented. Basis with round inner distal corner, ornamented with long hairs. Inner spine on basis of first leg absent. Second endopodal segment of leg 4 about 1.2 times as long as wide; apical spine 0.8 times as long as segment and about half as long as apical seta. Fifth leg (Fig. 18 a���c): completely fused to somite and represented by 3 setae; basal plumose seta on small protuberance; 2 other setae representing ancestral distal segment and occurring on short but somewhat broad prominence; the latter 2 setae unequal, smooth and shorter than basal seta. Sixth leg (Fig. 19 i): small cuticular plate distinct at base, armed with 2 small spiniform elements. Description of adult male. Total body length 318 ��m. Habitus (Fig. 21 a) slender, prosome/urosome ratio about 1.5 and greatest width (91 ��m) at posterior end of cephalothorax. Body length/width ratio 3.6; cephalothorax about 1.7 times as wide as genital somite, and 1.2 times as long as wide (dorsal view), representing 35.2 % of total body length. Hyaline fringe of fifth pedigerous somite smooth, both dorsally and ventrally; somite ornamented with 4 dorsal sensilla, as in female. Genital somite almost 1.5 times as wide as long, with smooth hyaline fringe dorsally; ornamented with 4 dorsal sensilla; 2 relatively large, ovoid spermatophores visible from inside. Third urosomite larger than either of next 2 somites, ornamented with 1 mid-ventral pore; next 2 urosomites ornamented only with smooth, narrow hyaline fringes. Anal somite ornamented with 2 tiny dorsal sensilla and transverse row of spinules along caudal margin ventro-laterally. Anal operculum same as in female. Antennule (Fig. 21 b): 15 -segmented, digeniculate, geniculation between segments 8 and 9, and 13 and 14; ornamented with 1 row of spinules only on segment 1. Armature formula as follows: 8.1. 1.1. 0.3. 0.1. 0.1. 1.1. 1.1. 8. Short unipinnate seta present on segment 12; segments 1, 4, 6, 10, and 15 with 1, 1, 1, 1, and 4 long pinnate seta(e), respectively. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis 1.0: 0.3: 0.3: 0.2: 0.3: 0.2: 0.3: 0.6: 0.1: 0.2: 0.3: 0.2: 1.0: 0.7: 0.9. Antenna, labrum, mandible, maxillule, maxilla, maxilliped, legs 1���5, and caudal rami similar to those of female. Leg 6 (Fig. 22 b): almost held laterally, large cuticular plate, slightly fused at base, armed with 2 smooth, equal setae at outer distal corner. Etymology. The new species is named in honour of Dr. D. Defaye, a well-known copepodologist in the world. The name is a noun in the genitive singular. Gender feminine. Variation. In some specimens, proximal seta of leg 5 shorter than distal one (not figured). Ecology. Rybocyclops defayeae n. sp. was accompanied by Nitocrella sp. and Paracyclops sp., and was found in the phreatic zone just like its sole Indian congener, Rybocyclopos dussarti Ranga Reddy & Defaye, 2008. Remarks. Ranga Reddy & Defaye (2008) reviewed the background of the genus Rybocyclops Dussart, 1982, discussed its affinities with the closely allied genera, and also amended its original diagnosis, as given by Dussart & Defaye (2001). Presently, this genus is known only by two species in the world, viz. the Madagascan Rybocyclops pauliani (Lindberg, 1954) (type species), and the Indian Rybocyclops dussarti Ranga Reddy & Defaye, 2008. The morphology of the former is still fragmentarily known. Rybocyclops defayeae n. sp. fulfills almost all the criteria, as given in the amended generic diagnosis, and is rather closely related to R. dussarti by possessing the following salient features in the females: antennule 11 - segmented, segment 5 having a modified conical seta; genital-double somite dilated proximally; dorsal caudal seta as long as or slightly longer than principal outer apical caudal seta; spine and setal formulae: 2.2. 2.2 and 5.5.5.4; endopod of leg 4 shorter than exopod; coxal spine present only on legs 2 and 3; intercoxal plate without any ornamentation; and male leg 6 armed with two short setae. Rybocyclops defayeae n. sp., however, is distinctly different from R. dussarti in that leg 4 endopod shows no sexual dimorphism, the setal armature being the same in both sexes. On the other hand, in R. dussarti, the second endopodal segment of the male leg 4 has one inner seta, which is absent in the female. R. defayeae n. sp. differs from R. dussarti in some other respects as well: body harpacticoidal vs. cyclopiform; caudal ramus length/width ratio 1.7 vs. 2.0; setal formula of the female antennule 4.3.6.2.1.2.2.2+aes.2.2.7 vs. 7.2.5.2.1.2.2.2+aes.2.2.7+aes (presently depicted version); anal operculum short vs. long; 15 male antennular segments vs. 16; rostrum elongate, linguiform vs. short, subtriangular; and female leg 6 dorso-lateral vs. completely dorsal. The new species together with R. pauliani and R. dussarti forms a rather close-knit, Gondwanan, monophyletic lineage. The principal morphological differences between these species are as in Table 2., Published as part of Totakura, Venkateswara Rao & Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, 2015, Groundwater cyclopoid copepods of peninsular India, with description of eight new species, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3945 (1) on pages 30-33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3945.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/288235, {"references":["Dussart, B. H. (1982) Crustaces Copepodes des eaux interieures. Faune Madagascar, ORSTOM-CNRS, 58, 1 - 146. [Paris]","Dussart, B. H. & Defaye, D. (2001) Introduction to Copepoda. 2 nd Edition. Vol. 16. Guides to the Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World, 344 pp.","Lindberg, K. (1954) Neue Cyclopoida Gnathostoma (Crust. Cop.) aus Madagaskar. Zoologischer Anzeische r, 153, 308 - 313."]}

Brevicyclops brevisetosus n. g., n. sp. (Figs. 24���29) Type locality. Farm bore (water temperature 28 ��C, pH 7.0) at Kunchanapalli village (16 �� 23 ��� 42.1 ���N, 80 �� 32 ��� 28.2 ���E, elevation 26 m) in Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, South India (Fig. 1). Type material examined. Holotype male (MNHN-IU- 2013-11865) and allotype female (MNHN-IU- 2013- 11866), dissected on 3 slides; 3 paratypes: 1 male, dissected on 3 slides (MNHN-IU- 2013-11867), 1 male, wholemounted on 1 slide, and 1 male in alcohol in senior author���s personal collection; 0 4 January 2010; Coll. V. R. Totakura. Diagnosis. Small cyclopinae; total body length of females 352 ��m; of males 348���361 ��m. Body robust. Female double-genital somite 0.7 times as long as wide; anal operculum bowl-shaped, reaching distal margin of anal somite. Caudal rami 1.6 times as long as wide, with principal outer apical seta greatly reduced. Antennule 11 - segmented in female, and 17 -segmented in male. Spine formula of second exopodal segment of legs 1���4: 2.2.2.2; setal formula: 5.5.5.4; leg 4 with 2 -segmented rami in both sexes; coxa of all legs ornamented with spinular row near outer margin. Leg 1 inner basal spine absent. Coxal seta absent only on leg 4. Intercoxal plates of legs 1���4 with small, rounded and smooth prominences. Leg 5 reduced to 3 setae, 1 outer and 2 inner; the latter inserted close to each other. Leg 6 reduced to 2 very small elements. Description of adult male. Total body length, measured from base of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (excluding caudal setae), 351 ��m. Naupliar eye absent. Body (Fig. 24 a) somewhat robust, with prosome/ urosome ratio 1.6 and greatest width at posterior end of cephalothorax. Body length/width ratio 2.8. Cephalothorax (Fig. 24 a) as long as wide, not produced postero-laterally, 41.8 % of total body length. Rostral projection (Fig. 26 a) well developed, broadly triangular, linguiform, and with 2 short sensilla on dorsal surface subdistally. Free pedigerous somites 2 and 3 with unproduced, straight postero-lateral margins; second pedigerous somite as wide as cephalothorax; fourth pedigerous somite with only slightly produced postero-lateral angles. Arthrodial membranes between free pedigerous somites well developed and hyaline frill slightly developed mid-dorsally, smooth on all segments; all somites slightly chitinised, imperforated, no spinules and cuticular windows discernible; sensilla as illustrated; somites 3 and 4 gradually narrowing. Pseudosomite between prosome and urosome absent. Posterior part of fifth pedigerous somite about as wide as genital somite, lateral margins oblique, and ornamented with 4 sensilla. Genital somite (Figs. 24 a, 25 a, b) 0.7 times as long as wide, ornamented with 2 dorsal sensilla; hyaline fringe of genital somite as well as next 2 somites narrow and smooth. Spermatophore (Fig. 24 a) small, oval, 2.3 times as long as wide. Anal somite (Fig. 25 a, b) 0.6 times as long as wide, ornamented with transverse row of spinules latero-ventrally on posterior margin. Anal operculum (Fig. 24 a) moderately developed, smooth, 73 % of somite���s width, slightly overreaching posterior margin of somite, and with nearly straight posterior margin. Anal sinus without apparent ornamentation. Caudal rami (Figs. 24 a, 25 a, b) parallel, close to each other and 17 % longer than anal somite; each ramus 1.7 times as long as sub-proximal maximum width; ornamented with a row of tiny spinules disto-ventrally; spinules also occurring at base of outermost apical setae (Fig. 25 b); dorsal seta inserted at 4 / 5 of ramus length and uniarticulate at base, about half as long as principal inner apical seta; lateral seta arising from dorsal surface close to outer margin at 3 / 5 of ramus length and 0.6 times as long as maximum width of ramus; outermost apical seta 0.7 times as long as ramus, inserted subapically; innermost apical seta slender and about as long as outermost apical seta; principal apical setae without breaking planes; outer seta greatly reduced in size, bipinnate, only slightly shorter than innermost apical seta; inner seta 2.2 times as long as dorsal seta; outermost apical seta unipinnate; all other setae bipinnate. Antennule (Fig. 24 b): 17 -segmented, digeniculate, geniculation between segments 9 and 10, and 15 and 16. Armature formula as follows: 7 +aes.3.0.1+aes. 1 aes.1.1.0.1.0.0.1aes.2.0.1aes. 0.8; all aesthetascs slender and elongate; most setae slender and smooth; setae on segments 9 and 13 short unipinnate; segments 1, 13 and 17 with 1, 1 and 4 long pinnate setae, respectively. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis 1.0: 0.3: 0.2: 0.2: 0.2: 0.1: 0.2: 0.1: 0.4: 0.1: 0.3: 0.4: 0.1: 0.2: 0.6: 0.5: 0.9; concave sclerotized structures present on segments 15 and 16. Antenna (Fig. 26 c): 4 -segmented, consisting of coxobasis and 3 -segmented endopod. Setal formula of endopod: 1.5. 7. Coxobasis about twice as long as wide, armed with 1 seta at inner distal corner and unornamented; exopodal seta absent. First endopodal segment 1.3 times as long as wide, ornamented with 1 row of spinules at outer distal corner and armed with 1 seta on subdistal inner margin. Second segment 1.9 times as long as maximum width, ornamented with 1 row of spinules at outer distal corner and armed with 5 unequal setae (1 inner marginal, 2 subapical, 2 disto-marginal); third segment cylindrical, 2.3 times as long as wide, ornamented with 1 row of spinules along outer distal margin and armed with 7 unequal simple setae. Labrum (Fig. 26 c): small, trapezoidal, anterior cutting edge almost straight, with small, acute teeth between slightly produced triangular lateral corners; no ornamentation discernible. Mandible (Fig. 26 d): coxal gnathobase cutting edge with 2 large teeth on anterior surface; ventralmost tooth stronger and complex; a row of 6 teeth on apical margin between large teeth and unipinnate seta and also a row of small spinular teeth on ventral subapical surface. Palp absent. Paragnaths (Fig. 26 e): conical, apparently separate; ornamented with hair-like spinules on lateral margins. Maxillule (Fig. 26 f): composed of praecoxa and 2 -segmented palp. Praecoxal arthrite bearing 3 strong clawlike spinous processes and 1 stout, pinnate seta and 6 medial elements (proximal one longest and pinnate, others naked). Palp composed of coxobasis and endopod. Coxobasis with 1 smooth proximal (exopodal) seta and 1 strong apical, bipinnate spine, 2 apical simple setae distally; endopod with 2 apical and 1 subapical plumose setae. Maxilla (Fig. 26 g): 4 -segmented; praecoxa fused to coxa. Proximal endite of praecoxa small and armed with 1 short, simple seta and 1 long pinnate seta; distal endite much reduced, unarmed. Proximal endite of coxa with 1 smooth seta; distal endite elongate and armed apically with 2 equal pinnate setae, which are not distinct at base; no ornamentation discernible on posterior surface of coxa. Basis expanded into robust, prehensile claw with serrulate inner margin, and armed with 2 setae: 1 smooth, weak seta at base of claw and 1 very strong bipinnate seta, slightly longer than claw. Endopod 2 -segmented; proximal segment armed with 2 pinnate claws, proximal claw with serrulate inner margin and 2.1 times as long as distal one; distal segment smallest, with 1 robust, unipinnate, apical claw and 2 slender, smooth, subapical setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 26 h): 4 -segmented, consisting of syncoxa, basis and 2 -segmented endopod. Syncoxa 1.8 times as long as wide, armed with 2 subdistal setae on small protrusion, and ornamented with 1 row of spinules on outer margin. Basis 1.6 times as long as wide, armed with 1 seta at inner distal corner and 1 seta on distal margin, and ornamented with 1 row of spinules on outer distal margin. First endopodal segment armed with 1 seta; second one with 2 unequal setae. All segments with bipinnate setae. Legs 1���4 (Fig. 27 a���d): relatively short, with 2 -segmented exopod and endopod. Hairs present on rounded inner margin of basis; lateral margins of exopod and endopod ornamented hair-like spinules, as illustrated. Endopod nearly as long as exopod on legs 1���3, but distinctly shorter on leg 4. Second exopodal segment spine formula of legs 1���4: 2.2.2.2; setal formula: 5.5. 5.4. Coxae of all legs ornamented with a row of spinules near sub-proximal outer corner. Intercoxal plate with 2 small, smooth, rounded prominences each on all legs. Inner basal spine absent on leg 1. Coxal seta present on legs 1���3 only. Spine and setal formulae (legend: same as that of Paracyclopina orientalis): Coxa Basis Exopod Endopod 1 2 1 2 Leg 1 1 -0 0-1 0- I 4, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 2 1 -0 0-1 0- I 4, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 3 1 -0 0-1 0- I 4, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 4 0-0 0-1 0- I 3, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I+0 Leg 5 (Figs. 24 a, 25 a, b): completely fused to somite and represented by 3 plumose setae; basal seta longest and lying on small protuberance; other 2 setae small, unequal and located on short prominence, representing ancestral distal segment. Leg 6 (Fig. 25 a, b): both legs partly fused proximally; each leg large, cuticular plate-like, with distinct septum medially, and armed with 2 small, equal setae on distal margin. Description of adult female. Total body length 357 ��m. Prosome/urosome ratio about 1.7 and greatest width at posterior end of cephalothorax. Body length/width ratio 3.1. Cephalothorax about as long as wide, representing 43 % of total body length. Hyaline fringe of fifth pedigerous somite smooth and ornamented with 4 dorsal sensilla, as in male. Genital double-somite (Figs. 28 a, 29 a, b) about as long as wide, with smooth, narrow hyaline fringe dorsally and ornamented with 2 large sensilla; seminal receptacle small, consisting of anterior posterior parts; anterior part relatively large and concave; a small internal cuticular thickening visible, but not copulatory duct; next 2 urosomites without any sensilla and hyaline fringe narrow. Anal somite and caudal rami same as in male. Antennule (Fig. 28 b): 11 -segmented, ornamented with proximo-ventral row of spinules on first segment (no pits or other integumental structures), with armature formula as follows: 7.2.5.2.1.2.2.3.5.3.7+aes. Segments 1, 3, 9, 10 and 11 with 1, 2, 2, 1 and 3 long bipinnate setae, respectively; all other setae smooth; no aesthetascs. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis 1.0: 0.2: 0.6: 0.3: 0.2: 0.4: 0.6: 0.5: 0.3: 0.5: 0.6. Antenna, labrum, mandible, paragnaths, maxillule, maxilla, maxilliped, and legs 1���5 similar to male. Leg 6 (Fig. 29 a, b): large, unornamented cuticular plate, with 2 short spinous projections. Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin adjective setosus (= bristle-bearing) to which the Latin brev i- (= short) is prefixed, alluding to the greatly reduced principal outer apical caudal seta; gender masculine. Variation. Body length of males ranges from 323 ��m to 356 ��m; inner medial apical seta is 1.8���2.2 times as long as dorsal seta. Distribution and ecology. The new species was collected only from type locality, and it was accompanied by Nitocrella sp., and a new parastenocaridid sp., Published as part of Totakura, Venkateswara Rao & Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, 2015, Groundwater cyclopoid copepods of peninsular India, with description of eight new species, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3945 (1) on pages 41-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3945.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/288235

Brevicyclops n. g. Generic diagnosis. Small cyclopinae, total body length of females 324–410 µm, of males 228–361 µm. Body cyclopiform, moderately strong; genital double-somite strongly dilated proximally and somewhat narrow distally; anal operculum moderately developed; caudal rami 1.6–1.8 times as long as wide; dorsal seta particularly long; principal outer apical seta either greatly reduced, being about as long as innermost apical seta, or completely absent; female antennule 11 -segmented; seventh segment with 2 setae; male antennule 16–17 -segmented; antennal armature formula 1.1.5.7; mandibular palp lacking; maxilliped 4 -segmented, setal formula 2.1.1.2; legs 1–4 with 2 - segmented exopod and endopod; spine formula of second exopodal segment: 2.2. 2.2 or 2.3.3.2; setal formula: 5.4. 4.4 or 5.5.5.4; leg 1 basis without inner spine; coxopodal spine absent at least on leg 4; legs 1–4 intercoxal plates with small, rounded, and mostly smooth prominences. Leg 5 reduced to 3 setae. Leg 6 reduced to 2 distinctly unequal setae. Type species. Brevicyclops brevisetosus n. g., n. sp. Other species. Brevicyclops asetosus n. g., n. sp., Brevicyclops viduus n. g., n. sp. Remark. The significant synapomorphy of the genus Brevicyclops n. g. is that the principal outer apical caudal seta is either extremely reduced in size or completely absent. Clearly, this genus has closest morphological affinity with the genus Rybocyclops Dussart, 1982. Etymology. The genus name is derived by prefixing the Latin brevi (= short) to the common term Cyclops to denote to the above-mentioned synapomorphic feature. Gender masculine.

Totakura, Venkateswara Rao, Reddy, Yenumula Ranga (2015): Groundwater cyclopoid copepods of peninsular India, with description of eight new species. Zootaxa 3945 (1): 1-93, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3945.1.1

Haplocyclops (Kiefercyclops) godavari n. sp. (Figs. 51���54) Type locality. River Godavari (water temperature 26 ��C; pH 7.5) at Bhadrachalam town (16 �� 41 ��� 933.5 ���N, 82 ��03��� 945.5 ���E; elevation 10.8 m) in Khammam District, Telangana State, South India (Fig. 1). Type material examined. Holotype female (MNHN-IU- 2013-11894), and allotype male (MNHN-IU- 2013- 11895), dissected on 3 slides each; 8 paratypes: 1 female (MNHN-IU- 2013-11896) and 1 male (MNHN-IU- 2013- 11897), dissected on 3 slides each; 2 females (MNHN-IU- 2013-11898 ��� 11899) and 2 males (MNHN-IU- 2013- 11900 ��� 11901), whole-mounted on 1 slide each, 2 females, dissected on 3 slides each in senior author���s personal collection; 12 October 2008; Coll. V. R. Totakura. Diagnosis. Very small cyclopinae, with almost harpacticoidal habitus and smooth integument. Genital doublesomite strikingly large compared with rest of urosome, swollen both proximo-laterally and ventrally, with copulatory pore and ovipores situated at 4 / 5 of double-somite length. Anal somite with large crescentic anal operculum, protruding beyond somite���s limit. Caudal rami about 1.5 times as long as wide, parallel; lateral seta inserted in proximal half almost dorsally. Antennule in female 11 -segmented, without lateral seta on ultimate segment and with only 2 setae on segment 7; the same appendage 13 -segmented in male, strongly digeniculate. Antenna 4 -segmented, with setal formula 1.1. 5.6. and without any seta representing exopod. Cephalic appendages with reduced armature and/or segmentation: mandibular palp completely absent; maxillulary palp 1 -segmented, endopod not distinct at base with 2 setae; maxilla without lateral seta on basis; and maxilliped 3 -segmented, armature formula: 1.1. 2. Legs 1���4 without any coxal armature and with only outer seta on basis: exopod of legs 1 and 2 as well as endopod of leg 1, 2-segmented, while all other rami 1 -segmented (although armature of exopods reflects ancestral 2 -segmented condition, the same could not be traced on endopods); spine formula of second exopodal segment of legs 1���4 (ancestral in case of legs 3 and 4) 2.2. 2.2 and setal formula 5.4. 4.3. Leg 1 with inner seta on first endopodal segment. Leg 5 completely fused to somite, represented by 3 slender setae. Leg 6 distinct cuticular plate, armed with 2 tiny setae in both sexes. Description of adult female. Total body length, measured from base of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (excluding caudal setae), 280 ��m. Preserved specimens colourless. Naupliar eye absent. Body (Fig. 51 a) slender, almost harpacticoidal, dorso-ventrally compressed, with prosome/urosome ratio 1.3 and greatest width at middle of cephalothorax. Body length/width ratio 4.1. Cephalothorax about as wide as genital double-somite, not produced posterolaterally. Rostral projection (Fig. 51 a) moderately developed, broadly triangular, furnished with 2 small sensilla. Free pedigerous somites 2���4 with rounded postero-lateral corners. Pseudosomite absent between prosome and urosome. Fifth pedigerous somite 0.7 times as wide as genital double-somite and with oblique lateral margins, ornamented with 4 sensilla. Cephalothorax 1.3 times as long as its greatest width and 32.2 % of total body length. Hyaline fringes of all somites very narrow and smooth; ornamentation not discernible on urosomites 3 and 4. Arthrodial membranes well developed, making the whole body flexible. Strongly sclerotized joint (as pseudosomite) present between fifth pediger and genital-double somite. Genital double-somite huge (2.4 times as long as rest of abdomen, characteristic in shape), swollen both laterally and ventrally, 0.9 times as wide as long, ornamented with pair of dorsal sensilla. Copulatory pore (Fig. 51 c) small, ovoid, situated near the level of leg 6; copulatory duct short and straight, medially dilated, straight and well sclerotized. Seminal receptacle small, representing 31.3 % of double-somite���s length, with clear distinction between large anterior and small posterior expansions; both expansions semicircular. Ovipores (Fig. 51 c) situated laterally at 4 / 5 of somite length, covered with reduced sixth legs. Third urosomite greatly telescoping into genital double-somite. Anal somite without ornamentation except for 2 small dorsal sensilla; operculum large, crescentic, smooth, 74 % of somite���s width, and produced slightly beyond somite���s limit. Anal sinus wide and smooth. Caudal rami (Fig. 51 a���c): symmetrical, parallel and close to each other with narrow space between them and 0.8 times as long as anal somite; each ramus 1.7 times as long as maximum width, basal part much narrower than the rest of ramus. Dorsal seta 2.1 times as long as caudal ramus, 0.7 times as long as principal outer seta, inserted at 4 / 5 of ramus length and uniarticulate at base. Lateral seta arising from dorsal surface close to outer margin at 3 / 5 of ramus length and 0.6 times as long as maximum width of ramus in dorsal view. Outermost apical seta spiniform, about as long as ramus, inserted subterminally. Innermost apical seta slender and 0.4 times as long as outermost apical seta. Principal apical setae without breaking planes. Inner seta 1.3 times as long as outer seta, 0.4 times as long as urosome and 4 times as long as caudal ramus. All caudal setae plumose. Antennule (Fig. 52 a): 11 -segmented, extending up to middle of cephalothorax, ornamented with 1 row of spinules at base of first segment. Setal formula: 6.3.4.1.2.0.2.1.2.2.5+aes. Lateral seta on ultimate segment absent. Segments 3, 7, 8 and 11 with 2, 1, 1 and 2 long pinnate setae, respectively. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis: 1.0: 0.2: 0.6: 0.2: 0.2: 0.3: 0.5: 0.5: 0.6: 0.5: 0.8. Probable segmental homology 1 (I���V), 2 (VI���VII), 3 (VIII���XI), 4 (XII���XIII), 5 (XIV), 6 (XV���XVI), 7 (XVII���XX), 8 (XXI���XXIII), 9 (XXIV), 10 (XXV), 11 (XXVI���XXVIII). Antenna (Fig. 52 b): 4 -segmented, consisting of long coxobasis and 3 -segmented endopod. Setal formula of endopod: 1, 1, 5 and 6. Coxobasis twice as long as wide, unornamented and armed with 1 bipinnate seta at inner distal corner; exopodal seta absent. First endopodal segment 1.6 times as long as maximum width, armed with 1 simple seta on mid-inner margin and ornamented with 1 row of spinules near outer margin; second endopodal segment 1.4 times as long as wide, armed with 5 unequal setae. Third endopodal segment with 6 unequal, simple setae; ornamented with minute spinules along outer margin. Labrum (Fig. 52 c): elliptical/trapezoidal, unornamented. Anterior edge slightly convex, with about 20 small, equal teeth between slightly produced triangular lateral corners. Mandible (Fig. 52 d): coxal gnathobase divided roughly into 3 groups of teeth; inner group of 3 large unequal teeth, innermost one being larger; middle group consisting of medium-sized teeth and a small sub-distal spinular row; distal group with 1 pinnate outermost seta and 2 long spinules on ventral surface. Paragnaths (Fig. 52 e): conical lobe, ornamented with spinules on both margins. Maxillule (Fig. 52 f): composed of praecoxa and 1 -segmented palp. Praecoxal arthrite bearing 3 strong clawlike spinous processes and 1 stout plumose seta and 6 medial elements on ventral side, proximalmost one largest and plumose. Palp composed of coxobasis and endopod. Coxobasis with 3 medial setae (2 smooth and slender, 1 strong and bipinnate), smooth medial setae unequal and 1.3 times as long as bipinnate seta; endopod fused at base, with 2 smooth setae (1 apical and 1 subapical). Exopodal seta absent. Maxilla (Fig. 52 g): 4 -segmented, consisting of syncoxa, basipod and 2 -segmented endopod. Praecoxa fused with coxa to form syncoxa. Proximal endite of praecoxa robust, armed with 2 equal, unarticulated, pinnate setae; distal endite absent. Proximal endite of coxa with 1 bipinnate seta; distal endite fused at base, elongate and armed apically with 2 smooth, equal setae; coxa unornamented. Basis expanded into robust claw, ornamented with 1 row of spinules along inner margin and armed with 1 strong, pinnate seta as long as claw. Endopod 2 -segmented; proximal segment armed with 2 robust setae of about same length; distal segment small, with 1 robust, unipinnate, apical claw and 2 slender, equal and smooth subapical setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 52 h): 3 -segmented, composed of coxobasis and 2 -segmented endopod. Coxobasis about 3.1 times as long as wide and armed with 1 bipinnate seta inserted on spinulose protuberance at inner distal corner. First endopodal segment 0.3 times as long as coxobasis and armed with 1 bipinnate seta at unornamented inner distal corner. Second endopodal segment small, armed with strong and unipinnate seta apically and shorter, smooth seta subapically. Legs 1���4 (Fig. 53 a���e): leg 1 relatively short; exopod of legs 1 and 2, as well as endopod of leg 1, 2-segmented; all other rami 1 -segmented (armature of exopods reflects ancestral 2 -segmented condition, but not clear on endopods) and fringed with hairs. Endopod nearly equal to exopod in length on legs 1 and 2, but appreciably shorter on legs 3 and 4. Second exopodal segment spine formula: 2.2. 2.2, and setal formula: 5.4. 4.3. Intercoxal plates on all legs with rounded small, smooth prominences. Outer seta on basis of leg 1 relatively long and pinnate distally. Coxal seta on legs 1���4 absent. Armature formula of legs 1���4 (legend: same as that of Paracyclopina orientalis): Coxa Basis Exopod Endopod 1 2 1 2 Leg 1 0-0 0-1 0-0 4, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 2 0-0 0-1 0- I 3, 1+I, I - I+1, 1 Leg 3 0-0 0-1 0- I 3, 1+I, I - 1, I+ 1 Leg 4 0-0 0-1 0- I 2, 1+I, I - 1 +I Leg 5 (Fig. 51 a���d): completely fused to somite, represented by 3 slender setae. Remnant of basal segment represented by barely visible elevation, bearing 1 plumose outer basal seta, about 2.2 times as long as others; 2 other setae (armature of ancestral distal segment) subequal and smooth. Leg 6 (Fig. 51 b, c): distinct, small cuticular plate, unornamented and armed with 2 smooth, short setae. Description of adult male. Total body length excluding caudal setae 277 ��m, paratypes 256���289 ��m. Habitus (Fig. 54 a) slenderer than that of female. Prosome/urosome ratio 1.2, greatest width at posterior end of cephalothorax. Body length/width ratio 4.6. Cephalothorax about 1.2 times as wide as genital somite and 30.4 % of total body length; fifth pedigerous somite somewhat expanded at midlength and 0.8 times as wide as genital somite. Genital somite (Fig. 54 a, b, c) about as long as wide, with slightly curved lateral margins. Third and fourth urosomites and anal somite similar to female, but anal operculum not extending beyond posterior margin of somite. Caudal rami (Fig. 54 a���c): similar to female. Antennule (Fig. 52 i): digeniculate, 13 -segmented. Segments 1 and 3 each with 1 slender aesthetasc. Setal formula: 3 + 3 aes.2.1.0.0.1.1.0.1.2.0.0.4. Other cephalic appendages and legs 1���5 as in female. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis: 1.0: 0.4: 0.1: 0.2: 0.2: 0.2: 0.5: 0.5: 1.0: 0.7: 1.0. Segments 3 and 7 each with 1 bipinnate seta. Segments 3, 9 and 11 with setae having articulate basal part. Leg 6 (Fig. 54 c): both legs partly fused medially; each leg large, cuticular plate-like, armed with 2 unequal setae. Etymology. The specific epithet alludes to the River Godavari from which the new species is collected; proposed here as a noun in apposition to the generic name. Distribution. Haplocyclops godavari n. sp. was collected only from the type locality. Remarks. Because of the overwhelming resemblance of Haplocyclops (Kiefercyclops) godavari n. sp. with Haplocyclops (Kiefercyclops) fiersi, we initially mistook the former for the latter. Scrutinous examination, however, has revealed that the former is indeed a valid new species belonging to the subgenus Haplocyclops (Kiefercyclops) Karanovic & Ranga Reddy, 2005. H. (K.) godavari n. sp. fulfills all the criteria of the subgenus Kiefercyclops as follows: coxobasis of antenna armed with only one seta; mandibular palp completely reduced; maxillulary palp 1 -segmneted; maxilla without lateral small seta on basis; maxilliped 3 -segmented; legs 1���4 without any coxal armature; leg 1 first exopodal segment unarmed; exopod of leg 3 as well as endopods of all legs have reduced armature. The only exception is that leg 6 of the new species is armed with two setae instead of one seta. H. (K.) godavari n. sp. can be distinguished from both H. (K.) primitivus n. sp. and H. (K.) fiersi by several morphological characters (see Table 4)., Published as part of Totakura, Venkateswara Rao & Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, 2015, Groundwater cyclopoid copepods of peninsular India, with description of eight new species, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3945 (1) on pages 81-89, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3945.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/288235, {"references":["Karanovic, T. & Ranga Reddy, Y. (2005) First Haplocyclops Kiefer (Crustacea, Copepoda) from Indian subterranean waters: the most reduced free-living cyclopoid. Annales de Limnologie, 41, 83 - 92. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 2005011"]}

Totakura, Venkateswara Rao, Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, Shaik, Shabuddin (2014): Three new species of Parastenocarididae (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from India. Zootaxa 3821 (5): 501-537, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3821.5.1

Proserpinicaris corgosinhoi n. sp. (Figs 9���14) Type locality. Same as that of Parastenocaris edakkal n. sp. Type material examined. Holotype male, dissected on 2 slides (MNHN-IU- 2013-11249), allotype female, dissected on 3 slides (MNHN-IU- 2013-11250); 10 paratypes: 1 male (MNHN-IU- 2013-11251) and 1 female (MNHN-IU- 2013-11252), whole-mounted on 1 slide each, 1 male and 5 females preserved in alcohol (MNHN-IU- 2013-11253), and 1 male and 1 female in first author���s personal collections; 9 May 2008; Coll. V. R. Totakura & Y. Ranga Reddy. Description of adult male. Total body length, measured from tip of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (excluding caudal setae) 346 ��m. Preserved specimens colourless. Naupliar eye absent. Habitus (Fig. 9 a) cylindrical and slender; prosome/urosome ratio about 0.8 in dorsal view; greatest width in dorsal view at subdistal cephalothorax. Body length/width ratio about 7.9. Free pedigerous somites without any lateral or dorsal expansions. All segments connected by well-developed arthrodial membranes. Hyaline fringes of all somites smooth, very narrow. Integument sclerotized, smooth, ornamented with sensilla, spinules, pores, and with somewhat subquadrate double-window in posterior half of cephalothorax, and elliptical, slender, dorsal simple cuticular window each on genital and 2 postgenital somites. Pleural areas of cephalothorax and free pedigerous somites well developed; cephalic appendages and coxae of swimming legs clearly exposed in lateral view (not figured). Rostrum (Figs. 9 a, 10 a) small, linguiform, not demarcated at base, ornamented with 2 large dorsal sensilla, reaching midlength of first antennular segment, about 1.2 times as long as wide. Cephalothorax (Fig. 9 a) elongately oval in outline, with subdistal region dilated, about 1.4 times as long as wide in dorsal view and representing 21.5 % of total body length. Surface of cephalic shield ornamented with subquadrate integumental double-window and 8 pairs of sensilla. Second and third pedigerous somites as wide as fourth pediger; fourth pediger longer than third one, and free pedigers 2���4 and first urosomite with 2 pairs of posterior sensilla each (Fig. 9 a); first urosomite shorter than fourth pediger; genital somite widest of all urosomites, with small elliptical dorsal cuticular window in anterior half. Third urosomite as long as second one, with wider elliptical window and 3 pairs of sensilla. Fourth urosomite about as long as second urosomite, with dorsal cuticular window and 3 pairs of large posterior sensilla. Preanal somite narrower and slightly shorter than fourth urosomite, with largest dorsal cuticular window, extending latero-ventrally. Anal somite about as long as wide and slightly narrower than preanal somite, ornamented with 1 pair of large dorsal sensilla near base of anal operculum, 1 pair of large lateral cuticular pores in anterior half and 1 row of spinules on either side proximo-ventrally. A single large, longitudinally placed spermatophore discernible through cuticle of fifth and genital somites, about 2.1 times as long as wide, beanshaped, with narrow neck. Anal operculum well developed, smooth and bowl-shaped, with slightly concave distal margin, representing 59.1 % of somite's width. Anal sinus wide and smooth. Caudal rami (Fig. 9 a���c): short, about 1.3 times as long as greatest width in dorsal view, 1.2 times in lateral view (Fig. 9 b), and about 0.4 times as long as anal somite, proximal third slightly dilated; divergent, with space between them being about 1.2 times as long as that of 1 ramus maximum width; armed with 6 elements (2 lateral, 1 dorsal, 1 subapical, 2 apical); and ornamented with 1 row of spinules, and 1 cuticular pore disto-laterally; setae I and III thin, unequal, inserted at 2 / 5 of ramus; seta II missing. Dorsal seta (VII) slender and inserted close to inner margin in distal half, about 1.8 times as long as caudal ramus, biarticulate basally. Inner apical seta (VI) smooth, proximally swollen, inserted close to ventral margin, about 1.5 times as long as ramus length. Middle apical seta (V) strongest, without breaking plane, bipinnate, about 8.8 times as long as ramus, pointing distally, with straight, acute tip. Outer subapical seta (IV) without breaking plane and unipinnate, about 2.2 times as long as ramus, inserted close to dorsal surface and pointing laterally. Antennule (Fig. 10 b, c): 1.2 times as long as cephalothorax, stout, 8 -segmented, strongly prehensile and digeniculate, proximal geniculation between third and fourth, and distal geniculation between sixth and seventh segments. First segment short, ornamented with 1 row of spinules. Second segment relatively short, about as long as fifth segment. Segments 4���5 much dilated, fifth segment with elongate, aesthetasc with narrow, blunt tip, reaching midlength of ultimate segment, fused basally to simple seta; apical aesthetasc on eighth segment slender, shorter than segment, fused basally with 2 setae (acrotheck). Setal formula: 0.6.4.2.8+aes.2.0.9+aes. All setae slender, smooth except proximalmost seta on second segment unipinnate with long setules. Length ratios of antennular segments from proximal to distal end along caudal margin 1: 2.3: 1.1: 0.8: 2.3: 1.1: 1.3: 1.1. Antenna (Fig. 10 d): composed of coxa, allobasis, 1 -segmented endopod, and 1 -segmented exopod. Coxa short, ornamented with 1 row of short spinules, unarmed. Allobasis about 3.2 times as long as maximum width, unarmed, ornamented with 2 rows of spinules on inner margin. Exopod small, cylindrical, about thrice as long as wide, unornamented, armed with 1 unipinnate apical seta, which is about twice as long as segment. Endopod 0.7 times as long as allobasis and about twice as long as wide, with surface frill distally, ornamented with 2 longitudinal rows of spinules on inner margin and 2 rows of spinules distally; and armed with 2 unequal, bipinnate spines laterally and with 5 strong elements apically (2 spines, 2 geniculate setae and 1 unipinnate transformed seta). Labrum large and subtriangular in lateral view, other details not studied (not figured). Mandible (Fig. 10 e): with narrow cutting edge on elongated coxa, armed with 2 complex teeth ventrally, 1 unipinnate seta dorsally, and several smaller teeth. Palp 1 -segmented, cylindrical, about 3.2 times as long as wide, unornamented and armed with 2 smooth, unequal apical setae. Maxillule (Fig. 10 f): arthrite sub-rectangular, about 2.2 times as long as wide in lateral view, armed with 1 strong lateral seta and 3 apical elements. Coxal endite armed with 1 smooth apical seta. Basis twice as long as coxal endite, armed with 2 smooth apical setae. Maxilla (Fig. 10 g): composed of syncoxa, basis, and 1 -segmented endopod. Syncoxa with 2 endites; basal one short, armed with 1 smooth seta apically, distal one long, armed with 1 smooth and 1 pinnate setae apically. Allobasis prolonged into strong unipinnate claw, without seta at base; endopod smallest, armed with 2 setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 10 h): with short syncoxa, unarmed and unornamented; basis slender, 2.3 times as long as wide, unornamented and unarmed; endopod small with unipinnate claw. Swimming legs (Figs. 11 a���b, 12 a���d): praecoxa and intercoxal sclerite of all legs smooth and unarmed. Leg 1 (Fig. 11 a): coxa unarmed, ornamentation not discernible. Basis trapezoidal, ornamented with 1 row of large spinules on outer margin, and 1 row at base of endopod ventrally, armed with small, smooth outer seta. Exopod 3 -segmented, ornamented with 1 row of spinules each along outer margins of all segments; armed with outer bipinnate spine on first segment. First segment 0.6 times as long as next 2 segments combined; second segment unarmed; 4 elements on third segment (1 outer spine, 1 apical seta and 2 apical geniculate setae). Endopod 2 -segmented, first segment 3.3 times as long as wide, unarmed, ornamented with 1 row of spinules on inner margin and 1 ventral row of large spinules on outer margin, 1 row distally; second segment ornamented with spinular row on distal margin, armed apically with 1 outer spine and 1 long geniculate seta; endopodal geniculate seta 1.4 times as long as entire endopod, almost twice as long as outer spine, about as long as inner geniculate seta on exopod. All exopodal and endopodal armature elements unipinnate along outer margins except bipinnate spine on first exopodal segment. Leg 2 (Fig. 11 b): coxa ornamented with 1 arched row of spinules near outer margin and 1 oblique row medially near distal margin. Basis slightly smaller than coxa, unarmed, ornamented with 1 row of large arched spinules at distal outer corner and 1 pore proximally. Exopod 3 -segmented; ornamented with 1 row of spinules each along outer margins of all segments, hyaline frill each at inner distal corner of first and third exopodal segments but second segment with 1 row of spinules instead. First segment 0.6 times as long as next 2 segments combined, armed with large, outer spine on first segment; second segment unarmed; third segment slightly longer than second segment, armed with 3 long elements (1 subapical unipinnate spine and 2 apical bipinnate setae); inner apical seta about 1.2 times as long as exopod. Endopod 1 -segmented, cylindrical, and 3.2 times as long as wide, 0.4 times as long as first exopodal segment, ornamented with 2 large spinules apically on distal margin, 3 small spinules on inner margin and 2 spinules at midlength ventrally; armed apically with 1 smooth, straight seta, which is 0.9 times as long as segment. Leg 3 (Fig. 12 a���c): coxa trapezoidal, ornamented with arched row of ventro-medial spinules close to middistal margin. Basis produced disto-medially into 1 lobed structure; ornamented with 1 oblique row of long spinules and 1 pore on anterior surface. Endopod represented by a short spiniform seta at about proximal third of basis length. Exopod modified, both segments fused; ancestral proximal segment stumpy, with almost straight outer margin, 1.5 times as long as wide, about as long as basis, somewhat bent inwards, ornamented with 1 row of 3 spinules on distal outer margin. A massive tubular pore arising from proximal anterior surface. Ancestral second segment mace-like in anterior view (Fig. 12 b), membranous, dilated subdistally, with irregular lateral margins, unornamented. Thumb dagger-shaped, gradually tapering, with acuminate tip and irregular hyaline membrane laterally (Fig. 12 c). Leg 4 (Fig. 12 d���f): coxa trapezoidal, ornamented with 1 row of spinules near distal margin. Basis longer than coxa and trapezoidal in posterior view, ornamented with 1 row of spinules on outer margin and 1 pore proximally, armed with moderately long seta on outer margin. Exopod relatively short and thick, 3 -segmented; ornamented with 1 row of spinules each along outer and inner margins of all segments; inner spinules on first segment particularly long; hyaline frill at inner distal corner of third segment. First segment 0.7 as long as next 2 segments combined, armed with 1 strong bipinnate outer spine subdistally; second segment unarmed and with straight inner margin; third segment slightly longer than second one, armed with 1 subapical spine and 1 apical bipinnate seta; apical seta 1.8 times as long as outer spine, about 1.7 times as long as third exopodal segment, half as long as entire exopod. Endopod short, membranous and somewhat conical, and additional hyaline structure relatively large, foliaceous and occurring rather close to, and partially overlapping, endopod. Leg 5 (Figs. 9 b, c, 11 c): both legs fused at base, with narrow space proximally; represented by subquadrate plate, with distal inner corner rounded; ornamented with 1 row of spinules along distal half of inner margin, gradually increasing in size distally and 1 small cuticular pore on proximal surface; armed with 3 elements: 1 long articulate basal seta and 1 outer smooth, outcurved, simple seta, slightly shorter than inner spiniform seta (possible ancestral endopod). Leg 6 (Fig. 9 b, c): smooth, unornamented, forming simple operculum covering gonopore, fused with sixth pediger, and plate-like structure in ventral view. Description of adult female. Body length, excluding caudal setae 384 ��m. Habitus (Fig. 13 a): ornamentation of prosomites, colour and naupliar eye similar to male, except genital and first abdominal somites fused into double-genital somite. Genital double-somite: without any trace of subdivision, with oval dorsal cuticular window (Fig. 13 b) in anterior half, ornamented with 1 sensillum on either side of cuticular window (Fig. 13 b). Genital complex occupying anterior ventral half of genital double-somite; genital apertures paired, covered by vestigial sixth legs; copulatory pores median; seminal receptacles small, hard to distinguish from internal tissue and gut content; copulatory duct very short and weakly sclerotized. Preanal somite, anal somite and urosomites very similar to male. Caudal rami (Fig. 13 a���c): divergent, 0.4 times as long as anal somite, about 1.2 times as long as wide in lateral view (Fig. 13 b), 1.4 times in dorsal and ventral views (Fig. 13 a, c), with armature and ornamentation as in male, but inner apical seta (VI) slightly swollen at base. FIGURE. 15. Proserpinicaris karanovici n. sp., (a) paratype male, habitus, lateral view; (b) holotype male, urosome, ventral view. Antennule (Fig. 10 i): 7 -segmented, first segment with few minute spinules at outer distal corner in lateroventral view; slender, elongate aesthetasc on fourth segment reaching almost distal margin of ultimate segment; seventh segment with relatively slender and short apical aesthetasc, which is fused basally to 2 apical setae; setal formula: 0.4.4.3+aes.0.0.8+aes. All setae smooth except unipinnate proximalmost one on second segment. Proximal seta on second and ultimate segment with basal articulation. Length ratio of antennular segments, from proximal to distal end and along caudal margin 1: 2.7: 1.6: 1.8: 1.1: 1.1: 1.6. Antenna, labrum, mandible, maxillule, maxilla, maxilliped, and leg 1 similar to male. Leg 2 (Fig. 14 b): exopodal segments same as in male. Endopod cylindrical, armed with seta, which is 1.5 times as long as segment and reaching distal margin of first exopodal segment; ornamented with 1 spinule on outer margin, and 3 spinules on distal margin. Leg 3 (Fig. 14 c): coxa with arched spinular row on anterior surface. Basis ornamented with 1 row of spinules on outer margin and 1 row near base of endopod and 1 pore; armed with very long and smooth outer seta, articulate at base, 1.2 times as long as entire exopod. Exopod 2 -segmented, ornamented with large spinules along outer margin and 1 row at inner distal corner of first segment; second segment alone with hyaline frill at inner distal corner; first segment armed with outer spine; second segment with 1 outer spine and 1 apical strong seta; seta 1.6 times as long as spine; all elements bipinnate. Endopod small, 2.6 times as long as wide, only half as long as first exopodal segment tapering to pointed tip, ornamented with transverse row of tiny spinules subdistally. Leg 4 (Fig. 14 d): exopod similar to male. Endopod rather slender, lanceolate, 1.5 times as long as first endopodal segment, with apical spine fused at base and having sparse spinules on lateral margins; 1 circlet of 3 spinules occurring at midlength (base of fused apical spine), and 1 spinule on proximal outer margin. Leg 5 (Figs. 11 d, 13 b, c): both legs fused at base with narrow inter-space proximally; each in the form of obovate plate, reaching midlength of next segment and ornamented with 1 row of spinules on inner margin, spinules increasing in size distally; basal seta long, articulate at base; distal margin armed with 1 bare outer seta and 1 bipinnate inner spine, seta about as long as spine; distal inner corner produced into somewhat elongate inner spiniform process. Sixth leg vestigial. Etymology. The new species is named in honour of Dr. P. H. C. Corgosinho, Universit��rio Frutal-MG in Brazil, a well-known authority on the Neotropical Parastenocarididae. The specific epithet is a noun in the genitive singular. Gender masculine. Distribution. This species is only known from the type locality. Ecology. This species was accompanied by Parastenocaris edakkal n. sp. and nematodes in very small numbers., Published as part of Totakura, Venkateswara Rao, Reddy, Yenumula Ranga & Shaik, Shabuddin, 2014, Three new species of Parastenocarididae (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from India, pp. 501-537 in Zootaxa 3821 (5) on pages 514-526, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3821.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/227732

Parastenocaris edakkal n. sp. (Figs 2���8) Type locality. Edakkal cave (11 �� 37 ���54.0���N, 76 �� 14 ��� 14.9 ���E, elevation 1233 m, water temperature 30 ��C, pH 7.0) in Wayanad District of Kerala State in the Western Ghats, which constitute one of the key biodiversity hotspot areas of India (Fig. 1 a). This Cave is not technically a cave, but rather a cleft or rift of about 20 m long, 6.7 m wide and 9.1 m deep fissure formed by a piece of rock (probably Kondalite) splitting away from the main body. On one side of the cleft is a huge rock covering the cleft to form the cave roof. Pictorial Stone Age carvings of human and animal figures and tools used by Neolithic man are seen inside the cave. These carvings are said to be as old as 5000-6000 B. C., suggesting the prehistoric civilization or settlement in this region (see http://www. edakkal.com/ index.htm). A small stream, probably originating from a perennial underground spring, flows through the length of the cave over fine sand deposit mixed with organic debris. There are no drippings from the rocky roof. Type material examined. Holotype male (MNHN ���IU��� 2013���11244) and allotype female (MNHN ���IU��� 2013���11245) dissected on 3 slides each and 10 paratypes: 1 male (MNHN ���IU��� 2013���11246) and 1 female (MNHN ���IU��� 2013���11247) whole-mounted on 1 slide each, 1 male and 7 females in alcohol in a vial (MNHN ���IU��� 2013���11248). 0 9 May 2008, Coll. V. R. Totakura and Y. Ranga Reddy. Description of adult male. Total body length, measured from tip of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (excluding caudal setae), 368 ��m. Body heavily chitinized and pitted. Naupliar eye absent. Habitus (Fig. 2 a, b) cylindrical and slender, without any podoplean demarcation between prosome and urosome; prosome/urosome ratio about 0.7 in dorsal view; greatest width in dorsal view falling in distal half of cephalothorax. Body length/ width ratio about 7.8. Free pedigerous somites without any lateral or dorsal expansions. All somites connected by well developed arthrodial membranes. Hyaline fringes of all somites smooth, very narrow and hard to distinguish from arthrodial membranes. Integument ornamented only with sensilla, cuticular pores, pits (no spinules), and also with sub-spherical, dorsal double-window on cephalothorax, and elliptical, dorsal simple cuticular window each on genital somite and next 3 somites, window on genital somite smallest. Pleural areas of cephalothorax moderately developed; cephalic appendages and coxae of legs 1���4 only partly exposed in lateral view. Rostrum (Fig. 2 a, b) small, membranous, not demarcated at base, ornamented with 2 large dorso-lateral sensilla. Cephalothorax (Fig. 2 a, b): subquadrate, about 1.2 times as long as wide in dorsal view, 1.3 times in lateral view, and representing 16 % of total body length. Surface of cephalic shield ornamented with 4 pairs of large sensilla on anterior half as well as around cuticular double-window; window surface completely smooth, no cuticular pores discernible; second and third pedigerous somites as wide as posterior part of cephalothorax in dorsal view, with 3 and 2 pairs of sensilla (dorsal and lateral), respectively; third somite slightly shorter than second segment with 3 pairs of sensilla. Fourth pedigerous somite longer than preceding somite, with 3 pairs of sensilla (dorsal, lateral). Urosome (Figs. 2 a, b, 3 a): first urosomite about as wide as fourth prosomite, but slightly shorter, ornamented with 3 pairs of sensilla dorsally (Fig. 2 b) and also, 1 sensillum beside leg 5 ventrally (Fig. 3 a), 1 pair of lobes in proximal-half ventrally (Fig. 3 a). Genital somite slightly wider than first urosomite, with small, oval dorsal cuticular window in anterior half, also with 2 pairs of sensilla (dorsal, lateral) and 1 pair of sensilla (ventral) and 1 sensillum on either side of sixth legs. Third and fourth urosomites about as long as first urosomite but slightly narrower, with wider dorsal cuticular window each, and with 2 pairs of large posterior sensilla on distal half and 1 pair of sensilla disto-ventrally. Preanal somite narrower and slightly longer than fourth urosomite, with largest dorsal cuticular window, and without any surface ornamentation. Anal somite about 1.2 times as long as and slightly narrower than preanal somite, 1.2 times as long as its own width; ornamented with 1 pair of large dorsal sensilla and 1 antero-lateral cuticular pore proximally (Fig. 2 a). A single large, longitudinally placed spermatophore discernible through cuticle of fourth and fifth segments, about 3.1 times as long as wide, kidneyshaped, with narrow curved neck. Anal operculum well developed, almost reaching posterior end of distal margin, with smooth and nearly straight distal margin, representing 73.3 % of somite's width, unornamented on outer surface, transverse row of ventral spinules discernible through transparent operculum. Anal sinus wide open. Caudal rami (Figs. 2 a, b, 3 a): divergent, cylindrical, gradually tapering posteriorly, about 3.3 times as long as greatest width in lateral view (Fig. 2 a), 3.2 times in dorsal view (Fig. 2 b), and about 0.6 times as long as anal somite, ornamented with 1 row of tiny spinules on ventral surface disto-laterally and with 1 distolateral pore, and armed with full complement of 7 setae (3 lateral, 1 dorsal, 1 subapical and 2 apical). Setae I���III thin, unequal, located as a group at about the middle of ramus. Dorsal seta (VII) slender and unipinnate, biarticulate basally, inserted closer to inner margin and opposite the level of setae I���III, about 0.6 times as long as caudal ramus. Inner apical seta (VI) smooth, proximally swollen, inserted close to ventral margin, about 0.6 times as long as ramus. Middle apical seta (V) strongest, without breaking plane, unipinnate, with slightly curved tip. Outer subapical seta (IV) strong basally, also without breaking plane and unipinnate, about as long as ramus, inserted close to dorsal surface and directed laterally. Antennule (Fig. 5 a): 1.3 times longer than cephalothorax, slender, 8 -segmented, and prehensile, ���pocket-knife type���, digeniculate, proximal geniculation between third and fourth segments, and distal geniculation between sixth and seventh segments. First segment very short, ornamented with 1 row of spinules. Second one longest. Segments 4���6 moderately dilated, segment 5 without proximal spinous process on anterior surface; elongate aesthetasc with pointed tip, overreaching midlength of aesthetasc on ultimate segment, fused basally to 1 simple seta; shorter and slenderer apical aesthetasc on eighth segment, fused basally with 2 setae (acrotheck). Setal formula: 0.5.3.1.2+aes.0.1.8+aes. All setae slender, smooth except proximalmost seta on second segment, which is unipinnate, with long setules along outer margin. Length ratios of antennular segments, from proximal to distal end along caudal margin 1: 2.2: 0.8: 0.3: 1.7: 0.5: 0.7: 1.1. Antenna (Fig. 5 b): relatively stout, composed of coxa, allobasis, 1 -segmented endopod, and 1 -segmented exopod. Coxa very short, ornamented with row of short spinule, and unarmed. Allobasis about 2.4 times as long as maximum width, unarmed, ornamented with 1 oblique row of spinules near mid-inner margin. Exopod small, cylindrical, about 2.3 times as long as wide, unornamented, armed with apical unipinnate seta, which is 2.8 times as long as segment. Endopod 0.6 times as long as allobasis and about twice as long as wide, surface frill occurring distally, ornamented with 1 large and 1 small arched spinular rows on inner margin, armed with 2 short bipinnate, unequal spines laterally and with 5 strong elements apically (2 subequal spines, 2 subequal geniculate setae and 1 unipinnate transformed seta). Labrum (Fig. 5 c): large, triangular in lateral view (Fig. 4 a) and sub-ovate in ventral view, with narrow, concave, cutting edge finely denticulate, with short spinous projection on either side; also, ornamented with 1 row of arched spinules on ventral surface close to cutting edge. Mandible (Fig. 5 d): cutting edge narrow on elongate coxa, armed with 2 complex teeth ventrally, 1 unipinnate seta dorsally, and several smaller teeth. Palp 1 -segmented, cylindrical, about 3 times as long as wide, unornamented, and armed apically with 2 smooth, unequal apical setae. Maxillule (Fig. 5 e): with relatively large praecoxa, arthrite rectangular, about 3.3 times as long as wide in lateral view, armed with lateral stout curved seta, and 3 apical claws of which middle one with serrulate outer margin. Coxal endite armed with 2 smooth, unequal setae apically. Basis 1.3 times longer than coxal endite, armed with 1 strong and 2 slender smooth apical setae. Maxilla (Fig. 5 f): composed of syncoxa, basis, and 1 -segmented endopod. Syncoxa with 2 endites, proximal one short, armed with 2 smooth unequal setae apically, distal endite armed with 1 spiniform and 1 smooth setae apically. Allobasis prolonged into strong, unipinnate claw, without seta at base. Endopod represented by small segment, armed with 2 smooth apical setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 5 g): with short and relatively strong syncoxa, unornamented and unarmed; basis slender, 2.5 times as long as wide and 2.1 times as long as syncoxa, unornamented and unarmed; endopod small with unipinnate claw, 0.6 times as long as basis. Legs 1���4 (Figs. 6 a���c, 7 a): praecoxa and intercoxal sclerite of all legs smooth and unarmed. Leg 1 (Fig. 6 a): coxa trapezoidal; ornamented with a row of small spinules on antero-distal surface. Basis trapezoidal, somewhat shorter than coxa, ornamented with 1 row of spinules on outer margin and 1 ventral row at base of endopod and another row of small spinules on inner margin, armed with 1 slender seta on outer margin and 1 spiniform seta on inner margin. Exopod 3 -segmented, ornamented with 1 row of spinules along outer margins of all segments, second segment with 1 row of spinules at inner distal corner. First segment 0.7 times as long as next 2 segments combined, armed with 1 outer bipinnate spine; second segment unarmed and with 4 elements on third segment (1 outer spine, 1 apical seta and 2 apical geniculate setae). Endopod 2 -segmented, about as long as exopod; first segment about as long as first 2 exopodal segments combined, 3.3 times as long as wide, unarmed, ornamented with 1 transverse row of elongate spinules on inner margin and 2 arched rows (1 dorsal, 1 ventral) of large spinules on outer margin; second segment ornamented with 1 row of spinules on outer margin, and armed apically with 1 long geniculate seta and 1 spine; endopodal geniculate seta 1.6 times as long as entire endopod, about as long as innermost geniculate seta on exopod (but almost straight). All exopodal and endopodal armature elements unipinnate along outer margin except bipinnate spine on first exopodal segment. Leg 2 (Fig. 6 b): coxa ornamented with 2 arched rows of spinules near outer distal corner (1 dorsal and 1 ventral). Basis rhomboidal, slightly smaller than coxa, unarmed, ornamented with 1 row of large spinules along outer margin. Exopod 3 -segmented; ornamented with 1 row of spinules along outer margins of all segments, hyaline frill each at inner distal corner of first and third exopodal segments, but second segment with 1 row of spinules instead. First segment 0.7 times as long as next 2 segments combined, armed with large, bipinnate outer spine on first segment; second segment unarmed; third segment 1.3 times as long as second segment, armed with 3 long elements, 1 subapical spine and 2 apical bipinnate setae; innermost seta about 1.2 times as long as exopod. Endopod 1 -segmented, spatulate and almost 4.1 times as long as wide, 0.6 times as long as first exopodal segment in length, ornamented with 3 large spinules apically, and armed with 1 smooth seta apically, which is 0.7 times as long as segment. Leg 3 (Fig. 7 a): coxa rhomboidal, smaller than basis, ornamented with arched row of spinules near inner margin ventrally. Basis robust, ornamented with 1 oblique row of large spinules at distal outer corner, 1 ventral row near inner margin and 1 pore on anterior surface, and armed with moderately long, slender seta on outer margin. Endopod represented by 1 small, curved seta, inserted on inner margin at distal third of basis length. Exopod 2 - segmented, perfectly fused with each other; ancestral proximal segment moderately strong, nearly thrice as long as basal width and somewhat bent inwards; proximal region somewhat dilated and ornamented with 1 spinule on outer margin and 1 row of 3 spinules at outer distal corner; ancestral second segment (apophysis) short, unornamented, bent inwardly and armed apically with 2 modified, unequal elements (Fig. 7 c): inner element ladleshaped with hyaline structure on inner margin, and outer one hyaline, bulbous at base and gradually tapering distally. Thumb distinct at base and modified into curved digitiform chitinized structure, as long as apophysis. Leg 4 (Fig. 6 c, d): coxa rhomboidal, ornamented with 1 row of spinules near distal margin. Basis trapezoidal, ornamented with 1 row of spinules and 1 pore on anterior surface, and armed with moderately long seta on outer margin. Exopod 3 -segmented, somewhat bent inwards, ornamented with 1 row of long spinules along outer margins of all segments; hyaline frills at inner distal corner of first and third segments, but second segment with 1 row of spinules. First segment nearly 0.7 times as long as next 2 segments combined, armed with single, strong bipinnate outer spine subdistally; second segment 0.7 times as long as third segment; third segment armed with outer spine and long apical, bipinnate seta; seta 1.6 times as long as spine, 2.4 times as long as third exopodal segment, 0.9 times as long as entire exopod. Basal chitinous complex consisting of large sclerotized plate with 1 small hyaline lobe mid-distally and 1 large hyaline lobe at outer distal angle; 1 sturdy, hook-like spine at inner distal corner. Endopod 1.3 times as long as first exopodal segment, membranous and ventricose in outline, with proximal part bulbous, ornamented with 1 row of spinules and drawn out distally into biserrulate, pointed structure. Leg 5 (Figs. 3 a, 7 d): small, simple, trapezoidal plate, and fused at base; ornamented with 1 group of 2���3 tiny spinules on inner margin, 1 small cuticular pore subproximally; distal part expanded and palmate; inner distal corner produced into rather short spiniform process. Basal seta long, articulate at base and arising from lobed projection; inner lobe with 2 unequal, smooth setae (probably ancestral endopodal armature), outer seta 0.7 times as long as inner seta. Leg 6 (Figs. 2 a, 3 a): smooth, unarmed, forming simple operculum covering gonopore, fused with sixth pedigerous somite, elliptical in ventral view. Description of adult female. Body length excluding caudal setae 385���405 ��m (397 ��m in allotype). Habitus (Fig. 4 a): ornamentation of prosomites, colour and naupliar eye similar to male, except genital and first abdominal somites fused into double-genital somite. Genital double-somite (Fig. 4 b): genital apertures covered by vestigial sixth legs; median copulatory pores also covered by fused sixth legs; seminal receptacles small; copulatory duct very short and weakly sclerotized. Third urosomite, preanal somite, and anal somite very similar to male. Caudal rami (Figs. 3 b, 4 a, b): 0.7 times as long as anal somite, about 3.2 times as long as wide in dorsal and ventral views, gradually tapering, with armature and ornamentation as in male. Antennule (Figs. 4 a, 8 e): 7 -segmented, first segment short, ornamented with 1 row of spinules on ventral surface; second segment longest; fourth segment with elongate, moderately thick aesthetasc, extending up to the tip of aesthetasc on segment 7; aesthetasc on segment 7 slender and fused basally to 2 apical setae (acrotheck); setal formula: 0.4.2.2+aes.0.0.9+aes. All setae, except unipinnate proximalmost one on segment 2, smooth. Length ratio of antennular segments from proximal to distal end along caudal margin 1.0: 3.0: 1.4: 1.7: 0.7: 0.7: 1.5. Antenna, labrum, mandible, maxillule, maxilla and maxilliped similar to male. Leg 1 (Fig. 8 a): coxa trapezoidal, with arched row of spinules near proximal outer corner, basis also trapezoidal, with 3 rows of spinules and armed with only outer seta. Other details as illustrated. Leg 2 (Fig. 8 b): coxa trapezoidal, ornamented with 1 arched row of spinules at distal inner corner and 1 row of spinules ventrally; basis smaller than coxa, ornamented with 1 row of spinules on outer margin. Exopod same as in male. Endopod somewhat dilated at about midlength; ornamentation and armature same as in male in different views (Fig. 8 f���i). Leg 3 (Fig. 8 c): coxa ornamented with 1 arched row of spinules near posterior margin. Basis ornamented with 1 row of spinules on outer margin; armed with 1 long and smooth outer seta. Exopod 2 -segmented, ornamented with large spinules along outer margin, both segments with hyaline frill each at inner distal corner; first segment armed with 1 outer spine; second segment with 1 outer spine and 1 apical seta; seta 1.8 times as long as spine; all elements bipinnate. Endopod 1 -segmented, slender, almost as long as first exopodal segment, tapering to pointed tip and with spinulose disto-lateral margins. Leg 4 (Fig. 8 d): endopod strong, lanceolate, bent inwards, 1.6 times as long as first exopodal segment together with apical biserrulate spine fused at base; 1 large spinule occurring at about mid-inner margin; other details as illustrated. Leg 5 (Fig. 4 b, c): fused at base; small, simple, trapezoidal plate, ornamented with 1 small cuticular pore subproximally; subdistal part expanded and inner distal corner produced into moderately long spiniform process. Armature elements same as in male, outer seta 0.8 times as long as inner seta. Leg 6 (Fig. 4 b): vestigial, fused into simple cuticular flap, covering gonopores; unornamented and unarmed. Etymology. The specific epithet, alluding to the type locality, Edakkal Cave; proposed here as a noun in apposition to the generic name. Distribution. This species is only known from the type locality. Ecology. Parastenocaris edakkal n. sp. was accompanied by Proserpinicaris corgosinhoi n. sp. and strays of nematodes. This species was collected at a relatively high elevation of 1233 m, whereas its congeneric Indian cavernicole, Parastenocaris kotumsarensis, occurred at an altitude of 560 m. Even Parastenocaris sutlej from a Himalayan river was collected at an altitude of 656 m. Other hyporheic Indian species occur somewhat close to the sea level. Variation. Shape of leg 2 endopod (Fig. 8 f���i) varying depending on the angle of view., Published as part of Totakura, Venkateswara Rao, Reddy, Yenumula Ranga & Shaik, Shabuddin, 2014, Three new species of Parastenocarididae (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from India, pp. 501-537 in Zootaxa 3821 (5) on pages 504-514, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3821.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/227732

Parastenocaris edakkal n. sp. (Figs 2–8) Type locality. Edakkal cave (11 ° 37 ′54.0″N, 76 ° 14 ′ 14.9 ″E, elevation 1233 m, water temperature 30 ºC, pH 7.0) in Wayanad District of Kerala State in the Western Ghats, which constitute one of the key biodiversity hotspot areas of India (Fig. 1 a). This Cave is not technically a cave, but rather a cleft or rift of about 20 m long, 6.7 m wide and 9.1 m deep fissure formed by a piece of rock (probably Kondalite) splitting away from the main body. On one side of the cleft is a huge rock covering the cleft to form the cave roof. Pictorial Stone Age carvings of human and animal figures and tools used by Neolithic man are seen inside the cave. These carvings are said to be as old as 5000-6000 B. C., suggesting the prehistoric civilization or settlement in this region (see http://www. edakkal.com/ index.htm). A small stream, probably originating from a perennial underground spring, flows through the length of the cave over fine sand deposit mixed with organic debris. There are no drippings from the rocky roof. Type material examined. Holotype male (MNHN –IU– 2013–11244) and allotype female (MNHN –IU– 2013–11245) dissected on 3 slides each and 10 paratypes: 1 male (MNHN –IU– 2013–11246) and 1 female (MNHN –IU– 2013–11247) whole-mounted on 1 slide each, 1 male and 7 females in alcohol in a vial (MNHN –IU– 2013–11248). 0 9 May 2008, Coll. V. R. Totakura and Y. Ranga Reddy. Description of adult male. Total body length, measured from tip of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (excluding caudal setae), 368 Μm. Body heavily chitinized and pitted. Naupliar eye absent. Habitus (Fig. 2 a, b) cylindrical and slender, without any podoplean demarcation between prosome and urosome; prosome/urosome ratio about 0.7 in dorsal view; greatest width in dorsal view falling in distal half of cephalothorax. Body length/ width ratio about 7.8. Free pedigerous somites without any lateral or dorsal expansions. All somites connected by well developed arthrodial membranes. Hyaline fringes of all somites smooth, very narrow and hard to distinguish from arthrodial membranes. Integument ornamented only with sensilla, cuticular pores, pits (no spinules), and also with sub-spherical, dorsal double-window on cephalothorax, and elliptical, dorsal simple cuticular window each on genital somite and next 3 somites, window on genital somite smallest. Pleural areas of cephalothorax moderately developed; cephalic appendages and coxae of legs 1–4 only partly exposed in lateral view. Rostrum (Fig. 2 a, b) small, membranous, not demarcated at base, ornamented with 2 large dorso-lateral sensilla. Cephalothorax (Fig. 2 a, b): subquadrate, about 1.2 times as long as wide in dorsal view, 1.3 times in lateral view, and representing 16 % of total body length. Surface of cephalic shield ornamented with 4 pairs of large sensilla on anterior half as well as around cuticular double-window; window surface completely smooth, no cuticular pores discernible; second and third pedigerous somites as wide as posterior part of cephalothorax in dorsal view, with 3 and 2 pairs of sensilla (dorsal and lateral), respectively; third somite slightly shorter than second segment with 3 pairs of sensilla. Fourth pedigerous somite longer than preceding somite, with 3 pairs of sensilla (dorsal, lateral). Urosome (Figs. 2 a, b, 3 a): first urosomite about as wide as fourth prosomite, but slightly shorter, ornamented with 3 pairs of sensilla dorsally (Fig. 2 b) and also, 1 sensillum beside leg 5 ventrally (Fig. 3 a), 1 pair of lobes in proximal-half ventrally (Fig. 3 a). Genital somite slightly wider than first urosomite, with small, oval dorsal cuticular window in anterior half, also with 2 pairs of sensilla (dorsal, lateral) and 1 pair of sensilla (ventral) and 1 sensillum on either side of sixth legs. Third and fourth urosomites about as long as first urosomite but slightly narrower, with wider dorsal cuticular window each, and with 2 pairs of large posterior sensilla on distal half and 1 pair of sensilla disto-ventrally. Preanal somite narrower and slightly longer than fourth urosomite, with largest dorsal cuticular window, and without any surface ornamentation. Anal somite about 1.2 times as long as and slightly narrower than preanal somite, 1.2 times as long as its own width; ornamented with 1 pair of large dorsal sensilla and 1 antero-lateral cuticular pore proximally (Fig. 2 a). A single large, longitudinally placed spermatophore discernible through cuticle of fourth and fifth segments, about 3.1 times as long as wide, kidneyshaped, with narrow curved neck. Anal operculum well developed, almost reaching posterior end of distal margin, with smooth and nearly straight distal margin, representing 73.3 % of somite's width, unornamented on outer surface, transverse row of ventral spinules discernible through transparent operculum. Anal sinus wide open. Caudal rami (Figs. 2 a, b, 3 a): divergent, cylindrical, gradually tapering posteriorly, about 3.3 times as long as greatest width in lateral view (Fig. 2 a), 3.2 times in dorsal view (Fig. 2 b), and about 0.6 times as long as anal somite, ornamented with 1 row of tiny spinules on ventral surface disto-laterally and with 1 distolateral pore, and armed with full complement of 7 setae (3 lateral, 1 dorsal, 1 subapical and 2 apical). Setae I–III thin, unequal, located as a group at about the middle of ramus. Dorsal seta (VII) slender and unipinnate, biarticulate basally, inserted closer to inner margin and opposite the level of setae I–III, about 0.6 times as long as caudal ramus. Inner apical seta (VI) smooth, proximally swollen, inserted close to ventral margin, about 0.6 times as long as ramus. Middle apical seta (V) strongest, without breaking plane, unipinnate, with slightly curved tip. Outer subapical seta (IV) strong basally, also without breaking plane and unipinnate, about as long as ramus, inserted close to dorsal surface and directed laterally. Antennule (Fig. 5 a): 1.3 times longer than cephalothorax, slender, 8 -segmented, and prehensile, ‘pocket-knife type’, digeniculate, proximal geniculation between third and fourth segments, and distal geniculation between sixth and seventh segments. First segment very short, ornamented with 1 row of spinules. Second one longest. Segments 4–6 moderately dilated, segment 5 without proximal spinous process on anterior surface; elongate aesthetasc with pointed tip, overreaching midlength of aesthetasc on ultimate segment, fused basally to 1 simple seta; shorter and slenderer apical aesthetasc on eighth segment, fused basally with 2 setae (acrotheck). Setal formula: 0.5.3.1.2+aes.0.1.8+aes. All setae slender, smooth except proximalmost seta on second segment, which is unipinnate, with long setules along outer margin. Length ratios of antennular segments, from proximal to distal end along caudal margin 1: 2.2: 0.8: 0.3: 1.7: 0.5: 0.7: 1.1. Antenna (Fig. 5 b): relatively stout, composed of coxa, allobasis, 1 -segmented endopod, and 1 -segmented exopod. Coxa very short, ornamented with row of short spinule, and unarmed. Allobasis about 2.4 times as long as maximum width, unarmed, ornamented with 1 oblique row of spinules near mid-inner margin. Exopod small, cylindrical, about 2.3 times as long as wide, unornamented, armed with apical unipinnate seta, which is 2.8 times as long as segment. Endopod 0.6 times as long as allobasis and about twice as long as wide, surface frill occurring distally, ornamented with 1 large and 1 small arched spinular rows on inner margin, armed with 2 short bipinnate, unequal spines laterally and with 5 strong elements apically (2 subequal spines, 2 subequal geniculate setae and 1 unipinnate transformed seta). Labrum (Fig. 5 c): large, triangular in lateral view (Fig. 4 a) and sub-ovate in ventral view, with narrow, concave, cutting edge finely denticulate, with short spinous projection on either side; also, ornamented with 1 row of arched spinules on ventral surface close to cutting edge. Mandible (Fig. 5 d): cutting edge narrow on elongate coxa, armed with 2 complex teeth ventrally, 1 unipinnate seta dorsally, and several smaller teeth. Palp 1 -segmented, cylindrical, about 3 times as long as wide, unornamented, and armed apically with 2 smooth, unequal apical setae. Maxillule (Fig. 5 e): with relatively large praecoxa, arthrite rectangular, about 3.3 times as long as wide in lateral view, armed with lateral stout curved seta, and 3 apical claws of which middle one with serrulate outer margin. Coxal endite armed with 2 smooth, unequal setae apically. Basis 1.3 times longer than coxal endite, armed with 1 strong and 2 slender smooth apical setae. Maxilla (Fig. 5 f): composed of syncoxa, basis, and 1 -segmented endopod. Syncoxa with 2 endites, proximal one short, armed with 2 smooth unequal setae apically, distal endite armed with 1 spiniform and 1 smooth setae apically. Allobasis prolonged into strong, unipinnate claw, without seta at base. Endopod represented by small segment, armed with 2 smooth apical setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 5 g): with short and relatively strong syncoxa, unornamented and unarmed; basis slender, 2.5 times as long as wide and 2.1 times as long as syncoxa, unornamented and unarmed; endopod small with unipinnate claw, 0.6 times as long as basis. Legs 1–4 (Figs. 6 a–c, 7 a): praecoxa and intercoxal sclerite of all legs smooth and unarmed. Leg 1 (Fig. 6 a): coxa trapezoidal; ornamented with a row of small spinules on antero-distal surface. Basis trapezoidal, somewhat shorter than coxa, ornamented with 1 row of spinules on outer margin and 1 ventral row at base of endopod and another row of small spinules on inner margin, armed with 1 slender seta on outer margin and 1 spiniform seta on inner margin. Exopod 3 -segmented, ornamented with 1 row of spinules along outer margins of all segments, second segment with 1 row of spinules at inner distal corner. First segment 0.7 times as long as next 2 segments combined, armed with 1 outer bipinnate spine; second segment unarmed and with 4 elements on third segment (1 outer spine, 1 apical seta and 2 apical geniculate setae). Endopod 2 -segmented, about as long as exopod; first segment about as long as first 2 exopodal segments combined, 3.3 times as long as wide, unarmed, ornamented with 1 transverse row of elongate spinules on inner margin and 2 arched rows (1 dorsal, 1 ventral) of large spinules on outer margin; second segment ornamented with 1 row of spinules on outer margin, and armed apically with 1 long geniculate seta and 1 spine; endopodal geniculate seta 1.6 times as long as entire endopod, about as long as innermost geniculate seta on exopod (but almost straight). All exopodal and endopodal armature elements unipinnate along outer margin except bipinnate spine on first exopodal segment. Leg 2 (Fig. 6 b): coxa ornamented with 2 arched rows of spinules near outer distal corner (1 dorsal and 1 ventral). Basis rhomboidal, slightly smaller than coxa, unarmed, ornamented with 1 row of large spinules along outer margin. Exopod 3 -segmented; ornamented with 1 row of spinules along outer margins of all segments, hyaline frill each at inner distal corner of first and third exopodal segments, but second segment with 1 row of spinules instead. First segment 0.7 times as long as next 2 segments combined, armed with large, bipinnate outer spine on first segment; second segment unarmed; third segment 1.3 times as long as second segment, armed with 3 long elements, 1 subapical spine and 2 apical bipinnate setae; innermost seta about 1.2 times as long as exopod. Endopod 1 -segmented, spatulate and almost 4.1 times as long as wide, 0.6 times as long as first exopodal segment in length, ornamented with 3 large spinules apically, and armed with 1 smooth seta apically, which is 0.7 times as long as segment. Leg 3 (Fig. 7 a): coxa rhomboidal, smaller than basis, ornamented with arched row of spinules near inner margin ventrally. Basis robust, ornamented with 1 oblique row of large spinules at distal outer corner, 1 ventral row near inner margin and 1 pore on anterior surface, and armed with moderately long, slender seta on outer margin. Endopod represented by 1 small, curved seta, inserted on inner margin at distal third of basis length. Exopod 2 - segmented, perfectly fused with each other; ancestral proximal segment moderately strong, nearly thrice as long as basal width and somewhat bent inwards; proximal region somewhat dilated and ornamented with 1 spinule on outer margin and 1 row of 3 spinules at outer distal corner; ancestral second segment (apophysis) short, unornamented, bent inwardly and armed apically with 2 modified, unequal elements (Fig. 7 c): inner element ladleshaped with hyaline structure on inner margin, and outer one hyaline, bulbous at base and gradually tapering distally. Thumb distinct at base and modified into curved digitiform chitinized structure, as long as apophysis. Leg 4 (Fig. 6 c, d): coxa rhomboidal, ornamented with 1 row of spinules near distal margin. Basis trapezoidal, ornamented with 1 row of spinules and 1 pore on anterior surface, and armed with moderately long seta on outer margin. Exopod 3 -segmented, somewhat bent inwards, ornamented with 1 row of long spinules along outer margins of all segments; hyaline frills at inner distal corner of first and third segments, but second segment with 1 row of spinules. First segment nearly 0.7 times as long as next 2 segments combined, armed with single, strong bipinnate outer spine subdistally; second segment 0.7 times as long as third segment; third segment armed with outer spine and long apical, bipinnate seta; seta 1.6 times as long as spine, 2.4 times as long as third exopodal segment, 0.9 times as long as entire exopod. Basal chitinous complex consisting of large sclerotized plate with 1 small hyaline lobe mid-distally and 1 large hyaline lobe at outer distal angle; 1 sturdy, hook-like spine at inner distal corner. Endopod 1.3 times as long as first exopodal segment, membranous and ventricose in outline, with proximal part bulbous, ornamented with 1 row of spinules and drawn out distally into biserrulate, pointed structure. Leg 5 (Figs. 3 a, 7 d): small, simple, trapezoidal plate, and fused at base; ornamented with 1 group of 2–3 tiny spinules on inner margin, 1 small cuticular pore subproximally; distal part expanded and palmate; inner distal corner produced into rather short spiniform process. Basal seta long, articulate at base and arising from lobed projection; inner lobe with 2 unequal, smooth setae (probably ancestral endopodal armature), outer seta 0.7 times as long as inner seta. Leg 6 (Figs. 2 a, 3 a): smooth, unarmed, forming simple operculum covering gonopore, fused with sixth pedigerous somite, elliptical in ventral view. Description of adult female. Body length excluding caudal setae 385–405 Μm (397 Μm in allotype). Habitus (Fig. 4 a): ornamentation of prosomites, colour and naupliar eye similar to male, except genital and first abdominal somites fused into double-genital somite. Genital double-somite (Fig. 4 b): genital apertures covered by vestigial sixth legs; median copulatory pores also covered by fused sixth legs; seminal receptacles small; copulatory duct very short and weakly sclerotized. Third urosomite, preanal somite, and anal somite very similar to male. Caudal rami (Figs. 3 b, 4 a, b): 0.7 times as long as anal somite, about 3.2 times as long as wide in dorsal and ventral views, gradually tapering, with armature and ornamentation as in male. Antennule (Figs. 4 a, 8 e): 7 -segmented, first segment short, ornamented with 1 row of spinules on ventral surface; second segment longest; fourth segment with elongate, moderately thick aesthetasc, extending up to the tip of aesthetasc on segment 7; aesthetasc on segment 7 slender and fused basally to 2 apical setae (acrotheck); setal formula: 0.4.2.2+aes.0.0.9+aes. All setae, except unipinnate proximalmost one on segment 2, smooth. Length ratio of antennular segments from proximal to distal end along caudal margin 1.0: 3.0: 1.4: 1.7: 0.7: 0.7: 1.5. Antenna, labrum, mandible, maxillule, maxilla and maxilliped similar to male. Leg 1 (Fig. 8 a): coxa trapezoidal, with arched row of spinules near proximal outer corner, basis also trapezoidal, with 3 rows of spinules and armed with only outer seta. Other details as illustrated. Leg 2 (Fig. 8 b): coxa trapezoidal, ornamented with 1 arched row of spinules at distal inner corner and 1 row of spinules ventrally; basis smaller than coxa, ornamented with 1 row of spinules on outer margin. Exopod same as in male. Endopod somewhat dilated at about midlength; ornamentation and armature same as in male in different views (Fig. 8 f–i). Leg 3 (Fig. 8 c): coxa ornamented with 1 arched row of spinules near posterior margin. Basis ornamented with 1 row of spinules on outer margin; armed with 1 long and smooth outer seta. Exopod 2 -segmented, ornamented with large spinules along outer margin, both segments with hyaline frill each at inner distal corner; first segment armed with 1 outer spine; second segment with 1 outer spine and 1 apical seta; seta 1.8 times as long as spine; all elements bipinnate. Endopod 1 -segmented, slender, almost as long as first exopodal segment, tapering to pointed tip and with spinulose disto-lateral margins. Leg 4 (Fig. 8 d): endopod strong, lanceolate, bent inwards, 1.6 times as long as first exopodal segment together with apical biserrulate spine fused at base; 1 large spinule occurring at about mid-inner margin; other details as illustrated. Leg 5 (Fig. 4 b, c): fused at base; small, simple, trapezoidal plate, ornamented with 1 small cuticular pore subproximally; subdistal part expanded and inner distal corner produced into moderately long spiniform process. Armature elements same as in male, outer seta 0.8 times as long as inner seta. Leg 6 (Fig. 4 b): vestigial, fused into simple cuticular flap, covering gonopores; unornamented and unarmed. Etymology. The specific epithet, alluding to the type locality, Edakkal Cave; proposed here as a noun in apposition to the generic name. Distribution. This species is only known from the type locality. Ecology. Parastenocaris edakkal n. sp. was accompanied by Proserpinicaris corgosinhoi n. sp. and strays of nematodes. This species was collected at a relatively high elevation of 1233 m, whereas its congeneric Indian cavernicole, Parastenocaris kotumsarensis, occurred at an altitude of 560 m. Even Parastenocaris sutlej from a Himalayan river was collected at an altitude of 656 m. Other hyporheic Indian species occur somewhat close to the sea level. Variation. Shape of leg 2 endopod (Fig. 8 f–i) varying depending on the angle of view.

Proserpinicaris karanovici n. sp. (Figs. 15���20) Type locality. Farm bore in the riparian zone of the River Krishna at Kunchanapalli village (16 �� 23 ��� 42.1 ���N, 80 �� 32 ��� 28.2 ���E, elevation 8.9 m; water temperature 26 ��C, pH 7.0), 3 km from Vijayawada city in Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh (Fig 1 a). Type material examined. Holotype male (MNHN-IU- 2013-11935) and allotype female (MNHN-IU- 2013- 11936), dissected on 3 slides each; 4 paratypes: 1 paratype male (MNHN-IU- 2013-11937), dissected on 2 slides; 1 male (MNHN-IU- 2013-11938) and 2 females (MNHN-IU- 2013-11939 ��� 11940), whole-mounted on 1 slide each. 4 January 2010, Coll. V. R. Totakura. Other material examined. India, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur District, 1 male and 2 females collected from the type locality; 15 December 2013, Coll. V. R. Totakura. Description of adult male. Total body length, measured from tip of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (excluding caudal setae), 522 ��m. Preserved specimens colourless. Naupliar eye absent. Habitus (Fig. 15 a) with thin cuticle, smooth and not pitted, cylindrical and slender, without any podoplean demarcation between prosome and urosome; prosome/urosome ratio about 0.8 in lateral view; greatest width at fifth pedigerous somite in lateral view; free pedigerous somites 2���4 gradually increasing in size. Body length/width ratio about 8.3. Cephalothorax about as wide as genital somite in lateral view, 18.9 % of body length. Free pedigerous somites with narrow arthrodial membranes. Hyaline fringes of all somites smooth, very narrow and hard to distinguish from arthrodial membranes. Integument smooth, ornamented only with sensilla, spinules and with single rectangular dorsal cuticular window on cephalothorax and vague elliptical cuticular window each on urosomites 2���5. Pleural areas of cephalothorax and free pedigerous somites present, cephalic appendages and coxae of swimming legs partly exposed in lateral view (Fig. 15 a). Rostrum (Fig. 16 a) small, membranous, about as long as wide, linguiform, fused at base, ornamented with 2 large dorsal sensilla, reaching about end of first antennular segment. Cephalothorax (Fig. 15 a) subquadrate in lateral view, about 1.5 times as long as wide in lateral view and 21.3 % of total body length. Surface of cephalic shield ornamented with sensilla and 1 elliptical, smooth window in distal half; 4 pairs of sensilla around window; 3 pairs of sensilla on either side and 1 pair at base of antennule. Second pedigerous somite 0.9 times as wide as posterior half of cephalothorax in dorsal view, with 3 pairs of large sensilla (1 dorsal and 1 lateral, 1 ventral). Third pedigerous somite slightly wider than second one, with 3 pairs of large sensilla. Fourth pedigerous somite slightly wider and longer than third prosomite, with only 3 pairs of large posterior sensilla. Urosome (Fig. 15 a, b): urosomites gradually narrowing posteriorly, with poorly developed dorsal hyaline frills, hard to distinguish from arthrodial membranes between urosomites. Urosomites 2���5 each with elliptical cuticular window, and 1���3 each ornamented with 4 pairs of large posterior sensilla (2 dorsal, 1 lateral, 1 ventral). Fourth urosomite with 3 pairs of large posterior sensilla. Preanal somite slightly narrower and longer than fourth urosomite, without any surface ornamentation in dorsal view. Anal somite about as long as wide and slightly narrower than preanal somite, ornamented with 2 large dorsal sensilla at base of anal operculum, 1 cuticular pore on either side and 1 row of spinules on ventro-distal margin, of which 1 spinule large. A large, longitudinally placed spermatophore (Fig. 15 a) visible through cuticle of fifth pediger and genital somite, about 3.1 times as long as wide, bean-shaped, with narrow and curved neck. Anal operculum well developed, distal margin convex, not reaching posterior end of anal somite, representing 68 % of somite's width. Anal sinus wide; ornamented with 2 diagonal rows of slender spinules. Caudal rami (Fig. 15 a, b): subcylindrical, sub-proximally dilated on inner margin and gradually tapering, about 2.6 times as long as greatest width in ventral view, 2.2 times in lateral view, and about 1.2 times as long as anal somite, slightly divergent, with space between them being about half the maximum width of ramus; armed with 6 setae (seta II absent) and ornamented with posterior row of spinules on ventral margin and 1 disto-lateral cuticular pore. Lateral setae (I and III) located at 2 / 5 of ramus length, unequal. Dorsal seta (VII) inserted at about 3 / 4 of, and close to, inner margin, nearly 1.3 times as long as caudal ramus, plumose, biarticulate basally. Inner apical seta (VI) smooth, inserted close to ventral margin, about 0.7 times as long as ramus. Middle apical seta (V) strongest, without breaking plane, bipinnate, about 2.4 times as long as ramus, pointing distally, with straight tip. Outer apical seta (IV) greatly reduced, smooth, only about 0.3 times as long as ramus length, inserted close to dorsal surface and pointing postero-laterally. Antennule (Fig. 16 b): 8 -segmented, slightly longer than cephalothorax, slender, prehensile, strongly digeniculate, geniculation between third and fourth, and sixth and seventh segments; last 2 segments directed distally (���coiled type���). First segment very short, ornamented with 1 row of tiny spinules. Segments 3���5 moderately dilated, fifth segment without any proximal spiniform process on anterior surface; aesthetasc elongate with blunt tip, reaching mid-length of ultimate segment, fused basally to simple seta; short and slender apical aesthetasc on ultimate segment, fused basally to 2 setae (acrotheck). Setal formula: 0.6.4.1.5+aes.2.0.9+aes. All setae slender and smooth except 1 spiniform seta on third segment; proximalmost seta on second segment unipinnate, with extremely long setules along outer margin. Length ratios of antennular segments, along medial axis, 1.0: 3.1: 1.1: 0.3: 1.2: 1.1: 1: 1. Antenna (Fig. 16 c): composed of coxa, allobasis, 1 -segmented exopod and 1 -segmented endopod. Coxa very short, unarmed and unornamented. Allobasis about 3.5 times as long as maximum width, unarmed but ornamented with 2 arched rows of spinules on anterior surface. Exopod slender, cylindrical, about 5 times as long as wide, unornamented, and armed with 1 unipinnate apical seta, which is 2.3 times as long as segment. Endopod 0.4 times as long as allobasis and about twice as long as wide, with surface frill subdistally, ornamented with 2 longitudinal spinular rows on inner margin, armed laterally with 2 short, bipinnate, unequal spines and apically with 5 strong elements (2 spines, 2 geniculate setae and 1 unipinnate transformed seta). Labrum (Fig. 16 d): large and subtriangular in ventral view, with narrow and arched cutting edge, and 1 row of elongate spinules on ventral surface. Mandible (Fig. 16 e, f): gnathobase with narrow cutting edge on elongated coxa, armed with 2 complex teeth ventrally, 1 unipinnate seta dorsally, and several smaller teeth. Palp 1 -segmented, cylindrical, about 4.2 times as long as wide, unornamented, armed apically with 2 smooth apical setae. Maxillule (Fig. 16 g): with relatively large praecoxa; praecoxal arthrite about 3.2 times as long as wide; no ornamentation on posterior surface; armed with 3 strong, smooth, apical spinous processes and 1 subapical stout spiniform seta. Coxal endite armed with 2 smooth setae apically. Basis slightly longer than coxal endite, armed with 3 smooth apical setae. Maxilla (Fig. 16 h): composed of syncoxa, basis, and 1 -segmented endopod. Syncoxa with 2 endites, basal one short, armed with 1 apical smooth, fused seta; distal endite armed with 1 smooth seta and 1 unipinnate seta apically. Allobasis prolonged into strong unipinnate claw, without seta at base. Endopod short, with 2 unequal setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 16 i): syncoxa short and relatively strong, unarmed and unornamented; basis slender, 5.4 times as long as wide, unornamented and unarmed; endopod small, with unipinnate claw, about 0.5 times as long as basis. Leg 1 (Fig. 17 a): coxa with 1 circlet of spinules on posterior surface. Basis smaller than coxa, ornamented with 1 row of large spinules along outer margin and another row of spinules between exopod and endopod ventrally, and 1 pore proximally; armed with 1 slender, short seta on outer margin. Exopod 3 -segmented; first segment armed with 1 outer bipinnate spine, 0.9 times as long as next 2 segments combined and 4 elements on third segment (1 outer spine, 1 apical seta and 2 apical geniculate setae); ornamented with few large spinules along outer margin. Endopod 2 -segmented, longer than exopod; first segment longer than proximal 2 exopodal segments combined, ornamented with 1 row of elongate spinules on subdistal inner margin, 2 rows of short spinules on outer margin; second endopodal segment ornamented with 1 row of spinules on mid-outer margin and armed apically with 1 long geniculate seta and 1 short spine; geniculate seta 1.2 times as long as entire endopod, almost 2.1 times as long as outer spine on endopod, about as long as inner geniculate seta on exopod. All exopodal and endopodal armature elements unipinnate along outer margin except bipinnate spine on first exopodal segment. Leg 2 (Fig. 17 b): coxa large, ornamented with 1 transverse row of small spinules on posterior outer margin. Basis ornamented with 1 row of spinules near anterior inner margin, 1 pore on mid-dorsal surface and unarmed. Exopod 3 -segmented; ornamented with 1 row of spinules along outer margins of all segments and hyaline frill at inner distal corner of first and third segments; second segment with 1 row of spinules at inner distal corner; first segment 0.8 times as long as next 2 segments combined and armed with 1 outer bipinnate spine; second segment unarmed; third segment as long as second one, armed with 3 long setae (1 subapical unipinnate and 2 apical bipinnate setae); innermost seta about as long as exopod. Endopod 1 -segmented, cylindrical and almost 6 times as long as wide, reaching 1 / 3 of first exopodal segment in length, ornamented with 2 spinules on distal end, and armed apically with 1 smooth seta, which is about as long as segment and pointing outwards. Leg 3 (Fig. 17 c): characteristically straight; coxa trapezoidal, ornamentation not discernible. Basis rectangular but produced into 1 lobe-like structure at inner distal corner in anterior view; ornamented with 1 oblique row of unequal spinules near outer margin, 2 rows of small spinules near inner proximal margin, 1 pore proximally; armed with long, slender outer seta, which is articulate at base. Endopod represented by short, sturdy spiniform structure, inserted at 2 / 3 of inner margin. Exopod modified, fused; proximal ancestral segment subquadrate; ornamented with 1 row of 3 small spinules on outer distal margin; apophysis doubly curved, claw-like and unornamented; thumb dagger-shaped, membranous, distinct at base, slightly dilated subproximally, and 1.5 times as long as apophysis; 1 narrow hyaline membrane at about mid-inner margin on lateral margins. Leg 4 (Fig. 17 d, e): coxa rhomboidal, ornamented with 1 row of spinules posteriorly. Basis trapezoidal, ornamented with 1 row of spinules on anterior surface, 1 row on outer proximal margin, and 1 pore on proximal surface; armed with moderately long outer seta. Exopod slender, elongate, 3 -segmented, ornamented with spinules only along outer margin; first segment 0.6 as long as next 2 segments combined; hyaline frill at inner distal corner of first and third segments, second segment with 1 row of spinules at inner distal corner; first segment armed with strong bipinnate outer spine subdistally; second segment unarmed; third segment slightly longer than second one and armed with 1 outer spine and 1 inner, apical bipinnate seta; seta 2.7 times as long as spine, 2.3 times as long as third exopodal segment, 0.8 times as long as entire exopod. Endopod nearly as long as first exopodal segment, membranous, proximal 2 / 3 slightly swollen; lateral margins fringed with tiny spinules; the hyaline structure leaflike and occurring close to, and partially overlapping, endopod. Leg 5 (Figs. 15 a, 17 f): both legs separate at base; each leg large, elongate trapezoidal plate, ornamented with longitudinal row of 7 large spinules on distal inner margin, spinules increasing in size posteriorly, distalmost spinule slightly overreaching tip of inner spiniform process; and 1 small cuticular pore on proximal half; inner distal angle protruding as spiniform process and with minute spinules distally, spiniform processes of both legs divergent; each leg armed with 4 smooth setae on uneven outer margin. Basal lobe distinct, carrying 1 long, basally articulate seta followed by 1 tiny seta; next 2 setae unequal and arising from a slight bulge (probably ancestral endopod). Leg 6 (Fig. 15 a): claw-like, bare, posteriorly directed, forming simple operculum covering gonopore, fused with sixth pedigerous somite. Description of adult female. Body length excluding caudal setae 540 ��m. Habitus (Fig. 18 a): ornamentation of prosomites and colour similar to male, except genital somite and first abdominal somite fused into doublesomite. Cephalothorax (Fig. 18 a) elongate-oval with postero-lateral corners dilated in dorsal view, about 1.2 times as long as wide in dorsal view; representing 15.9 % of total body length. Genital double-somite about as long as wide without any trace of subdivision and with vague, elliptical cuticular window on antero-dorsal half, and 4 pairs of large posterior sensilla. Other urosomites gradually decreasing in size. Preanal and anal somites same as in male. Genital complex occupying antero-ventral half of genital double-somite; genital apertures paired, each covered by vestigial sixth legs; copulatory pores medial; seminal receptacles small; copulatory duct very short and weakly sclerotized. Caudal rami (Figs. 18 a, 20 a, b): 1.3 times as long as anal somite, about 2.8 times as long as wide; gradually tapering; armature and ornamentation as in male. Antennule (Fig. 16 j): 7 -segmented, first segment with few minute spinules near outer margin, fourth segment with slender aesthetasc, overreaching midlength of ultimate segment, and more slender apical aesthetasc on seventh segment, which is fused basally to 2 apical setae; setal formula: 0.4.5.2+aes.1.1.8+aes. All setae, except proximalmost one on second segment smooth. Length ratios of antennular segments on medial axis 1.0: 3.5: 1.5: 1.3: 0.7: 1.0: 1.2. Antenna, labrum, mandible, maxillule, maxilla, maxilliped and leg 1 similar to male. Leg 2 (Fig. 19 b): exopod same as in male. Endopod 1 -segmented, slender, 6.3 times as long as wide, somewhat curved, ornamented with 1 spinule subdistally; apex with 2 spinules and 1 slender seta, reaching distal end of first exopodal segment. Leg 3 (Fig. 19 c): coxa with arched row of spinules on anterior surface. Basis ornamented with spinules on outer margin and 1 pore anteriorly, armed with long and smooth outer seta, which is about as long as entire exopod. Exopod 2 -segmented, ornamented with 1 row of large spinules along outer margin, and both segments with hyaline frill each at inner distal corner. First segment armed with 1 outer spine; second one with 1 outer spine and 1 apical strong seta; seta 2.9 times as long as spine; all elements bipinnate. Endopod 1 -segmented, cylindrical, blunt, 4.4 times as long as wide, short, 0.3 times as long as first exopodal segment, ornamented with 1 spinule at midlength on inner margin and 1 spinule apically, which is 0.3 times as long as segment. Leg 4 (Fig. 19 d): exopod similar to male. Endopod lanceolate, about as long as first exopodal segment together with fused apical spine, somewhat curved inwards, ornamented with 2 circlets of spinules in proximal half. Leg 5 (Figs. 19 e, 20 a, b): trapezoidal plate, overreaching posterior margin of fifth pediger; inner margin ornamented with only 3 small spinules, with distinct gap between proximal spinule and distal pair of spinules. Inner spiniform processes on both legs parallel; setal armature same as in male. Leg 6 completely absent. Etymology. The new species is named in honour of Prof. T. Karanovic, Hanyang University in Seoul, in recognition of his significant contributions to the systematics of groundwater copepods. The specific epithet, karanovici, is a noun in the genitive singular. Distribution. The new species is confined to the type locality only. Ecology. The new species was accompanied by various other taxa on two occasions at the type locality: Atopobathynella sp., Habrobathynella sp., Serbanibathynella sp., an unidentified cyclopoid, Nitocrella sp., Parastenocaris sp., an unidentified harpacticoid, water mites, nematodes, oligochaetes and insect larvae on 4 January 2010; and Atopobathynella sp., Serbanibathynella sp., Nitocrella sp., Parastenocaris sp., and an unidentified harpacticoid on 15 December 2013. Similar multiple stygobitic species coexistence has been reported elsewhere (see Corgosinho & Mart��nez Arbizu 2005; Corgosinho et al. 2007; Karanovic & Cooper 2011). Variation. Caudal rami varying in size and form in female (Fig. 18 a���e)., Published as part of Totakura, Venkateswara Rao, Reddy, Yenumula Ranga & Shaik, Shabuddin, 2014, Three new species of Parastenocarididae (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from India, pp. 501-537 in Zootaxa 3821 (5) on pages 526-529, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3821.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/227732, {"references":["Corgosinho, P. H. C & Martinez Arbizu, P. (2005) Two new interstitial species of Remaneicaris Jakobi (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Parastenocarididae) from the Ribeirao do Ouro River, Brazil, with a redefinition of the genus. Senckenbergiana Biologica, 85, 147 - 162.","Corgosinho, P. H. C, Martinez Arbizu, P. & Santos-Silva, E. N. (2007) Three new species of Remaneicaris Jakobi, 1972 (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Parastenocarididae) from the Ribeirao do Ouro River, Minas Gerais, Brazil, with some remarks on the groundpattern of the Parastenocarididae. Zootaxa, 1437, 1 - 28.","Karanovic, T. & Cooper, S. J. B. (2011) Molecular and morphological evidence for short range endemism in the Kinnecaris solitaria complex (Copepoda: Parastenocarididae), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa, 3026, 1 - 64."]}