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Any finite state automaton gives rise to a Boolean one-dimensional TQFT with defects and inner endpoints of cobordisms. This paper extends the correspondence to Boolean TQFTs where defects accumulate toward inner endpoints, relating such TQFTs and topological theories to sofic systems and $\omega$-automata., Comment: 31 pages, many figures

The universal pairing for manifolds was defined and shown to lack positivity in dimension 4 by Freedman et al. We prove an analogous result for 2-complexes, and also show that the universal pairing does not detect the difference between simple homotopy equivalence and 3-deformations. The question of whether these two equivalence relations are different for 2-complexes is the subject of the Andrews-Curtis conjecture. We also discuss the universal pairing for higher-dimensional complexes and show that it is not positive., Comment: 17 pages. Version 2 is a substantial revision, in particular the main theorem is strengthened and a section is added on the universal pairing of higher-dimensional complexes

This is a brief introduction to link homology theories that categorify Reshetikhin--Turaev $\mathsf{SL}(N)$-quantum link invariants. A recently discovered surprising connection between finite state automata and Boolean TQFTs in dimension one is explained as a warm-up., Comment: 40 pages, many figures, corrected minor misprints. To appear in Contemporary Mathematics, conference proceedings "From Representation Theory to Mathematical Physics and Back"

Unoriented SL(3) foams are two-dimensional CW complexes with generic singularities embedded in 3- and 4-manifolds. They naturally come up in the Kronheimer-Mrowka SO(3) gauge theory for 3-orbifolds and, in the oriented case, in a categorification of the Kuperberg bracket quantum invariant. The present paper studies the more technically complicated case of SL(4) foams. Combinatorial evaluation of unoriented SL(4) foams is defined and state spaces for it are studied. In particular, over a suitably localized ground ring, the state space of any web is free of the rank given by the number of its 4-colorings., Comment: 26 pages, many figures, comments welcome

This paper clarifies basic definitions in the universal construction of topological theories and monoidal categories. The definition of the universal construction is given for various types of monoidal categories, including rigid and symmetric. It is also explained how to set up the universal construction for non-monoidal categories. The second part of the paper explains how to associate a rigid symmetric monoidal category to a small category, a sort of the Brauer envelope of a category. The universal construction for the Brauer envelopes generalizes some earlier work of the first two authors on automata, power series and topological theories. Finally, the theory of pseudocharacters (or pseudo-representations), which is an essential tool in modern number theory, is interpreted via one-dimensional topological theories and TQFTs with defects. The notion of a pseudocharacter is studied for Brauer categories and the lifting property to characters of semisimple representations is established in characteristic 0 for Brauer categories with at most countably many objects. The paper contains a brief discussion of pseudo-holonomies, which are functions from loops in a manifold to real numbers similar to traces of the holonomies along loops of a connection on a vector bundle on the manifold. It concludes with a classification of pseudocharacters (pseudo-TQFTs) and their generating functions for the category of oriented two-dimensional cobordisms in the characteristic 0 case., Comment: 59 pages, many figures

This paper explains how any nondeterministic automaton for a regular language $L$ gives rise to a one-dimensional oriented Topological Quantum Field Theory (TQFT) with inner endpoints and zero-dimensional defects labelled by letters of the alphabet for $L$. The TQFT is defined over the Boolean semiring $\mathbb{B}$. Different automata for a fixed language $L$ produce TQFTs that differ by their values on decorated circles, while the values on decorated intervals are described by the language $L$. The language $L$ and the TQFT associated to an automaton can be given a path integral interpretation. In this TQFT the state space of a one-point 0-manifold is a free module over $\mathbb{B}$ with the basis of states of the automaton. Replacing a free module by a finite projective $\mathbb{B}$-module $P$ allows to generalize automata and this type of TQFT to a structure where defects act on open subsets of a finite topological space. Intersection of open subsets induces a multiplication on $P$ allowing to extend the TQFT to a TQFT for one-dimensional foams (oriented graphs with defects modulo a suitable equivalence relation). A linear version of these constructions is also explained, with the Boolean semiring replaced by a commutative ring., Comment: Corollary 3.5 added. 36 pages, many figures

The paper studies the Karoubi envelope of a one-dimensional topological theory with defects and inner endpoints, defined over a field. It turns out that the Karoubi envelope is determined by a symmetric Frobenius algebra K associated to the theory. The Karoubi envelope is then equivalent to the quotient of the Frobenius-Brauer category of K modulo the ideal of negligible morphisms. Symmetric Frobenius algebras, such as K, describe two-dimensional TQFTs for the category of thin flat surfaces, and elements of the algebra can be turned into defects on the side boundaries of these surfaces. We also explain how to couple K to the universal construction restricted to closed surfaces to define a topological theory of open-closed two-dimensional cobordisms which is usually not an open-closed 2D TQFT., Comment: 38 pages, Figure 2.3.4 corrected. Many figures

We consider the odd analogue of the category of Soergel bimodules. In the odd case and already for two variables, the transposition bimodule cannot be merged into the generating Soergel bimodule, forcing one into a monoidal category with a larger Grothendieck ring compared to the even case. We establish biadjointness of suitable functors and develop graphical calculi in the 2-variable case for the odd Soergel category and the related singular Soergel 2-category. We describe the odd analogue of the Rouquier complexes and establish their invertibility in the homotopy category. For three variables, the absence of a direct sum decomposition of the tensor product of generating Soergel bimodules presents an obstacle for the Reidemeister III relation to hold in the homotopy category., Comment: v3. Fixed some misprints. v2. 20 pages, figures in color, minor changes, integrated referee comments (including the name of the paper)

The paper explains the connection between topological theories for one-manifolds with defects and values in the Boolean semiring and automata and their generalizations. Finite state automata are closely related to regular languages. To each pair of a regular language and a circular regular language we associate a topological theory for one-dimensional manifolds with zero-dimensional defects labelled by letters of the language. This theory takes values in the Boolean semiring. Universal construction of topological theories gives rise in this case to a monoidal category of Boolean semilinear combinations of one-dimensional cobordisms with defects modulo skein relations. The latter category can be interpreted as a semilinear rigid monoidal closure of standard structures associated to a regular language, including minimal deterministic and nondeterministic finite state automata for the language and the syntactic monoid. The circular language plays the role of a regularizer, allowing to define the rigid closure of these structures. When the state space of a single point for a regular language describes a distributive lattice, there is a unique associated circular language such that the resulting theory is a Boolean TQFT., Comment: 70 pages, many figures

This is a brief review of the categorification of the Jones polynomial and its significance and ramifications in geometry, algebra, and low-dimensional topology., Comment: 22 pages. V2: Various minor improvements. To appear in an issue of the Bulletin of the AMS, dedicated to the mathematical legacy of Vaughan Jones

The linear decomposition attack provides a serious obstacle to direct applications of noncommutative groups and monoids (or semigroups) in cryptography. To overcome this issue we propose to look at monoids with only big representations, in the sense made precise in the paper, and undertake a systematic study of such monoids. One of our main tools is Green's theory of cells (Green's relations). A large supply of monoids is delivered by monoidal categories. We consider simple examples of monoidal categories of diagrammatic origin, including the Temperley-Lieb, the Brauer and partition categories, and discuss lower bounds for their representations., Comment: 52 pages, many figures, revised version, comments welcome

Certain foams and relations on them are introduced to interpret functors and natural transformations in categories of representations of iterated wreath products of cyclic groups of order two. We also explain how patched surfaces with defect circles and foams relate to separable field extensions and Galois theory and explore a relation between overlapping foams and Sylvester double sums. In the appendix, joint with Lev Rozansky, we compare traces in two-dimensional TQFTs coming from matrix factorizations with those in field extensions., Comment: 78 pages, many figures

We describe equivariant SL(2) and SL(3) homology for links in the solid torus via foam evaluation. The solid torus is replaced by 3-space with a distinguished line in it. Generators of state spaces for annular webs are represented by foams with boundary that may intersect the distinguished line; intersection points, called anchor points, contribute additional terms, reminiscent of square roots of the Hessian, to the foam evaluation. Both oriented and unoriented SL(3) foams are treated in the paper., Comment: 56 pages, many figures

A pair of biadjoint functors between two categories produces a collection of elements in the centers of these categories, one for each isotopy class of nested circles in the plane. If the centers are equipped with a trace map into the ground field, then one assigns an element of that field to a diagram of nested circles. We focus on the self-adjoint functor case of this construction and study the reverse problem of recovering such a functor and a category given values associated to diagrams of nested circles., Comment: 61 pages. v2: This revised version is to appear in Pure Appl. Math. Q

We study generalized Deligne categories and related tensor envelopes for the universal two-dimensional cobordism theories described by rational functions, recently defined by Sazdanovic and one of the authors., Comment: 60 pages

In the unoriented SL(3) foam theory, singular vertices are generic singularities of two-dimensional complexes. Singular vertices have neighbourhoods homeomorphic to cones over the one-skeleton of the tetrahedron, viewed as a trivalent graph on the two-sphere. In this paper we consider foams with singular vertices with neighbourhoods homeomorphic to cones over more general planar trivalent graphs. These graphs are subject to suitable conditions on their Kempe equivalence Tait coloring classes and include the dodecahedron graph. In this modification of the original homology theory it is straightforward to show that modules associated to the dodecahedron graph are free of rank 60, which is still an open problem for the original unoriented SL(3) foam theory., Comment: 25 pages, many figures

The paper explores the relation between noncommutative power series and topological theories of one-dimensional cobordisms decorated by labelled zero-dimensional submanifolds. These topological theories give rise to several types of tensor envelopes of noncommutative recognizable power series, including the categories built from the syntactic algebra and syntactic ideals of the series and the analogue of the Deligne category., Comment: 33 pages, 20 figures

We consider recognizable evaluations for a suitable category of oriented two-dimensional cobordisms with corners between finite unions of intervals. We call such cobordisms thin flat surfaces. An evaluation is given by a power series in two variables. Recognizable evaluations correspond to series that are ratios of a two-variable polynomial by the product of two one-variable polynomials, one for each variable. They are also in a bijection with isomorphism classes of commutative Frobenius algebras on two generators with a nondegenerate trace fixed. The latter algebras of dimension n correspond to points on the dual tautological bundle on the Hilbert scheme of n points on the affine plane, with a certain divisor removed from the bundle. A recognizable evaluation gives rise to a functor from the above cobordism category of thin flat surfaces to the category of finite-dimensional vector spaces. These functors may be non-monoidal in interesting cases. To a recognizable evaluation we also assign an analogue of the Deligne category and of its quotient by the ideal of negligible morphisms., Comment: 38 pages, 21 figures

The Deligne category of symmetric groups is the additive Karoubi closure of the partition category. It is semisimple for generic values of the parameter t while producing categories of representations of the symmetric group when modded out by the ideal of negligible morphisms when t is a non-negative integer. The partition category may be interpreted, following Comes, via a particular linearization of the category of two-dimensional oriented cobordisms. The Deligne category and its semisimple quotients admit similar interpretations. This viewpoint coupled to the universal construction of two-dimensional topological theories leads to multi-parameter monoidal generalizations of the partition and the Deligne categories, one for each rational function in one variable., Comment: 15 pages

We consider Blanchet, Habegger, Masbaum and Vogel's universal construction of topological theories in dimension two, using it to produce interesting theories that do not satisfy the usual two-dimensional TQFT axioms. Kronecker's characterization of rational functions allows us to classify theories over a field with finite-dimensional state spaces and introduce their extension to theories with the ground ring the product of rings of symmetric functions in N and M variables. We look at several examples of non-multiplicative theories and see Hankel matrices, Schur and supersymmetric Schur polynomials quickly emerge from these structures. The last section explains how an extension of the Robert-Wagner foam evaluation to overlapping foams gives the Sergeev-Pragacz formula for the supersymmetric Schur polynomials and the Day formula for the Toeplitz determinant of rational power series as special cases., Comment: 56 pages, 32 figures

The first two sections of the paper provide a convenient scheme and additional diagrammatics for working with Frobenius extensions responsible for key flavors of equivariant SL(2) link homology theories. The goal is to clarify some basic structures in the theory and propose a setup to work over sufficiently non-degenerate base rings. The third section works out two related SL(2) evaluations for seamed surfaces., Comment: 39 pages, many tikz figures and diagrams

We consider a deformation of the Robert-Wagner foam evaluation formula, with an eye toward a relation to formal groups. Integrality of the deformed evaluation is established, giving rise to state spaces for planar GL(N) MOY graphs (Murakami-Ohtsuki-Yamada graphs). Skein relations for the deformation are worked out in details in the GL(2) case. These skein relations deform GL(2) foam relations of Beliakova, Hogancamp, Putyra and Wehrli. We establish the Reidemeister move invariance of the resulting chain complexes assigned to link diagrams, giving us a link homology theory., Comment: 57 pages, 54 figures

We develop a diagrammatic categorification of the polynomial ring Z[x], based on a geometrically defined graded algebra. This construction generalizes to categorification of some special functions, such as Chebyshev polynomials. Diagrammatic algebras featured in these categorifications lead to the first topological interpretations of the Bernstein-Gelfand-Gelfand reciprocity property., Comment: 24 pages

We introduce and study combinatorial equivariant analogues of the Kronheimer--Mrowka homology theory of planar trivalent graphs., Comment: 53 pages, 23 tikz figures

We construct a 2-representation categorifying the symmetric Howe representation of $\mathfrak{gl}_m$ using a deformation of an algebra introduced by Webster. As a consequence, we obtain a categorical braid group action taking values in a homotopy category., Comment: 71 pages, tikz diagrams. v2 corrects typos

We consider a possible framework to categorify the exponential map exp(-f) given the categorification of a generator f of $\frak{sl}_2$ by Lauda. In this setup the Taylor expansions of exp(-f) and exp(f) turn into complexes built out of categorified divided powers of f. Hom spaces between tensor powers of categorified f are given by diagrammatics combining nilHecke algebra relations with those for a additional "short strand" generator. The proposed framework is only an approximation to categorification of exponentiation, because the functors categorifying exp(f) and exp(-f) are not invertible., Comment: 27 pages

We categorify a tensor product of two Weyl modules for quantum sl(2) at a prime root of unity., Comment: 72 pages, multiple diagrammatic computations, best viewed in color. v2 contains corrections from referee reports. Accepted by the Memoirs of the AMS. Comments welcome

We construct a triangulated monoidal Karoubi closed category with the Grothendieck ring, naturally isomorphic to the ring of integers localized at two., Comment: 49 pages, 21 figures, final version

We describe a collection of graded rings which surject onto Webster rings for sl(2) and which should be related to certain categories of singular Soergel bimodules. In the first non-trivial case, we construct a categorical braid group action which categorifies the Burau representation.

We describe a collection of differential graded rings that categorify weight spaces of the positive half of the quantized universal enveloping algebra of the Lie superalgebra gl(m|1).

The positive half of the Witt algebra is the Lie algebra spanned by vector fields x^{m+1} d/dx acting as differentiations on the polynomial algebra Q[x] upon which the Soergel bimodule construction of triply graded link homology is based. We show that this action of Witt algebra can be extended to the link homology., Comment: 45 pages

We categorify one half of the small quantum sl(2) at a prime root of unity. An extension of this construction to an arbitrary simply-laced case is proposed., Comment: Latex file, 104 pages, many ps tricks figures. V3 contains minor corrections. Comments welcome

We introduce an odd version of the nilHecke algebra and develop an odd analogue of the thick diagrammatic calculus for nilHecke algebras. We graphically describe idempotents which give a Morita equivalence between odd nilHecke algebras and the rings of odd symmetric functions in finitely many variables. Cyclotomic quotients of odd nilHecke algebras are Morita equivalent to rings which are odd analogues of the cohomology rings of Grassmannians. Like their even counterparts, odd nilHecke algebras categorify the positive half of quantum sl(2)., Comment: 48 pages, eps and xypic diagrams

We consider a q-analogue of the standard bilinear form on the commutative ring of symmetric functions. The q=-1 case leads to a Z-graded Hopf superalgebra which we call the algebra of odd symmetric functions. In the odd setting we describe counterparts of the elementary and complete symmetric functions, power sums, Schur functions, and combinatorial interpretations of associated change of basis relations., Comment: 43 pages, 12 figures. v2: some corrections

We develop a diagrammatic categorification of the polynomial ring $Z[x]$. Our categorification satisfies a version of Bernstein-Gelfand-Gelfand reciprocity property with the indecomposable projective modules corresponding to $x^n$ and standard modules to $(x-1)^n$ in the Grothendieck ring., Comment: 29 pages, 26 figures

A diagrammatic presentation of functors and natural transformations and the virtues of biadjointness are discussed. We then review a graphical description of the category of Soergel bimodules and a diagrammatic categorification of positive halves of quantum groups. These notes are a write-up of Takagi lectures given by the author in Hokkaido University in June 2009., Comment: 30 pages, latex, eps

We categorify the Casimir element of the idempotented form of quantum sl(2)., Comment: 63 pages, xypic diagrams. v2 corrects typos

We describe a collection of differential graded rings that categorify weight spaces of the positive half of the quantized universal enveloping algebra of the Lie superalgebra gl(1|2)., Comment: 26 pages, 24 figures

A categorification of the Beilinson-Lusztig-MacPherson form of the quantum sl(2) was constructed in the paper arXiv:0803.3652 by the second author. Here we enhance the graphical calculus introduced and developed in that paper to include two-morphisms between divided powers one-morphisms and their compositions. We obtain explicit diagrammatical formulas for the decomposition of products of divided powers one-morphisms as direct sums of indecomposable one-morphisms; the latter are in a bijection with the Lusztig canonical basis elements. These formulas have integral coefficients and imply that one of the main results of Lauda's paper---identification of the Grothendieck ring of his 2-category with the idempotented quantum sl(2)---also holds when the 2-category is defined over the ring of integers rather than over a field., Comment: 72 pages, LaTeX2e with xypic and pstricks macros

The monoidal category of Soergel bimodules can be thought of as a categorification of the Hecke algebra of a finite Weyl group. We present this category, when the Weyl group is the symmetric group, in the language of planar diagrams with local generators and local defining relations., Comment: long awaited update to published version

We categorify the idempotented form of quantum sl(n)., Comment: 88 pages, LaTeX2e with xypic and pstricks macros, 3 eps files

This article consists of six lectures on the categorification of the Burau representation and on link homology groups which categorify the Jones and the HOMFLY-PT polynomial. The notes are based on the lecture course at the PCMI 2006 summer school in Park City, Utah., Comment: 67 pages

We suggest a categorification procedure for the SO(2N) one-variable specialization of the two-variable Kauffman polynomial. The construction has many similarities with the HOMFLYPT categorification: a planar graph formula for the polynomial is converted into a complex of graded vector spaces, each of them being the homology of a Z_2 graded differential vector space associated to a graph and constructed using matrix factorizations. This time, however, the elementary matrix factorizations are not Koszul; instead, they are convolutions of chain complexes of Koszul matrix factorizations. We prove that the homotopy class of the resulting complex associated to a diagram of a link is invariant under the first two Reidemeister moves and conjecture its invariance under the third move.

We construct an explicit categorification of the action of tangles on tensor powers of the fundamental representation of quantum sl(2)., Comment: 25 pages, 21 eps figures, Typos corrected, Figure 6 replaced

We argue that various braid group actions on triangulated categories should be extended to projective actions of the category of braid cobordisms and illustrate how this works in examples. We also construct actions of both the affine braid group and the braid cobordism category on the derived category of coherent sheaves on the cotangent bundle to the full flag variety., Comment: Comment added noting faithfulness of braid group action on D(T*Flag). Referee's comments incorporated to make paper more readable. 90 pages, 21 figures

This is a short survey of algebro-combinatorial link homology theories which have the Jones polynomial and other link polynomials as their Euler characteristics., Comment: 12 pages, 3 eps figures

The purpose of this paper is to study categorifications of tensor products of finite dimensional modules for the quantum group for sl(2). The main categorification is obtained using certain Harish-Chandra bimodules for the complex Lie algebra gl(n). For the special case of simple modules we naturally deduce a categorification via modules over the cohomology ring of certain flag varieties. Further geometric categorifications and the relation to Steinberg varieties are discussed. We also give a categorical version of the quantised Schur-Weyl duality and an interpretation of the (dual) canonical bases and the (dual) standard bases in terms of projective, tilting, standard and simple Harish-Chandra bimodules.

We trade matrix factorizations and Koszul complexes for Hochschild homology of Soergel bimodules to modify the construction of triply-graded link homology and relate it to Kazhdan-Lusztig theory., Comment: latex, 19 pages, 4 eps figures; v3 corrects few more misprints

Any finite-dimensional Hopf algebra H is Frobenius and the stable category of H-modules is triangulated monoidal. To H-comodule algebras we assign triangulated module-categories over the stable category of H-modules. These module-categories are generalizations of homotopy and derived categories of modules over a differential graded algebra. We expect that, for suitable H, our construction could be a starting point in the program of categorifying quantum invariants of 3-manifolds., Comment: 30 pages, latex, this version contains very minor corrections

To a presentation of an oriented link as the closure of a braid we assign a complex of bigraded vector spaces. The Euler characteristic of this complex (and of its triply-graded cohomology groups) is the HOMFLYPT polynomial of the link. We show that the dimension of each cohomology group is a link invariant., Comment: 37 pages, 20 figures; version 2 corrects an inaccuracy in the proof of Proposition 3