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An algebraic function of the third order plays an important role in the problem of asymptotics of Hermite-Pad\'e approximants for two analytic functions with branch points. This algebraic function appears as the Cauchy transform of the limiting measure of the asymptotic distribution of the poles of the approximants. In many cases this algebraic function can be determined by using the given position of the branch points of the functions which are approximated and by the condition that its Abelian integral has purely imaginary periods. In the present paper we obtain a hyperelliptic uniformization of this algebraic function. In the case when each approximated function has only two branch points, the genus of this function can be equal to 0, 1 (elliptic case) or 2 (ultra-elliptic case). We use this uniformization to parametrize the elliptic case. This parametrization allows us to obtain a numerical procedure for finding this elliptic curve and as a result we can describe the limiting measure of the distribution of the poles of the approximants., Comment: 18 pages, 7 figures

We investigate the asymptotic behavior for type II Hermite-Pade approximation to two functions, where each function has two branch points and the pairs of branch points are separated. We give a classification of the cases such that the limiting counting measures for the poles of the Hermite-Pade approximants are described by an algebraic function of order 3 and genus 0. This situation gives rise to a vector-potential equilibrium problem for three measures and the poles of the common denominator are asymptotically distributed like one of these measures. We also work out the strong asymptotics for the corresponding Hermite-Pade approximants by using a 3x3 Riemann-Hilbert problem that characterizes this Hermite-Pade approximation problem., Comment: 102 pages, 31 figures

We establish the asymptotic zero distribution for polynomials generated by a four-term recurrence relation with varying recurrence coefficients having a particular limiting behavior. The proof is based on ratio asymptotics for these polynomials. We can apply this result to three examples of multiple orthogonal polynomials, in particular Jacobi-Pineiro, Laguerre I and the example associated with Macdonald functions. We also discuss an application to Toeplitz matrices., Comment: 18 pages, 2 figures

We obtain strong and uniform asymptotics in every domain of the complex plane for the scaled polynomials $a (3nz)$, $b (3nz)$, and $c (3nz)$ where $a$, $b$, and $c$ are the type II Hermite-Pad\'e approximants to the exponential function of respective degrees $2n+2$, $2n$ and $2n$, defined by $a (z)e^{-z}-b (z)=\O (z^{3n+2})$ and $a (z)e^{z}-c (z)={\O}(z^{3n+2})$ as $z\to 0$. Our analysis relies on a characterization of these polynomials in terms of a $3\times 3$ matrix Riemann-Hilbert problem which, as a consequence of the famous Mahler relations, corresponds by a simple transformation to a similar Riemann-Hilbert problem for type I Hermite-Pad\'e approximants. Due to this relation, the study that was performed in previous work, based on the Deift-Zhou steepest descent method for Riemann-Hilbert problems, can be reused to establish our present results., Comment: 20 pages, 5 figures

We introduce multiple Wilson polynomials, which give a new example of multiple orthogonal polynomials (Hermite-Pade polynomials) of type II. These polynomials can be written as a Jacobi-Pineiro transform, which is a generalization of the Jacobi transform for Wilson polynomials, found by T.H. Koornwinder. Here we need to introduce Jacobi and Jacobi-Pineiro polynomials with complex parameters. Some explicit formulas are provided for both Jacobi-Pineiro and multiple Wilson polynomials, one of them in terms of Kampe de Feriet series. Finally we look at some limiting relations and construct a part of a multiple AT-Askey table., Comment: 22 pages, 2 figures

We investigate the asymptotic behavior of the polynomials p, q, r of degrees n in type I Hermite-Pade approximation to the exponential function, defined by p(z)e^{-z}+q(z)+r(z)e^{z} = O(z^{3n+2}) as z -> 0. These polynomials are characterized by a Riemann-Hilbert problem for a 3x3 matrix valued function. We use the Deift-Zhou steepest descent method for Riemann-Hilbert problems to obtain strong uniform asymptotics for the scaled polynomials p(3nz), q(3nz), and r(3nz) in every domain in the complex plane. An important role is played by a three-sheeted Riemann surface and certain measures and functions derived from it. Our work complements recent results of Herbert Stahl., Comment: 60 pages, 13 figures

We introduce a spectral transform for the finite relativistic Toda lattice (RTL) in generalized form. In the nonrelativistic case, Moser constructed a spectral transform from the spectral theory of symmetric Jacobi matrices. Here we use a non-symmetric generalized eigenvalue problem for a pair of bidiagonal matrices (L,M) to define the spectral transform for the RTL. The inverse spectral transform is described in terms of a terminating T-fraction. The generalized eigenvalues are constants of motion and the auxiliary spectral data have explicit time evolution. Using the connection with the theory of Laurent orthogonal polynomials, we study the long-time behaviour of the RTL. As in the case of the Toda lattice the matrix entries have asymptotic limits. We show that L tends to an upper Hessenberg matrix with the generalized eigenvalues sorted on the diagonal, while M tends to the identity matrix., Comment: 24 pages, 9 figures

We consider polynomials that are orthogonal on $[-1,1]$ with respect to a modified Jacobi weight $(1-x)^\alpha (1+x)^\beta h(x)$, with $\alpha,\beta>-1$ and $h$ real analytic and stricly positive on $[-1,1]$. We obtain full asymptotic expansions for the monic and orthonormal polynomials outside the interval $[-1,1]$, for the recurrence coefficients and for the leading coefficients of the orthonormal polynomials. We also deduce asymptotic behavior for the Hankel determinants. For the asymptotic analysis we use the steepest descent technique for Riemann--Hilbert problems developed by Deift and Zhou, and applied to orthogonal polynomials on the real line by Deift, Kriecherbauer, McLaughlin, Venakides, and Zhou. In the steepest descent method we will use the Szeg\H{o} function associated with the weight and for the local analysis around the endpoints $\pm 1$ we use Bessel functions of appropriate order, whereas Deift et al. use Airy functions., Comment: 54 pages, 7 figures, 47 references to appear in Advances in Mathematics

We consider multiple orthogonal polynomials corresponding to two Macdonald functions (modified Bessel functions of the second kind), with emphasis on the polynomials on the diagonal of the Hermite-Pad\'e table. We give some properties of these polynomials: differential properties, a Rodrigues type formula and explicit formulas for the third order linear recurrence relation., Comment: 13 pages