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In this article I consider what critical mathematics education could mean for different groups of students. Much discussion and research has addressed students at social risk. My point, however, is that critical mathematics education concerns other groups as well: for example, students in comfortable positions, blind students, elderly students, "other" students, university students, as well as engineering students. By considering such different groups of students, I will show that "reading and writing the world with mathematics" opens towards a range of different interpretations, which brings critical mathematics education into an open conceptual landscape.

Modern conceptions of critique express preoccupations with obtaining certainty and truth, with establishing foundations, and with linking knowledge and rationality. Modern conceptions of critique have been challenged, and critique has taken new formats. In particular critique has developed without demands of providing foundations for knowledge and proper directions of political actions. Critique can be associated with generativity and imagination which includes creative and, at times, surrealistic elements. Such features of critique are relevant for the further development for critical enterprises in general, and for the development of critical mathematics education in particular.

Competence in dealing with mathematical model building requires mathematical knowledge, technological knowledge about how to develop a model, and reflective knowledge relevant for evaluation of the model building process. A general conceptual framework for identification of reflective knowledge is presented by a structural and a developmental perspective of mathematical model. (Author/PK)