139 results on '"Birth Intervals"'
Search Results
2. [The construction of the fertility model of variable parity from family planning practice].
- Author
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Lin F
- Subjects
- Asia, Behavior, China, Demography, Developing Countries, Economics, Asia, Eastern, Marriage, Population, Population Dynamics, Public Policy, Reproductive History, Birth Intervals, Birth Order, Birth Rate, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Family Planning Policy, Fertility, Marital Status, Maternal Age, Psychology, Socioeconomic Factors
- Published
- 1988
3. An application of parity progression ratios to developing countries.
- Author
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Shields MP, Tsui SW, and Vogel RC
- Subjects
- Age Factors, Americas, Central America, Costa Rica, Demography, Developing Countries, Economics, Family Planning Services, Geography, Latin America, North America, Parents, Population, Population Characteristics, Population Dynamics, Research, Social Class, Birth Intervals, Birth Rate, Educational Status, Employment, Fertility, Income, Maternal Age, Models, Theoretical, Parity, Probability, Residence Characteristics, Rural Population, Socioeconomic Factors, Statistics as Topic, Urban Population
- Published
- 1982
4. Fertility study of a Juang village.
- Author
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Das NC
- Subjects
- Age Factors, Asia, Birth Rate, Culture, Demography, Developing Countries, Economics, Fertility, Health, India, Parents, Population, Population Characteristics, Population Dynamics, Birth Intervals, Ethnicity, Maternal Age, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Parity, Rural Population, Socioeconomic Factors
- Published
- 1979
5. Delayed childbearing in the U.S.: facts and fictions.
- Author
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Baldwin WH and Nord CW
- Subjects
- Adoption, Americas, Demography, Developed Countries, Developing Countries, Educational Status, Ethnicity, Family Characteristics, Fertility, Infertility, Marital Status, Marriage, North America, Occupations, Population, Population Dynamics, Research, Single Person, Social Class, Therapeutics, United States, Urogenital System, Age Factors, Behavior, Birth Intervals, Birth Rate, Child Care, Child Rearing, Congenital Abnormalities, Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities, Disease, Economics, Employment, Health Workforce, Incidence, Maternal Age, Parents, Parity, Population Characteristics, Pregnancy Complications, Research Design, Social Behavior, Socioeconomic Factors
- Published
- 1984
6. [Netherlands Fertility Survey 1982: age of the woman at first marriage and at first birth by social variables].
- Author
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Van Hoorn WD
- Subjects
- Developed Countries, Europe, Family Relations, Health Workforce, Netherlands, Parents, Population, Population Dynamics, Reproductive History, Sampling Studies, Social Class, Age Factors, Birth Intervals, Birth Order, Birth Rate, Cohort Studies, Data Collection, Demography, Economics, Educational Status, Family Characteristics, Fertility, Income, Marriage, Maternal Age, Occupations, Politics, Population Characteristics, Religion, Research, Research Design, Socioeconomic Factors, Statistics as Topic, Time Factors
- Published
- 1985
7. The World Fertility Survey: charting global childbearing.
- Author
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Lightbourne R Jr, Singh S, and Green CP
- Subjects
- Africa, Asia, Birth Intervals, Caribbean Region, Coitus Interruptus, Condoms, Contraceptive Devices, Female, Contraceptives, Oral, Delivery of Health Care, Demography, Economics, Europe, Family Planning Services, Fiji, Geography, Health, Health Planning, Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Injections, Interviews as Topic, Intrauterine Devices, Latin America, Mortality, Natural Family Planning Methods, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Population, Population Dynamics, Research, Rural Population, Sexual Abstinence, Social Class, Sterilization, Reproductive, Urban Population, Urbanization, Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies, Birth Rate, Breast Feeding, Community Health Workers, Contraception, Contraception Behavior, Data Collection, Educational Status, Employment, Family Characteristics, Fertility, Health Personnel, Infant Mortality, Marriage, Maternal Age, Organization and Administration, Public Policy, Residence Characteristics, Socioeconomic Factors
- Abstract
Interviewing some 350,000 women in 42 developing countries and 20 developed countries representing nearly 40% of the world's population, the World Fertility Survey (WFS) is in a unique position to document the historic 1970s slowdown in global population growth. This Bulletin describes efforts begun in 1972 to ensure high quality, internationally comparable, accessible data, the data's importance for policymakers, planners and researchers, and major findings available by early 1982 from directly assisted WFS surveys in 29 developing countries and contraceptive use data from WFS-type surveys in 16 developed countries. Marital fertility has declined in all developing regions except Africa but still averages from 4.6 children/woman in Latin America to 6.7 in Africa, while preferred family size ranges from 3.0 children in Turkey to 8.9 in Senegal--far above the average 2.2-2.5 children/woman needed to end developing countries' population growth in the long run. However, women ages 15-19 prefer nearly 2 children fewer than the oldest women ages 45-49; 3.8 vs. 5.7 on the average. Nearly 1/2 (48%) of married women surveyed in 27 countreis said they wanted no more children. Preventing all unwanted births would reduce birth rates up to 15 births/1000 population in these countries. Overall, 32% of married, fecund women in developing countries are using contraception compared to an average 72% in 16 developed countries. Education, literacy, and more available family planning services increase contraceptive use. Age at marriage is rising in Asia, but this factor alone has little effect on fertility. Infant mortality is higher in many developing countries than previously thought. Breastfeeding is an important restraint on fertility in most developing countries but is declining among more educated, employed, and urban women which could raise fertility if not compensated for by gains in contraceptive use.
- Published
- 1982
8. Maternal factors associated with interbirth intervals in Australia: Results from a population‐based longitudinal study.
- Author
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Mishra, Gita D., Baneshi, Mohammad Reza, Dobson, Annette J., and Tooth, Leigh R.
- Subjects
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MOTHERS , *CONFIDENCE intervals , *BIRTH intervals , *TIME , *PREGNANCY outcomes , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *SURVEYS , *COMPARATIVE studies , *RESEARCH funding , *SOCIAL classes , *MATERNAL age , *KAPLAN-Meier estimator , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *DATA analysis software , *WOMEN'S health , *LONGITUDINAL method , *EDUCATIONAL attainment , *PROPORTIONAL hazards models - Abstract
Background and objective: Short and long intervals between successive births are associated with adverse birth outcomes, especially in low‐income and middle‐income countries, yet the birth intervals in high‐income countries remain relatively understudied. The aim was to examine maternal factors associated with birth intervals in Australia. Methods: The sample comprised 6130 participants in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health who were born in 1973‐1978, had two or more births, and responded to regular surveys between 1996 and 2018. Interbirth interval (IBI) was defined as the time between successive live births. Maternal factors were examined using accelerated failure time models. Results: For women with only two births (n = 3802), the median time to the second birth was 34.0 months (IQR 23.1, 46.2) with shorter IBI associated with higher socioeconomic status (eg, university education (31.9 months), less income stress (31.1)), and longer IBI associated with age over 35 (39.7), fair/poor health (43.0), untreated fertility problems (45.5), miscarriage (39.4), or abortion (41.0). For women with three or more births (n = 2328), the median times to the second and third births were 31.2 months (19.9, 42.1) and 36.5 months (25.3, 50.1), respectively; some factors were consistent between the first IBI and second IBI (eg, university education and being married were associated with shorter IBI), whereas income stress was associated with longer first IBI but not with second IBI. Conclusions: Understanding maternal factors associated with birth intervals in a high‐income country like Australia may enable more nuanced tailoring of guidelines for prepregnancy care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Risk Deciphering Pathways from Women's Autonomy to Perinatal Deaths in Bangladesh.
- Author
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Abedin, Sumaiya and Arunachalam, Dharma
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BIRTH intervals , *CHILDBEARING age , *RISK assessment , *PERINATAL death , *MEDICAL care use , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *PSYCHOLOGY of women , *AUTONOMY (Psychology) , *FACTOR analysis , *MATERNAL age , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *DECISION making , *PRENATAL care , *DATA analysis software , *LOGISTIC regression analysis - Abstract
Background: The level of perinatal mortality in Bangladesh is one of the highest in the world. Certain childbearing practices and low use of antenatal care make Bangladeshi women vulnerable to adverse birth outcomes. Women in Bangladesh also remain considerably subordinate to men in almost all aspects of their lives, from education and paid work to healthcare utilisation. Lack of these opportunities contributes to the low status of women within family and society, and to generally poor health outcomes for women and their children. Objective: This study investigates the risk factors of perinatal deaths in light of the low level of women's autonomy, and the relative role of childbearing practices and antenatal care in influencing the relationship between autonomy and perinatal deaths. Methods: The relevant data was extracted from the 2014 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. Causal mediation analysis was undertaken to investigate the effects of mediators on the associations between women's autonomy and perinatal deaths. Results: The risk of perinatal deaths was greater by about 44% and 39% respectively for high-risk maternal age and birth interval. Those who had received sufficient antenatal care had a much lower risk of perinatal deaths compared to those who had not received sufficient care. No significant direct relationship between women's autonomy and perinatal deaths was evident. However, the influence of women's autonomy was mediated through maternal age, birth interval and antenatal care, and the average amount of mediation was approximately 9.7%, 25.6% and 9.9% respectively. Conclusions: In Bangladesh, although women's autonomy did not exert any significant direct influence on perinatal deaths, the influence was transmitted through the pathways of childbearing practices and use of antenatal care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Term Low birth Weight Neonate: Maternal Factors.
- Author
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Khalaf, Bashar Mukhlif, Mohammed, Zuhair Idreas, and Ali, Nada Hasan
- Subjects
STATURE ,BODY weight ,AGE distribution ,BIRTH intervals ,GESTATIONAL age ,FETAL growth retardation ,LOW birth weight ,RISK assessment ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,INFERTILITY ,MEDICAL care use ,MATERNAL age ,EMPLOYMENT ,SMOKING ,PRENATAL care ,NUTRITIONAL status ,EDUCATIONAL attainment - Abstract
The current research aims to detect the maternal risk factors that influence the birth weight of the babies. Risk factors related to the mothers like gestational age, maternal age, nutrition, and medical problems play a role in the delivery of infants with low birth weight. The sample consisted of 267 ladies give a birth to newborns. Mothers with less than or = 150cm giving low birth weight babies (62.3%) while those with more than 150cm giving low birth weight babies (37.7%). In the normal birth weight group, working mothers represent (82.1%) while in normal birth weight group they represent (17.4%). Mothers more than or = 35 years old giving (33.1%) normal birth weight babies. Young mothers less than 20 years old gave more low birth weight babies (28.7%) than older mothers with more 20 years old. The maternal risk factors of low birth weight babies include maternal age < 20 years old, low maternal educational level, working mothers, smoking, pre-pregnancy weight<50kg, maternal height ≤150cm, low socioeconomic status, inter pregnancy interval of less than one year, previous low birth weight babies, history of infertility and first week neonatal death, low rate of visiting to antenatal care centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Beyond birth outcomes: Interpregnancy interval and injury-related infant mortality.
- Author
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Thoma, Marie E., Rossen, Lauren M., De Silva, Dane A., Warner, Margaret, Simon, Alan E., Moskosky, Susan, and Ahrens, Katherine A.
- Subjects
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BIRTH certificates , *BIRTH intervals , *SIBLINGS , *CHILD abuse , *COMPARATIVE studies , *INFANT mortality , *MATERNAL age , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *POSTPARTUM depression , *RESEARCH , *RESEARCH funding , *WOUNDS & injuries , *DEATH certificates , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *EVALUATION research , *PROPORTIONAL hazards models , *RETROSPECTIVE studies - Abstract
Background: Several studies have examined the association between IPI and birth outcomes, but few have explored the association between interpregnancy interval (IPI) and postnatal outcomes.Objective: We examined the association between IPI and injury-related infant mortality, a leading cause of postneonatal mortality.Methods: We used 2011-2015 US period-linked birth-infant death vital statistics data to generate a multiyear birth cohort of non-first-born singleton births (N = 9 782 029). IPI was defined as the number of months between a live birth and the start of the pregnancy leading to the next live birth. Causes of death in the first year of life were identified using ICD-10 codes. Hazard ratios (HR) for IPI categories were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for birth order, county poverty level, and maternal characteristics (marital status, race/ethnicity, education, age at previous birth).Results: After adjustment, overall infant mortality (48.1 per 10 000 births) was higher for short and long IPIs compared with IPI 18-23 months (reference): <6, aHR 1.61, 95% CI 1.54, 1.68; 6-11, aHR 1.22, 95% CI 1.17, 1.26; and 60+ months, aHR 1.12, 95% CI 1.08, 1.16. In comparison, the risk of injury-related infant mortality (4.4 per 10 000 births) decreased with longer IPIs: <6, aHR 1.77, 95% CI 1.55, 2.01; 6-11, aHR 1.41, 95% CI 1.25, 1.59; 12-17, aHR 1.25, 95% CI 1.10, 1.41; 24-59, aHR 0.78, 95% CI 0.69, 0.87; and 60+ months, aHR 0.55, 95% CI 0.48, 0.62.Conclusion: Unlike overall infant mortality, injury-related infant mortality decreased with IPI length. While injury-related deaths are rare, these patterns suggest that the timing between births may be a marker of risk for fatal infant injuries. The first year postpartum may be an ideal time for the delivery of evidence-based injury prevention programmes as well as family planning services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Short interpregnancy intervals and adverse maternal outcomes in high-resource settings: An updated systematic review.
- Author
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Hutcheon, Jennifer A., Nelson, Heidi D., Stidd, Reva, Moskosky, Susan, and Ahrens, Katherine A.
- Subjects
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BIRTH intervals , *LABOR complications (Obstetrics) , *MATERNAL age , *EVALUATION of medical care , *PREGNANCY , *PREGNANCY complications , *RESEARCH funding , *SYSTEMATIC reviews , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors - Abstract
Background: Currently, no federal guidelines provide recommendations on healthy birth spacing for women in the United States. This systematic review summarises associations between short interpregnancy intervals and adverse maternal outcomes to inform the development of birth spacing recommendations for the United States.Methods: PubMed/Medline, POPLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and a previous systematic review were searched to identify relevant articles published from 1 January 2006 and 1 May 2017. Included studies reported maternal health outcomes following a short versus longer interpregnancy interval, were conducted in high-resource settings, and adjusted estimates for at least maternal age. Two investigators independently assessed study quality and applicability using established methods.Results: Seven cohort studies met inclusion criteria. There was limited but consistent evidence that short interpregnancy interval is associated with increased risk of precipitous labour and decreased risks of labour dystocia. There was some evidence that short interpregnancy interval is associated with increased risks of subsequent pre-pregnancy obesity and gestational diabetes, and decreased risk of preeclampsia. Among women with a previous caesarean delivery, short interpregnancy interval was associated with increased risk of uterine rupture in one study. No studies reported outcomes related to maternal depression, interpregnancy weight gain, maternal anaemia, or maternal mortality.Conclusions: In studies from high-resource settings, short interpregnancy intervals are associated with both increased and decreased risks of adverse maternal outcomes. However, most outcomes were evaluated in single studies, and the strength of evidence supporting associations is low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Good practices for the design, analysis, and interpretation of observational studies on birth spacing and perinatal health outcomes.
- Author
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Hutcheon, Jennifer A., Hirai, Ashley H., Vladutiu, Catherine J., Kirby, Russell S., Klebanoff, Mark A., Lindberg, Laura, Mumford, Sunni L., Nelson, Heidi D., Rossen, Lauren M., Stuebe, Alison M., Thoma, Marie E., Moskosky, Susan, Frederiksen, Brittni N., Ahrens, Katherine A., Ananth, Cande V., Basso, Olga, Harper, Sam, Platt, Robert W., Briss, Peter A., and Ferré, Cynthia D.
- Subjects
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BIRTH intervals , *BIRTH size , *COMPARATIVE studies , *PREMATURE infants , *MATERNAL age , *RESEARCH methodology , *EVALUATION of medical care , *MEDICAL cooperation , *MISCARRIAGE , *PREGNANCY , *RESEARCH , *RESEARCH funding , *STATISTICS , *TIME , *DATA analysis , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *EVALUATION research , *PARITY (Obstetrics) - Abstract
Background: Meta-analyses of observational studies have shown that women with a shorter interpregnancy interval (the time from delivery to start of a subsequent pregnancy) are more likely to experience adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm delivery or small for gestational age birth, than women who space their births further apart. However, the studies used to inform these estimates have methodological shortcomings.Methods: In this commentary, we summarise the discussions of an expert workgroup describing good practices for the design, analysis, and interpretation of observational studies of interpregnancy interval and adverse perinatal health outcomes.Results: We argue that inferences drawn from research in this field will be improved by careful attention to elements such as: (a) refining the research question to clarify whether the goal is to estimate a causal effect vs describe patterns of association; (b) using directed acyclic graphs to represent potential causal networks and guide the analytic plan of studies seeking to estimate causal effects; (c) assessing how miscarriages and pregnancy terminations may have influenced interpregnancy interval classifications; (d) specifying how key factors such as previous pregnancy loss, pregnancy intention, and maternal socio-economic position will be considered; and (e) examining if the association between interpregnancy interval and perinatal outcome differs by factors such as maternal age.Conclusion: This commentary outlines the discussions of this recent expert workgroup, and describes several suggested principles for study design and analysis that could mitigate many potential sources of bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Short interpregnancy intervals and adverse perinatal outcomes in high-resource settings: An updated systematic review.
- Author
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Ahrens, Katherine A., Moskosky, Susan, Nelson, Heidi, Stidd, Reva L., and Hutcheon, Jennifer A.
- Subjects
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BIRTH intervals , *MATERNAL age , *EVALUATION of medical care , *PREGNANCY , *RESEARCH funding , *SYSTEMATIC reviews , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors - Abstract
Background: This systematic review summarises association between short interpregnancy intervals and adverse perinatal health outcomes in high-resource settings to inform recommendations for healthy birth spacing for the United States.Methods: Five databases and a previous systematic review were searched for relevant articles published between 1966 and 1 May 2017. We included studies meeting the following criteria: (a) reporting of perinatal health outcomes after a short interpregnancy interval since last livebirth; (b) conducted within a high-resource setting; and (c) estimates were adjusted for maternal age and at least one socio-economic factor.Results: Nine good-quality and 18 fair-quality studies were identified. Interpregnancy intervals <6 months were associated with a clinically and statistically significant increased risk of adverse outcomes in studies of preterm birth (eg, aOR ≥ 1.20 in 10 of 14 studies); spontaneous preterm birth (eg, aOR ≥ 1.20 in one of two studies); small-for-gestational age (eg, aOR ≥ 1.20 in 5 of 11 studies); and infant mortality (eg, aOR ≥ 1.20 in four of four studies), while four studies of perinatal death showed no association. Interpregnancy intervals of 6-11 and 12-17 months generally had smaller point estimates and confidence intervals that included the null. Most studies were population-based and few included adjustment for detailed measures of key confounders.Conclusions: In high-resource settings, there is some evidence showing interpregnancy intervals <6 months since last livebirth are associated with increased risks for preterm birth, small-for-gestational age and infant death; however, results were inconsistent. Additional research controlling for confounding would further inform recommendations for healthy birth spacing for the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Maternal factors associated with interbirth intervals in Australia: Results from a population‐based longitudinal study
- Author
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Gita D. Mishra, Mohammad Reza Baneshi, Annette J. Dobson, and Leigh R. Tooth
- Subjects
Birth Intervals ,Social Class ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Pregnancy ,Australia ,Humans ,Educational Status ,Obstetrics and Gynecology ,Female ,Longitudinal Studies ,Middle Aged ,Maternal Age - Abstract
Short and long intervals between successive births are associated with adverse birth outcomes, especially in low-income and middle-income countries, yet the birth intervals in high-income countries remain relatively understudied. The aim was to examine maternal factors associated with birth intervals in Australia.The sample comprised 6130 participants in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health who were born in 1973-1978, had two or more births, and responded to regular surveys between 1996 and 2018. Interbirth interval (IBI) was defined as the time between successive live births. Maternal factors were examined using accelerated failure time models.For women with only two births (n = 3802), the median time to the second birth was 34.0 months (IQR 23.1, 46.2) with shorter IBI associated with higher socioeconomic status (eg, university education (31.9 months), less income stress (31.1)), and longer IBI associated with age over 35 (39.7), fair/poor health (43.0), untreated fertility problems (45.5), miscarriage (39.4), or abortion (41.0). For women with three or more births (n = 2328), the median times to the second and third births were 31.2 months (19.9, 42.1) and 36.5 months (25.3, 50.1), respectively; some factors were consistent between the first IBI and second IBI (eg, university education and being married were associated with shorter IBI), whereas income stress was associated with longer first IBI but not with second IBI.Understanding maternal factors associated with birth intervals in a high-income country like Australia may enable more nuanced tailoring of guidelines for prepregnancy care.
- Published
- 2022
16. Quantile regression analysis of language and interpregnancy interval in Quebec, Canada.
- Author
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Auger, Nathalie, Lemieux, Lucien, Bilodeau-Bertrand, Marianne, Barry, Amadou Diogo, and Costopoulos, André
- Subjects
BIRTH intervals ,NEWBORN infants ,MATERNAL age ,QUANTILE regression ,PUBLIC health - Abstract
Introduction: Short and long interpregnancy intervals are associated with adverse perinatal outcomes such as miscarriage and preterm delivery, but cultural differences in interpregnancy intervals are understudied. Identifying cultural inequality in interpregnancy intervals is necessary to improve maternal-child outcomes. We assessed interpregnancy intervals for Anglophones and Francophones in Quebec. Methods: We obtained birth records for all infants born in Quebec, 1989-2011. We identified 571 461 women with at least two births, and determined the interpregnancy interval. We defined short interpregnancy intervals (< 18 months) as the 20th percentile of the distribution, and long intervals (≥ 60 months) as the 80th percentile. Using quantile regression, we evaluated the association of language with short and long intervals, adjusted for maternal characteristics. We assessed differences over time and by maternal age for disadvantaged groups defined as no high school diploma, rural residence, and material deprivation. Results: In adjusted regression models, Anglophones who had no high school diploma had intervals that were 1.0 month (95% CI: -1.5 to -0.4) shorter than Francophones at the 20th percentile of the distribution, and 1.9 months (-0.5 to 4.3) longer at the 80th percentile. Results were similar for Anglophones in rural and materially deprived areas. The trends persisted over time, but were stronger for women < 30 years. There were no differences between advantaged Anglophones and Francophones. Conclusion: Disadvantaged Anglophones are more likely to have short and long interpregnancy intervals relative to Francophones in Quebec. Public health interventions to improve perinatal health should target suboptimal intervals among disadvantaged Anglophones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Heterogeneous Effects of Birth Spacing on Neonatal Mortality Risks in Bangladesh.
- Author
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Molitoris, Joseph
- Subjects
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BIRTH intervals , *NEONATAL mortality , *MORTALITY , *MEDICAL care , *MATERNAL mortality , *PREVENTION , *COMPARATIVE studies , *INFANT mortality , *MATERNAL age , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *RESEARCH , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *EVALUATION research , *EDUCATIONAL attainment ,MORTALITY risk factors ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
The negative relationship between birth interval length and neonatal mortality risks is well documented, but heterogeneity in this relationship has been largely ignored. Using the Bangladesh Maternal Mortality and Health Care Survey 2010, this study investigates how the effect of birth interval length on neonatal mortality risks varies by maternal age at birth and maternal education. There is significant variation in the effect of interval length on neonatal mortality along these dimensions. Young mothers and those with little education, both of which make up a large share of the Bangladeshi population, can disproportionately benefit from longer intervals. Because these results were obtained from within-family models, they are not due to unobservable heterogeneity between mothers. Targeting women with these characteristics may lead to significant improvements in neonatal mortality rates, but there are significant challenges in reaching them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. The Effect of Interpregnancy Interval on the Recurrence Rate of Spontaneous Preterm Birth: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
- Author
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de Groot, Christianne J. M., Koullali, Bouchra, Pajkrt, Eva, Ravelli, Anita C. J., Kamphuis, Esme I., Hof, Michel H. P., Robertson, Sarah A., and Mol, Ben W. J.
- Subjects
- *
RISK factors in premature labor , *DISEASE relapse , *HUMAN abnormalities , *BIRTH intervals , *BIRTH size , *LOW birth weight , *BLACK people , *CONFIDENCE intervals , *ETHICS , *ETHNIC groups , *HISPANIC Americans , *HUMAN reproductive technology , *INFANT death , *MATERNAL age , *NEONATOLOGY , *OBSTETRICS , *PERINATOLOGY , *PREGNANCY , *PRENATAL care , *WHITE people , *LOGISTIC regression analysis , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *RETROSPECTIVE studies , *ODDS ratio - Abstract
Objective We assessed, in women with a previous spontaneous preterm birth, the effect of interpregnancy interval on the subsequent preterm birth rate. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting A nationwide longitudinal dataset of the the Netherlands Perinatal Registry. Population Women with three sequential singleton pregnancies between 1999 and 2009 and a spontaneous preterm birth <37 weeks in the first pregnancy. Methods We evaluated the impact of interpregnancy interval on the course of the next pregnancies. Antenatal death and/or congenital abnormalities were excluded. Conventional and conditional logistic regression analysis were applied. We adjusted for maternal age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, artificial reproductive techniques, and year of birth. Main Outcome Measures Outcomes studied were preterm birth <37 weeks, <32 weeks, low birth weight <2500 g, and small for gestational age <10th percentile. Results Among 2,361 women with preterm birth in the first pregnancy, logistic regression analysis indicated a significant effect of a short interpregnancy interval (0-5 mo) on recurrent preterm birth <37 weeks (odds ratio [OR], 2.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.62-3.05), <32 weeks (OR, 2.90; 95% CI, 1.43-5.87), and low birth weight (OR, 2.69; 95% CI, 1.79-4.03). In addition, a long interval (≥60 mo) had a significant effect on preterm birth <37 weeks (OR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.29-3.74). Conditional logistic regression analysis confirmed the effect of a short interval on the recurrence of preterm birth rate <37 weeks and low birth weight. Conclusion In women with a previous spontaneous preterm birth, a short interpregnancy interval has a strong impact on the risk of preterm birth before 37 weeks and low birth weight in the next pregnancy, irrespective of the type of analysis performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Association between interpregnancy interval and future risk of maternal cardiovascular disease-a population-based record linkage study.
- Author
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Ngo, AD, Roberts, CL, Figtree, G, Ngo, A D, and Roberts, C L
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CARDIOVASCULAR diseases in pregnancy , *BIRTH intervals , *MATERNAL age , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *HEART failure , *HEALTH outcome assessment , *DISEASE risk factors - Abstract
Objective: To examine the associations between interpregnancy interval and later maternal cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.Design: Population-based record linkage study.Setting: New South Wales, Australia, 1994-2011.Population: 216 467 women having first and second liveborn singleton infants, excluding those with an existing or pregnancy-related CVD risk factor.Methods: We linked birth records of mothers to the mothers' subsequent CVD (coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular events, and chronic heart failure) hospitalisation or death. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (AHR) [95% confidence interval (CI)], accounting for maternal age, parity, socioeconomic status, and smoking during pregnancy.Main Outcome Measures: The first occurrence of a CVD hospitalisation or death after the second birth.Results: In comparison with mothers with an interpregnancy interval of 18-23 months (reference category), the AHR among mothers with interpregnancy interval of <12 months was 1.56 (95% CI 1.18-2.07) and of 12-17 months was 1.13 (95% CI 0.84-1.51). The AHRs were 1.40 (95% CI 1.07-1.82), 1.87 (95% CI 1.21-2.89), and 3.41 (95% CI 1.07-10.91), corresponding to interpregnancy intervals of 24-59, 60-119, and ≥120 months, respectively. AHRs of specific CVD categories showed a similar pattern.Conclusions: Interpregnancy interval is associated with the risk of subsequent maternal CVD in a J-shaped fashion. The association is independent of the existing and pregnancy-related CVD risk factors analysed. Both short and long interpregnancy intervals can be used as risk markers to identify women with an elevated CVD risk later in life.Tweetable Abstract: Interpregnancy interval is associated with the risk of subsequent maternal cardiovascular disease in a J-shaped fashion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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20. Risk factors for low birth weight in Bale zone hospitals, South-East Ethiopia : a case-control study.
- Author
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Demelash, Habtamu, Motbainor, Achenif, Nigatu, Dabere, Gashaw, Ketema, and Melese, Addisu
- Subjects
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LOW birth weight , *NEONATAL mortality , *DISEASE prevalence , *COGNITIVE development , *CASE-control method , *HOSPITAL statistics , *BIRTH intervals , *MATERNAL age , *PREGNANCY complications , *PRENATAL care , *STATURE , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *EDUCATIONAL attainment , *BODY mass index , *ODDS ratio - Abstract
Background: Low birth weight (LBW) is closely associated with foetal and neonatal mortality and morbidity, inhibite growth and cognitive development and resulted chronic diseases later in life. Many factors affect foetal growth and thus, the birth weight. These factors operate to various extents in different environments and cultures. The prevalence of low birth weight in the study area is the highest in the country. To the investigator's knowledge in Bale Zone, no study has yet been done to elucidate the risk factors for low birth weight using case control study design. This study was aimed to identify the risk factors of low birth weight in Bale zone hospitals.Methods: A case-control study design was applied from April 1st to August 30th, 2013. A total of 387 mothers (136 cases and 272 controls) were interviewed using structured and pretested questionnaire by trained data collectors working in delivery ward. For each case, two consecutive controls were included in the study. All cases and controls were mothers with singleton birth, full term babies, no diabetes mellitus and no hypertensive. The data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 statistical package. The association between the independent variables and dependent variable (birth weight) was evaluated through bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses.Result: Maternal age at delivery <20 years (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.65-5.73), monthly income <26 United States Dollarr (USD) (AOR = 3.8; 95% CI = 1.54-9.41), lack of formal education (AOR = 6; 95% CI = 1.34-26.90), being merchant (AOR = 0.1; 95%CI = 0.02-0.52) and residing in rural area (AOR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.04-4.33) were socio-economic variables associated with low birth weight. Maternal risk factors like occurrence of health problems during pregnancy (AOR = 6.3; 95% CI = 2.75-14.48), maternal body mass index <18 kg/m2 (AOR = 6.7; 95% CI = 1.21-37.14), maternal height <1.5m (AOR = 3.7; 95% CI = 1.22-11.28), inter-pregnancy interval <2 years (AOR = 3; 95% CI = 1.58-6.31], absence of antenatal care (OR = 2.9; 95% CI = 1.23-6.94) and history of khat chewing (AOR = 6.4; 95% CI = 2.42-17.10) and environmental factors such as using firewood for cooking (AOR = 2.7; 95% CI = 1.01-7.17), using kerosene for cooking (AOR = 8.9; 95% CI = 2.54-31.11), wash hands with water only (AOR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.30-3.90) and not having separate kitchen room (AOR = 2.6; 95% CI = 1.36-4.85) were associated with low birth weight.Conclusion: Women who residing in rural area, faced health problems during current pregnancy, had no antenatal care follow-up and use firewood as energy source were found to be more likely to give low birth weight babies. Improving a mother's awareness and practice for a healthy pregnancy needs to be emphasized to reverse LBW related problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2015
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- View/download PDF
21. Impact of high-risk fertility behaviours on underfive mortality in Asia and Africa: evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys
- Author
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Muhammad Usman, Umesh Ghimire, Aneela Rubi, Lubna Naz, and Rafi Amir-ud-Din
- Subjects
Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Asia ,Adolescent ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Reproductive medicine ,Protective factor ,Microdata (statistics) ,Fertility ,Underfive mortality ,Logistic regression ,Odds ,Young Adult ,Birth spacing and birth order ,03 medical and health sciences ,Birth Intervals ,0302 clinical medicine ,Pregnancy ,Risk Factors ,030225 pediatrics ,Infant Mortality ,Humans ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Risk factor ,Developing Countries ,media_common ,women’s age at childbirth ,business.industry ,High-risk fertility behaviours ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,Obstetrics and Gynecology ,Demographic and health survey ,Gynecology and obstetrics ,Birth order ,Logistic Models ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Child, Preschool ,Africa ,RG1-991 ,Female ,Birth Order ,business ,Research Article ,Maternal Age ,Demography - Abstract
BackgroundMaternal age 34 years, short inter-pregnancy birth interval, and higher birth order are considered to be high-risk fertility behaviours (HRFB). Underfive mortality being disproportionately concentrated in Asia and Africa, this study analyses the association between HRFB and underfive mortality in selected Asian and African countries.MethodsThis study used Integrated Public Microdata Series-Demographic and Health Surveys (IPUMS-DHS) data from 32 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East, North Africa and South Asia from 1986 to 2017 (N = 1,467,728). Previous evidence hints at four markers of HRFB: women’s age at birth of index child 34 years, preceding birth interval 3. Using logistic regression, we analysed change in the odds of underfive mortality as a result of i) exposure to HRFB individually, ii) exposure to any single HRFB risk factor, iii) exposure to multiple HRFB risk factors, and iv) exposure to specific combinations of HRFB risk factors.ResultsMother’s age at birth of index child 3 was a protective factor. Presence of any single HRFB was associated with 7% higher risk of underfive mortality (OR 1.07; 95% CI 1.04–1.09). Presence of multiple HRFBs was associated with 39% higher risk of underfive mortality (OR 1.39; 95% CI 1.36–1.43). Some specific combinations of HRFB such as maternal age ConclusionMaternal age
- Published
- 2021
22. Recurrent child mortality risks and parity transition in Nigeria
- Author
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Sabu S. Padmadas, Nuala McGrath, and Abiodun Idowu Adanikin
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Adult ,Child mortality ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Total fertility rate ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Population Dynamics ,Ethnic group ,Nigeria ,Fertility ,lcsh:Gynecology and obstetrics ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,Birth Intervals ,0302 clinical medicine ,Pregnancy ,Humans ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Birth Rate ,Child ,Socioeconomic status ,lcsh:RG1-991 ,media_common ,030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine ,Sub-Saharan Africa ,business.industry ,Research ,Public health ,Obstetrics and Gynecology ,Middle Aged ,Parity ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Reproductive Medicine ,Family planning ,Family Planning Services ,Female ,Birth Order ,Rural area ,business ,Maternal Age ,Demography - Abstract
BackgroundFertility rates remain persistently high in Nigeria, with little difference across socioeconomic groups. While the desire for large family size is culturally rooted, there is little understanding of how repeated child mortality experiences influence fertility behaviour and parity transition in Nigeria.MethodsUsing birth history data from the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), we applied life table techniques and proportional-hazard regression model to explore the effect of child survival experience on parity transitions. We hypothesize that a woman with one or more child death experience is at elevated risk of progressing towards higher parities.ResultsOur findings show that child mortality is concentrated among mothers living in deprived conditions especially in rural areas of the northern part of Nigeria and among those with little or no education and, among those belonging to Hausa/Fulani ethnicity and Islam religion. Mothers with repeated experience of child deaths were significantly at a higher rate of progressing to higher parities than their counterparts (HR: 1.45; 95% CI: 1.31–1.61), when adjusted for relevant biological and socio-demographic characteristics.ConclusionRecurrent experience of child deaths exacerbates the risks to higher parity transition. Interventions aimed at reducing fertility in Nigeria should target promoting child survival and family planning concurrently.
- Published
- 2019
23. Short interpregnancy intervals and adverse perinatal outcomes in high‐resource settings: An updated systematic review
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Katherine A. Ahrens, Heidi Nelson, Reva L. Stidd, Susan Moskosky, and Jennifer A. Hutcheon
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030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine ,Epidemiology ,review ,Pregnancy Outcome ,Article ,United States ,interpregnancy interval ,03 medical and health sciences ,birth‐to‐conception interval ,0302 clinical medicine ,Birth Intervals ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Pregnancy ,Special Issue: Birth Spacing in the US ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Humans ,Female ,030212 general & internal medicine ,preterm ,perinatal ,birth spacing ,Maternal Age - Abstract
Background This systematic review summarises association between short interpregnancy intervals and adverse perinatal health outcomes in high‐resource settings to inform recommendations for healthy birth spacing for the United States. Methods Five databases and a previous systematic review were searched for relevant articles published between 1966 and 1 May 2017. We included studies meeting the following criteria: (a) reporting of perinatal health outcomes after a short interpregnancy interval since last livebirth; (b) conducted within a high‐resource setting; and (c) estimates were adjusted for maternal age and at least one socio‐economic factor. Results Nine good‐quality and 18 fair‐quality studies were identified. Interpregnancy intervals
- Published
- 2018
24. Determinants of maternal high-risk fertility behaviors and its correlation with child stunting and anemia in the East Africa region: A pooled analysis of nine East African countries
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Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Getayeneh Antehunegn Tesema, and Koku Sisay Tamirat
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Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ,Epidemiology ,Maternal Health ,Reproductive Behavior ,Abortion ,Pediatrics ,Geographical Locations ,Labor and Delivery ,0302 clinical medicine ,Pregnancy ,Risk Factors ,Child marriage ,Health care ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Public and Occupational Health ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Health Education ,Growth Disorders ,media_common ,030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine ,Multidisciplinary ,Age Factors ,Child Health ,Obstetrics and Gynecology ,Anemia ,Hematology ,Africa, Eastern ,Middle Aged ,Contraception ,Family planning ,Medicine ,Health education ,Female ,Behavioral and Social Aspects of Health ,Maternal Age ,Research Article ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Science ,Nutritional Status ,Fertility ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,Birth Intervals ,Risk-Taking ,medicine ,Humans ,Female Contraception ,Nutrition ,business.industry ,Public health ,Malnutrition ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Health Surveys ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Medical Risk Factors ,People and Places ,Africa ,Birth ,Women's Health ,Rural area ,Birth Order ,business ,Demography - Abstract
Background In low-income nations, high-risk fertility behavior is a prevalent public health concern that can be ascribed to unmet family planning needs, child marriage, and a weak health system. As a result, this study aimed to determine the factors that influence high-risk fertility behavior and its impact on child stunting and anemia. Method This study relied on secondary data sources from recent demography and health surveys of nine east African countries. Relevant data were extracted from Kids Record (KR) files and appended for the final analysis; 31,873 mother-child pairs were included in the final analysis. The mixed-effect logistic regression model (fixed and random effects) was used to describe the determinants of high-risk fertility behavior (HRFB) and its correlation with child stunting and anemia. Result According to the pooled study about 57.6% (95% CI: 57.7 to 58.2) of women had at least one high-risk fertility behavior, with major disparities found across countries and women’s residences. Women who lived in rural areas, had healthcare access challenges, had a history of abortion, lived in better socio-economic conditions, and had antenatal care follow-up were more likely to engage in high-risk fertility practices. Consequently, Young maternal age at first birth ( Conclusion This study revealed that the magnitude of high-risk fertility behavior was higher in east Africa region. The finding of this study underscores that interventions focused on health education and behavioral change of women, and improvement of maternal healthcare access would be helpful to avert risky fertility behaviors. In brief, encouraging contraceptive utilization and creating awareness about birth spacing among reproductive-age women would be more helpful. Meanwhile, frequent nutritional screening and early intervention of children born from women who had high-risk fertility characteristics are mandatory to reduce the burden of chronic malnutrition.
- Published
- 2021
25. Preventable multiple high-risk birth behaviour and infant survival in Nigeria
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Rotimi Felix Afolabi, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Adetokunbo Taophic Salawu, Babatunde Makinde Gbadebo, M.M. Salawu, and Ayo Stephen Adebowale
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Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Reproductive medicine ,Nigeria ,Infant mortality ,Risk Assessment ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Birth Intervals ,High risk birth ,Pregnancy ,Medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Proportional Hazards Models ,Child health ,030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine ,Descriptive statistics ,business.industry ,Tetanus ,Proportional hazards model ,Hazard ratio ,Infant, Newborn ,Obstetrics and Gynecology ,Infant ,Gynecology and obstetrics ,medicine.disease ,Health Surveys ,Parity ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Child, Preschool ,RG1-991 ,Female ,business ,Parity (mathematics) ,Demography ,Maternal Age ,Research Article - Abstract
Background Globally, infant mortality has declined considerably but has remained unacceptably high in sub-Saharan Africa, especially Nigeria where infant mortality rate is 67/1000 live births. To facilitate infant mortality reduction in Nigeria, an understanding of the synergistic effect of bio-demographic characteristics of mothers known as High Risk Birth Behaviours (HrBBs) is important. We therefore investigated the influence of HrBBs on infant survival in Nigeria. Methods This cross-sectional study design utilized data from the 2018 round of Nigerian Demographic Health Survey. The study participants were a representative sample of women of reproductive age (n = 21,350) who had given birth within the 5 years preceding the survey. HrBBs was measured through integration of information on maternal age at child’s birth, parity, and preceding birth interval with respect to the most recent child. The HrBBs was categorized as none, single and multiple. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Log-rank test and Cox proportional hazard model (α =0.05). Results The mean age of the women was 29.7 ± 7.2 and 4.1% had experienced infant death. Infant mortality was highest among women with multiple HrBBs (5.1%). Being a male, having small size at birth, failure to receive tetanus injection, non-use of contraceptives and living in the core-north (North West and North East) predisposed children to higher risk of dying before 12 months of age. The hazard ratio of infant mortality was significantly higher among infants of mothers in multiple HrBBs category (aHR = 1.66; CI: 1.33–2.06) compared to their counterparts with no HrBBs. Conclusion Multiple HrBBs increase the chances of dying among infants in Nigeria. Screening women for HrBBs for special health attention during pregnancy, birth and postnatal period will alleviate infant death in Nigeria.
- Published
- 2020
26. Maternal correlates of birth weight of newborn: A hospital based study.
- Author
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Kaur, Samarjeet, Upadhyay, Ashok Kumar, Srivastava, Dhirendra Kumar, Srivastava, Reena, and Pandey, Onkar Nath
- Subjects
- *
INFANT mortality , *ANEMIA , *BIRTH intervals , *BIRTH weight , *LOW birth weight , *CHI-squared test , *INTERVIEWING , *LITERACY , *MATERNAL age , *RESEARCH methodology , *EVALUATION of medical care , *PREGNANCY , *PRENATAL care , *SOCIAL classes , *TEENAGE pregnancy , *HOSPITAL maternity services , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *EDUCATIONAL attainment , *PREDICTIVE validity , *CROSS-sectional method , *PARITY (Obstetrics) , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,MORTALITY risk factors - Abstract
Background: weight of the baby at birth is considered to be a major determinant of future health and survival of the child. It is one of the important factors which determine the readiness with which the newborn baby adjusts to its surrounding. Many maternal socio-biological factors influence birth weight. Objective: To determine maternal socio-biological factors influencing birth weight of newborn. Methodology: Hospital based cross- sectional study undertaken in Obstetrics and Gynaecology ward of Nehru hospital, Gorakhpur. The study period extended from July 2011 to August 2012. The study subject included recently delivered mothers and data was collected on semi-structured interview schedule to know various socio-biological variables such as mother's age, parity, inter-pregnancy interval etc, influencing the low birth weight of newborn. Chi-Square test was applied to observe the significance of association. Results: The overall proportion of low birth weight baby came out to be 32.06%. Out of various socio-biological factors taken the factors which came out to be statistically significant were age of mother, parity, inter-pregnancy interval, SLI, education. The factors which were not statistically significant were father's education, religion. Conclusions: It was concluded that teenage pregnancy, non-utilization of antenatal care practices, anaemia, illiteracy are unfavorable predictors of birth weight of newborn babies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
27. Child's Risk Attributes at Birth and Infant Mortality Disparities in Nigeria
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Elhakim A, Ibrahim, Sunday A, Adedini, Amos O, OOyedokun, Akanni I, Akinyemi, and Ayotunde, Titilayo
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Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,Nigeria ,Social Environment ,Birth Intervals ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Pregnancy ,Residence Characteristics ,Risk Factors ,Cause of Death ,Infant Mortality ,Humans ,Female ,Maternal Age - Abstract
Births in avoidable high-risk contexts defined by the interplay of sub-optimal childbearing age, short spacing, and first and high birth order incur elevated risks of childhood death. However, the extent of disparities in risks of dying in infancy vis-à-vis the continuum of non-high-risk and (un)avoidable high-risk attributes at birth as determined by mother's age at childbirth, child spacing, and birth order characteristics is yet to be adequately explored in Nigeria as elsewhere. To fill this gap, chi-square association test and Cox's proportional hazards regression were used to analyze data of 31,260 nationally representative children aged 0-59 months drawn from 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey. Disparities in infant mortality risks were mainly examined across the spectrum of birth-related risk attributes at birth broadly categorized as no extra high-risk, unavoidable first- order risk and combined avoidable high-risk. The risks of dying in infancy differed significantly by risk attributes to the extent dictated by other confounders. Also, infant mortality risks varied significantly by all moderating factors excluding religion, water source, toilet type and place of delivery. Interventions targeted at reducing avoidable high-risk fertility rate and strengthening health system to provide life-saving care to most-at-risk children would engender rapid improvement in infant survival.
- Published
- 2019
28. Short preceding birth intervals and child mortality in Mozambique.
- Author
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Gonçalves, Sandra D. and Moultrie, Tom A.
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BIRTH intervals ,CHILD mortality ,INFANT mortality ,MATERNAL age ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,REPRODUCTIVE health ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,FAMILY planning - Abstract
Copyright of African Journal of Reproductive Health is the property of Women's Health & Action Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2012
29. Survival analysis of under-five mortality using Cox and frailty models in Ethiopia
- Author
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Hemry Mwambi, Dawit G. Ayele, and Temesgen Zewotir
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Male ,Cross-sectional study ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Rural Health ,Standard of living ,0302 clinical medicine ,Epidemiology ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,lcsh:RC620-627 ,Family Characteristics ,Frailty ,Rural health ,Mortality rate ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,lcsh:Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases ,Child, Preschool ,Child Mortality ,Female ,Algorithms ,Research Article ,Maternal Age ,medicine.medical_specialty ,EDHS ,030231 tropical medicine ,Under-five mortality ,Models, Biological ,03 medical and health sciences ,Birth Intervals ,Humans ,Developing Countries ,Proportional Hazards Models ,business.industry ,Proportional hazards model ,Hazards ,Infant, Newborn ,Urban Health ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Infant ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Health Surveys ,Survival Analysis ,Child mortality ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Ethiopia ,Rural area ,Interaction effect ,business ,Food Science ,Demography - Abstract
Background The risk of a child dying before reaching 5 years of age is highest in sub-Saharan African countries. But in Ethiopia, under-five mortality rates have shown a substantial decline. Methods For this study, the Cox regression model for fixed and time-dependent explanatory variables was studied for under-five mortality in Ethiopia. We adapted survival analysis using the Cox regression model with 2011 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data. Results From the results, it was found that under-five children who live in Addis Ababa had a lower hazard (risk) of death (p value = 0.048). This could be as a result of higher health facilities and living standards in Addis Ababa, compared to other regions. Under-five children who lived in rural areas had a higher hazard (risk) of death compared to those living in urban areas. In addition, under-five children who lived in rural areas had 18% (p value = 0.01) more hazard (risk) of death than those living in urban areas. Furthermore, with older mothers, the chance of a child dying before reaching the age of 5 is lower. Conclusion The chances of a child dying before reaching the age of 5 are less if the mother does not become pregnant again before the child reaches the age of 5. Therefore, giving birth when older and not becoming pregnant again before the child reaches the age of 5 is one means of reducing under-five mortality.
- Published
- 2017
30. Beyond birth outcomes: Interpregnancy interval and injury-related infant mortality
- Author
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Katherine A. Ahrens, Lauren M. Rossen, Alan E. Simon, Dane A. De Silva, Marie E. Thoma, Margaret Warner, and Susan Moskosky
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Child abuse ,Adult ,Male ,Epidemiology ,Article ,Death Certificates ,Depression, Postpartum ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Birth Intervals ,Pregnancy ,030225 pediatrics ,Injury prevention ,Infant Mortality ,Medicine ,Humans ,Sibling Relations ,Child Abuse ,Proportional Hazards Models ,Retrospective Studies ,030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine ,business.industry ,Proportional hazards model ,Hazard ratio ,Pregnancy Outcome ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,medicine.disease ,Infant mortality ,United States ,Birth order ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Birth Certificates ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Wounds and Injuries ,Female ,business ,Live birth ,Demography ,Maternal Age - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Several studies have examined the association between IPI and birth outcomes, but few have explored the association between interpregnancy interval (IPI) and postnatal outcomes. OBJECTIVE: We examined the association between IPI and injury-related infant mortality, a leading cause of postneonatal mortality. METHODS: We used 2011-2015 US period-linked birth-infant death vital statistics data to generate a multiyear birth cohort of non-first-born singleton births (N = 9 782 029). IPI was defined as the number of months between a live birth and the start of the pregnancy leading to the next live birth. Causes of death in the first year of life were identified using ICD-10 codes. Hazard ratios (HR) for IPI categories were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for birth order, county poverty level, and maternal characteristics (marital status, race/ethnicity, education, age at previous birth). RESULTS: After adjustment, overall infant mortality (48.1 per 10 000 births) was higher for short and long IPIs compared with IPI 18-23 months (reference)
- Published
- 2019
31. Short interpregnancy intervals and adverse maternal outcomes in high‐resource settings: An updated systematic review
- Author
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Reva L Stidd, Heidi D Nelson, Katherine A. Ahrens, Susan Moskosky, and Jennifer A. Hutcheon
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Epidemiology ,MEDLINE ,CINAHL ,maternal health ,Article ,interpregnancy interval ,maternal morbidity ,03 medical and health sciences ,Birth Intervals ,0302 clinical medicine ,Pregnancy ,medicine ,Humans ,Maternal health ,030212 general & internal medicine ,birth spacing ,030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine ,Obstetrics ,business.industry ,Pregnancy Outcome ,Special Issue : Birth Spacing in the US ,medicine.disease ,Obesity ,Obstetric Labor Complications ,Uterine rupture ,Pregnancy Complications ,Gestational diabetes ,Systematic review ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Female ,business ,Maternal Age ,Cohort study - Abstract
Background Currently, no federal guidelines provide recommendations on healthy birth spacing for women in the United States. This systematic review summarises associations between short interpregnancy intervals and adverse maternal outcomes to inform the development of birth spacing recommendations for the United States. Methods PubMed/Medline, POPLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and a previous systematic review were searched to identify relevant articles published from 1 January 2006 and 1 May 2017. Included studies reported maternal health outcomes following a short versus longer interpregnancy interval, were conducted in high‐resource settings, and adjusted estimates for at least maternal age. Two investigators independently assessed study quality and applicability using established methods. Results Seven cohort studies met inclusion criteria. There was limited but consistent evidence that short interpregnancy interval is associated with increased risk of precipitous labour and decreased risks of labour dystocia. There was some evidence that short interpregnancy interval is associated with increased risks of subsequent pre‐pregnancy obesity and gestational diabetes, and decreased risk of preeclampsia. Among women with a previous caesarean delivery, short interpregnancy interval was associated with increased risk of uterine rupture in one study. No studies reported outcomes related to maternal depression, interpregnancy weight gain, maternal anaemia, or maternal mortality. Conclusions In studies from high‐resource settings, short interpregnancy intervals are associated with both increased and decreased risks of adverse maternal outcomes. However, most outcomes were evaluated in single studies, and the strength of evidence supporting associations is low.
- Published
- 2018
32. Association between high-risk fertility behaviours and the likelihood of chronic undernutrition and anaemia among married Bangladeshi women of reproductive age
- Author
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Nurruzzaman Haque, Thu Nandar Saw, Mosiur Rahman, Saber Al-Sobaihi, Jahirul Islam, Golam Mostofa, Syed Emdadul Haque, Yu Mon Saw, Nguyen Huu Chau Duc, and Rafiqul Islam
- Subjects
Adult ,Rural Population ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Urban Population ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Reproductive age ,Fertility ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,Chronic undernutrition ,Birth intervals ,Birth Intervals ,Risk-Taking ,0302 clinical medicine ,Pregnancy ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Spouses ,media_common ,Gynecology ,Bangladesh ,030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,business.industry ,Malnutrition ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Anemia ,medicine.disease ,Health Surveys ,Research Papers ,Pregnancy Complications ,Birth order ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Relative risk ,Chronic Disease ,Female ,Rural area ,business ,Maternal Age ,Demography - Abstract
ObjectiveTo explore the association between high-risk fertility behaviours and the likelihood of chronic undernutrition, anaemia and the coexistence of anaemia and undernutrition among women of reproductive age.DesignThe 2011 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, conducted from 8 July to 27 December 2011.SettingSelected urban and rural areas of Bangladesh.SubjectsA total of 2197 ever-married women living with at least one child younger than 5 years. Exposure was determined from maternal reports of high-risk fertility behaviours. We considered three parameters, maternal age at the time of delivery, birth order and birth interval, to define the high-risk fertility behaviours. Chronic undernutrition, anaemia and the coexistence of anaemia and undernutrition among women were the outcome variables.ResultsA substantial percentage of women were exposed to have a high-risk fertility pattern (41·8 %); 33·0 % were at single high-risk and 8·8 % were at multiple high-risk. After adjusting for relevant covariates, high-risk fertility behaviours were associated with increased likelihood of chronic undernutrition (adjusted relative risk; 95 % CI: 1·22; 1·03, 1·44), anaemia (1·12; 1·00, 1·25) and the coexistence of anaemia and undernutrition (1·52; 1·17, 1·98). Furthermore, multiple high-risk fertility behaviours appeared to have more profound consequences on the outcome measured.ConclusionsMaternal high-risk fertility behaviours are shockingly frequent practices among women in Bangladesh. High-risk fertility behaviours are important predictors of the increased likelihood of women’s chronic undernutrition, anaemia and the coexistence of anaemia and undernutrition.
- Published
- 2016
33. Ethnic differentials in early childhood mortality in Nepal.
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Choe, Minja Kim, Retherford, Robert D., Gubhaju, Bhakta B., Thapa, Shyam, Choe, M K, Retherford, R D, Gubhaju, B B, and Thapa, S
- Subjects
- *
ETHNICITY , *CHILD death , *EDUCATION of parents , *EDUCATIONAL attainment , *MATERNAL age , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *DEMOGRAPHY , *BIRTH intervals , *INFANT care , *BREASTFEEDING - Abstract
This paper investigates the association of early childhood mortality (between birth and second birthday) with ethnicity in Nepal, based on data from the 1976 Nepal Fertility Survey, which was part of the World Fertility Survey. The approach is through a series of hazard models, which incorporate ethnicity, year of birth, mother's illiteracy, father's illiteracy, rural-urban residence, region, sex, maternal age, survival of previous birth, previous birth interval, and breast-feeding as covariates. Ethnic differentials in early childhood mortality are not explained by the other socioeconomic and demographic covariates, except for a modest effect of illiteracy, but the remaining covariates explain a great deal of variability in early childhood mortality itself. Analysis using an improved specification of breast-feeding as an age-varying covariate indicates, on average, that breast-feeding, relative to not breast-feeding, reduces age-specific mortality risks during the first 2 years of life by 76%, a very large effect. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 1989
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Age at first birth and lifetime fertility.
- Author
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Balakrishnan, T. R., Vaninadha Rao, K., Krotki, Karol J., Lapierre-Adamcyk, Evelyne, Rao, K V, Krotki, K J, and Lapierre-Adamcyk, E
- Subjects
- *
MATERNAL age , *CHILDBIRTH , *HUMAN fertility , *AGE factors in human reproduction , *WOMEN'S education , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *BIRTH intervals , *COMPARATIVE studies , *FERTILITY , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *RESEARCH , *EVALUATION research - Abstract
Among a national sample of Canadian women in the Canadian National Fertility Survey of 1984, the excess cumulative fertility of those who started their families early over others has steadily decreased. A difference of approximately two births between early and late starters among older women is reduced to approximately half a child among the younger women. Except for those who start childbearing after age 25, there is little evidence of attempts to catch up after age 30, irrespective of starting age. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 1988
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Reproductive patterns and child mortality in Guatemala.
- Author
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Pebley, Anne R., Stupp, Paul W., Pebley, A R, and Stupp, P W
- Subjects
CHILD mortality ,MATERNAL age ,BIRTH intervals ,GUATEMALANS ,BIRTH order ,BREASTFEEDING ,COMPARATIVE studies ,HUMAN reproduction ,INFANT mortality ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,RESEARCH ,RESEARCH funding ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,EVALUATION research ,RELATIVE medical risk ,PARITY (Obstetrics) - Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the association of child mortality with maternal age, parity, birth spacing, and socioeconomic status, in a sample of Guatemalan children who were included in a public health intervention program. Our results indicate that maternal age, birth order, and the length of the previous and following birth intervals all have a significant impact on the risk of child mortality and that these associations cannot be accounted for by differences in breastfeeding, socioeconomic status, or the survival status of the previous child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1987
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36. Premarital socioeconomic roles and the timing of family formation: a comparative study of five Asian societies.
- Author
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Hirschman, Charles and Hirschman, C
- Subjects
FAMILIES ,MARRIAGE ,CHILDBIRTH ,SOCIOECONOMICS ,HUMAN life cycle ,DOMESTIC relations ,AGE distribution ,BIRTH intervals ,COMPARATIVE studies ,EMPLOYMENT ,MATERNAL age ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,RESEARCH ,RESEARCH funding ,TIME ,ETHNOLOGY research ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,EVALUATION research - Abstract
The impact of female socioeconomic activities on cumulative fertility is a product of a series of life cycle stages, including the initiation of marriage and the timing of subsequent births. In the present paper, the effects of premarital socioeconomic roles on the first stages of family formation-the timing of marriage and the interval between marriage and first birth-are analyzed. Modern socioeconomic roles, especially educational attainment, lead to a postponement of marriage, and thereby age at first birth. However, the same variables tend to have a counter- balancing effect by reducing the interval from marriage to the first birth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1985
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37. The impact of class, education, and health care on infant mortality in a developing society: the case of rural Thailand.
- Author
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Frenzen, Paul D., Hogan, Dennis P., Frenzen, P D, and Hogan, D P
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INFANT mortality ,INFANT care ,HEALTH education ,SOCIAL factors ,PARENT-infant relationships ,BIRTH intervals ,COMPARATIVE studies ,DEMOGRAPHY ,FAMILIES ,MATERNAL age ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,RESEARCH ,RESEARCH funding ,RURAL population ,SEX distribution ,SOCIAL classes ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,EVALUATION research ,EDUCATIONAL attainment ,PARITY (Obstetrics) - Abstract
Demographic and social factors affecting infant mortality in rural northern Thailand are examined using log-linear modified multiple regression models and data drawn from a representative sample of married couples in Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai provinces. Demographic factors do not account for the effects of variations in parental ability or willingness to provide adequate infant care. The final model estimated incorporated both these social dimensions of child care. Parental ability, measured by father's social class, mother's health information, and local community development levels, continued to have significant independent effects upon infant survival. Parental willingness, measured by parent's beliefs about intergenerational wealth transfers, no longer had a significant effect net of other social variables, but infant survival was still affected by whether both parents wanted a birth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Socioeconomic Position and Reproduction: Findings from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health
- Author
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Mark Jones, Ilona Koupil, Leigh Tooth, Natalie Holowko, and Gita D. Mishra
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Adult ,Rural Population ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Longitudinal study ,Epidemiology ,Population ,03 medical and health sciences ,Family Planning Policy ,0302 clinical medicine ,Birth Intervals ,Pregnancy ,medicine ,Humans ,Social inequality ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Longitudinal Studies ,education ,Birth Rate ,Multinomial logistic regression ,education.field_of_study ,030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine ,business.industry ,Public health ,Reproduction ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Australia ,Infant, Newborn ,Pregnancy Outcome ,Obstetrics and Gynecology ,Fertility ,Social Class ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Family planning ,Family Planning Services ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Cohort ,Women's Health ,Women's Rights ,Female ,business ,Cohort study ,Demography ,Maternal Age - Abstract
Objective: To investigate the association of socioeconomic position (SEP) with reproductive outcomes among Australian women. Methods: Data from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health’s (population-based cohort study) 1973–1978 cohort were used (N = 6899, aged 37–42 years in 2015). The association of SEP (childhood and own, multiple indicators) with age at first birth, birth-to-pregnancy (BTP) intervals and total number of children was analysed using multinomial logistic regression. Results: 14% of women had their first birth aged
- Published
- 2018
39. Good practices for the design, analysis, and interpretation of observational studies on birth spacing and perinatal health outcomes
- Author
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Heidi D Nelson, Peter A. Briss, Robert W. Platt, Russell S. Kirby, Sunni L. Mumford, Lauren M. Rossen, Marie E. Thoma, Brittni N. Frederiksen, Alison M. Stuebe, Sonia Hernandez-Diaz, Ashley H. Hirai, Cande V. Ananth, Laura Duberstein Lindberg, Sam Harper, Cynthia Ferre, Susan Moskosky, Mark A. Klebanoff, Katherine A. Ahrens, Jennifer A. Hutcheon, Catherine J. Vladutiu, and Olga Basso
- Subjects
Time Factors ,Epidemiology ,Birth Spacing in the United States‐towards Evidence‐based Recommendations Special Issue ,Developmental psychology ,interpregnancy interval ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Birth Intervals ,Pregnancy ,Special Issue: Birth Spacing in the US ,adverse perinatal outcomes ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Workgroup ,causal inference ,Association (psychology) ,epidemiologic bias ,Research question ,birth spacing ,030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine ,business.industry ,Interpretation (philosophy) ,Pregnancy Outcome ,preterm birth ,medicine.disease ,Abortion, Spontaneous ,Observational Studies as Topic ,Parity ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Causal inference ,Data Interpretation, Statistical ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Infant, Small for Gestational Age ,Small for gestational age ,Premature Birth ,Observational study ,Female ,business ,Corrigendum ,Maternal Age - Abstract
Background Meta‐analyses of observational studies have shown that women with a shorter interpregnancy interval (the time from delivery to start of a subsequent pregnancy) are more likely to experience adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm delivery or small for gestational age birth, than women who space their births further apart. However, the studies used to inform these estimates have methodological shortcomings. Methods In this commentary, we summarise the discussions of an expert workgroup describing good practices for the design, analysis, and interpretation of observational studies of interpregnancy interval and adverse perinatal health outcomes. Results We argue that inferences drawn from research in this field will be improved by careful attention to elements such as: (a) refining the research question to clarify whether the goal is to estimate a causal effect vs describe patterns of association; (b) using directed acyclic graphs to represent potential causal networks and guide the analytic plan of studies seeking to estimate causal effects; (c) assessing how miscarriages and pregnancy terminations may have influenced interpregnancy interval classifications; (d) specifying how key factors such as previous pregnancy loss, pregnancy intention, and maternal socio‐economic position will be considered; and (e) examining if the association between interpregnancy interval and perinatal outcome differs by factors such as maternal age. Conclusion This commentary outlines the discussions of this recent expert workgroup, and describes several suggested principles for study design and analysis that could mitigate many potential sources of bias.
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- 2018
40. Birth interval and stunting in children under five years of age in Peru (1996-2014)
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M, Sobrino, C, Gutiérrez, J, Alarcón, M, Dávila, and A J, Cunha
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Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,Middle Aged ,Health Surveys ,Young Adult ,Birth Intervals ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Risk Factors ,Child, Preschool ,Peru ,Prevalence ,Educational Status ,Humans ,Female ,Birth Order ,Growth Disorders ,Maternal Age - Abstract
Examine the evolution of stunting in5 years of age in Peru and its relationship with birth interval (BI), and associated factors from 1996 to 2014.Data were extracted from the National Demographic and Health Survey of Peru (DHS) for the years 1996, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2014 on children5 years of age for stunting (height / age ≤ 2DS). The main independent variable of interest was BI dichotomized by interval between date of last and penultimate birth (≤24 months vs.24 months) and others sociodemographic variables. Crude and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were estimated in logistic regression for the effect of BI and other variables on stunting by each survey year.Between 1996 and 2014, stunting declined in both BI groups: ≤24 months: 35.8% to 21.8%;24 months: 29.5% to 14.3%. BI was associated with stunting after adjustment for other variables in each survey except 2005. Of the other factors, sex, birth order (fourth child or more), maternal education and poverty were independently associated with stunting in all survey years. Residence in rural areas and in Amazon forest and highland regions was associated with stunting 1996 and 2000. Maternal age was not independently associated with stunting.While stunting showed a decreasing trend from 1996 to 2014, birth interval exceeding 24 months exerted a protective effect on stunting across the years surveyed. Poverty, low maternal education and high birth order were associated with stunting in all survey years.
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- 2016
41. Short Interpregnancy Intervals in 2014: Differences by Maternal Demographic Characteristics
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Marie E, Thoma, Casey E, Copen, and Sharon E, Kirmeyer
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Adult ,Black or African American ,Young Adult ,Birth Intervals ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Humans ,Female ,Hispanic or Latino ,United States ,White People ,Maternal Age - Abstract
Data from the National Vital Statistics System •Nearly 29.0% of U.S. mothers who had a second or higher-order birth in 2014 had a short interpregnancy interval of less than 18 months. •Short intervals (i.e., less than 6 months, 6-11 months, and 12-17 months) were more common for mothers aged 35 and over (5.7%, 16.3%, and 22.1%, respectively) than mothers who were under age 20 at their previous birth (5.1%, 8.8%, and 8.4%). •Short intervals of less than 6 months and 6-11 months were more common among non-Hispanic black mothers (7.1% and 11.7%, respectively) than non-Hispanic white mothers (4.1% and 11.2%) and Hispanic mothers (5.0% and 9.3%). •The percentage of births to mothers with intervals less than 6 months decreased as education level increased, from 4.3% (no high school diploma) to 1.8% (doctorate or professional degree).
- Published
- 2016
42. Early Neonatal Mortality in India, 1990–2006
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Prashant Singh, Lucky Singh, Rajesh Kumar Rai, and Chandan Kumar
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Adult ,Male ,Health (social science) ,Multivariate analysis ,Adolescent ,Cross-sectional study ,Birth weight ,Population ,India ,Young Adult ,Birth Intervals ,Sex Factors ,Infant Mortality ,Birth Weight ,Humans ,Medicine ,education ,Socioeconomic status ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,Age Factors ,Infant, Newborn ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Infant mortality ,Child mortality ,Birth order ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Logistic Models ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Multivariate Analysis ,Educational Status ,Female ,Birth Order ,business ,Maternal Age ,Demography - Abstract
The increased reach of health programs in India during the past few decades has contributed to a decline in postnatal mortality including infant and child mortality; however, reduction in neonatal mortality remained negligible. About seven out of ten neonatal deaths take place within a week after birth. The progress in reduction as well as dimension along which early neonatal mortality is patterned in India remains unclear. We examine the trend in early neonatal mortality and its possible demographic and socioeconomic predictors using nationally representative data. Data from the three cross-sectional rounds of the National Family Health Survey of India from 1992 to 1993, 1998 to 1999 and 2005 to 2006 were analyzed. Early neonatal mortality rate was estimated for selected demographic and socioeconomic population groups and for major states in India using information on births and deaths during the 3 years preceding the respective surveys. Using the multivariate logistic regression model, we assessed proximate determinants of early neonatal deaths during 1990-2006. Sex of the child, child's birth size, birth order and interval, type of child's birth, mother's age at child's birth, mother's educational status, religion, household economic status and region of residence emerged as significant predictors of early neonatal deaths. The adjusted multivariate analysis indicates that majority of the socio-demographic predictors reveal a negligible decline in the probability of early neonatal deaths during 1990-2006. Moreover, based on comprehensive reviews of scientific literature on newborn's survival we document some of the recommended ways to prevent early neonatal mortality in India.
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- 2012
43. The Association Between Short Interpregnancy Interval and Preterm Birth in Louisiana: A Comparison of Methods
- Author
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Emily W. Harville, Elizabeth J. Howard, Xu Xiong, and Patricia Kissinger
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Risk ,Epidemiology ,Population ,Birth certificate ,Logistic regression ,Article ,Birth Intervals ,Pregnancy ,Statistics ,Covariate ,Humans ,Medicine ,Propensity Score ,education ,Retrospective Studies ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,Infant, Newborn ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Obstetrics and Gynecology ,Regression analysis ,Odds ratio ,Louisiana ,medicine.disease ,Confidence interval ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Premature birth ,Birth Certificates ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Premature Birth ,Regression Analysis ,Female ,business ,Maternal Age ,Demography - Abstract
There is growing interest in the application of propensity scores (PS) in epidemiologic studies, especially within the field of reproductive epidemiology. This retrospective cohort study assesses the impact of a short interpregnancy interval (IPI) on preterm birth and compares the results of the conventional logistic regression analysis with analyses utilizing a PS. The study included 96,378 singleton infants from Louisiana birth certificate data (1995-2007). Five regression models designed for methods comparison are presented. Ten percent (10.17 %) of all births were preterm; 26.83 % of births were from a short IPI. The PS-adjusted model produced a more conservative estimate of the exposure variable compared to the conventional logistic regression method (β-coefficient: 0.21 vs. 0.43), as well as a smaller standard error (0.024 vs. 0.028), odds ratio and 95 % confidence intervals [1.15 (1.09, 1.20) vs. 1.23 (1.17, 1.30)]. The inclusion of more covariate and interaction terms in the PS did not change the estimates of the exposure variable. This analysis indicates that PS-adjusted regression may be appropriate for validation of conventional methods in a large dataset with a fairly common outcome. PS's may be beneficial in producing more precise estimates, especially for models with many confounders and effect modifiers and where conventional adjustment with logistic regression is unsatisfactory. Short intervals between pregnancies are associated with preterm birth in this population, according to either technique. Birth spacing is an issue that women have some control over. Educational interventions, including birth control, should be applied during prenatal visits and following delivery.
- Published
- 2012
44. Risk factors for low birth weight in Bale zone hospitals, South-East Ethiopia : a case–control study
- Author
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Achenif Motbainor, Addisu Melese, Dabere Nigatu, Ketema Gashaw, and Habtamu Demelash
- Subjects
Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Birth weight ,Reproductive medicine ,Prenatal care ,Body Mass Index ,Young Adult ,Birth Intervals ,Pregnancy ,Risk Factors ,Obstetrics and Gynaecology ,Odds Ratio ,medicine ,Humans ,Environmental risk factors ,business.industry ,Obstetrics ,Infant, Newborn ,Socio economic risk factors ,Obstetrics and Gynecology ,Prenatal Care ,Odds ratio ,Infant, Low Birth Weight ,Maternal risk factors ,medicine.disease ,Body Height ,Hospitals ,Pregnancy Complications ,Low birth weight ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Social Conditions ,Case-Control Studies ,Educational Status ,Female ,Ethiopia ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Energy source ,Body mass index ,Maternal Age ,Research Article ,Demography - Abstract
Background Low birth weight (LBW) is closely associated with foetal and neonatal mortality and morbidity, inhibite growth and cognitive development and resulted chronic diseases later in life. Many factors affect foetal growth and thus, the birth weight. These factors operate to various extents in different environments and cultures. The prevalence of low birth weight in the study area is the highest in the country. To the investigator’s knowledge in Bale Zone, no study has yet been done to elucidate the risk factors for low birth weight using case control study design. This study was aimed to identify the risk factors of low birth weight in Bale zone hospitals. Methods A case–control study design was applied from April 1st to August 30th, 2013. A total of 387 mothers (136 cases and 272 controls) were interviewed using structured and pretested questionnaire by trained data collectors working in delivery ward. For each case, two consecutive controls were included in the study. All cases and controls were mothers with singleton birth, full term babies, no diabetes mellitus and no hypertensive. The data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 statistical package. The association between the independent variables and dependent variable (birth weight) was evaluated through bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses. Result Maternal age at delivery
- Published
- 2015
45. Relationship Between Birth Spacing, Child Maltreatment, and Child Behavior and Development Outcomes Among At-Risk Families
- Author
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Elizabeth McFarlane, Sarah Shea Crowne, Anne K. Duggan, Kay Gonsalves, and Lori Burrell
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Risk ,Longitudinal study ,Epidemiology ,Child Behavior ,Mothers ,Poison control ,Logistic regression ,Hawaii ,Occupational safety and health ,Developmental psychology ,Interviews as Topic ,Young Adult ,Birth Intervals ,Child Development ,Injury prevention ,Humans ,Medicine ,Family ,Child Abuse ,Longitudinal Studies ,Parent-Child Relations ,Child ,Generalized estimating equation ,Proportional Hazards Models ,Parenting ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Obstetrics and Gynecology ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Child development ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Child, Preschool ,Multivariate Analysis ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Female ,business ,Maternal Age - Abstract
Prior research indicates that closely spaced births are associated with poor outcomes for the mother and subsequent child. Limited research has focused on outcomes for the index child (the child born immediately prior to a subsequent child in a birth interval). The objectives are to assess the association of short birth intervals in at-risk families with: (1) indicators of harsh and neglectful parenting behaviors towards the index child, including substantiated maltreatment reports across 6 years; and (2) the index child's behavior and development in first grade. This is a longitudinal study of 658 women screened to be at-risk for child maltreatment. Twenty percent of women had a rapid repeat birth (RRB), defined as the birth of a subsequent child within 24 months of the index child. Generalized estimating equations, survival analyses, and linear and logistic regression models were used to assess the associations between RRB and index child outcomes. Women with an RRB were more likely than those without an RRB to report neglectful parenting of the index child. Children of mothers with an RRB were more likely than children of mothers without an RRB to have more behavioral problems and lower cognitive functioning in first grade. This study is among the first to focus on the associations of birth spacing with maltreatment, behavior and development outcomes in the index child. Future work regarding the effects of birth spacing should include a focus on the index child.
- Published
- 2011
46. Does the time interval between first and last birth influence the risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer?
- Author
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Jan Sundquist, Kari Hemminki, and Melanie Bevier
- Subjects
Adult ,Cancer Research ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Young Adult ,symbols.namesake ,Age Distribution ,Birth Intervals ,Pregnancy ,Risk Factors ,Humans ,Medicine ,Childbirth ,Poisson regression ,Risk factor ,Socioeconomic status ,Aged ,Ovarian Neoplasms ,Sweden ,Gynecology ,business.industry ,Obstetrics ,Endometrial cancer ,Cancer ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Reproductive Factors ,Endometrial Neoplasms ,Parity ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Oncology ,symbols ,Female ,business ,Ovarian cancer ,Maternal Age - Abstract
Background: Age at first and last birth and the number of children are known to influence the risk of endometrial and ovarian cancers. However, it remains unknown whether the difference in years between first and last childbirth plays a role. The Swedish Family-Cancer Database allowed us to carry out the largest study ever on reproductive factors in these cancers. Material and methods: We selected over 5.7 million women from the database. We estimated the effect of number of children, age at birth and difference between age at first and last birth by Poisson regression adjusted for age, period, region and socioeconomic status. Results: The risk for endometrial cancer is negatively associated with increasing number of children and increasing age at first as well as age at last birth. Weaker associations are found for ovarian cancer. Age at last birth is the factor that shows highest influence. A large difference in first and last childbirth shows a protective effect on the risk of endometrial cancer. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the risk of endometrial cancer is significantly decreased for women having at least a difference of 10 years between their first and last birth. Ovarian cancer does not seem to be influenced by the time interval between first and last birth. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (Less)
- Published
- 2011
47. Socio-economic and medical determinants of low birth weight in Iran: 20 years after establishment of a primary healthcare network
- Author
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Fatemeh Jafari, Abolghasem Pourreza, J. Mousavi, and Hassan Eftekhar
- Subjects
Adult ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Birth weight ,Gestational Age ,Context (language use) ,Iran ,Logistic regression ,Young Adult ,Birth Intervals ,Pregnancy ,Risk Factors ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Health care ,Confidence Intervals ,Odds Ratio ,medicine ,Humans ,Prospective Studies ,Anthropometry ,Primary Health Care ,business.industry ,Infant, Newborn ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Prenatal Care ,General Medicine ,Odds ratio ,Infant, Low Birth Weight ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Confidence interval ,Parity ,Low birth weight ,Logistic Models ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Maternal Age ,Demography - Abstract
Summary Objective Establishment of a primary healthcare network in Iran has provided free and universal access to primary health care. Although the health status of Iranians has improved since this network was established, the low-birthweight rate has not decreased. The objective of the present study was to describe socio-economic and medical factors related to low birth weight in the context of free and universal access to primary health care. Design Descriptive, hospital-based prospective study. Methods Data about socio-economic, reproductive and prenatal condition of 4510 live singleton births from June to October 2004 were gathered using a standard questionnaire by interview and record review. The effect of these conditions on birth weight was investigated using a logistic regression model. Results Of 4510 newborns, 305 (6.8%) were low birth weight. Among these low-birthweight newborns, there were 159 preterm and 146 term newborns. Mothers with a primary and secondary education [odds ratio (OR) 6.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.35–7.34 and OR 4.81, 95%CI 1.95–6.37, respectively], who lived with farmer and unskilled worker husbands (OR 2.52, 95%CI 1.12–4.66 and OR 2.91, 95%CI 1.35–2.52, respectively), with a birth interval of 1 year or less (OR 3.54, 95%CI 1.80–5.95) and height less than 155 cm (OR 1.82, 95%CI 1.12–3.31) were more likely to have low-birthweight infants. Conclusion In the context of free and universal access to health care, it is recommended that policy makers should place more emphasis on education as it imparts knowledge and thus influences dietary habits and birth-spacing behaviour. This will lead to a better nutritional status, particularly in dealing with pregnancy, resulting in lower rates of low birth weight.
- Published
- 2010
48. The role of traditional contraceptive methods in family planning among women attending primary health care centers in Kano
- Author
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Asma'u Ahmad Rufa'i and Ayyuba Rabiu
- Subjects
Adult ,Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Child spacing ,méthodes contraceptives traditionnelles ,Primary health care ,Nigeria ,rôle ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,Birth Intervals ,0302 clinical medicine ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Family planning ,Contraception Behavior ,Sexual Abstinence ,traditional contraceptive methods ,Planification familiale ,Family Characteristics ,Primary Health Care ,business.industry ,030503 health policy & services ,Significant difference ,Mean age ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,Confidence interval ,Contraception ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Family medicine ,role ,Female ,Original Article ,0305 other medical science ,business ,Maternal Age - Abstract
Background: Traditional contraceptive methods (TCMs) have been used by our ancestors for a long time in child spacing before the advent of the modern contraceptive methods but even with the introduction of the modern methods some women prefer and are still using TCMs. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the utilization of traditional contraceptives in child spacing and its association with family size among women of child-bearing age attending primary healthcare centers in Kano. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study among 400 women attending primary healthcare centers in Kano. Their sociodemographic characteristics, number of children, knowledge, and use of traditional contraceptives were recorded on a pretested questionnaire. Results: The mean age ± standard deviation (SD) was 29.1 ± 6.22 years. The mean number of children (±SD) was 3.9 ± 2.27. A total number of 280 (70.0%) participants knew about TCMs, but only 147 (36.8%) used these methods and among those that used TCMs, herbal medicine was the most used method (n = 67, 45.6%). There was no statistically significant difference between the mean number of children of the respondents who used traditional contraceptives and those who did not (t = 0.382, df = 398, P = 0.703, 95% confidence interval:−0.374–0.555). Educational status was significantly associated with the use of traditional contraceptives (χ2 = 8.327, P = 0.005). Conclusion: There was more knowledge of traditional than modern contraceptive methods. Herbal medicine was the most commonly used method. There was poor utilization of the modern contraceptive methods and fair utilization of the TCMs. The study showed no clear benefit of traditional contraceptive usage over its nonuse in reducing family size.
- Published
- 2018
49. On selection of an appropriate logistic model to determine the risk factors of childhood stunting in Bangladesh.
- Author
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Bhowmik, Kakoli Rani and Das, Sumonkanti
- Subjects
- *
PREVENTION of malnutrition , *AGE distribution , *ANTHROPOMETRY , *BIRTH intervals , *CHI-squared test , *CHILD development , *CHILDREN'S health , *CHILD nutrition , *CONFIDENCE intervals , *STATISTICAL correlation , *GROWTH disorders , *INFANT nutrition , *MATERNAL age , *NUTRITIONAL assessment , *RISK assessment , *STATISTICAL sampling , *SEX distribution , *LOGISTIC regression analysis , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *MAXIMUM likelihood statistics , *RECEIVER operating characteristic curves , *STATISTICAL models , *NUTRITIONAL status , *ODDS ratio , *INTRACLASS correlation - Abstract
Stunting is the core measure of child health inequalities as it reveals multiple dimensions of child health and development status. The main focus of this study is to show the procedure of selecting the most appropriate logistic regression model for stunting by developing and comparing several plausible models, which ultimately helps to identify the predictors of childhood stunting in Bangladesh. This study utilizes child anthropometric data collected in the 2014 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. Valid height‐for‐age anthropometric indices were available for a total of 6,931 children aged 0–59 months, of which about 36% were stunted. Ordinary logistic, survey logistic, marginal logistic, and random intercept logistic regression models were developed assuming independence, sampling design, cluster effect, and hierarchy of the data. Based on a number of model selection criteria, random intercept logistic model is found the most appropriate for the studied children. A number of child, mother, household, regional, and community‐level variables were included in the model specification. The factors that increased the odds of stunting are children older than 11 months, short birth interval, recent morbidity of children, lower maternal education, young maternity, lower maternal body mass index, poor household wealth, urban residential place, and living in Sylhet division. Findings of this study recommend to utilize an appropriate logistic model considering the issues relevant to the data, particularly sampling design and clustering for determining the risk factors of childhood stunting in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. A dynamic framework for the study of optimal birth intervals reveals the importance of sibling competition and mortality risks
- Author
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Matthew Gwynfryn Thomas, Ruth Mace, Thomas B. L. Kirkwood, Alasdair I. Houston, John M. McNamara, and Daryl P. Shanley
- Subjects
Adult ,Competitive Behavior ,Adolescent ,Offspring ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Demographic transition ,Biology ,Affect (psychology) ,Competition (biology) ,Young Adult ,Birth Intervals ,Infant Mortality ,Risk of mortality ,Humans ,Sibling ,Child ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,media_common ,Ecology ,Siblings ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,Middle Aged ,Models, Theoretical ,Infant mortality ,Optimality model ,Maternal Mortality ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Child, Preschool ,Female ,Menopause ,Demography ,Maternal Age - Abstract
Human reproductive patterns have been well studied, but the mechanisms by which physiology, ecology and existing kin interact to affect the life history need quantification. Here, we create a model to investigate how age-specific interbirth intervals adapt to environmental and intrinsic mortality, and how birth patterns can be shaped by competition and help between siblings. The model provides a flexible framework for studying the processes underlying human reproductive scheduling. We developed a state-based optimality model to determine age-dependent and family-dependent sets of reproductive strategies, including the state of the mother and her offspring. We parameterized the model with realistic mortality curves derived from five human populations. Overall, optimal birth intervals increase until the age of 30 after which they remain relatively constant until the end of the reproductive lifespan. Offspring helping each other does not have much effect on birth intervals. Increasing infant and senescent mortality in different populations decreases interbirth intervals. We show that sibling competition and infant mortality interact to lengthen interbirth intervals. In lower-mortality populations, intense sibling competition pushes births further apart. Varying the adult risk of mortality alone has no effect on birth intervals between populations; competition between offspring drives the differences in birth intervals only when infant mortality is low. These results are relevant to understanding the demographic transition, because our model predicts that sibling competition becomes an important determinant of optimal interbirth intervals only when mortality is low, as in post-transition societies. We do not predict that these effects alone can select for menopause.
- Published
- 2014
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