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The objective of this study was the evaluation of feasibility of producing particleboard for general use using cotton gin waste generated in Argentina and urea formaldehyde resin. The chemical composition and size distribution of particles of the ginning residue as well as mechanical and physical properties of the particleboards obtained were investigated. Density and flexural strength of particleboards produced with varying levels of urea-formaldehyde resin between 8.3 and 19.3% (solid to solid ratio) were evaluated. The effect of incorporating jute reinforcement on the mechanical properties of these boards was also analyzed. Particle boards with densities between 530 and 700 kg/m3 and variable flexural strength between 0.30 and 5.85 MPa were obtained, allowing the minimum levels required for low-density boards to be reached.

Issues of the development of the technology for the manufacture of wood particle board obtained with the use of a thermoreactive (rezole) modified phenol–formaldehyde binder are considered, and the properties of the obtained particle boards are also studied.

The development of engineering materials has increased its use in various fields. The engineering material is particleboard made from areca fiber which is processed with technology. Areca fiber as waste has the potential to be used as an engineering material. The purpose of this study was to obtain the characteristics of the particleboard following the quality standards of JIS A 5908-2003 and SNI 03-2105-2006. The process of making particleboard by mixing particles of areca fiber and adhesive then compacting it. The adhesives used are tapioca and gambier. The concentration of areca fiber particles is 90%, 80%, 70%, and 60%. From this research, it was found that the characteristics of the particleboard using tapioca adhesive according to the quality standard and the gambier adhesive particle board did not meet the standard quality. This particleboard can be used as a raw material for making interior furniture instead of wood.

Papan partikel merupakan komposit yang tersusun dari filler (penguat) dan matriks (pengikat). Papan partikel dapat dibuat dari bahan limbah pertanian yang mengandung selulosa seperti tempurung kelapa. Penelitian ini menggunakan limbah tempurung kelapa sebagai filler dan resin epoksi (RE) sebagai matriks. Penelitian dilakukan dengan memvariasikan ukuran partikel tempurung kelapa (60, 80, 100 dan 120 mesh) dan komposisi filler tempurung kelapa:perekat RE (70:30, 75:25, 80:20, dan 85:15 vol.%) untuk memperoleh sifat mekanik yang terbaik. Sifat mekanik yang diuji adalah modulus of elasticity , modulus of rupture , dan kuat tekan. Sifat mekanik papan partikel diuji sesuai standar ASTM. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sifat mekanik menurun dengan bertambahnya komposisi tempurung kelapa. Namun sifat mekanik meningkat dengan mengecilnya ukuran partikel dari 60 ke 120 mesh. Papan partikel yang dihasilkan memenuhi persyaratan ANSI untuk ukuran partikel 120 mesh, komposisi tempurung kelapa 80 vol.%, dan RE 20 vol.%. Abstract. Particle board is a composite composed of filler (reinforcement) and a matrix (binder). Particle board can be made of agricultural waste material containing cellulose such as a coconut shell. This study used coconut shell particles as a filler and epoxy resin (RE) as a matrix. The research was conducted by varying the particle size of coconut shells (60, 80, 100 and 120 mesh) and the composition of coconut shell fillers:RE adhesive (70:30, 75:25, 80:20, and 85:15 vol.%) to obtain the best mechanical properties. The mechanical properties tested were modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, and compressive strength. Particleboard was tested according to ASTM standards. The results showed that the mechanical properties decreased with increasing coconut shell composition. However, the mechanical properties increased as the particle size decreased from 60 to 120 mesh. The resulting particle board meets ANSI requirements for a particle size of 120 mesh, 80 vol.% of coconut shell composition, and 20 vol.% of RE. Keywords : Coconut Shell , Epoxy Resin, Mechanical Properties , Particle Board

The research aims producing fire-resistant particle boards using different types of highly combustible agricultural residues. The some mechanical propertiesparametersincluded modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity while physical properties were water absorption, swelling thickness, mass loss, ignition, glowing time, width and length of the burnt area. Particleboards variables were adhesives (urea formaldehyde ratio of 10%, sodium silicates and paraffin wax ratio of 5%,hardener (ammonium chloride) and fire-retardant (a mixture of di-ammonium phosphate and boric acid is nontoxic ratio of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 %. All above carried out under four press temperature (100,120,140,160 C°), four thicknesses of 14,16,18 and 20mm and four agricultural residues cotton stalks, corn stalks, rice straw and sawdust. The manufactured boards were tested according to TS-EN standards. The results recorded that the maximum modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture of 4750 and 28.5 N/mm2 respectively were obtained using cotton-stalk particle boards, pressing temperature of 140 °C and particle board thickness of 14 mm. The maximum averages water absorption percentage after 2 and 24 h was 28 and 73% respectively and the maximum averages swelling percentage after 2 and 24 h was 22.3 and 33.7 % respectively, were obtained using rice-straw particle boards under pressing temperature of 100 °C and particle board thickness of 20 mm. The most fire-retarding properties were improved with the increase in fire-retarding-content up-to 15 %. Higher amounts resulted in decreasing of the fire-retarding properties.

Traditional particle board can generate harmful indoor air emissions due to the volatile resin-based compounds present. This study investigated the preparation of sawdust particle board using the novel ionic liquid based fusion approach with [EMIM]OAc. The dissolution parameters were investigated using the thermal optical microscopy technique. The particle board sheets were prepared by hot pressing sawdust in the presence of ionic liquid (IL) ([EMIM]OAc) and subsequently purifying the fusion sawdust matrix from the IL with methanol. The fusion process of the sawdust particles was analysed with SEM and mechanical testing. The raw materials and the produced materials were investigated with elemental analysis, FTIR, and 13C-SS-NMR. IL fusion of the sawdust required a temperature above 150 °C, similar to the glass transition temperature (tg) of lignin. At lower temperatures, strong particle fusion was not obtained. It was observed that the sawdust/IL weight ratio was an important parameter of the fusion process, and a 1:3 weight ratio resulted in the strongest particle boards with a tensile strength of up to 10 MPa, similar to commercial particle boards. The particle fusion process was also studied with a twin-screw extruder. The extrusion enhanced the fusion of the sawdust particles by increasing dissolution of the sawdust particles, which was subsequently seen in elevated tensile strength (20 MPa). The study provides a practical view of how sawdust-based particle board can be manufactured using ionic liquid-based fusion.

The increase in demand for wood for various purposes has put serious pressure on Nigeria’s forest with its attendant fall in the supply of solid wood for construction purposes. As an alternative, non-woody material like banana stem fibre is being investigated for the production of Cement Bonded Particle Board (CBPB). The sorption and strength properties of CBPB from Musa spp fibre were assessed. The board samples were formed using cement to materials mixing ration of 2:1 and 3:1 and blending proportions of sawdust and banana fibre using ordinary Portland cement as a binder. Physical and Mechanical properties of boards produced from stem using were investigated. The influence of blending proportion (B.P) and mixing ratio (MR) on Density, Water Absorption (WA), Thickness Swelling (TS), Linear Expansion, Modulus of Rupture (MOR), and Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) were determined. The results of sorption properties showed that for immersion at 24, 48, and 72 hours, WA, TS, and LE decreased with an increase in mixing ratio. MOE mean values ranged between 293.65 and 2367.01 N/mm2 for 2:1 and 250.99 and 2009.28 N/mm2 for 3:1 while MOR values ranged between 2.55 and 7.592 N/mm2 for 2:1 and ranged from 0.55 to 1.40 N/mm2 for 3:1 respectively. The result proved that banana fibre is suitable for the production of panel products with enhanced strength properties.

Burning rice straw particles is a problem for generating atmospheric particulate matter (PM2.5) in Thailand. Increase in value-added rice straw such as production of rice straw particle board is an attractively promising product. The prevulcanized natural rubber-bonded rice straw particles using bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)tetra sulphide (Si-69) acting as silane coupling agents were used to produce rice straw particle board. The effect of Si-69 concentrations of 2, 5, 7, and 10%w/v on the properties of rice straw particle board was investigated. The surfaces of treated rice straw particles were characterized by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In addition, modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), internal bonding (IB) thickness swelling (TS) and water absorption (WA) of the prepared samples were measured. The result illustrated that the rice straw particle board was successfully manufactured using prevulcanized natural rubber and Si-69 coupling agent. The rice straw surface was fully covered by Si-69 and the amount of silicon and sulphur elements were increased with increasing Si-69 concentration. Consequently, the IB, MOR and MOE of the rice straw particle tended to increase with increasing Si-69 concentration. This is possibly due to good interfacial adhesion and reasonable stress transfer between rice straw particles and prevulcanized natural rubber as well as higher crosslink density of prevulcanized natural rubber. On the other hand, TS and WA of the rice straw particle were sharply decreased with increasing Si-69 concentration because the rice straw surface may be partially covered by the hydrophobic parts of Si-69.

One of the problems of sustainable development is the technologies improvement for the rational use of wood and other raw materials of plant origin. The literature reflects a large amount of applied research that was conducted to justify new technologies for the production of particle boards (PB). The main attention in the known works is paid to the influence of the particle size distribution on the strength of PB. The influence of particle shape on the PB strength has been studied to a lesser extent. In this regard, this article considers the influence of the shape and size of particles on the tensile strength perpendicular to the plane of the PB. A geometric analysis of the particle shape is performed. It was taken into account that the PB strength depends on the shape and size of the particles, as well as on the number of adhesive contacts between particles. To obtain quantitative estimates, formulas were substantiated confirming that an increase in the length of the particles and a decrease in their transverse dimensions lead to an increase in the PB strength. Experimental research methods were used, and mathematical modeling of the sample failure area was performed.

The use of coconut husk sawdust and tomato stem particles at varying blending proportion was examined for the production of particle board. Boards of dimensions 350 mm by 350 mm by 6 mm were produced (coconut husk dust, tomato stem particles) at different blending proportion and addition of additive (CaCl2 at different concentrations). The physical properties (water absorption and thickness swelling) and mechanical properties (modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE)) were investigated. Thickness swelling and water absorption were investigated at 24 and 48 hours. The results showed that boards exhibited mean values of 0.50% to 4.16% and 2.12% to 7.00% respectively of thickness swelling at 24 hours and 48 hours respectively and 13.6% to 25.2% and 17.6% to 29.1% of water absorption at 24 h and 48 h, respectively. The boards also exhibited means of 1.00 N/mm2 to 5.25 N/mm2 and 339 N/mm2 to 3430 N/mm2 for MOR and MOE respectively. An increase in the tomato particle content caused increase in water absorption and thickness swelling, resulting in the highest water absorption and thickness swelling values. Tomato stem and coconut husk dust can be used to produce cement bonded boards after pre-treatment with hot water and preferably both sieved.

This study investigated the dimensional stability and strength properties of plastic bonded composites produced from wood waste particles and polyethylene using extruder. The composites were produced from wood species such as such as: Triplochiton scleroxylon, Terminalia superba and Gmelina arborea at a mixing proportion of 60:40 (plastic/wood) on a weight by weight basis. Evaluation of properties was carried out in accordance with the American Standard Testing Methods of 570 and 790 to determine the dimensional stability and strength properties of the composites. The results of findings revealed that water absorption and thickness swelling of the wood composites ranged from 10.08% to 15.36% and 4.33% to 5.58% respectively after 24hours and 48hours immersion in water. Tensile strength also ranged between 29.4MPa and 45.6MPa. Composite board made from T. superba wood particles had the lowest significant water absorption (10.08%), thickness swelling (4.33%) and highest significant tensile strength (45.6MPa) compared to composites produced from G. arborea and T. scleroxylon wood particles. It was observed that high density wood species exhibit lower water intake, lower thickness swelling and higher tensile strength, while the contrary is the case for lower density wood species. In conclusion, the three tree species used for the study could be recommended for the production of wood composite like particle board, fibre board, wood cement boards and others.

Global warming primarily due to deforestation has led to the development of new materials to substitute felling of trees by wood-based industries. The utilisation of wood chips and cassava starch for the production of particle board was the thrust of this research. The chip sizes of 0.85 and 1.7 mm, dosage and types of binders (cassava starch, urea formaldehyde and Glutaraldehyde modified cassava starch) were the variables. The ratio of wood chips to the binders was 1.0:1.5. Theboards were formed in rectangular moulds. Water absorption, thickness swelling, flexural tests and material characterisation (using scanning electron microscope (SEM)) were carried out. Data collected was subjected to analysis of variance. The result obtained was subjected to analysis of variance. The particleboards produced with modified cassava starch had the best mechanical properties with the modulus of elasticity (MOE) ranging from 5.90 to 32.32 N/mm2but had a higher thickness swelling values ranging from 3 to 59.37%. There was a significant difference (p

Particles of dried corn cobs were employed for manufacture of cement bonded particleboards. Two types of clay soil (red and white) were used as supplement with cement to manufacture cement bonded particleboards. The production of the boards was done at varying proportions of 50/50/0, 50/40/10, 50/30/20, 50/20/30, 50/10/40 and 50/0/50 for (corn/cement/clay) in weight to weight basis while the other considerable production factors like nominal density and curing agent percentage remained constant at 1.30 g/cm3 and 3%. The chemical composition of the soil such as pH, organic carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen, and exchangeable bases were determined. Its impact on physical and mechanical properties such as density, water absorption, thickness swelling, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity were also investigated The results of the analysis of variance shows that all considerable production factors for the cement bonded particleboards were significant at 5% level of probability except clay soil type for density. The results show that cement bonded particleboard made of red clay soil with higher content of exchangeable bases proves better outstanding performance in density, strength and dimensional properties than the white clay soil. Among the cement bonded particleboards made at varying proportions. It was discovered that boards of 50/20/30 (corn/cement/clay) had better strength properties than others. Also, the boards made at the proportions of 50/40/10, 50/10/40 and 50/30/20 (corn/cement/clay) were better dimensionally stabled in moisture exposure but weak in strength. The outcome of this study may serve as a guideline for any manufacturer who intends to use clay soil as supplement for production of particleboards. Keywords: Cement, particleboard, clay soil, corn cobs, strength, variance

scientific and technological bases of receiving vitreous coverings on wood with use of a torch of low-temperature plasma are developed. Before plasma dusting of glass powders by grain structure 60-120mkm, the special protective coating protecting chipboard from destruction at high-temperature influence of a plasma stream on a front surface of the wood particle board (WPB) was applied. The structure of an intermediate protective coating including mix of a fine-grained glass powder and liquid glass is developed. Preliminary drawing an intermediate protective layer provides several consecutive technological operations. For receiving vitreous coverings fight of colored and colourless glass are used which was previously ground in spherical porcelain mills. Optimum process parameters of plasma dusting of glass powder on the front surface of chipboard are developed. Optimum parameters of plasma melting is: current - 800A; operating voltage – 30B, a consumption of plasma-forming gas of argon 2m3/h. Operational and aesthetic-consumer properties of vitreous protective and decorative coverings are investigated. It is established that vitreous protective and decorative coverings have the high durability of coupling with an intermediate protective layer. The received vitreous protective and decorative coverings on the basis of colored and colourless glass have the high water resistance, acid resistance, alkali resistance, as well as microhardness and high aesthetic performance. The technology is recommended for widespread industrial introduction.

The current research focuses on the utilization of branches and twigs of surian as raw material for making composite boards in an effort to utilize the waste part of surian stem wood waste. The types of particle board and oriented strand board were bonded with phenol formaldehyde (PF) of 10% resin content. Variations of board density and board types were focused in this research. The boards were evaluated based on Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS). The results showed that the density of the board affected the physical and mechanical properties of the composite board. Strand boards were better than particle boards with regard to mechanical properties. Physical properties that met the testing standards were moisture content, density, water absorption and thickness swell for both after soaking 2 h in water, while for the mechanical properties test, only modulus of elasticity (MOE) met the standards. However, for further study, it seemed that generally this initial study informed that it was possible to make composite boards from the raw materials, both branches and twigs, with the additional treatment such as changing the size of particles and strands that could improve the properties of the board.

An experimental investigation into the behaviour of connections between cold-formed steel and timber components, formed with inclined screws, is presented. A series of material tests was firstly carried out to assess the behaviour and limitations of each component of the system under investigation. These were supplemented by three types of interaction test: timber embedment, screw head pull-through and screw thread withdrawal, all aimed at developing a better understanding of the behaviour of the different components of the connection. The slip modulus and peak load-carrying capacity of twelve connection configurations were determined through a series of push-out tests. The results obtained were compared to the typical benchmark arrangement in which the screws were driven in perpendicular to the steel-timber interface. Component variations included the type of timber – particle board and plywood, the thickness of the steel – 1.5 mm and 2.4 mm thick, the inclination of the screws – 0° and 45°, and the presence or not of wings on the screws. The results showed that non-winged screws inclined at 45° gave up to about a 30% increase in peak load-carrying capacity and about a 140% increase in slip modulus when compared to the reference specimen.

Addition of mineral filler in the surface layer of three-layer particle board and its influence on material properties was studied as a function of filler content. Three-layer particle board with a...

The aim of the present article was to analyse the adhesive joints of different types of the furniture boards used for the furniture production. The present article included a comparative analysis of the adhesive joints of the particle board and the medium-density fireboard (MDF) pressed with the following types of film: A 0.3 mm thick PVC film and a 0.8 mm thick acrylic film, made with use of a single-component reac-tive hot-melt adhesive based on the PUR 706.2 ME polyurethane. It was observed that, among others, the adhesive joints made of the particle board with a pressed 0.3 mm thick PVC film and the adhesive’s basis weight of 24 g/m2 is characterised by better strength properties than the adhesive joints of the particle board with the adhesive’s basis weight of 48 g/m2.

This study reports the effect of coating Silane Coupling Agent (SCA) on composite surfaces. Composites made from composite particulate kenaf fiber and empty oil palm bunches passing 50 mesh sieves using epoxy resin. The particle board compacting process was carried out using a Hydrolic Press compacting machine with a pressure of 20 Bars, holding time 10 minutes in the initial stages, and continued using a Hot Press compacting machine with a pressure of 20 Bars, temperature 150 oC, holding time 15 minutes. The process of treating the Silane Coupling Agent solution on the composite surface is done manually layered on the composite surface. Composites tensile strength were tested referring to ASTM D 638-14, impact strenght tested referring ASTM D 256-04, and Water Absorption using ASTM D 570. Surface examination was made with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The Silane Coupling Agent (SCA) coating has succeeded in increasing the bond between kenaf fibers, empty oil palm bunches and epoxy be effective and in accordance with increasing tensile strength, impact strength and water absorption.

Referring to the evaluation methods of the compatibility of cement with plant fibers, the compatibility of metakaolin-based geopolymer paste (MBGP) with 15 plant fibers from forest and agriculture product residues was studied. Results show that MBGP has good compatibility with either wood fibers or non-wood fibers, and the wood fibers are more compatible than non-wood fibers as a whole. Because the plant fibers have not suffered from expensive and complex pulping processes and any additive has not been used in the preparation process, these plant fibers possess good application prospects for the production of geopolymer particle board.

Pretreatment of particles obtained from lignocellulosic materials by steam explosion with indirect control by enzymatic hydrolysis has been studied. The dendromass pretreatment model has been applied for recycled fibreboard and particle board based on softwood. Their structure and chemical composition partly predetermine these lignocellulosic materials consisting of a mixture of spruce and fir particles also for bioethanol production. Optimum steam explosion temperature of 205 °C was determined based on the concentration of total monosaccharides — glucose, xylose and arabinose, among all experimentally prepared hydrolysates. This corresponds to basic conditions for fine disintegration of biomass to lignocellulosic structure with good holocellulose accessibility. Particles obtained from fibreboard and particle board primarily consisting of softwood without steam explosion pretreatment provide relatively low cellulose accessibility for commercial enzymes activity while monosaccharides concentration is partly reduced because of torrefaction at high temperatures. The concentration of monosaccharides in hydrolysates was determined for original sample and each steam explosion temperature. Based on the steam explosion conditions, the effect of severity factors was investigated to find optimum pretreatment conditions to increase accessibility of softwood cellulose and hemicelluloses. The identified optimum severity factor RO = 4.09 matches the optimum steam explosion temperature of 205 °C and the residence time of 10 minutes.

Mushroom growing media waste (MGMW) is the media waste after mushroom plants are harvested. In this research, we try to reuse MGMW as a material for composite particle board. The physical properties of the composite were tested using density and moisture content measurement. We also did the measurement for thickness swelling after immersion in water, the strength of absorption water, internal bonding. The mechanical test was conducted to know the modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture and screw holding power properties. Impact and pressure was done for the optimum composition. The optimum composition, particle board is 75% MGMW + 24% polyester resin + 1% catalyst Mekpo (methyl ethyl ketone peroxides), and 60% MGMW + 39% (50% urea +50% starch) + 1% PVC glue. It is suitable for physical and mechanical test and accordance with SNI 03-2105-2006 and JIS A 5908-2003. The microstructure of MGMW was observed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) shows the grain of a composite particle board is firmly integrated.

The raw materials of the timber industry, especially furniture, are increasingly difficult to obtain in the quantity and quality needed. The development efforts carried out were utilizing Nipah coir waste as a raw material for making particle boards. Particle boards are panel boards made of wood particles or materials containing lignocellulose. Nipah plants contain 27.3% lignin and 36.5% cellulose which has the potential to be used as raw material for particleboard production. This study aims to reveal the physical and mechanical properties of particleboards made from Nipah fruit fibre with adhesive using tapioca flour. The making of particle board is done with a ratio of 90%: 10%, 80%: 20%, 70%: 30%, 60%: 40%, by giving a pressure of 100 kg / cm2. Particle testing is carried out according to the JIS A 5908 standard (2003). From this study, the optimum results were obtained in variations of 60%:40%. The particle physical properties which have an average density value of 1.15 gr / cm3 and an average moisture content of 5.8%. While the mechanical properties obtained by the value of Modulus of Elasticity an average of 21,188.93 kg / cm2. This shows the particle board variations of 60%: 40% produced to meet the JIS A 5908 (2003) standard. Based on the analysis of the quality variations 60%: 40% of particle boards can be recommended as raw materials for interior furniture.

The purpose of this research was to fabricate the particle board from the coffee husk. The coffee husk from Chumphon province of Thailand was collected, prepared and separated into four groups such as outer husk, inner husk, the mixture of inner and outer husk and husk from the milling process. The coffee husk particle sheet was formed by the compression molding with the heater. Then the coffee husk particle sheets were the mechanical properties testing. The results showed the coffee husk particle sheet from milling process pass the Thai industrial standard (TIS.876/2547). However, the results of swelling and water absorption indicated that all the coffee husk sheet were not passed the TIS.876/2547. The effect of coffee husk particle size on mechanical properties was clarified. The coffee husk particle sheet from the particle size of 2, 4 and 6 mm was mechanical testing and follow TIS.876/2547. The coffee particle size of 2 mm showed the passing the standard. Moreover, the effect of isocyanate adhesive on mechanical properties was investigated. The weight percentage range of isocyanate adhesive on coffee husk from 7 to 13 %wt was carried out. The weight percentage of 9, 11 and 13 showed according to TIS.876/2547. From the experiment indicated that the coffee husk could be applied to the wood particle board industrial.

The durability of concrete cast near the conventional formwork (steel or wood) is reduced because of higher water-cement (w/c) ratio as compared with the concrete present in the core of the member. Various controlled permeability formwork (CPF) liners absorb or drain out excess water near formwork, can reduce the increase in w/c ratio of concrete near the formwork. This paper presents a quantitative study showing improvement in the properties of near surface concrete (NSC) by the use of a commercially available CPF liner, and comparing the performance of more easily available and cheaper alternatives to CPF liner used. Two types of concrete mixes with identical w/c ratio but different water contents were used. Three specimens were made for each of the two types of concrete mix and one surface for each of the specimen was cast using one of the CPF liners among a commercially manufactured CPF, particle board, and gunny bag. Four tests: Rapid chloride permeability test, AgNO3 colorimetry test, initial surface absorption test and pull off test were performed to study durability properties of NSC. Study of physical appearance in terms of blowholes and grey area on the concrete surface using image processing is also presented in the paper. Though commercially manufactured CPF produces better surface than the particle board and gunny bag, the improvement in NSC properties by use of gunny bag is also noteworthy.

The particle board industry always generates huge fine-particle sanding wood waste (FPSW) that has very limited usage. In the present study, FPSW was pyrolyzed in a thermogravimetric analyzer at room temperature to 650 °C with heating rates of 5, 10, and 15 °C min−1 in a highly purified N2 atmosphere. Physicochemical analysis with a bomb calorimeter showed that FPSW has a moderate higher heating value and does not contain sulfur. Elemental analysis was conducted to identify the main components of FPSW. Results revealed that the thermal degradation of FPSW occurs in three stages. Moreover, peak temperature and volatized matter increased with increasing heating rate. The kinetics of the main pyrolysis process was analyzed using Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) methods, and reaction mechanism during pyrolysis was analyzed by Coats–Redfern method. The isoconversional method showed that the pyrolysis reaction conforms to a single reaction model and has activation energy of 180.79 and 180.11 kJ mol−1 by KAS and FWO methods, respectively. The results of the present study provide useful information for designing a pyrolytic processing system that uses FPSW as an energy or chemical source.

The article deals with data in the cutting process of wood-based materials. The cutting process influences the shape and dimensions of a cutting edge. The experiments were focused on monitoring the changes of the cutting edge in machining of particle board and the influence of cutting speed on the tool wear. Cutting tests were performed during milling at cutting rates in the range 7.95 to 17.9 m/s (477 to 1074 m/min), a depth of cut of 9.5 mm, and a tooth feed of 0.05 mm. The wear process of cutting wedge during particle board milling is characterized by a decrease in the cutting edge of insert blades. The comparative digital dial gauge was used for measurement of the cutting wedge recession. The course of the wear of wood based materials exhibited similarity in graphical representation with abrasive material cutting. The resulting dependency may be used for selection of the most suitable cutting conditions according to operator requirements.

Coir fibre is extracted from the husk of coconut and is used in products such as floor mats, door mats, brushes and mattresses and in many applications. Here coir fibres are used to make particle boards of densities 300, 400 and 500 kg/m3 using UF resin to determine its efficiency for interior applications like acoustic and thermal properties and also tested for Indian standard 3129. Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC) of all the boards decreases with an increase in density. Maximum sound absorption coefficient for all three densities was found in the frequency range of 2500 to 30,000 Hz. Among three densities, 300 kg/m3 board shows the maximum absorption coefficient at frequency 3000 Hz. The thermal conductivity results of all three densities boards increase with an increase in density. Modulus of Rupture for all three densities were meeting the requirement of standard. Results reveal that particle board manufactured from coir fibre can be used for acoustic and thermal insulation applications.

The current work reports on the fabrication of composite matrix from saw dust (SD) and recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) at different weight ratio by flat-pressed method. Wood plastic composites (WPCs) were made with a thickness of 15 mm after mixing the saw dust and PET followed by a three phase press cycle. Physical properties (Density, Water Absorption (WA) and Thickness Swelling (TS)) and Mechanical properties (Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) and Modulus of Rupture (MOR)) were determined base on the mixing ratios according to the standard. WA and TS were measured after 2 h and 24 h of immersion in water. The results showed that as the density increased, the SD content decreased from 90 % to 50 % into the matrix. However, WA and TS decreases when the PET content increased in the matrix. Remarkably, the MOE and MOR attained a maximum point at 964.199 N/mm2and 9.03 N/mm2respectively in 50 % SD content. In comparism with standard, boards D and E can be classified as medium density boards while A, B and C are low density boards. The results indicated that the fabrication of WPCs from sawdust and PET would technically be feasible for indoor uses in building due to favorable physical properties exhibited. The mechanical properties response showed that it cannot be used for structural or load bearing application.

The possibility of the use of waste products of cement bonded particle board (CBPB) as an additive in sand-cement composites is under analysis. Compressive strength and bending strength, flow of water for mixing of mixture and density of samples depending on mixture factors of solid phase have been examined for various compositions of fine-grained concretes prepared in accordance with the simplex-lattice design of the experiment. Mathematical models have been constructed for practical purposes related to the utilization of CBPB waste products and the enhancement of the properties of the resulting cement composites. The best ratio of the mixture components have been determined through the use of these mathematical models.

Wood powder waste is very abundant if it is allowed to rot, which can pollute the environment, therefore wood powder can be made as a material for making particleboard. As an adhesive for the manufacture of particleboard, tannins from the extraction of mangrove bark are needed. According to Paridah and Musgrave 2006, the tannins content in mangrove bark reaches 26%. According to Hamidah 2006 mangrove bark that is dried or crushed contains an average of 20 – 30 % tannins and the content of these tannins is quite high and is very good for use in various kinds of industries. The purpose of this research is to find the optimum temperature of pressing and the amount of added tannins to obtain strong particleboard following SNI. The use of tannins is expected to be an environmentally adhesive alternative. The preparation of this particleboard is done by preparing the raw materials, extracting tannin from mangrove bark using a solvent of 96 % ethanol at a temperature of 70 0C for 3 hours, after that it is continued with the process of making particleboard by mixing between wood powder and tannins with variations of 20%, 25%, 30% and 35% with previously had been mixed with formaldehyde 2% of the weight of wood powder before pressing. Mold is made with a size of 20 x 20 cm were then pressed using a hot press with a temperature of 1100C, 1200C, 1300C, and 1400C. The result obtained was tested for the expected tensile compressive strength values according to SNI where the resulting particleboard can be used for household and industrial purposes. Tannins added as much as 30 % produce the best MOR value of 7,76 kg f/cm2 while the pressing temperature of 120 0C result in the best MOR value of 7,66 kg f/cm2

This paper investigates synthesis of impregnating phenol–formaldehyde resins in which up to 30 wt % formulation phenol is replaced by cardanol, a plant product. The resulting resins were used to make impregnated paper for laminating the plywood and particle boards. The synthesis and structure of cardanol-containing water-soluble resols were studied by IR spectroscopy and 1H NMR, and the reactivity of phenol cardanol formaldehyde resins at 80–150°C was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The optimal amount of cardanol in relation to phenol in the resin structure was determined. It is shown that the introduction of cardanol into the composition of phenol–formaldehyde resins reduces the impregnation time of kraft paper and improves the surface quality and elasticity of the impregnated paper, with the use of such paper making it possible to decrease the water absorption of laminated particle board materials and the emission of formaldehyde. © 2021, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.

In this research, cogon grass powder and methyl ethyl ketone was used as fillers and catalyst, respectively to improve the mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester resin particle board prepared by compression molding. Cogon grass powder was added with different amount of composition (10, 20, 30 and 40 wt%) and variation of particle size (90/110, 110/130, 130/150 and 150/170 mesh). The addition of cogon grass powder as fillers increased the physical and mechanical properties of particle board as amount of the fillers increased except for the addition of cogon grass up to 40 wt%. The density of the particle board decreased as fillers composition increased, while thickness swelling of the particle board increased as fillers compositions increased. The result of mechanical properties showed that the particle board had modulus of rupture (MOR) 60.039 MPa and modulus of elasticity (MOE) 207.306 MPa. The results of physical and mechanical properties approached that of values in standard JIS A 5908-2003 except for modulus of elasticity.

The global market for wood-based furnishings annually increases despite of decreasing availability of wood resources, especially in forest lacking regions, leading to the specific urge to search for alternatives. Agricultural residues are materials generated in large quantities and can accumulate at such an extent as to cause environmental problems. Maize cob powder was taken and mixed with Epoxy (Resin) and Hardener was added; the mixture was then molded into a frame and pressed for uniform surface and kept for air dry for 24 hours. Then the particle board was tested for its mechanical tests like tensile strength test, compression test, bending strength test were experimented.

There is an increased awareness to preserve the environment in the present day society. Rice Husk (RH),is the widely available agricultural wastes and is a serious concern for the environment. It is a potential material for use as alternative material in the construction and insulation industry. The particle board made from rice husk (RH) or rice husk ash (RHA), bonded by resin under the application of pressure and temperature. Urea formaldehyde is the organic resin used in general for interior use whereas phenol formaldehyde for external disclosure. The said resins are preferred for their water-resistant properties and better binding strength. The present study investigates the potential of rice husk reinforced boards by experimenting the different compositions and thicknesses. The objective is to perform a thermal analysis of the processed Rice husk boards. Boards made from rice husk are biodegradable unlike glass wool & other synthetic insulations. After experimenting on different fabrication conditions, six samples were finalized and were tested for physical and thermal viability in their applications. This study found that by adding ash of rice husk, the density of board decreases with respect to the board of same weight and consisting of rice husk only. Moisture Content is higher in case of boards with RHA but is within permissible limits. RHA reinforced boards have improved thermal properties, which is desirable in case of insulation boards.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of addition of nanoclay to urea formaldehyde resin on the fire retardant properties of particle boards of Chinaberry (Melia azedarach). Three different clay loadings such as 1%, 2% and 3% were used for the preparation of the particle boards. The boards were prepared at specific pressure of 17.5 kg/cm2and temperature 110̊C. Test samples were cut from the produced boards and tested for flammability, flame penetration and rate of burning. The addition of 1% nanoclay provided significant improvement in all three aspects. The addition of 1% nanoclay delayed the ignition of the particle boards up to 13 minutes in comparison to control particle boards. In flame penetration and rate of burning, this loading level provided retardation by 1 minute and 1.3 times respectively compared to controls.

The fiber content of bamboo is very high (59.8%), thus it is potential to be the raw material for particle board manufacture. In t his study, resin of damar was used as adhesive to substitute the synthetic adhesive such as urea and phenol formaldehide. The objective of this study were to characterize the particle board produced from bamboo with adhesive of damar resin, and to investigate the effect of pressing time and amount of resin added on physical and mechanical properties. This research was conducted on pressing temperatures of 130 and 150°C using randomized block design with two factors, i.e. pressing time (10 and 14 min) and amount of resin added (12, 14, 16%). The result of variance analysis showed that pressing time affected water adsorption of particleboard, while amount of resin added affected its thickness swelling. Both factors did not have the effect on density, moisture content, modulus of elasticity and rupture, and internal bonding of particleboard. Process condition of 14% resin added, 10 min pressing time and 150 o C pressing temperature produced the particleboard with best characteristics, i.e. density of 0 . 55 g/cm 3 , moisture content of 9 . 99%, water adsorption of 72 . 6% at 2 hand 83 . 5% at 24 h , thickness swelling of 10 . 5% at 2 hand 18 . 0% at 24 h ,, MOE of 393 . 5 kgf/cm 2 , MOR of 51 . 7 kgf/cm 2 and IB 0 . 90 of kgf/cm 2 . These characteristics did not meet the standard of JIS A 5908-2003 and SNI 03-2105-2006. Keywords : adhesive, bamboo, damar, resin, particle board

Development of the material be in the form of Particles it is possible to do so it can be an alternative to wood. Particle board is an engineered material that utilizes waste bagasse after sugar cane extraction process as an amplifier and as an adhesive used resin. Particle boards that have been produced, generally using wood powder, while the use of wood has been limited and diminished due to difficulty getting it. So the need for development in engineering the main material particle board in the form of wood powder and replace it with waste bagasse. The particle board manufacturing process is carried out by forging (compacting) between the mixture of sugarcane pulp particles and the BQTN 157 Resin adhesive. Percentage of mixed usage 50: 50 based on the fraction of weight and volume. In obtaining the mechanical properties carried out by tensile testing. From this research, the average particle pull strength is 1.81 MPa, strain 13,52% and elasticity 0,013 GPa. In obtaining particle board as an engineering material that has good ability influenced many things such as particle (mesh) raw material, adhesive use, mixed composition, the process of forging. From the characteristics of the test results obtained so that the particle board of the bagasse with resin adhesive is very possible to replace the type of particle board made from raw wood powder.

P article board was made using processed oil palm empty fruit bunch and casein glue. This research use d two factor variables and eight response variables to determine the best matrix/filler ratio and compression pressure for particle board production. The factor variables, (matrix/filler ratio and compression pressure), determine d the response variables : modulus of rupture, water content, density, tensile strength, and both endot h ermic - and - exot h ermic temperatures and heats. This research aim ed to optimize the mechanical and physical property of particle boards by using the bunc h/ glue ratio. The processing of d ata was undertaken by R esponse S urface M ethod (RSM) with Central Composite D esign (CCD) . The optimal condition s under which particle board created were at matrix/filler ratio of 50 : 50 and compression pressure of 3.53 kg/cm 2 ; resulting in a modulus of rupture of 325.32 kg/cm 2 , water content of 0.009%, density 0.826 g/cm 3 , and tensile strength of 2.573 kg/cm 2 . This research also indicate s that casein glue results in particle board with optim um parameters of endot h ermic temperature of 247.74 °C, an endot h ermic heat of -4.122 mW, exot h ermic temperature of 431.08 °C, and exot h ermic heat of 7.526 mW. Based on physical testing, most particle board properties obtained fulfilled the standard s of water content and density as required by the Indonesian National Standard / SNI 03-2105-2006 .

Drying of woodchip in particleboard manufacturing, combustion, gasification and pyrolysis is important. It is crucial to dry wood before these processes in order to perform a smooth operation, derive high quality products and increase process efficiency. In this study, drying characteristics of woodchips with 0–2 mm and 2–5 mm particle sizes used in particle board manufacturing were determined under various drying air flow rates (10 m3/h and 20 m3/h), flow conditions (co-current and counter-current) and screw rotation speed (10 rpm and 20 rpm). It was managed to reduce the moisture content of the woodchips to 12,6% (wt%, wet basis) using co-current flow conditions, 10 rpm screw rotation speed, 20 m3/h air flow rate with both of the particle sizes.

The effect of CO2 injection on initial strength increase and hardening of cement-fibre mix in a cement bonded particle board (CBPB) production was evaluated. Different cement contents, formation pressure and types of fibres were considered. The initial strength increase with CO2 injection is so much faster than this caused by conventional hydration that the produced samples do not need additional curing before they can be stored. Similar strength and stiffness values as in conventional products on the market are gained with lower cement content for similar types of fibres. Visual inspection of board surfaces aged for 13 years in a harsh exterior environment as well as comparison of strength and stiffness values for these boards when new and after ageing, gives a very satisfying result. The combined effect of the above discussed gains results in markedly increased productivity at lower cost and lower environmental impacts than is possible in traditional CBPB production.

Research on the manufacture of composite particle board based on natural fiber: coconut fiber (SSK) and banana fiber (SBP) by using PVAc matrix has been conducted. The purpose of this research is to get the physical and mechanical value of standard on composite board based on SNI03-2105-2006The research method is by taking the comparison of banana fiber reinforcing material (SBP) and coco fiber (SSK) in the form of particle size with composition ie (a) SBP 0%: SKK 100% (b) SBP 50%: SKK 50%, (c) SBP 80%: SSK 20, (d) SBP 60%: SSK 40%, (e) SBP 40%: SSK 60%, (f) SBP 20%: SKK 80%, and (g) SBP 100%: SSK 0%.All composite boards consist of 70 % Matrix and 30% fiber. The result of physical properties for density (ρ) ranges from 0.54 gr / cm3 - 0.75 gr / cm3 and for water content (KA) ranges from 10.5% - 13.9%.As for the mechanical properties of the value of modulus rupture (MOR) ranged between 3483.44 kgf / cm2 - 7472,30 kgf / cm2 and elastic modulus value (MOE) ranged between 15981.23 kgf / cm2 - 27243,74 kgf / cm2. Based on the analysis of tredline graphs, both for physical and mechanical properties, it turns out for each composition of natural fibers to give different values.This means that the composition of the SSK-SBP mixture has an influence on the physical properties as well as the mechanical properties of the composite board. The quality of natural fiber-based composite board (SSK and SBP) both physical and mechanical properties have been in accordance with the standard reference SNI 03-02105-2006.

This test was carried out to reduce waste in coconut empty fruit bunches and to determine the characteristics and microstructure of the particle board surface. The samples used consisted of bamboo powder and oil palm empty fruit bunches with gambier adhesive and urea formaldehyde with variations including: 10%:75%:15%:11%; 20%:65%:15%:11%, 30%:55%:15%:11%, 40%:45%:10%:11%. The particleboard was printed and pressurized using a hot press of 16kg/cm2 for 15 minutes at a temperature of 120 oC, with a drying time of 14 days. The test parameters include: density, moisture content, thickness expansion, and microstructural analysis using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) which refers to SNI 03-2105-2006. The characterization of particleboard produced in the density test is 0.66-0.74 g/cm3, the water content value is 2.4-6.9%, the thickness expansion value is 7.2-12%. Based on the percentage value of the density of the resulting particleboard is a medium density particleboard.

Using bamboo particle board as a wall divider, a furniture component, or an automotive component with a sound absorber function may be a viable option for architects and engineers seeking to achieve desired acoustical qualities, including noise reduction. However, there is still a dearth of research on the effect of particle board finishing and coatings on acoustical sound absorption and noise reduction qualities. This study, therefore, aims to determine the surface characteristics and acoustical properties of bamboo particle board, coated with polyurethane (PU). The single-layer homogeneous particle boards were constructed using particles classified as fine and coarse with two different board densities, and coated with a high-quality PU lacquer. This study found that the coating treatment of 0.3 mm 0.6 mm succeeded to significantly decrease surface roughness, as well as thickness, swelling, and water absorption, with the thickness coating as a dominant factor compared with board density and board particle size. Adding a PU coating increases sound absorption performance at low frequencies, but significantly reduces acoustical properties at high frequencies. The increase of particle board density leads to the decrease in noise reduction coefficient capability. Results obtained from this study are useful to determine the optimal coating thickness in terms of evaluating acoustical panel products.

The aim of this research was to make particle board from coconut frond powder with various grain size. Particle board test pieces are made by mixing coconut frond powder with various grain sizes, namely 10; 25; 50 and 75 mesh with 40% of liquid rubber compound to obtain a particle board test pieces with the length, width and height of 5 x 10 x 7.5 cm and then dried in the sun. Then the particle board test pieces pressed to a thickness of 2.5 cm and then characterized its strength which includes the modulus of rupture (MOR), the modulus of elasticity (MOE), the Screw Hold Strength and water absorption. The results of this research indicated that the best strength of particle board was obtained on the use of 50 mesh coconut front powder and 40% liquid rubber compound as the adhesive. On this mix, the value of MOR, MOE, the strength of the screw and water absorption of resulting particle board are 1528.32 g/mm2, 618.18 g/mm2, 4.9111 N/cm2 and 26.87% respectively.

The oxidation treatment using hydrogen peroxide and ferrous sulphate of wood particles can form free radicals of the wood chemical components essentially required in manufacturing binderless particleboard. The oxidation process is expected to have a certain optimal time. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze relationship between the oxidation time and the characteristic of produced binderless particleboard. Three wood species from community forest, namely, sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria), gmelina (Gmelina arborea), and mindi (Melia azedarach) were used for treatment. The air-dried wood particles of 10~20 mesh in size were oxidized using 20% hydrogen peroxide based on particle dry-weight and 5% ferrous sulphate based on hydrogen peroxide weight. The oxidized particles were conditioned in room at different periods of time (15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 min) prior to the board production. The oxidized and conditioned particles were then hot-pressed at 180°C for 15 min with a specific pressure of 25 kgf cm-2.Results showed that oxidation treatment for 15 min was sufficient to produce a binderless particleboard with good physical and mechanical properties. The characteristics of the particleboard, such as dimensional stability, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and internal bond were equivalent to that of particleboard made of particles with a longer oxidation time. The particle board made of sengon showed excellent thickness swelling (only 5.04%) and modulus of elasticity (37.184 kgf cm-2). This research result indicated that sengon was the most suitable raw material for binderless particleboard production compared to other observed wood species.

Waste newspaper by most people still considered as waste that has not been used optimally, and it is the one of processed materials from wood which has lignocellulose. The material has the potential to produce particle board to test the value of thermal conductivity, which it is expected to be used as heat insulator. The process of producing particle board is by mixing 450 grams pureed newspaper with 260 grams PVAC, then print it with size (12x7)cm2 with the thickness of 0.5cm; 1 cm; 1.5 cm; 2 cm; 2.5 cm; 3 cm. The process to make particle board drying is for 5 days and the test of thermal conductivity using a 100 watt heat source, and an infrared thermometer. The result obtained from the value of thermal conductivity from newspaper particle board is when more higher value of particle board thickness then more higher the thermal conductivity value. From these result it can be concluded that the particle board which can be used as heat insulation material is the one that has a thermal conductivity value of 0.066 W/ mC; 0.125 W/ mC; 0.0167 W/ mC with thickness range of 1 cm to 2 cm.©2017 JNSMR UIN Walisongo. All rights reserved.