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Considering a series of electromagnetic pollution problems brought by the development of electronic communication technology, more attention has been paid to the research of electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbing materials with unique composition and structure. Herein, under the inspiration of mixed-dimensional hierarchical structure, 2D Ni2P nanosheets anchored on 1D silk-derived carbon fiber is successfully fabricated as a gratifying resistor-dielectric type absorber. By a controllable pyrolyzation strategy and disproportionated reaction, high-density 2D Ni2P nanosheets were grown vertically and cross-linked on the surface of 1D silk-derived carbon fiber. The sample exhibited superior EMW absorption performance with maximum reflection loss value of – 56.9 dB at the thickness of 2.32 mm and the effective absorption bandwidth can reach to 7.2 GHz at the thickness of 1.93 mm. In addition, the pure Ni2P shows remarkable dielectric characteristic and EMW absorption ability as well. The integration of dual-conductive loss, enhanced polarization relaxation loss and the multiple scattering in the composites was proved to contribute to the good EMW absorption performance. Therefore, this work confirms the great potentials of Ni2P as a high-efficient EMW absorbing materials and light a new way in construction of multidimensional absorber.

Developing high-efficiency electromagnetic wave absorption materials with versatility has been a hotspot and it remains a huge challenge. Here, we reported versatile laminated Ni nanoparticles @ porous carbon (Ni@C) nanocomposites synthesized by a facile carbonization of Ni-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) precursor. It was found that the phase components (Ni and C phases) and nano/microstructure (laminated and porous characterizations) were well-modified by controlling the calcination temperature, which led to the variation of the degree of graphitization, magnetic properties, and electromagnetic performances. It showed that the laminated porous Ni@C nanocomposites achieved enhanced microwave absorption performances with a thin thickness of 1.5 mm, a strong reflection loss of −59.8 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth of 4.5 GHz. The underlying microwave absorption mechanism was owing to the improved synergistic effects of polarization relaxation, electron transport, ferromagnetic resonance, as well as multiple reflections and scattering in the laminated porous Ni@C nanocomposites. Furthermore, the multicomponent and laminated porous architecture endowed nanocomposites with favorable waterproof, heat isolation and infrared shielding versatility. Therefore, this work demonstrated a facile approach to develop MOFs-derived versatile laminated porous nanocomposites with efficient microwave absorbing performances.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) derived metal/carbon composites are considered as feasible high-performance electromagnetic wave absorption materials and have received considerable attention. Herein, biconical prisms Ni@C composites were fabricated via a simple carbonization of Ni-MOFs template. It was found that the core-shell biconical prisms Ni@C composites achieved an optimization of the impedance matching and an efficient microwave absorption performance by regulating the carbonization temperatures. As expected, the Ni@C composites obtained a stronger reflection loss of −52.9 dB at the matching thickness of 2.4 mm and covered an effective absorption bandwidth of 4.6 GHz with 2.0 mm thickness. The enhanced electromagnetic wave absorption performance resulted from the synergistic effect of the magnetic resonance, relaxation polarization, conductive loss, and multiple scatterings/reflections, which were generated by the nickel nanoparticles, carbon, CNT, the novel structure of core-shell Ni@C, and the carbon nanotubes wrapped biconical prisms Ni@C composites. In summary, our work introduced a facile paradigm for the development of MOFs-derived composites as enhanced electromagnetic wave absorption materials.

The morphology modulation of multi-level structures and the multifunctional design of their composites are challenging research priorities in the field of electromagnetic wave absorption. In this work, the abandoned polyurethane is adopted as a sacrificial template of a three-dimensional carbon network. The morphology-controlled Fe/Fe2O3@porous carbon composites with highly cross-linked 3D structures are synthesized by simple hydrothermal and thermal treatments. Among them, the PM-700 with a coral-like structure has a minimum reflection loss of −54.7 dB at a thickness of 1.4 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth of 6.4 GHz (10.8–18 GHz) at 1.9 mm. The excellent absorption performance is attributed to the three-dimensional magnetic conductive network, which provides superior impedance matching, synergistic effects of dual-loss mechanisms, and multiple attenuation. Furthermore, benefiting from its unique three-dimensional structure, the PM-700 possesses low density (0.088 g/cm3), excellent mechanical properties (withstand more than 4000 times of its own weight), and high thermal management (thermal insulation and flame retardancy). Meanwhile, PM-700 exhibits excellent infrared stealth performance, which is conducive to the development of multi-band compatible stealth materials. This work not only contributes to the conservation of resources and reuse of wasted polyurethane, but also facilitates the multifunctional application of microwave absorbing materials with multi-level structures.

As a dielectric loss-type absorber, lamellar transitional metal chalcogenides (LTMCs) become more and more popular in the electromagnetic (EM) absorbing field due to their unique two-dimensional sheet structure. However, it remains challenging for metallic sulfides to obtain magnetic loss, further promoting loss mechanism. Herein, magnetic Fe3S4 LTMCs micro-flowers@ wax gourd aerogel-derived carbon composites are fabricated through a facile pyrolysis process and subsequent hydrothermal method. Compared to a pure biomass carbon or Fe3S4, Fe3S4@C composites exhibited an optimized and adjustable EM characteristic, which can be put down to the synergistic effects between the dielectric/magnetic loss and the impedance match. The sample shows superior EM absorption properties with a minimum reflection loss (RL) of −58.85 dB at 3.1 mm and a broad effective bandwidth (EBW) of 5.40 GHz at the matching thickness of 2.0 mm with a filling ratio of 20 wt%. In addition, the radar cross section (RCS) simulation confirms that the material can effectively suppress EMW (−8.51 dB m2 at zero degree) in practical applications. Therefore, it is believed that the as-prepared Fe3S4@C hybrids can be one of the prospective candidates as high-efficiency EMW absorbers.

High-performance electromagnetic wave absorption and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials with multifunctional characters have attracted extensive scientific and technological interest, but they remain a huge challenge. Here, we reported an electrostatic assembly approach for fabricating 2D/1D/0D construction of Ti3C2Tx/carbon nanotubes/Co nanoparticles (Ti3C2Tx/CNTs/Co) nanocomposites with an excellent electromagnetic wave absorption, EMI shielding efficiency, flexibility, hydrophobicity, and photothermal conversion performance. As expected, a strong reflection loss of -85.8 dB and an ultrathin thickness of 1.4 mm were achieved. Meanwhile, the high EMI shielding efficiency reached 110.1 dB. The excellent electromagnetic wave absorption and shielding performances were originated from the charge carriers, electric/magnetic dipole polarization, interfacial polarization, natural resonance, and multiple internal reflections. Moreover, a thin layer of polydimethylsiloxane rendered the hydrophilic hierarchical Ti3C2Tx/CNTs/Co hydrophobic, which can prevent the degradation/oxidation of the MXene in high humidity condition. Interestingly, the Ti3C2Tx/CNTs/Co film exhibited a remarkable photothermal conversion performance with high thermal cycle stability and tenability. Thus, the multifunctional Ti3C2Tx/CNTs/Co nanocomposites possessing a unique blend of outstanding electromagnetic wave absorption and EMI shielding, light-driven heating performance, and flexible water-resistant features were highly promising for the next-generation intelligent electromagnetic attenuation system. Highlights The 2D/1D/0D Ti3C2Tx/carbon nanotubes/Co nanocomposite is successfully synthesized via an electrostatic assembly.Nanocomposites exhibit an excellent electromagnetic wave absorption and a remarkable electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency.The flexible, waterproof, and photothermal conversion performances are achieved. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40820-021-00673-9.

Recently, it is in urgent need of exploring high-performance microwave absorbers to address the electromagnetic pollution. To this end, low dimensional materials have received the great attention due to their unique microstructures and properties. Constructing heterostructure materials by stacking 0D, 1D and 2D materials can combine the merits of the individual blocks while weakening their shortcomings. Herein, a novel 1D heterostructure hybrid was successfully synthesized through anchoring the flower-like 2D MoS2@Fe3O4 0D nanospheres on the surface of the 1D hollow carbon microtubes (CT) derived from cattail by electrostatic self-assembly. Notably, the minimum reflection loss (RLmin) and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of the composite can reach −62 dB at 2.09 mm and 6.8 GHz at 2.35 mm, respectively, with a filling ratio of only 8%. It reveals that the rational combination of magnetic and dielectric materials with different dimensions can effectively tune the impedance matching and attenuation constant, leading to the superior microwave absorption performance. Furthermore, the unique microstructure of MoS2@Fe3O4/CT endows it with good hydrophobicity, highly desired for self-cleaning purposes. This work highlights that the 1D heterostructure MoS2@ Fe3O4@CT composites can serve as a promising candidate for the high-performance microwave absorber with lightweight, wideband, strong reflection loss and hydrophobicity.

High-performance electromagnetic wave absorbing materials have aroused widespread interest, but their synthesis is still a tremendous challenge. Here, we demonstrated the multifunctional electromagnetic absorbing characteristics of magnetic cobalt nanoparticles suspended in carbon nanotubes/expanded graphite (Co/CNTs/EG) porous composites. The well-designed multi-component and novel nano-micro porous structure endowed Co/CNTs/EG porous composites with an enhanced electromagnetic wave absorption performance. As expected, a high reflection loss of −67.2 dB, an ultrathin thickness of 1.4 mm, a broad effect absorption bandwidth of 5.1 GHz, and an ultra-low filler loading of 3 wt% were achieved. The underlying microwave absorption mechanism was synergistic effects between conduction loss caused by electron transmission in the 3D conductive network, dielectric loss attributed to dipole and interface polarization in the porous structure, magnetic loss originating from the magnetic resonance of Co nanoparticles, and multiple reflections in the porous framework. In addition, the Co/CNTs/EG porous composites exhibited favorable waterproof, flame retardant, thermal insulation, and infrared shielding functions. Therefore, we report a flexible development strategy of novel porous composites with multifunctional and efficient electromagnetic wave absorption performances.

Inspired by the nature, lotus leaf-derived gradient hierarchical porous C/MoS2 morphology genetic composites (GHPCM) were successfully fabricated through an in situ strategy. The biological microstructure of lotus leaf was well preserved after treatment. Different pores with gradient pore sizes ranging from 300 to 5 μm were hierarchically distributed in the composites. In addition, the surface states of lotus leaf resulted in the Janus-like morphologies of MoS2. The GHPCM exhibit excellent electromagnetic wave absorption performance, with the minimum reflection loss of − 50.1 dB at a thickness of 2.4 mm and the maximum effective bandwidth of 6.0 GHz at a thickness of 2.2 mm. The outstanding performance could be attributed to the synergy of conductive loss, polarization loss, and impedance matching. In particularly, we provided a brand-new dielectric sum-quotient model to analyze the electromagnetic performance of the non-magnetic material system. It suggests that the specific sum and quotient of permittivity are the key to keep reflection loss below − 10 dB within a certain frequency range. Furthermore, based on the concept of material genetic engineering, the dielectric constant could be taken into account to seek for suitable materials with designable electromagnetic absorption performance.

Development of high-performance microwave absorption materials with a thin matching thickness, wide effective absorption bandwidth, low filler loading, and strong absorption capacity has attracted extensive scientific and technological interest and it remains a huge challenge. Here, hierarchical accordion-like Ni@porous carbon (Ni@C) nanocomposites derived from metal-organic frameworks were rationally designed and successfully developed as enhanced microwave absorption materials. It was found that the well-tuned composition (Ni, C and CNTs) and structure (laminated, porous, and core-shell characteristics) of the resultant nanocomposites led to the variation of magnetic properties, graphitization degree, and electromagnetic parameters. As expected, the hierarchical accordion-like Ni@C nanocomposites with a low filler loading of 25 wt% achieved a broad effective absorption bandwidth of 6.6 GHz, a strong reflection loss of −86.9 dB with a thin thickness of 1.8 mm through the optimization of impedance matching and improvement of microwave attenuation ability. The enhanced microwave absorption was attributed to the loss synergistic effect between abundant interfacial and dipole polarization in the hierarchical architecture, to the electronic transport in the three-dimensional conductive network, and to strong magnetic coupling in Ni nanoparticles. Therefore, this work presented a tailored strategy for the development of novel hierarchical nanocomposites as enhanced microwave absorption materials.

Carbon nanotubules (CNTs) are an attractive material to enhance the properties of electrochemical sensors because of their excellent conductivity. However, their poor dispersibility limits their application. In this paper, CNTs were successfully dispersed and stabilized through co-assembly with the copolymer poly(VMc-co-VCz-co-AA) (PCMA). The resulting PCMA/CNT sensor was able to rapidly measure nitrite with a low detection limit (0.067 μM), and a wide linear range of 1 μm - 4 mM. It also exhibited high sensitivity, good selectivity and long-term stability.

Inspired by the nature, biomass-derived carbon attracts many attentions as the electromagnetic wave absorption (EMA) material owing to its advantages including abundant, low cost, renewable and environmentally friendly. However, it is difficult to make further breakthrough in effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) due to the impedance mismatch. In this work, mace-like carbon fibers/ZnO nanorods composites (BDCFs@ZnO) derived from Typha orientalis were prepared via a carbonization process and a subsequent hydrothermal process for the first time. The unique hollow structure of BDCFs and the construction of 3D interconnected conductive network led to the strong conduction loss and multiple reflection. The BDCFs sample possesses an excellent EMA performance with an ultralow filling ratio of only 5wt%. After directionally growing of the ZnO nanorods, an exceptional RL of -62.35 dB at 14.12 GHz and the EAB achieves 6.8 GHz at the thickness of 2.29 mm at a filling ratio of 15wt% were revealed. Mace-like ZnO with suitable permittivity effectively avoid the reflection result from direct contraction between EMW and carbon fiber, further improving impedance match. Simultaneously, a dielectric sum-quotient model was proposed to analyze the EMA performance of the samples. This work not only offers an inspiration for the development of dielectric loss-type EMA materials with lightweight and strong EMA performance by a sustainable, low-cost and easily available approach, but also provides an important strategy toward biomass-derived carbon-fiber-based composites in other fields.

Exploring high-performance microwave absorbing materials with lightweight, thin thickness and strong electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption capability is an essential way to solve EMW pollution problems. Herein, layered N-doped MXene (Ti3CNTx) flakes and hollow Co-ZIF particles (HCF) hybrids were successfully fabricated using the controllable cooperative protection etching strategy and the electrostatic self-assembly technology. Remarkably, the microwave absorption hybrids achieved ultrathin (1.43 mm), and strong EMW absorption ability (reflection loss of -55.02 dB) with a rather low filler loading, which is superior to the magnetic–dielectric hybrids with similar components reported in the literatures. The synergistic effect generated by the improvement of dielectric loss, magnetic loss and interface polarization could effectively integrate with the impedance matching to improve the attenuation ability of EMW. Therefore, this simple assembly and etching strategy opens a new platform for designing hollow and layered materials and broadens the desirable candidates for lightweight and high-efficient microwave absorbers.

A better understanding of crack initiation and propagation in duplex stainless steel (DSS) during hot working process is significant for improving production efficiency, due to the frequent occurrence of cracking during deformation process of duplex stainless steels. In this work, the cracking mechanism of S32750 super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) during hot rolling was researched in detail. The results showed that uneven deformation can easily cause the crack initiation and propagation. The hard and brittle sigma phases with high Cr and Mo, which were observed near the cracks, seriously damaged the hot working properties of SDSS. During hot deformation, nitride, as another high temperature phases, precipitated along grain boundaries to prevent grain boundary migration, and further to reduce the hot ductility of steel. Inclusions can also cause crack initiation and propagation, especially Al2O3. In addition, the surface microcracks resulting from oxide layer rolled into the matrix.

In this work, the expandable graphite (EG) /bimetallic sulfide hybrids are synthesized by in-situ hydrothermal self-assembly and sulfur atmosphere vapor deposition. The structural modulation, dielectric modulation, and the regulation of electromagnetic wave absorption (EMA) properties of these hybrids are discussed. Among these samples, the EG/Zn–Co–S needle (EZCS-N) has multiple active sites and large specific surface areas due to the multi-needle sulfides and multi-layered EG, resulting in high dielectric parameters. At an ultra-low filling ratio of 7 wt%, EZCS-N achieves a minimum reflection loss of −53.47 dB at 2.5 mm, and an effective absorption bandwidth of 5.32 GHz at 1.8 mm. The dielectric parameters and the EMA performance of these hybrids are well regulated by tuning the microstructure, which facilitates the design and optimization of the EMA properties of absorbers and enriches the electromagnetic wave loss mechanisms.

High-performance microwave absorption materials with strong absorption and thin thickness have increasingly become a reach hotspot. Here, we successfully prepared a novel porous hollow Co/C microcube by controlling the pyrolysis of the Co-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) precursor. The phase composition, microstructure, porosity, and magnetic properties were well modified by controlling the pyrolysis temperature. The multiple components (Co and C) and novel porous structure endowed Co/C microcubes with efficient microwave absorption. As expected, the porous hollow Co/C microcubes achieved enhanced microwave absorption with a strong reflection loss of −52.8 dB, a wide effective absorbing bandwidth of 4.5 GHz, and an ultra-thin thickness of 1.4 mm. It was found that the underlying microwave absorption mechanism was the dielectric loss stemmed from the interfacial polarization, magnetic loss caused by the magnetic resonance, and multiple reflections and scattering in the porous structure. Thus, this work can provide a facile method to develop the MOFs-derived porous hollow composites with high-efficiency microwave absorption performance.

Searching for electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbers with high-efficient absorption and multi-functionalization is very eager to satisfy modern society’s technical requirements. Inspired by nature, popcorn-derived honeycomb-like NiS2/SnS2 nanosheets @ 3D porous carbon hybrids (PC-NSS) were fabricated through hydrothermal and carbonization methods. As multifunctional electromagnetic wave absorption (EMA) materials, PC-NSS exhibited preeminent infrared stealth property, thermal insulation capability and flame retardance. By adjusting the carbonization temperatures, an excellent EMA performance with a reflection loss (RL) of −52.97 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 4.8 GHz at 1.57 mm was assigned to PC-NSS. The outstanding EMA performance could be attributed to the synergistic effect of impedance matching, conduction loss, polarization loss, and multiple reflections. The multi-functionality of the thermal insulation capability, the flame retardance, and the EMA performance in PC-NSS hybrids guarantee their practical stealth application in harsh environments. Therefore, this work sheds light on the rational design and fabrication of multifunctional EMW absorption materials for practical applications.

The development of metal oxide semiconductors-based gas sensors that can simultaneously achieve high response and low detection limit towards formaldehyde (HCHO) remains a great challenge so far. In this work, we present the formation of porous SnO2 nanosheets via direct calcination of a Sn-based metal-organic framework that was prepared via a facile wet chemistry method with deionized water as solvent at 80 °C. The porous SnO2 nanosheets are found to be constructed by the interconnection of ultrafine nanoparticles with sizes of 4–9 nm, which is comparable to the Debye length of SnO2. The gas sensor based on the porous SnO2 nanosheets demonstrate a broad detection range towards HCHO (0.05–500 ppm), a low operating temperature (140 °C), very high response (540.8 to 50 ppm HCHO), extremely low detection limit (0.31 ppb), ideal selectivity, and outstanding reproducibility and durability. The excellent HCHO-sensing performance of the SnO2 sensor could be attributed to the high specific surface area (125.92 m2/g) of the porous SnO2 nanosheets, the ultrafine sizes of the SnO2 nanoparticles, and the presence of abundant of mesopores within the nanosheets. The porous SnO2 nanosheets with excellent HCHO-sensing characteristics may find widespread applications in fabricating gas sensors for detecting ppb-level HCHO.

The absorption of multi-band electromagnetic waves is still a challenging project in the field of microwave absorption. Herein, onion skin-derived hierarchical carbon/hollow CoFe2O4 composite was successfully prepared through an in-situ growth method. The OC-CFO composite exhibits excellent microwave absorption performance with a minimum reflection loss of −53.54 dB at 2.46 mm and a maximum effective bandwidth of 4.92 GHz at 1.7 mm. It is notable that with varied thicknesses, OC-CFO can achieve strong absorption in multi-band. The excellent performance can be attributed to the synergistic effect of the conduction loss, polarization loss, magnetic loss and impedance matching. This work further facilitates the development of biomass-derived carbon materials with multi-band microwave absorption properties.

To extend the service life of electronic devices in harsh working environments and protect human health from electromagnetic pollution, constructing high-performance microwave absorbers with multiple functions has become a hot spot. Herein, the honeycomb-like NiCo2O4@MnO2 nanosheets array was successfully assembled on the surface of expanded graphite (EG) via thermal treatment and hydrothermal process, realizing the integration of microwave absorption, hydrophobicity and flame resistance. Remarkably, the NiCo2O4@MnO2/EG exhibited a strong RLmin of −59.5 dB and an EAB of 4.6 GHz at the thickness of 1.68 mm, with a filling ratio of only 4%. It further confirmed that the carbon-based magnetic materials with multiple heterointerfaces can achieve better impedance matching and reflection loss from the synergistic effect of conductive loss, magnetic loss and polarization loss. In addition, the as-prepared hybrids also possess excellent hydrophobic and flame-retardant abilities due to the hierarchical nano-micro structure in which the high porosity of EG can dissipate heat rapidly during combustion and the intertwined nanosheets of NiCo2O4@MnO2 can enhance the surface roughness. This work opens up a new prospect for developing multifunctional and lightweight microwave absorbers to satisfy the practical application.

Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors are promising for applications in environmental monitoring, dangerous gas detection, and disease diagnosis. Seeking for advanced MOS sensing materials that possess high sensitivity and low limit of detection (LOD) at sub-ppm level is a great challenge. Here, we report the first creation of two-dimensional (2D) WO3 nanosheets by annealing of the inorganic fullerene (IF)-like WS2 nanoparticles that were prepared via sulfurization of WO3 nanoparticles. Transformation of WS2 to WO3 was realised during the annealing process, simultaneously accompanied by the collapse of the hollow IF-WS2 structures and the formation of tiny 2D WO3 nanosheets with a lateral size of 40−80 nm. The resulting 2D WO3 nanosheets exhibited highly enhanced acetone-sensing performance in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, and response/recovery rates compared with the WO3 nanoparticles used as precursor for the synthesis of the IF-WS2 nanoparticles. The nanosheets also demonstrated great repeatability, reliable long-term stability, and very low LOD, making them a promising candidate as gas sensor to detect breath acetone.

The functionalization of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) has recently captured great attention due to their designable structures and high specific surface area. However, their application in the field of microwave absorption is still scarce. In this work, hollow core-shell Fe/Fe3O4@porous carbon composites were successfully synthesized by calcining Fe3O4@COF composites. The composite obtained after heat treatment inherits the characteristics of porous and high specific surface area of the COF material, and the hollow core-shell porous structure facilitates multiple reflections and scattering of electromagnetic waves, the increase of active center sites, and the improvement of impedance matching. The results demonstrate that the composite exhibits efficient electromagnetic absorption performance at ultra-thin matching thickness (d = 1.8 mm): the minimum RL value is -50.05 dB and the effective absorption bandwidth is 5.20 GHz. Meanwhile, the absorption band with RL

The washing floodlight is a sort of optoelectronic equipment for the use on vessels which contain helipad, designed as a visual landing aid for the helicopter. Usually the washing floodlight is installed directly on the edge of deck, while the installation site should not be too high, normally lower than 350mm is recommended. In addition, since floodlight generally provides high and relative uniform illumination for a larger deck surface, it is necessary to have a reasonable light intensity distribution, high light intensity and high light energy efficiency. Meanwhile, the floodlight need to provide not only visible light but also infrared illumination to coordinate with night vision goggle. This paper provides a washing floodlight design with high light intensity and high average illumination. The illumination optical system consists of two separate portions, namely refraction and reflective illumination optical system. The refraction illumination optical system is a cylindrical lens with free-form surface, the upper part of lens is responsible for small angle illumination (about 0° to -5 ° in the vertical direction), while the nether part is responsible for large angle illumination (about -5 ° to -30 °in the vertical direction). Besides, the reflection illumination optical system is a cylindrical mirror with scaly conicoid reflection surfaces rather than traditional smooth quadric surface, which can improve the ability to control light, providing a larger angle of uniform illumination. In the later part of this paper, the illumination performance with 8 washing floodlight is simulated, and the illumination performance picture of a real washing floodlight is given.

A new kind of designed water-compatible molecularly imprinted conductive nanoparticles was prepared by combining macromolecular self-assembly with molecularly imprinting technique. An amphiphilic random copolymer poly(DMA-co-EHA-co-HEA-co-St) containing imino groups and photocrosslinking units was synthesized through free radical copolymerization, which could self-assemble with template molecules (glucose) in aqueous solution to establish nanoparticles embedded with glucose. Meanwhile, AuCl4-, as precursor, was added to generate Au NPs in situ because of reducibility of protonated imino groups, leading to the formation of molecularly imprinted polymeric nanoparticles decorated with Au NPs (Au@MIPNs). By simply adjusting the pH value of the assembly solution, Au@MIPNs with different loading amount of Au NPs could be obtained. Electrodeposition was employed to fabricate a robust integration of MIP film with a transducer, then the film was photo-crosslinked by UV irradiation. After extraction of the template molecules, an MIP sensor modified with Au NPs (Au@MIP sensor) was successfully constructed. The presence of Au NPs greatly improved the conductivity of Au@MIP film and allowed direct electrical connection between the recognition cavities and the transducer, which enhanced the sensitivity of the sensor for templates detection. Effect of Au NPs amount on the performance of the Au@MIP sensor was also evaluated. The obtained Au@MIP sensor demonstrated acceptable selectivity and wider linear ranges (two linear ranges from 10-10 to 10-8molL-1 and 10-8 to 100molL-1 with a detection limit of 3×10-12molL-1) for glucose detection than MIP sensor without decoration of Au NPs.

The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)–Discrete Element Method (DEM) coupled method was applied to simulate the gas–solid flow characteristic within the fibrous media, and then to study the influences of the fiber structure and particle properties on particle deposition and agglomeration characteristics in the filtration process. In addition, six fibrous structures with different sizes were designed in this study to analyze the impact of the structural parameters on the filtration performances (including pressure drop and filtration efficiency). The results show that it is convenient and feasible to investigate the fine particle deposition and agglomeration process on the surface of the media using CFD–DEM, and the simulation results are identical with the former experimental observations, numerical simulation and empirical correlation results. In the filtration process, the particles may stack together to form the dendritic structure on the surface of the fibrous media. The pressure drops of all fibrous structures increase relative to those of the gas flow field, and show the trend of the exponential growth. Meanwhile, the total pressure drop of the fibrous media increases with the fiber diameter d f , and when d f and the length of fibrous media ( H ) are constant, the pressure drop increases with decreasing the distance that the fiber deviates from the former cross section ( L ). The pressure drop decreases with the increase of H when d f and L keep unchanged; The filtration efficiency decreases with increasing L , and changing H has basically no effect on the filtration efficiency.