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The potential of higher band millimeter waves for characterization of different types of breast tissues based on the dielectric contrast between normal and malignant tissues has been reported. Lowcost phantom samples of normal and malignant tissues have been prepared using naturally occuring components, i.e., agar, water, olive oil and pectin. Waveguide probe based calibration technique was used to extract the complex permittivities of the twocomponent (wateragar) and threecomponent (wateroilagar) phantoms. The twocomponent phantoms were used to study the change in the dielectric properties of phantom with change in agar concentration. Water, agar and varying proportions of oil were used to develop threecomponent phantom mixtures to mimic the dielectric properties of fat, fibrous and malignant breast tissues. Finally, the reflection and transmission properties of tissue mimicking phantoms were tested using the waveguide probe calibration based measurement setup. The difference in the S parameters between the three types of phantoms demonstrate the potential utility of D band based data acquisition setups for tumor margin assessment applications.

With the help of the developing concrete technology, light concrete and fly ash may be used in several concrete-related fields. To provide protection from radiation, which is one of the current pro...

Optical transmission properties of plasmonic MDM (metal–dielectric–metal) tri-layer consisting of T and L shape periodic slit structures are investigated by finite difference time domain method. The spectral transmission in the range of visible to NIR (near-infrared) frequencies greatly depends on the slit structure. For T shape structure, single resonant transmission peak is observed, while L shape structure shows double resonance behaviour. The present study shows how structural shapes and polarizations of incident light determine the resonant condition. Based on the observed transmission spectra, an LC circuit model is presented. The low-frequency resonant peak is observed to be sensitive to the structural shape. The presence of side channel oriented parallel to the polarization direction of the input beam is responsible for the origin of high-frequency band (visible-end) in “L” shape structure. The present plasmonic structure is useful in optical transmissive devices.

The demand for fabric comfort in common textiles is increasing and is closely associated with transmission properties. In this study, three common cloths namely 100% cotton, polyester-cotton blende...

The configuration of constituent filaments in multifilament woven polyester fabrics plays very crucially to decide the low stress mechanical as well as transmission behaviour of shirting range fabrics. Intermingled, textured, and flat yarns (150/36/5, yarn of total denier 150, 36 filaments in that strand with 5 twist per meter) were used to produce different fabric samples. Twelve fabric samples using various combinations of warp and weft are manufactured with intermingled, textured, twisted, and flat configurations. Fabric samples were characterized to get low-stress mechanical properties by Kawabata Evaluation System (KES-FB) and transmission behaviour was tested by Permetest, air permeability tester, and wickability tester. The presence of textured configured multifilament yarn exhibits high bending elasticity with lower bending hysteresis. The compression behaviour of fabric consists of intermingled warp and textured weft shows the highest compressibility or fullness. The intermingled configuration offers higher total hand value for winter applications with a different combination of weft threads. The highest wicking potential is achieved in case of intermingled warp and textured weft combinations. The moisture transmission rate remains highest with twisted warp twisted weft fabrics.

Understanding the thermal properties of a construction material is necessarily to evaluate its heat transfer resistance that has a major contribution to the energy-efficiency required to achieve sustainable structure. Thermal properties are evaluated through three main parameters namely: thermal conductivity, thermal resistivity and thermal transmittance. The aforementioned parameters are commonly referred as K-value, R-value, and U-value respectively. Recent regulations by Dubai municipality enforced to use sustainable concrete in construction. This is by replacing cement with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), such as grand granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and fly ash. The use of grand granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) at relatively high percentage replacement became a typical practice in ready-mixed concrete industry in Dubai. As such, it is essential to characterize the thermal properties of this sustainable concrete. The current paper investigates the thermal properties of sustainable concrete mixtures incorporating supplementary cementitious materials, air entrainment additives, polypropylene and hybrid synthetic fiber. K-value, R-value and U-value are evaluated in accordance with ASTM C518. Additionally, hardened density of all investigated mixtures are measured. The results show that the foamed concrete has better heat transfer resistance than that for the non-air entrained mixture.

This study evaluated the quick dry properties of summer men’s sportswear T-shirts of different brands (Nike, Adidas, Laishilong and Columbia) by studying the water vapor transmission behavior. The results indicate that Laishilong was the best sample in terms of water vapor transmission rate, whereas Columbia was the poorest. Moreover, samples of Nike, Adidas, Laishilong and Columbia, had similar water vapor transmission rate. This implies that they had comparatively similar performance in water vapor permeability.

The transmission and reflection properties of magnetostatic biased graphene layers are investigated based on analytical method, where graphene is treated as a bulk material. Considering the anisotropic nature of the magnetostatic biased graphene (magnetized graphene), the generalized reflection and transmission coefficients of a plane wave incidence on anisotropic multilayer structures are first derived. The accuracy of this method is validated by a numerical example of a plane wave incidence on a magnetized monolayer graphene in free space. Based on this model, the transmission coefficient decreases with increasing the incident angle for the TE (transverse electric) polarized wave incidence, while an opposite phenomenon occurs for the TM (transverse magnetic) polarized wave incidence. The transmission properties can be also modulated by changing the external static magnetic field. The electromagnetic propagation properties of composites consisting of magnetized graphene and dielectric layers are also analyzed based on this method. The transmission properties degrade with increasing the number of magnetized graphene layers.

Optical power cable (OPC) current sensing models and experiments based on the optical transmission properties of magnetic fluids are proposed. Firstly, the models of OPC, magnetic fluid current sensor and OPC current sensing are established. Secondly, the relationship between the magnetic field and the current of the OPC is demonstrated. Finally, the relationship between the optical transmission properties of magnetic fluids and the OPC current is studied. The results show that there is a good linear relationship between the transmitted power and the current of the OPC.

The article describes research into the effect of humidity and temperature on the transmission properties of textile signal lines. The presented textile signal lines are made from electro-c...

A two-step locally one-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method (LOD-FDTD) is developed for modeling a graphene sheet biased by a magnetostatic field. The graphene sheet is considered as a current source characterized by two coupled auxiliary equations. The unconditional stability of the proposed algorithm is analyzed theoretically and verified numerically. Numerical experiments show that the proposed method can be used to efficiently capture the transmission properties of graphene sheets with a good accuracy. Further, the proposed method is applied to investigate the properties of the Faraday and Kerr rotations.

This comparative study was done to study modal fiber as an ecofriendly alternative of cotton fiber in polyester-cotton (PC) fabrics. Clothing serves as a barrier between environment and human body, thus providing the thermo-physiological comfort by controlling the transportation of moisture and heat from body to external environment. Thermo-physiological comfort is an important sportswear criterion in terms of sportsmen’s comfort and performance. In this study, heat and mass transfer of active sportswear were evaluated. Thermal properties were measured by sweating guard hot plate, air permeability by air permeability tester and sweat response by moisture management tester. It was found that fabric with modal on face and micro polyester on back showed best transmission properties with good pilling resistance.

In this paper, a new type of plasmonic waveguide consisting of two vertically coupled double-graphene-coated nanowires integrated with a thin high-index dielectric substrate is designed. The transmission properties of the surface plasmon polaritons supported by the waveguide are investigated by the finite element method (FEM). Theoretical investigations reveal that deep-subwavelength mode confinement as well as long-range propagation length can be achieved simultaneously in the studied structure through optimizing the geometric and electromagnetic parameters. The comparisons of the mode properties between the proposed waveguide and waveguides studied in the published literatures are also considered. This structure has potential applications in ultra-tight optical integration field.

Ternary blend active layers that include an additional electron donor or electron acceptor material provide the means to easily tune the transmission properties of semitransparent organic solar cel...

The strategy of fostering a cost-effective radome structure is still a dreadful task for technical communities. Therefore, as a necessary consequence, the broadband electromagnetic performance analysis of monolithic, A-sandwich, B-sandwich, and C-sandwich radome wall configurations is undertaken using the equilibrium optimization (EO) approach. The geometrical design variables of radome structures have been optimized under precise limiting conditions of strong transmission and lower radome layer thickness. The power transmission characteristics are obtained for optimal radome configurations in the range of 1 GHz to 18 GHz. It is observed that the C-sandwich radome configuration has achieved paramount transmission properties among all the configurations. The power transmission efficiency is found to be more than 90% all over the broadband range, and the maximum transmission efficiency is 99.5% at 9.5 GHz. The results reflect the potential of the proposed radome structure for various practical applications.

We report on recent wideband, high-capacity transmission experiments using either few-mode or coupled-core multi-core fibers. We show that the coupled-core multi-core fiber has overall favorable transmission properties at the cost of a lower spatial channel density.

Doping is the key feature in semiconductor device fabrication. Many strategies have been discovered for controlling doping in the area of semiconductor physics during the past few decades. Electrical doping is a promising strategy that is used for effective tuning of the charge populations, electronic properties, and transmission properties. This doping process reduces the risk of high temperature, contamination of foreign particles. Significant experimental and theoretical efforts are demonstrated to study the characteristics of electrical doping during the past few decades. In this article, we first briefly review the historical roadmap of electrical doping. Secondly, we will discuss electrical doping at the molecular level. Thus, we will review some experimental works at the molecular level along with we review a variety of research works that are performed based on electrical doping. Then we figure out importance of electrical doping and its importance. Furthermore, we describe the methods of electrical doping. Finally, we conclude with a brief comparative study between electrical and conventional doping methods.

International audience; We present a theoretical investigation of the dispersion and transmission properties of a tubular phononic crystal for sensing application. We show the existence of modes confined in a cavity with displacement field spreading over both the solid and fluid parts. Therefore, the frequency of the transmission peak associated to this mode should be sensitive to the sound velocity of the fluid filling the tube.

The paper deals with the numerical simulations of fiber Bragg gratings as promising tools for sensing applications mainly in weigh-in-motion. For higher transparency in infrared region of chalcogenide materials, in the paper are compared transfer characteristics of fiber Bragg gratings based on chalcogenide material As2s3 and conventional material SiO2. The paper is focused especially on pressure effects, but marginally also temperature and strain effects are mentioned. Is shown the effect of Bragg wavelength shift caused by the pressure. Bragg wavelength shift leads to change of transmission properties of FBGs. Since, the changes in the reflectance spectrum of the grating results to the changes in temporal properties of the grating, in the paper are presented the temporal properties depending on the pressure. Finally, in the paper is presented the possible using of FBGs for the weigh-in-motion applications.

Selective laser melting is a promising additive manufacturing technology for manufacturing porous metallic bone scaffolds. Bone repair requires scaffolds that meet various mechanical and biological requirements. This paper addresses this challenge by comprehensively studying the performance of porous scaffolds. The main novelty is exploring scaffolds with different porosities, verifying various aspects of their performance and revealing the effect of their permeability on cell growth. This study evaluates the manufacturability, mechanical behaviour, permeability and biocompatibility of gyroid scaffolds. In simulations, mechanical behaviour and permeability exhibited up to 56% and 73% accuracy, respectively, compared to the experimental data. The compression and permeability experiments showed that the elastic modulus and the permeability of the scaffolds were both in the range of human bones. The morphological experiment showed that manufacturing accuracy increased with greater designed porosity, while the in vitro experiments revealed that permeability played the main role in cell proliferation. The significance of this work is improving the understanding of the effect of design parameters on the mechanical properties, permeability and cell growth of the scaffolds, which will enable the design of porous bone scaffolds with better bone-repair effects.

An all-dielectric polarization-selective transmissive focusing phase-gradient metasurface working at 14 GHz is proposed. The PGMS is consisted of all-dielectric cross-shaped unit cells, which are polarization-selective and present different transmission properties for the orthogonal linearly polarized plane waves. After properly setting the parameters of the unit cells, the metasurface can block the y-polarized field while transmit and focus the x-polarized field.

Surface wave and the transmission properties of a radome are discussed. The analysis of transmission properties is based on the transmission line theory. The surface wave analysis of FSS based radome structure has been carried out in the ANSYS HFSS software 19.0. The analyzed radome surface consists of a lossless dielectric material $(\varepsilon =2.65)$ coated with a Frequency Selective Surface (FSS).

Large-core polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) graded-index plastic optical fibers (OI-POFs) share the advantages of standard step-index PMMA fibers (SI-POFs) but permit higher transmission rates at longer link distances. However, the precise determination of their capacity limits has been prevented by the lack of optoelectronic devices with the required characteristics. In this work, we carry out an experimental characterization of the transmission properties of PMMA GI-POF, using a high bandwidth photo detector to measure the frequency response of the fiber as a function of its length. Measurements of intensity distribution, frequency response and Bit-Error-Rate (BER) for different fiber lengths provide a quantitative assessment of the potential of large-core OI-POFs. Moreover, these measurements are indispensable to understand their behavior in order to postulate realistic models and to make accurate assessments of their applicability in different scenarios.

Periodically slotted leaky elliptical waveguides filled with different cross section shape dielectrics are proposed and analyzed in this paper. Because the air filled leaky waveguide is easily being damaged, so dielectric is usually filled in waveguide to avoid the extrusion, which also causes additional transmission loss. The transmission properties of leaky waveguides with different cross section shapes of dielectric filing are simulated and analyzed. The results show that if the cross section shape of filling dielectric is properly designed, the elliptical dielectric-filled waveguide can realize relatively low transmission attenuation, and can be used in the application of wireless communication in long-distance confined space.

Various characteristics of evaporated metal-on-fused silica filters are discussed in relation to their optical transmission properties. Special metal holders provided with shutters were designed to be used with these filters, and are described in detail. Transmittance measurements, performed in various conditions, are reported and indicate that the evaporated metal-on-fused silica filters might present an acceptable material as transfer standards in spectrophotometry.

The hollow regions of an anti-resonant fiber (ARF) offer an excellent template for the deposition of functional materials. When the optical properties of such materials can be modified via external stimuli, it offers a method to control the transmission properties of the fiber device. In this Letter, we show that the integration of a M o S 2 film into the ARF voids allows the fiber to act as an electro-optical modulator. We record a maximum modulation depth of 3.5 dB at 744 nm, with an average insertion loss of 7.5 dB.

An artificial synapse that can perform both learning and memory functions was realized using an amorphous Ta2O5 memristor. A Pt/Ta2O5/TiN memristor, with an amorphous Ta2O5 film grown at 100 °C, exhibited reliable bipolar switching properties at the various conductance states required for artificial synapse applications; in addition, it exhibited the transmission properties of physiological synapses. Various other synaptic properties were also obtained from the Ta2O5 memristor by modulating the input bias. The metaplasticity of a physiological synapse, which is a preliminary-spike-enhanced synaptic function, was also emulated in the Ta2O5 memristor via the metaplasticity of potentiation/depression and spike-timing-dependent plasticity. The synaptic plasticity and metaplasticity of the Ta2O5 memristor can be understood via the construction and destruction of oxygen vacancy filaments in the memristor. Keywords: Amorphous Ta2O5 films, Memristor, Neuromorphic device, Artificial synapse, Synaptic plasticity, Metaplasticity

Incident power has an important effect on the optical transmission properties of magnetic fluids. Difference in the effect of the incident power on the optical transmission properties with and without an applied magnetic field was investigated by measuring the transmitted power of the incident light through the magnetic fluid film. In the absence of an applied magnetic field, an approximately linear relationship exists between the incident power and the transmitted power of magnetic fluid films, but the relationship is nonlinear when a magnetic field is applied. Moreover, variation in the optical transmission properties under a magnetic field with various incident powers was measured in experiment. As the magnetic field is enhanced, the transmitted power of the magnetic fluid film first decreases, then increases, and finally reaches saturation. The magnitude of the change in the transmitted power, and the magnetic field range correspond to decreases, increases and saturation are related to the incident power. Therefore, for the sensing applications, depending on the measuring range of the magnetic field and the required variation range of the transmitted power, magnetic fluid film sensors exhibit different characteristics if different incident power values are selected.

In this work, we have investigated theoretically the transmission properties of a hybrid quasi-periodic photonic system, which is a combination of a periodic H ( LH ) 5 and a quasi-periodic multilayer structure( QPMS ) P : H ( LH ) 5 ( QPMS ) P H ( LH ) 5 , where P is the repetitive number of QPMS. Simulation results showed that the number, position and the quality factor of the transmission peaks depend on the repetitive number ( P ) and the incident angle for both the (TE) and (TM) polarizations. Furthermore, we have studied the influence of two air layers ( A ) inside the previous structures at the 12 th and 29 th positions: H ( LH ) 5 A ( QPMS ) 2 A H ( LH ) 5 . The results illustrate that the introducing of the defect layers in our system provides a possible mechanism for optimizing the parameters of the transmission peaks, thus the obtaining of polychromatic filters with a high quality factor ( Q ) and with a minimum of layers and thickness.

This study examined the flame retardant, anti-static, and wear comfort properties of woven fabrics from two types of yarns composed of modacrylic, FR-rayon, cotton, and anti-static PET fibers. The FR-rayon-blended modacrylic fabric mixed with anti-static PET fibers exhibited better flame-retardant and anti-static properties than those of the cotton-blended modacrylic fabric. In addition, the absorption and drying properties of the FR-rayon-blended modacrylic fabric were superior to those of the cotton-blended modacrylic fabric. The thermal conductivity of the FR-rayon-blended fabric was lower than that of the cotton-blended one, whereas the water vapor permeability was slightly higher than that of the cotton-blended one. These wear comfort properties of the FR-rayon-blended fabric were attributed to the micro-pores and longer fiber length of the FR-rayon fibers, as well as their yarn and fabric structural parameters. This study suggests that FR-rayon-blended modacrylic fabric has better flame-retardant and anti-static properties in both twill and rip weaves with good warmth keepability, and higher water and vapor transmission properties than cotton-blended one. In addition, the FR-rayon-blended modacrylic clothing exhibited a better wear comfort feel than the cotton-blended one due to the lower microclimate humidity. This means that FR-rayon-blended modacrylic fabric makes it more comfortable to wear than cotton-blended one.

Transmission properties of light through a plasmonic grating with multislits are investigated. The results show that sharp phase resonance (PR) and multiphase resonance (MPR) for each mode at multiple frequencies are achieved and effectively tailored only by adjusting the slight difference of the multislit widths; the values of the PR dips are almost zero. Based on the field distributions, Fabry-Pérot-resonant and phase-resonant mechanisms have been suggested for the physical origins of the observations qualitatively. In addition, we can realize the control of light spreading through an arbitrary slit; a multichannel selector is modeled and described. Compared with the conventional plasmonic compound grating, this multislit grating with different slit widths has obvious advantages, such as simple structure, single material composition, and better realizability. PR and MPR can be achieved at multiple frequencies.

Amorphous KNbO3 (KN) films were grown on a TiN/SiO2/Si substrate to synthesize a KN memristor as a potential artificial synapse. The Pt/KN/TiN memristor exhibited typical and reliable bipolar switching behavior with multiple resistance levels. It also showed the transmission properties of a biological synapse, with a good conductance modulation linearity. Moreover, the KN memristor can emulate various biological synaptic plasticity characteristics including short-term plasticity, long-term plasticity, spike-rate dependent plasticity, paired-pulse facilitation, and post-tetanic potentiation by controlling the number and rate of the potentiation spike. Spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP), which is an essential property of biological synapses, is also realized in the KN memristor. The synaptic plasticity of the KN memristor can be explained by oxygen vacancy movement and oxygen vacancy filaments. The metaplasticity of biological synapses was also implemented in the KN memristor, including the metaplasti...

We study resonant tunneling characteristics of inverted Morse double quantum barrier structures. The effect of electric bias and structure parameters is calculated by using non-equilibrium Green's function method. Results for the transmission coefficients are compared with the structure parameters. Our results show that the widths of the wells and heights of barriers have a significant effect on the transmission properties. We found that the resonant peak of the transmission coefficient decreases with increasing electric field bias. Moreover, resonant energy level increases with increasing barrier height and increasing width parameters.

The transmission properties of a one-dimensional photonic crystal containing graphene mono-layers are studied using the transfer matrix method. It is shown that the structure can be used as a polarization-selective nonreciprocal device which discriminates between the two circularly polarized waves with different handedness impinging in the same direction. This structure may be utilized in designing optical isolators for the circularly polarized waves due to the gyrotropic behavior of the graphene mono-layers under the perpendicularly applied external magnetic field. Moreover, the effect of an external magnetic field and the chemical potential of the graphene mono-layers on the band gap of the structure are investigated.

The unconditionally stable alternating-direction-implicit finite-difference time-domain (ADI-FDTD) method is extended for modelling anisotropic magnetised graphene sheets. In contrast to the conventional method for isotropic media, two additional sub-stepping calculations are applied to incorporate anisotropic medium properties. The unconditional stability of the proposed extended method is examined numerically. The method is applied to study the transmission properties of graphene sheets. Numerical results show that the proposed method is more accurate than the recently developed locally one-dimensional FDTD method.

Packaging material is necessary in the preservation process. Edible films containing essential oils can be incorporated into the conventional food packaging systems with a dual purpose, edible and natural preservative, that can maintain quality, extend the shelf life and reduce the risk of pathogen growth specifically in unprocessed or minimally processed foods like fruits and vegetables. In present study, pumpkin-arrowroot starch based edible film incorporated with carom seed oil at 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% were prepared and studied for the antimicrobial properties. Film with 1.5% Carom seed oil showed exceedingly good antimicrobial activities against E. coli, Staphylococcus and Aspergillus. The films were further studied for physical, mechanical and water vapour transmission properties. The results indicated that the film with 1.5% carom seed oil did not alter the mechanical properties of the film significantly, compared to control film and is ideal for coating to extend the shelf life of food products.

In this paper, we propose a formula for modeling dielectric properties for evaluating the electromagnetic transmission of foamed concrete (FC) widely used as building materials. This includes the effective permittivity and loss tangent according to the foam content of FC mixes containing blast furnace slag (BFS), as well as the content of the BFS, by modifying the dielectric modeling formula for porous foam materials. The difference between the permittivity calculated using the proposed modeling formula and the actual measured permittivity ranges from 0.2% to 2.6%. The calculated result and the measured value are approximately the same. The transmission properties of FC were calculated using the calculated dielectric property values. FC samples containing BFS were fabricated using different foam and BFS content, and their transmission properties were measured, the results of which coincided well with the simulation results. Therefore, the accuracy of the proposed dielectric property modeling of FC containing BFS was verified.

In this paper, free vibration and transmission properties of single and composite thin annular plate (TAP) structures are presented by wave approach. The propagation matrix, continuity matrix and reflection matrix are introduced to carry out the analysis. Using the wave approach, natural frequencies of single and composite TAP are calculated theoretically. The results obtained by this method agree well with those calculated by the classical Bessel and Hankel methods. Additionally, transfer matrix is introduced and combined with the boundary conditions to obtain the transmission behaviors of composite multilayer TAP. To thoroughly understand the composite TAP, the influences of thickness, density ratio and radius ratio on natural frequencies are investigated. This study provides very useful information for transverse vibration suppression of TAP structure.

The transmission properties of a three-dimensional electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) with a diamond structure made of titanium dioxide ceramic using three-dimensional (3-D) printing was studied. The experimental results show that EBG structures can form a wider bandgap with high-K materials for the standard direction, the standard direction, and the standard direction. This agrees well with the simulation using the plane-wave expansion method. However, the bandgap changes gradually when the EBG structure is rotated from one crystal orientation to another. It is also found that the position and the bandwidth associated with the bandgap differ for different angles of incidence, reaching the maximum bandwidth at 22.5°. The results of this study can help facilitate many applications with omnidirectional transmission properties of three-dimensional EBGs.

This study evaluated the cooling properties of summer cooling towels of different brands by studying the water vapor transmission behavior. All the samples were found to provide a cooling effect at first contact after being wetted. The samples of N-rit showed the highest cooling effect followed by Cooldyxm and Ice Towel, whereas Perfect Fitness had the poorest cooling effect.

Angle-resolved secondary electron emission spectra were analyzed for studying the electron transmission properties of graphene when it is tightly bound to a metallic substrate and when it is decoupled from the latter. As respective model systems, graphene/Ni(111) and graphene/Au/Ni(111) were considered. We discovered two types of spectral structures linked with the transmission properties of graphene: bands related to scattering resonances and to umklapp reflection. These findings are interpreted based on an ab initio theory of the scattering of the outgoing electrons by the graphene overlayers. The experimental secondary electron emission maps are in good agreement with the calculations, indicating that such approach can be successfully applied for studying the electron transmission properties of a variety of two-dimensional materials.

The optical transmission properties of magnetic fluids have important theoretical research and application value. Firstly, the optical transmission properties and the influence mechanism of magnetic field on the optical transmission properties of magnetic fluids are introduced. The theoretical method of studying magnetic fluids under magnetic field is introduced. Then the effects of different factors on the optical transmission properties of magnetic fluids and the research progress of sensing applications based on the optical transmission properties of magnetic fluids are reviewed. Finally, the application of the optical transmission properties of magnetic fluids is prospected.

Photonic Crystal Fibers represent a good platform for the development of sensitive and cheap sensors for the detection of protein and DNA sequence. The holes running along the fiber allows the infiltration of biological substances and for biological layers to attach on the air-dielectric interfaces. In addition, the presence of a hollow core can further increase the infiltration feasibility and the sensor sensitivity. Recently, the possibility in using hollow core tube lattice fibers (HC-TLFs) for label-free DNA detection have been numerically investigated. The sensing is based on the waveguiding mechanism, that is inhibited-coupling which makes the HC-TLF transmission properties particularly sensitive to the thickness of the glass struts composing the microstructured cladding of those fibers. The molecular interactions between the surface of the glass and the target to be detected results in a generation of a biological layer which modifies the strut thickness and thus the fiber transmission properties. The aim of the present work is to experimentally demonstrate that HC-TLF can be successfully used as bio sensor for proteins. After a functionalization of the silica surface through a solution of aptes, a layer of biotin was deposited on inner surfaces of the fiber. The fiber was than infiltrated with a solution containing streptavidin and an additional bio-layer is deposited on the surfaces. The experimental results demonstrated a red shift of the entire fiber transmission spectrum of about 7 nm corresponding to an additional bio-layer with thickness of 6.45 nm which is fully compatible with the size of streptavidin molecules of about 6nm.