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Green renewable resource has become a global hot spot. In this study, naturally occurring resource rosin derivative (RAG) was used to prepared a cationic waterborne polyurethane (WPU) dispersion using n-methyl di-ethanolamine (MDEA) as an ion center and 1,3-bis(3-aminopropyl) tetramethydisiloxane (APTMDS) as a chain extender, and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) as a hard segment. The effects of MDEA and APTMDS contents on the particle size and storage stability of the WPU dispersion was determined, in addition, thermo-mechanical and mechanical properties, and antibacterial property as well as water uptake of the resulting polyurethane films were thoroughly investigated. The results show that an increase in the APTMDS content considerably improved the mechanical properties, surface hydrophobicity and water resistance of the WPU films. Moreover, all WPU films exhibit enhanced antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with the increase in the MDEA and APTMDS contents.

Purpose This study aims to provide control of liquids, especially against water-based ink on the paper and paperboard surface with natural substances, in also practical and greenway. Design/methodology/approach The paper surface was treated with natural rosin and its derivatives to obtain a hydrophobic effect and to improve printing properties. The oleoresin samples collected from Pinus nigra Arnold and Pinus pinaster Aiton trees in the controlled area and turpentine content removed was by hydrodistillation. The gum rosin (GR), fortified 10% with maleic anhydride (MGR) and esterified with 10% pentaerythritol (PMGR) samples solved in a simply alcohol and sprayed the base paper surface directly with a spray gun. Base paper samples were paperboard, bleached paper and test liner paper. Then, flexo printing was applied and printability properties were measured. Findings The treatment weights of these paper samples were 1.8 ± 0.5, 1.3 ± 0.5 and 0.7 ± 0.2 g/m2, respectively, compared to the base paper. Greater Cobb60 results were obtained from modified rosin samples than unmodified gum rosin-sized paperboards and the PMGR surface treatment reduces Cobb60 values by 20% and MGR treatment reduces 15% comparing to the base sheet. Then, the printing procedure was applied to the surface of the treated materials using a flexo printing system. As a result of the treatment better print density, chroma and print lightness value consumed a less hydrophobic agent and controlling water-based flexo ink on the base paper surface. Originality/value The unique aspect of this work was improving the hydrophobicity of the paper surfaces was achieved by spraying with natural rosin and derivatives.

The utilization of rosin to fabricate functional polymers has attracted great attention due to its unique structure and property. Herein, we prepared a new type of carboxyl-containing cross-linked rosin microspheres (CCRMs) using a renewable-resource rosin as the raw material through the suspension polymerization. For comparative purpose, vanillin methacrylate (VMA), styrene (St) and isobornyl methacrylate (IBOMA) were separately used to replace DAGMA as monomer for the preparation of microspheres. Our results indicated that the obtained porous CCRMs showed a broad size distribution ranging from mesopores (3–50 nm) to macropores (> 50 nm), whereas the counterparts derived from VMA, St or IBOMA showed a powder state. Moreover, the CCRMs exhibited moderately high thermal stability. The integration of DAGMA into polymer microspheres provided CCRMs with excellent adsorption ability, which exhibited robust selective cationic dye (e.g., methylene blue (MB) and crystal violet (CV)) adsorption from waste aqueous solution. The adsorption process was fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The maximum adsorption capacity was observed to be 602.4 mg/g for CV at 40 °C, and 512.8 mg/g for MB at 20 °C. In general, the high dye adsorption properties suggest that CCRMs may be highly efficient in adsorption selectivity for some cationic dyes.

The effect of adhesive additives of polar and nonpolar nature on the properties of uncurable sealants based on butyl rubber was studied. It has been found that alkylphenol–formaldehyde resins and rosin are effective additives that increase the cohesive and adhesive strength.

A series of tung oil-rosin-based polyester (TRP) used as internal sizing agents were prepared using rosin, tung oil, maleic anhydride, and glycerol. TRP structure and properties were examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The TRP latexes were subsequently used as internal sizing agents, and the sizing properties were evaluated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a video-based dynamic contact angle measuring device and a Cobb absorbency tester. The optimal conditions for preparing the TRP sizing agent were as follows: the hydroxy-carboxyl ratio of the material was 0.25; the maleic anhydride dosage was 20 % of rosin; and the tung oil dosage was 40 % of rosin. Under the best conditions, the sized paper Cobb-60 was 15.6 g / m 2 \text{g}/{\text{m}^{2}} , the tensile index was 45.1 N·m/g, the burst index was 3.1 kPa· m 2 {\text{m}^{2}} /g, and the tear index was 15.6 mN· m 2 {\text{m}^{2}} /g.

Natural chemicals obtained from the renewable resources were widely used in the modification of plant fibers. In this report, in order to develop thermoplasticity of materials, the bamboo powder (BP) after hydrothermal pretreatment (BP-LHW) was efficiently modified with natural rosin acid (BP-LHW-RA) by esterification reaction under heterogeneous condition. The results indicate that the modified BP-LHW-RA presents a strong peak at 1743 cm−1 in the FT-IR spectra, which attributed to the –C = O vibration of the ester group formed by the reaction between rosin acid and the BP-LHW, confirming that BP-LHW was successfully grafted with rosin acid. The C1/C3 ratio of BP-LHW-RA increased 1.35 times as compared with BP-LHW in XPS analysis. Meanwhile, the crystallization index of BP-LHW-RA decreased by 4.62%, and its surface became smooth and full. Moreover, the glass transition temperature of BP-LHW-RA was 200 °C. The work presents a green and feasible route to prepare bio-based materials with desired thermoplasticity by grafting natural rosin onto biomass substrate. The bio-based material with desired thermoplasticity was prepared by grafting natural rosin onto bamboo powder.

In this study, investigation of the combustion properties of Oriental beech wood (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) impregnated with boron compound (borax (Na2B4O710H2O), boric acid (H3BO3) doped rosin (C19H29COOH) was aimed. For this purpose, Oriental beech wood samples were prepared according to ASTM E 160-50 and impregnated with boron compound doped rosin by the method of medium-term dipping (24 hours) according to ASTM D 1413 and producers’ definition. Combustion properties of samples after impregnated process were determined according to ASTM E 160-50. As a part of the research, 6 different combination and contents of impregnation materials have been used in order to especially investigate resistance against combustion of wood material treated with boron compounds in different concentrations. As a result of the study, retention performance and leaching resistance of boron compounds can be increased through rosin addition. Consequently, impregnation materials with rosin decreased the flame sourced combustion (Fsc) temperatures depending on kind of impregnation material, extended combustion period and decreased weight loss ratio of the test samples in comparison to the control samples. On the contrary, weight loss ratios were affected negatively in Oriental beech test samples up to 3% when compared with samples which were impregnated with borax. Meanwhile, combustion periods increased in test samples up to 30%. Rosin, in terms of its combustion performance, can be preferred in impregnation with boron compounds depending on kind of wood and using area.

The effectiveness of Air entraining agent (AEA) in concrete under low air pressure in the plateau area decreased. A type of new AEA, named MRE was synthesized to increase bubbles` stability in fresh concrete under low air pressure. The performance of MRE solution and concrete with MRE were tested under 60 kPa and 100 kPa compared with commercially gemini AEA (DCC). The test results showed that the foam volume of MRE and DCC solution under 60 kPa was reduced by 3% and 9% than under 100 kPa. The bubble liquid film strength of MRE is 63% higher than that of DCC. For concrete with MRE and DCC under 60 kPa, the air content was 2% and 16% lower, the relative dynamic modulus of concrete reduced by 6% and 15%, and the bubble spacing factor under 60 kPa increased by 17% and 39% respectively compared with that under 100 kPa. MRE can increase the freeze-thaw resistance of concrete under low air pressure without affecting concrete strength and is suitable for high altitude concrete.

Solvent-based polychloroprene (CR) adhesive was formulated using four different types of tackifiers. Wood rosin (WD), coumarone-indene resin (CI), terpene-phenolic resin (TP) and para-tert-butyl ph...

It is known that the tremendous structural units in a polymer chain can result in a larger free volume of the bulk, which can effectively decrease the dielectric constant of the polymer. According to this design strategy, a novel rosin-based BCB monomer containing Si–O and characterized by a symmetrical molecular structure was successfully synthesized. Subsequently, an amorphous cross-linked network, with a dielectric constant of 2.44 and a dielectric loss of 2.02 × 10−3 at 1.0 MHz, was formed after the monomer was polymerized at an appropriate temperature. Additionally, the effects of the rosin skeleton on other properties of the modified BCB resin were studied. Compared with those of a BCB resin without a rosin skeleton, the dielectric properties, thermal stability, mechanical properties, and hydrophobicity of the rosin-modified BCB resin were significantly improved. The improvement of these properties is due to the presence of a hydrogenated phenanthrene ring in rosin, which is difficult to rotate and hinders the movement of the molecular chains in the modified BCB resin. Meanwhile, the rigidity and hydrophobicity of the hydrogenated phenanthrene ring can also improve the properties of the BCB resin. Thus, this study shows that the introduction of a rosin skeleton can significantly and comprehensively improve the properties of BCB materials.

The possibilities of regulation of the physicomechanical properties of construction materials based on diatomite by changing the recipe and technological parameters of their synthesis are studied. It is proposed to use a modifying additive, change conventional glass formers by an alkaline solution of rosin or foaming agents based on resinous plant raw materials, and simplify standard technologies of obtaining diatomite materials. The materials having a wide range of characteristics are obtained; namely, materials with density from 0.6 to 1.07 g/cm3 and strength from 2 to 18 MPa are obtained by semidry pressing, and materials with density from 0.32 to 0.63 g/cm3 and compressive strength from 0.6 to 4.5 MPa are obtained by the foaming method and the method of combustible additives.

With the development of rubber technology the requirements for rubber products are becoming more and more strict. Enhancing the interfacial bonding strength between vulcanized natural rubber (NR) a...

Disposal of fallen leaves in city area has become serious issue because of increasing amount of the fallen leaves and of decreasing handling amount of daily waste incinerating facility or landfill. In order to increase the usability of fallen leaves, the sheet-like composite was prepared through pretreatment processes and manufacturing processes of fallen leaves. The crushed fallen leaves were fractionated by using 10 mesh and 40 mesh screen, which could divided the stem and the lamina because the lamina of the fallen leaves was more breakable than the stem. The effects of fallen leaves particles size on the properties of the sheet-like composite were evaluated. The fraction between 10~40 mesh of the crushed fallen leaves resulted in the higher strength properties of the composite than that of the larger size particles or the smaller size particles. The bulkier structure of the composite made of 10 mesh fraction showed higher water resistance property and lower water holding capacity. The density and the strength property of the composite was controlled by addition of red clay as filler. The surface treatment with rosin resulted in the higher water resistance and the neutralization of alkali pH.

Polyol esters materials, which have been developed from ethylene glycol, glycerol, pentaerythritol and sorbitol with rosin, were investigated for their formed films and coating properties. Films were dried and characterized for chemical and mechanical resistances. Their films were highly resistant to water, solvents (acetone, toluene and methanol), and acids (10% hydrochloric acid and 20% sulfuric acid) and poorly resistant to alkali (10% sodium hydroxide) as well as adhesion, tensile strength, elongation test, modulus of elasticity, pinhole test and scratching and flexibility tests. Incorporation of ethylene glycol, glycerol, pentaerythritol and sorbitol with rosin was done to achieve good mechanical characteristics and high chemical resistance to these films. The prepared compounds were tested for antibacterial activity against Trametes versicolor and Gloeophyllum trabeum.

Wood polymer composites (WPCs) were prepared via compression molding technique using wood flour and methacrylic anhydride modified epoxidized soybean oil (MAESO) copolymerized with triallyl maleopimarate (TMPA). Various percentages of TMPA were incorporated into the composite system to compare the properties of the final WPCs. TMPA was synthesized from rosin acid and the chemical structure was characterized by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The interaction between wood flour, MAESO and TMPA were revealed by FTIR and scanning electron microscope (SEM) study. Results demonstrated that TMPA was effective in enhancing the mechanical and thermal properties of the composites. Flame retardancy, biodegradability, chemical resistance, and dimensional stability significantly improved after the incorporation of TMPA into the composites. Wood polymer composites loaded with 30 wt% of TMPA exhibited maximum improvement in properties compared to other systems.

In the current context, the development of bio-based and high-performance materials is one of the main research priorities. This study aims to combine the outstanding properties of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) or nanocrystals (CNCs) with those of bio-based poly(lactic acid) (PLA). Three-phase multilayered materials (TMLs) were built up by complexing a dry CNF- or CNC-based film with two PLA sheets, using a heat-pressing process. Before the preparation of the nanocellulosic films, CNFs and CNCs were modified by the adsorption of a rosin-based nanoemulsion. The rosin mixture as a natural compound is of interest because of its low cost, renewability, hydrophobicity, and its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. After demonstrating the efficiency of the complexing procedure, we investigated the barrier properties of the multilayered materials against both oxygen and water vapor, with highly encouraging results. In fact, the presence of nanocellulose as an inner layer between the two PLA films significantly enhanced the oxygen barrier, with a decrease in oxygen permeability comprised between 84 and 96% and between 44 and 50% for neat nanocelluloses and nanocelluloses with rosins as the inner layer, respectively. On the other hand, the antioxidant properties of the final multilayered materials including rosins were highlighted, with a highly encouraging radical scavenging activity close to 20%. Because of the simplicity and the efficiency of the proposed method, this study paves the way toward the development of hybrid multimaterials that could be highly attractive for food packaging applications.

UV absorption coating is an important function material, which can protect the substrates from photoaging. In this work, a class of sustainable UV-absorbent copolymers derived from ethyl cellulose (EC), fatty acid and rosin were prepared by a combination of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and click chemistry. To fulfill this strategy, the pendant azides were first attached onto the backbone of EC. Then, ATRP was applied to fabricate well-defined poly(lauryl methacrylate) (PLMA) bearing terminal alkynes. Finally, click chemistry between the pendant azides in EC and the alkynes in PLMA as well as in rosin esters (DAPE), was performed to achieve the cellulose-rosin graft copolymers (EC-(g-DAPE)-g-PLMA) with UV absorption property. The chemical structure of cellulose-rosin graft copolymers was confirmed by FTIR, 1H NMR and GPC. Thermodynamic performance analysis indicated that these EC-rosin graft copolymers showed better thermal stability than EC. Due to the synergistic hydrophobic interaction of rosin and the hydrophobic lauryl groups in PLMA, these graft copolymers showed excellent hydrophobic property, and the static contact angles were all above 90°. In addition, all the EC-rosin graft copolymers showed outstanding and stable UV absorption capability, and maintained excellent UV absorption capability after continuous UV-irradiation for 1 h or being heated to 100 °C for 0.5 h, which had potential application in UV absorption materials.

Abietic acid is one of the main compositions of rosin and tall oil, it has a tricyclic molecular structure, which could be further modified into a branched saturated bicyclic substance with the process of hydro-creaking treatment. Branched decalin and its derivatives are main creaking products from abietic acid, which are promising aviation fuel components since they owe high density, good thermal stability, and low freezing point. In this work, two routes for the target aviation fuel production with abietic acid as raw material were investigated, and their reaction conditions were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, target aviation fuel with a yield of 45.8% saturated bicyclic products was obtained through the route of hydrogenation-cracking process. Meanwhile, a yield of 42.2% was obtained with the route of cracking-hydrogenation process. The branched saturated bicyclic compounds obtained from both processes had excellent fuel properties. Especially, the pour point of the fuel was below −75 °C, which makes the product could be potentially used as bio-aviation fuel in special areas, or as additive to improve low temperature performance of conventional bio-jet fuels. The investigation of this paper provided an efficient and green way for the bio-refinery of rosin or tall oil.

In situ forming matrix (ISM) is an injectable drug delivery system containing a drug-loaded polymeric solution. It was applied for local drug administration such as into a periodontal pocket for periodontitis treatment with an antimicrobial agent. ISM can transform with phase inversion into the solid-like matrix after contact an aqueous environment by solvent exchange mechanism. This study aims to develop ISM which various concentrations of rosin (R) as matrix former dissolved in organic biocompatible and biodegradable solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide and 2-pyrrolidone. Physicochemical characterization and matrix formation behavior owing to phase inversion of R ISM were evaluated including pH, density, viscosity, contact angles, surface tension, expelling force through a syringe, matrix formation behavior and morphological change. The density of all R ISM exhibited in the range of 1.03-1.11 g/cm3 and contact angles (9.04-44.13°) indicated a good wetting property. Higher R concentration decreased pH of ISM owing to increased amount of abietic and pimaric acid from R while the viscosity, contact angles and force for expelling a syringe were increased. The viscosity of R ISM in dimethyl sulfoxide was less than that in 2-pyrrolidone; thus, ISM using dimethyl sulfoxide as a solvent exhibited good injectability. ISM comprising R concentration > 30%w/w promoted a faster matrix growth in which the amount of occurred R matrix was enhanced with time and the rate of matrix formation was lower with time. Doxycycline Hyclate (Dx)-loaded 40%w/w ISM in dimethyl sulfoxide (Dx-DR) had pH of 3.70, density of 1.1084 ± 0.0005 g/ml, viscosity of 35.72 ± 0.00 cPs, contact angles of 26.87 ± 2.40°, surface tension of 37.11 ± 0.11 mN/m and expelling force of 23.98 ± 0.18 N. It showed the sustainable Dx release in simulated crevicular fluid and the efficient antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Thus, this phase inversion induced R ISM using dimethyl sulfoxide as a solvent showed potential as an antimicrobial agent-loaded drug delivery system for periodontitis treatment.

High-intensity ultrasound (HIUS) energy performance was evaluated using different probe diameters (10 and 20 mm) and specific energies (0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 kJ/g) to recover rosavin and rosin from Rhodiola rosea roots. Also, intensified HIUS process conditions (5, 10, 15, and 20 kJ/g) assisted by a cold bath were studied. HIUS energy performance depended on probe diameter at the same nominal power. The larger diameter probe was more energy-efficient, however, the smaller diameter had more ultrasonic intensity (W/cm2). The diameters evaluated did not influence the extraction yields, however, the increase of the HIUS specific energy from 0.5 to 5.0 kJ/g increased phenolic compounds content, antioxidant activities, and rosavin and rosin yields. The HIUS process intensification confirmed that the main extraction mechanism was diffusion and the role of the ultrasound was to increase the diffusion coefficients by increasing the turbulence in the liquid medium due to acoustic cavitation.

To protect pore structures of metal foam in the machining process, a new milling method was proposed that different filling materials were used for solidification of pore structure. In this way, the milling process was performed using the copper foams with three different types of filling materials (paraffin, rosin, and mixture of hydrogenated rosin and sodium stearate with a mass ratio of 4:1). During milling process of copper foam, the cutting forces and cutting temperatures were measured and analyzed. The surface morphology of copper foam was observed according to the SEM results. Moreover, the conformal rate, which was considered an index to estimate the quality of milling process, was calculated using pore size statistics. Our results show that with the increased spindle speed and feed rate, the conformal rate of pore structure was firstly increased and then decreased. With the increase of feed rate, the cutting temperature was slightly decreased. When the spindle speed was increased, the cutting temperature was increased, while the highest cutting temperature was much lower than the melting temperature of the filling materials. Better conformal performance and high conformal rate were obtained with the hydrogenated rosin and sodium stearate at a ratio of 4:1, at a spindle speed of 300 r/min and a feed rate of 160 mm/min. When the optimized processing parameters were adapted to milling the copper foam with filling material, the conformal rate can reach 96.4%. Correspondingly, the highest cutting temperature and the maximum cutting force perpendicular to the feeding direction and along the feeding direction were 37.4 °C, 44.91 N, and 24.60 N, respectively.

Present work focused on synthesis of green hydrogel polymer of gum rosin alcohol/psyllium crosslinked poly (acrylic acid) [(GrA-Psy)-cl-PAA] under vacuum condition. Use of both psyllium and gum rosin alcohols as backbones could lessen the burden on the environment, as more natural aspect is drawn in the hydrogel polymer. The various reaction parameters for the synthesis of hydrogel polymer were systematically optimized as a function of percentage swelling. The optimized ecofriendly hydrogel polymer was characterized using XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM and TGA techniques, which supported the successful formation of crosslinked three-dimensional network structures. (GrA-Psy)-cl-PAA was further studied as an adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue dye from an aqueous solution. Adsorption parameters such as the amount of adsorbent and pH were optimized to obtain the maximum percentage of dye removal. Kinetics of the adsorption process was analyzed using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and Elovich kinetic models. Adsorption kinetics followed pseudo-second-order model (non-linear) for all the concentrations studied. Non-linear forms of Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Kaganer-Radushkevich isotherm models were studied for the adsorption process and it was observed that it goes well with both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Thermodynamic parameters were also evaluated which indicated that the adsorption process was exothermic and spontaneous. Furthermore, the candidate polymer retained a reusability tendency for two consecutive cycles of adsorption/desorption. Thus, the synthesized novel material was taken as a potential to act as green adsorbent in treatment of industrial wastewater.

Vacuum residue (VR) is potential to be used as a feedstock for mesophase pitch (MP) production because of its low cost and aromatic content. MP, which is a liquid-crystalline state of VR, may be used as precursor of activated carbon (AC). Gum rosin containing conjugated double bonds may be added to and can improve crystallinity and pore surface area in further processes of carbonisation and activation. In the present study, co-pyrolysis was carried out in a stirred tank reactor at 450°C with holding time for 120 minutes. The amount of gum rosin mixed with VR was varied 0, 5, 10 and 15% wt of VR. The precursor products had C/H mole ratio of about 2.43, 2.37, 2.28, and 2.01 by increasing gum rosin added. Subsequently, this precursor underwent carbonization at 700°C with holding time for 120 minutes under N2 flow and activation. KOH solution was used as activating agent to the precursor of activated carbon. Activated carbon gave higher surface area and lower C/H atom ratio with increasing gum rosin added during co-pyrolysis. With gum rosin addition, surface areas of ACs were 120.81, 194.56, 312.36, dan 462.19 m2/g, respectively, and crystallite sizes increased from 8 to 22 Å.

Rosin and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are easily extracted from agricultural pines/conifers and natural cellulose, and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) are extracted from agri...

As the important part of liquid packaging board, the middle layer is generally produced from a mixed pulp furnish by unbleached softwood kraft pulp and high-yield pulp (HYP). However, the addition of HYP would bring unsatisfactory properties (e.g. hydrophilicity) to liquid packaging board. Herein, in this study, the sizing performance of middle layer of liquid packaging board was evaluated by varying the kraft pulp to HYP ratios of middle layer, the dosage of sizing agent and cationic additives etc. It showed that the edge penetration value and Cobb value of middle layer illustrated a better liquid repellence with the addition of sizing agent. The improved sizing performance of the middle layer of liquid packaging board can be ascribed to the excellent performance of the added cationic additive (polyethyleneimine (PEI), alums) for trapping anionic trash via neutralization/flocculation effects. In addition, a binary cationic additive system (Al2(SO4)3-PEI) was proposed to study the improvement on the sizing performance. It was found that a desirable liquid repellence ability can be successfully achieved at a binary additive system containing 1.5% of Al2(SO4)3 and 0.2% of PEI, even when dosage of rosin sizing agent was reduced to 0.5%. The study put forwards a practical approach to improve the sizing performance, especially the liquid repellence ability of liquid packaging board when containing HYP.

The aim of this study is to estimate antifouling and anticorrosion potential of organic extracts from Pseudoalteromonas piscicida 2202. Field tests of rosin-based experimental paint indicate that butanol extract of P. piscicida 2202 effectively prevents biofouling for 3 months. A protective film forms at the metal/solution interface in the presence of butanol extract, which leads to a decrease in the mild steel corrosion rate. The EIS method has shown that the incorporation of butanol extract in rosin-based paints improves the barrier properties of the coating by reducing the water uptake.

Multifunctional bio-based epoxy resin (PEMPAE) was synthesized by reacting Diels-Alder adduct of gum rosin and maleic anhydride (MPA) with pentaerythritol to get the esterified product (PEMPA) which was further epoxidized using epichlorohydrin and potassium hydroxide. This paper includes the synthesis of bio-based imidoamine curing agent (IAEDK) by reacting diamino diphenyl ether (DDE) with dimaleopimaryl ketone (DMPK), a dehydrodecarboxylated derivative of MPA. The synthesized products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), proton and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR). Curing dynamics of rosin-based epoxy cured with rosinbased imidoamine crosslinker were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and were compared with resin cured with synthesized DMPK and commercial DDE curing agents. The mechanical properties and thermal stability of the cured epoxy samples were evaluated using a universal testing machine (UTM) and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), respectively. The chemical resistance of the samples was determined in terms of % weight loss when immersed in NaOH, HCl and NaCl solutions. The morphological changes were also evaluated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results revealed that rosin-based epoxy cured with imidoamine curing agent gave preeminent properties over the commercial one. The studies suggested that curing properties were greatly affected by the molecular topology and kind of curing agent used.

The aim of this work was to investigate a possibility of preparing composite zein/natural resin (shellac and rosin) nanoparticles by antisolvent co–precipitation from their aqueous ethanol solutions. Influence of zein/resin mass ratio (1/0, 0.8/0.2, 0.5/0.5, 0.4/0.6 and 0/1) and pH (2–12) on particle size, d, and zeta potential, , of the prepared particles was studied. The functional properties of zein/rosin composite nanoparticles were evaluated by studying carvacrol encapsulation. It was shown that the antisolvent precipitation can be successfully used to prepare the shellac and rosin nanoparticles, as well as the composite zein/shellac and the zein/rosin nanoparticles. Colloidal properties, d and , of the obtained nanoparticles are influenced by the zein/ /resin mass ratio and the pH of nanoparticles’ dispersions. The isoelectric point of composite nanoparticles can be modulated by varying the zein/resin mass ratio. It was found that the zein/rosin nanoparticles are suitable for carvacrol encapsulation, where carvacrol release is enhanced by increasing the rosin share in the composite zein/rosin nanoparticles. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. III 46010/3]

[EN] The present study aims to investigate the effects of gum rosin (GR) microspheres coating over the hydrophobicity of the outer layer of a polypropylene (PP) based surgical face mask. The gum rosin coating was deposited over the surface of the face mask outer layer by electrospraying technique. The deposition of GR microspheres was confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The thermal analysis determined a cooperative effect between the microspheres and the mask fibre to increase the maximum degradation rate temperature and the onset degradation temperature. To follow the effect of the GR microspheres coating over the hydrophobicity of the surgical face mask, FESEM and wettability analyses were conducted before and after 3, 6, and 9 h of wearing time. In the FESEM image, it was seen that the microsphere was homogeneously distributed over the nonwoven fibre and its presence increases the roughness of the fibres due to the bulge of microspheres. The wettability measurements suggest that the microspheres coating helps to keep the original hydrophobicity of the outer layer of the surgical face mask even after 6 h of wearing time. Indeed, after 9 h of wearing time, the water contact angle (WCA) of the GR coated face mask is higher than the WCA of the surgical face mask without the coating at 3 h of wearing time. Therefore, the gun rosin microspheres coating improved the hydrophobicity of the surgical face mask which may allow improved protection and/or extended lifetime of use., This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO), project: PROMADEPCOL (MAT2017-84909-C2-2-R). Cristina Pavon thanks Santiago Grisolía fellowship (GRISOLIAP/2019/113) from Generalitat Valenciana. Miguel Aldas thanks Secretaria de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENESCYT, Ecuador) and Escuela Politécnica Nacional.

The morphology and physicochemical properties of ordered molecular aggregates are closely related to surfactant molecules. Herein, a rosin-based amine oxide surfactant containing a large hydrophobic group (abbreviated R-10-AO) was synthesized from dehydroabietic acid, which is an important derivative of rosin. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) images and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) showed that at a concentration of ∼5 mM, R-10-AO molecules formed flexible nanobelts with a thickness of only 2–3 nm. The width of these nanobelts was 50–150 nm and the length was more than 1 μm. The formation of the stable nanobelts arose from the strong van der Waals forces of the bulky hydrophobic portions of R-10-AO in solution, facilitating the stability of the asymmetrical aggregates. Rheological tests showed that the formed nanobelts were thermodynamically stable. The entanglement of these nanobelts led to significant viscoelasticity of the solutions. The zero-shear viscosity (η0) of the R-10-AO solution reached 10 Pa s at a concentration of 5 mM, which is much greater than that of most wormlike micellar solutions. This work provides the inspirations of preparing aggregates with novel properties using natural products.

International audience; Wet collections sealants are historical materials that are essential for a sustainable preservation of specimens in fluid. Yet little is known about their composition, apart what can be found in technical records. Few scientific studies are dedicated to the identification of these materials that often correspond to complex mixtures. This work aims at facilitating the characterization of beeswax-rosin mixtures used for sealing wet collections. It explores the possibilities to quantify the proportions of beeswax-rosin mixtures by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transformed mid-Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), two easy-to-run methodologies that require small samples. First these techniques were tested on model beeswaxrosin mixtures and appeared complementary. Then they were implemented on historical sealants and crosschecked with Pyrolysis Gaz Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (Py-GC/MS) measurements, giving promising results. The impact, on the results, of ageing or of possible addition of third-party fatty materials such as animal fat or vegetal oil is also discussed.

Rosin is an abundantly available natural product. In this paper, for the first time, a rosin derivative is employed as the main monomer for preparation of epoxy vitrimers to improve the mechanical properties of vitrimers. Novel epoxy vitrimer networks with dynamic reversible covalent boronic ester bonds are constructed by a reaction between thiols in 2,2′–(1,4–phenylene)–bis (4–mercaptan–1,3,2–dioxaborolane) (BDB) as a curing agent and epoxy groups in the rosin derivative. The rosin-based epoxy vitrimer networks are fully characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), an equilibrium swelling experiment, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The obtained rosin-based epoxy vitrimers possess superior thermostability and good mechanical properties. Due to transesterification of boronic ester bonds, rosin epoxy vitrimer network topologies can be altered, giving welding, recycle, self-healing, and shape memory abilities to the fabricated polymer. Besides, the effects of treating time and temperature on welding capability is investigated, and it is found that the welding efficiency of the 20% C-FPAE sample is &gt, 93% after treatment for 12 h at 160 °C. Moreover, through a hot press, the pulverized samples of 20% C-FPAE can be reshaped several times and most mechanical properties are restored after reprocessing at 200 °C for 60 min. Finally, chemical degradation is researched for the rosin-based epoxy vitrimers.

Rosin was used to treat round bamboo culm using the impregnation method. The quantitative color and gloss measurements combined with a qualitative eye tracking experiment were used to evaluate the effect of rosin treatment under different temperatures on the visual characteristics of the bamboo surface. Surface morphology analysis was also used to explore the mechanism of modification. The results showed that proper heating of the modified system was conducive to the formation of a continuous rosin film, which increased the gloss value. The maximum gloss value of 19.6 achieved at 50 °C was 122.7% higher than the gloss value of the control group. Heating decreased the brightness of the bamboo culm and changed the color from the green and yellow tones to red and blue. Additionally, at temperatures higher than 60 °C, the bamboo epidermal layer was damaged or shed, and stripes formed on the culm surface. The density of these stripes increased with an increase in treatment temperature. Eye movement experiment and subjective evaluation showed that high gloss would produce dazzling feeling, such as at 50 °C, while low gloss will appear dim, such as at 80 °C, while the gloss at 40 °C and 60 °C were appropriate. Additionally, the solid color surface below 60 °C had a large audience of about 73%, and the striped surface above 60 °C was preferred by 27% of the subjects.

Rosin is an abundant natural product. In this paper, for the first time, a rosin derivative is employed as a monomer for the preparation of polyurethane vitrimers with improved properties. A novel rosin-based polyurethane vitrimers network was constructed by the reaction between isocyanates (HDI) as curing agent and monomers with alcohol groups modified from rosin. The dynamic rosin-based polyurethane vitrimers were characterized by FTIR and dynamic mechanical analysis. The obtained rosin-based polyurethane vitrimers possessed superior mechanical properties. Due to the dynamic urethane linkages, the network topologies of rosin-based polyurethane vitrimers could be altered, contributing self-healing and reprocessing abilities. Besides, we investigated the effects of healing time and temperature on the self-healing performance. Moreover, through a hot press, pulverized samples of 70%VPUOH could be reshaped several times, and the mechanical properties of the recycled samples were restored, with tensile strength being even higher than the of that of the original samples.

The rosin flux is commonly used in the welding process of the thick-film components for DC/DC power supply circuits. Under certain conditions, the organic acids in the flux react with Si-Al wire and hence diminish the wire bonding strength. Based on the reaction mechanism between Si-Al wire and flux, this paper investigates the impact of rosin flux on the bonding strength of Si-Al wire at the interface of Au. In particular, the micro-structure change of the bonding interface versus standing time of flux is researched with microscopic methods. The experimental results show that the rosin flux has a great influence on the bonding strength of the thick-film gold interface when the standing time is more than 6 hours. The wire bonding strength declines due to the dendritic structure formed in Si-Al wire. It is found that, by accurately controlling standing time of the flux, the reliability of wire bonding strength is significantly improved.

Soldering is applied to the electronic packaging industry. During soldering, flux is the chemical cleaning agent frequently to remove the oxide layers at the surfaces of the solder and the soldered metallic pad for their sufficient interfacial reactions. However, flux residue is a corrosive issue lowing the reliability of solder joint. Additionally, the flux residue is hardly removed in the micro-bump of three-dimensional integrated circuit packaging. Although some studies have demonstrated the fluxless soldering technique with formic acid (FA) atmosphere, in-situ observation on chemical reduction during the soldering has not been studied well, especially for various metals of the soldered pad. In this study, an Sn-Ag-Cu solder was soldered on various substrates under FA atmosphere. Their wettability of Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) solder was estimated by the measurements of their contact angle and spreading area. The substrates are Cu, Ni, and electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG), which was frequently used for electronic packaging. Additionally, a soldering process with commercial rosin mildly activated (RMA) flux with Cu substrate was set as the reference. From the results, it demonstrate that the contact angle of solder on Cu substrate under FA atmosphere was no substantial difference to that of solder using RMA flux. The Pre-heat time affects the wettability, but not obvious, and the wettability was increased with increasing the peak temperature. The effect of the FA atmosphere on the wettability of ENIG was much more significant than those of Cu and Ni because the soldering spreading area of ENIG was ten times larger than those of Cu and Ni. Additionally, the pressure of the FA atmosphere was considered as the effect on the soldering wettabilities. Thus, the soldering was tested at different atmospheric pressures of the FA (1kPa, 10kPa, 80kPa). The findings show the contact angle of each soldering system was slightly affected by the FA pressures.

Several well-preserved polychrome lacquered coffins were found in Zhang Dong family’s tombs in Shaanxi, China, rare in the history of archaeological excavation. In the lacquered coffins, a large amount of dark solid of suspected natural resin was unearthed with mysterious compositions and uses, exerting a tremendous fascination on archaeologists. In this work, a new method was explored for the identification of the suspected natural resin, mainly based on thermogravimetry (TG), elemental analysis (EA), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR). The results suggested that the sample was mainly composed of organics with a content of 81.66% and little inorganics with a content of 2.21% by water excluded. Rosin with the main component of abietic acid (molecular formula C20H30O2) was identified as the principal component of the sample. Dehydrogenated abietic acid (DHA) and other oxides were also tested out. FT-IR confirmed the identification results. SEM revealed the rough surfaces evenly covered with holes of similar sizes. The use of this method directly obtained integral quasi-molecular ion fragments and molecular components of the sample. As a result, intricate multi-stage mass spectrometry is avoidable, which dramatically simplifies the analysis procedure. This approach is simple and effective for the identification of precious relic samples, requires no references, and has potential for the analysis of these kinds of unknown samples. Especially, for the first time, EA is used to identify natural resins from archaeological sites.

Climate changes and increasing cost of non-renewable resources cause the growing interest in technical materials prepared from natural resources. To meet this interest, prototype paints from rosin and bio-diols derivatives, and also halloysite, were formulated to check their thermal, mechanical, visual and functional properties, as protective coatings of steel. Prepared materials contained ca. 75 wt.% of natural resources and exhibited considerably better corrosion protection, thermal stability, and also higher glass transition temperatures and hardness, than a commercial petroleum-based reference sample. The other parameters: cross-linking behavior, color, gloss, cupping resistance, adhesion and chemical resistance were within the range that is acceptable for potential users.

The poor mechanical properties and disadvantages of catalysts limit the application of self-healing materials. To address these issues, catalyst-free self-healing bio-based polymers (AESO-EMPA polymers) with robust mechanical properties were prepared using epoxidized maleopimaric anhydride (EMPA) and aminated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO). The AESO-EMPA polymers are recyclable and exhibit self-healing and shape memory because of the dual-dynamic network of multiple H-bonds and dynamic ester bonds in the structure. Under the synergistic catalysis of the tertiary amines and hydroxyl groups originated from the polymers, the polymers in this study achieve network rearrangement without the need for additional catalysts. The polymers also exhibit excellent mechanical properties with a tensile strength of 29.1 ± 0.25 MPa and a Tg of 80.2 °C owing to the unique rigid backbone of rosin and the dual-dynamic network. The AESO-EMPA polymers can be used as reusable adhesives and exhibit excellent shear strength and repair rates.

The current investigation presents a green mechanochemical procedure for the synthesis of a special kind of rubber-compatible organo-montmorillonite (OMMT) for use in the inner liner compound of tires. The compatibility character of the OMMT arises from the mechanochemical reaction of the raw bentonite mineral and gum rosin as some of the organic constituents of the inner liner composition. The monitoring of OMMT synthesis by various characterization techniques reveals that gum rosin gradually intercalates into the montmorillonite (MMT) galleries during milling and increases the interlayer spacing to 41.1 ± 0.5 Å. The findings confirm the simultaneous formation of single- or few-layered OMMT platelets with average sizes from the sub-micron range up to several micrometers during the milling process. The mechanical properties of the OMMT/rubber nanocomposite, such as tensile strength, tear resistance and elongation, present a good enhancement in comparison to the un-modified material. Moreover, the organo-modification of the inner liner composition also leads to a property improvement of about 50%.