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The goal of the present research is to introduce the Tungsten (W) nanoparticles as reinforcement into Al 6063 alloy to produce Al–W nanocomposites by the FSP technique. The vol% of the reinforcement was varied from 3 to 12 with a step of 3, besides the unreinforced Al matrix was considered as 0 vol% for comparison. The role of W nanoparticles in the Al 6063 matrix has been exhaustively investigated using advanced characterization techniques such as XRD analysis to observe the phases, FESEM to detect the distribution of reinforcements with their interparticle spacing and the average grain sizes, TEM analysis to study the strengthening factors, new phase formation at the interface between AA 6063 matrix and W particles, the morphology of the W nanoparticles. The achieved average matrix grains size was 42, 2, and 0.9 μm for 0, 6, and 12 vol% W nanocomposites, respectively. The obtained results disclosed the uniform dispersion of W nanoparticles, without any agglomeration, and with the absence of intermetallic compounds. The hardness and wear resistance of the fabricated nanocomposites were increased incommensurate with the incorporation of heavy metallic W element as reinforcement particle; which was due to the proper dispersion of W nanoparticles, refinement of matrix grains to ultrafine level, generation of dislocations, and clear interface between Al 6063 matrix and W nanoparticles. In a nutshell, AA 6063–12 vol% W nanocomposite has achieved the higher hardness (120 HV), lower wear rate (0.13 mm3/m), and friction coefficient (0.33) than other nanocomposites The goal of the present research is to introduce the Tungsten (W) nanoparticles as reinforcement into Al 6063 alloy to produce Al–W nanocomposites by the FSP technique. The vol% of the reinforcement was varied from 3 to 12 with a step of 3, besides the unreinforced Al matrix was considered as 0 vol% for comparison. The role of W nanoparticles in the Al 6063 matrix has been exhaustively investigated using advanced characterization techniques such as XRD analysis to observe the phases, FESEM to detect the distribution of reinforcements with their interparticle spacing and the average grain sizes, TEM analysis to study the strengthening factors, new phase formation at the interface between AA 6063 matrix and W particles, the morphology of the W nanoparticles. The achieved average matrix grains size was 42, 2, and 0.9 μm for 0, 6, and 12 vol% W nanocomposites, respectively. The obtained results disclosed the uniform dispersion of W nanoparticles, without any agglomeration, and with the absence of intermetallic compounds. The hardness and wear resistance of the fabricated nanocomposites were increased incommensurate with the incorporation of heavy metallic W element as reinforcement particle; which was due to the proper dispersion of W nanoparticles, refinement of matrix grains to ultrafine level, generation of dislocations, and clear interface between Al 6063 matrix and W nanoparticles. In a nutshell, AA 6063–12 vol% W nanocomposite has achieved the higher hardness (120 HV), lower wear rate (0.13 mm3/m), and friction coefficient (0.33) than other nanocomposites.The goal of the present research is to introduce the Tungsten (W) nanoparticles as reinforcement into Al 6063 alloy to produce Al–W nanocomposites by the FSP technique. The vol% of the reinforcement was varied from 3 to 12 with a step of 3, besides the unreinforced Al matrix was considered as 0 vol% for comparison. The role of W nanoparticles in the Al 6063 matrix has been exhaustively investigated using advanced characterization techniques such as XRD analysis to observe the phases, FESEM to detect the distribution of reinforcements with their interparticle spacing and the average grain sizes, TEM analysis to study the strengthening factors, new phase formation at the interface between AA 6063 matrix and W particles, the morphology of the W nanoparticles. The achieved average matrix grains size was 42, 2, and 0.9 μm for 0, 6, and 12 vol% W nanocomposites, respectively. The obtained results disclosed the uniform dispersion of W nanoparticles, without any agglomeration, and with the absence of intermetallic compounds. The hardness and wear resistance of the fabricated nanocomposites were increased incommensurate with the incorporation of heavy metallic W element as reinforcement particle; which was due to the proper dispersion of W nanoparticles, refinement of matrix grains to ultrafine level, generation of dislocations, and clear interface between Al 6063 matrix and W nanoparticles. In a nutshell, AA 6063–12 vol% W nanocomposite has achieved the higher hardness (120 HV), lower wear rate (0.13 mm3/m), and friction coefficient (0.33) than other nanocomposites.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a type of materials that, because of their high contact area, controllable structures, and porous tone dimensions, have been attracted enormous attention over the past two decades. MOFs range from conventional gas separation and storage, drug distribution, sensors, and catalysis to modern technologies for energy storage, such as high-energy rechargeable battery power, and supercapacitors. High-energy batteries and high-power supercapacitors are critical for potential mobile devices, electric vehicles, unmanned aircraft, and so on. However, in particular, in electric fields, the insulating aspect of MOFs is often recognized as a limiting factor in the expansion of their applications. Specific functional or conducting materials were intercalated with MOFs because of these limitations, in order to improve their ability for such applications. In this context the uses of MOF-based materials for batteries and supercapacitors are discussed in this chapter.

An increase in tensile strength without compromising the ductility is an uphill task in the fabrication of MMCs. This issue can be overwhelmed by the addition of high temperature withstanding metallic nano-particles limiting solubility at elevated temperatures. The present research work concentrates on (a) the development of AA 6063 alloy reinforced with Tungsten nanoparticles (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 vol%) via FSP, (b) examining the phase analysis using XRD technique, and microstructural evolutions through TEM and EBSD, (c) the improvement in mechanical properties (hardness and tensile strength) and investigate the contribution of strengthening mechanisms, and (d) the work hardening rate, intercept (k) and strain hardening exponents (n) through True stress-strain curves. The results revealed that the uniform dispersion of W nanoparticles is consistent across the stir zone (SZ) of the AA 6063 matrix. Tensile results were witnessed as improvement in UTS with the function of W nanoparticles addition and by elucidating the major loss in ductility. The dispersion strengthening has influenced more to the total strength of the fabricated MMCs due to the pinning effect produced by nano W particles. AA 6063 alloy reinforced with 12 vol% nano W particle specimen has produced superior mechanical properties (Vickers hardness strength of 1.23 GPa, UTS of 432.58 MPa and, elongation of 18.5%.

The increasing demand for nanopowders (particles size