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The ferrielectric properties of a ferrielectric of core–shell are studied using the Blume–Capel Ising (BCI) model with mixed spins Sa=5/2, Sb=1, and Sc=3/2 via Monte Carlo method. The effects of ex...

The aim of this paper is to investigate the magnetic properties of phosphorene-like nano-structure applying the Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations. Based on the spin mixed system σ = 7/2 and S = 2,...

NaBH4 does not absorb NH3 below 100 kPa but transforms into a liquid state after NH3 absorption. On the other hand, LiBH4 absorbs NH3 at pressures lower than 100 kPa. Interestingly, mixed borohydrides absorbed NH3 at low pressures and were liquefied above 100 kPa due to a synergetic phenomenon. The kinematic viscosity of the liquefied state was in situ analyzed during NH3 absorption.

Aiming to diversify photocatalytic systems for CO2 reduction using metal complexes, this study investigated the use of various ionic liquids as reaction solvents. The photophysical properties of an Ir(III) complex, functioning as a photosensitiser, and the photocatalytic ability of mixed systems consisting of the Ir(III) photosensitiser and a Re(I) catalyst in twelve kinds of ionic liquids were systematically investigated by comparison with those in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), which is a standard solvent for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Even though the photophysical properties of the Ir(III) complex in ionic-liquid solutions were quite similar to those in DMA, both the photosensitising ability of the Ir complex and the photocatalytic abilities of the systems strongly depended on the structures of the ionic liquids. Several ionic liquids were successfully used as new solvents for the photocatalytic systems showing durability similar to or higher than DMA solutions. The results demonstrated that even a small modification of the molecular structures of ionic liquids can control the efficiencies of both the photosensitising cycles and the catalytic cycles for CO2 reduction.

We investigated switching behavior in PVA based NaNO2-CsNO3 mixed system composite films fabricated at moderate elevated temperature. The switching transients in ‘ceramic-polymer mixed syst...

Differences of thermal decomposition characteristics and combustion properties between CL-20-based propellants and HMX-based propellants were researched by combination of theory and practice. Burning rates and burning rate pressure exponents of CL-20-based propellants were much higher than those of HMX-based propellants, when contents and particle sizes of CL-20 and HMX were identical. The thermal decomposition of CL-20 and CL-20-based propellants was systematically studied by comparison of HMX and HMX-based propellants. HMX melted firstly at 198.53 °C and then decomposed violently at 284.3 °C, while CL-20 only decomposed violently at 246.9 °C without any melting peak, and the heat released from decomposition of CL-20 was much higher than that of HMX. Thermal decomposition of CL-20 or HMX could be greatly enhanced by GAP. CL-20 could accelerate the high-temperature decomposition of AP, whereas the decomposition of HMX was greatly enhanced by AP. Mole ratio of [NO2]/[N2O] in decomposition gas products of CL-20 was 3.07, whereas the result for HMX was 0.43. More oxidative gases were generated for CL-20 or CL-20-based propellants. Molar reaction heat in luminescent flame zone and dark zone for CL-20-based propellants was much higher than that for HMX-based propellants, resulting in a higher burning rate for CL-20-based propellants. Value of [NO2]/[N2O] for gas-phase products of thermal decomposition of CL-20/ammonium perchlorate (AP) mixed system was also much higher than of HMX/AP mixed system, resulting in more oxidative gases, such as NO2, involved in the thermal decomposition and combustion of CL-20-based propellants with ammonium perchlorate, further leading to higher burning rates of CL-20-based propellants.

Realisation of the tetragonal phase of $Cs_2CuCl_4$ is possible using specific crystal growth conditions at a temperature below $281K$. This work deals with the comparison of the magnetic susceptibility and the magnetization of this new tetragonal compound with the magnetic behaviour of tetragonal $Cs_2CuCl_{2.9}Br_{1.1}$, $Cs_2CuCl_{2.5}Br_{1.5}$, $Cs_2CuCl_{2.2}Br_{1.8}$ and presents consistent results for such quasi $2-D$ antiferromagnets. Structural investigation at low temperature for $Cs_2CuCl_{2.2}Br_{1.8}$ shows no phase transition. The structure remains in the tetragonal symmetry $I4/mmm$. Furthermore, several magnetic reflections corresponding to the propagation vector $k = (0, 0, 0)$ are observed for this tetragonal compound through neutron diffraction experiments below the magnetic phase transition at $T_N = 11.3K$ confirming its antiferromagnetic nature., Comment: Preprint

Understanding the mechanisms underlying the spontaneous formation of Liesegang patterns based on the prenucleation and postnucleation models is of critical importance for understanding pattern formation in nature. In contrast to the rapid experimental and theoretical advances in understanding within the framework of the prenucleation model, discussion of the postnucleation model is mostly limited to numerical analysis. To construct a standard model for a chemical experiment discussed in terms of the postnucleation model, we have investigated the pattern formation mechanism in a mixed system containing gelatin, starch, and sugar. Fluorescence and differential interference contrast microscopy revealed a process of two-dimensional spinodal decomposition into gelatin-rich and gelatin-poor phases. Since the gelation temperature of the gelatin-rich phase was higher, spatially periodic gelation proceeded selectively in the gelatin-rich phase. As both two-dimensional spinodal decomposition and three-dimensional g...

Unlike potassium trichlorocuprate ${\mathrm{KCuCl}}_{3}$, the isostructural ammonium trichlorocuprate ${\mathrm{NH}}_{4}{\mathrm{CuCl}}_{3}$ exhibits the rather unusual effect of orientation-independent steps in the magnetization $(M)$ as a function of the applied magnetic field $(H)$. However, replacement of ${\mathrm{NH}}_{4}^{+}$ by the isomeric ${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$ ion results in a smearing of these steps. With the view of probing this change, we carried out on the mixed system ${({\mathrm{NH}}_{4})}_{x}{\mathrm{K}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{CuCl}}_{3}$, with $x=0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, \mathrm{and} 1.0:$ (1) High-field pulsed measurements of $M$ versus $H$ at 1.5 K, (2) susceptibility measurements from 1.8 to 295 K and (3) zero-field specific heat measurements from 1.8 to 295 K. The magnetization steps were found to be highly sensitive to the ${\mathrm{NH}}_{4}^{+}$ ion concentration, with the spin gap $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}$ generally decreasing with increasing $x$. Analysis of the susceptibility and specific heat data with several theoretical schemes also supports this general trend. This includes data analysis using the Bleaney-Bowers, Ising chain, and the mean-field model. These results yielded intradimer spin-exchange constants of the order of 20--40 K, somewhat smaller than expected for ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$. This, in addition to the variation of $x$ with $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}$, points to the need for additional theoretical modeling.

Heterogeneous systems of active matter exhibit a range of complex emergent dynamical patterns. In particular, it is difficult to predict the properties of the mixed system based on its constituents. These considerations are particularly significant for understanding realistic bacterial swarms, which typically develop heterogeneities even when grown from a single cell. Here, mixed swarms of cells with different aspect ratios are studied both experimentally and in simulations. In contrast with previous theory, there is no macroscopic phase segregation. However, locally, long cells act as nucleation cites, around which ordered clusters of short, rapidly moving cells can form, resulting in enhanced swarming speeds. On the other hand, high fractions of long cells form a bottle-neck for efficient swarming. Our results suggest a new physical advantage for the spontaneous heterogeneity of bacterial swarm populations.

A method is presented adopting the phase coexistence technique within molecular dynamics simulations to identify the liquidus and solidus of binary systems. The Compositional Moving Interface method is applied to the case study of the Cu–Ni system and compared against a thermodynamic end-point model where the input parameters are determined using the same MD potential. This is a simple and powerful method to predict the solidus and liquidus boundary of a binary phase diagram for mixed systems calculated from the dynamics of a simulation.

Natural Cordyceps usually has rarity and upstanding curative effects on the disease, but some substitutes also have been used and adulterants confused the market. Therefore, controlling the quality of Cordyceps sinensis and its products is very critical to ensure their safety and efficacy. Terahertz spectroscopy can be used to qualitatively analyze complex mixed systems, examine all components of medicinal herbs, and reflect the overall information of samples. We report experimental measurement of Hirsutella sinensis, one of the Cordyceps sinensis myceliums in the spectral range of 0.2- 2.5 THz using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). Additionally, we demonstrate that THz-TDS combining with principal component analysis (PCA) methods was proposed for the identification of Cordyceps sinensis mycelium. The results of chemometric analysis show that the method can better detect the stability of traditional Chinese medicine.

The micellization process of the aqueous mixed system triton X-100 (TX100) – dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) has been studied with a battery of techniques: surface tension, static and dynamic light scattering and ion-selective electrodes. Results have been also analysed with two thermodynamic procedures: the Regular Solution Theory or Rubingh's model and the recently developed Equation Oriented Mixed Micellization Model (EOMMM). For α DTAB ≤ 0.40 (α DTAB : total molar fraction of the system without considering the water), the micelles are predominantly TX100 with scarce solubilized DTA + ions, with TX100 acting as a nearly ideal solvent. In the range 0.50 ≤ α DTAB ≤ 0.75, it seems that none of the components acts as a solvent. Above α DTAB ≈ 0.75 there are noticeable changes in the size and electrophoretic mobility of the micelles. These phenomena have been interpreted in the light of the thermodynamic results and literature on some TX100-ionic surfactant mixtures. The case under study is an almost ideal but very asymmetric mixed surfactants system, what is very interesting in view of the very different nature and structures of the components. Fil: Serafini, Patricio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Física del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Física del Sur; Argentina Fil: Fernández Leyes, Marcos Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Física del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Física del Sur; Argentina Fil: Sánchez Morales, Jhon Freddy. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Física del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Física del Sur; Argentina Fil: Pereyra, Romina Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Química del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Química. Instituto de Química del Sur; Argentina Fil: Schulz, Erica Patricia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Química del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Química. Instituto de Química del Sur; Argentina Fil: Durand, Guillermo Andrés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química; Argentina Fil: Schulz, Pablo Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Química del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Química. Instituto de Química del Sur; Argentina Fil: Ritacco, Hernán Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Física del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Física del Sur; Argentina

The Raman characterization of catalysts (as for any material) is generally a difficult task, since the numerous drawbacks affecting this technique, e.g. overlapping with photoemission phenomena and excitation induced sample damaging. These side effects are detrimental toward advanced applications of Raman spectroscopy, as in situ and/or operando ones. If photoemission can be often avoided by changing the excitation wavelength, the sample damaging requires to take advantage of specific tools, developed ad hoc. The aim of this work is to show the potentialities of a novel Raman setup, specifically designed for the in situ study of catalytic materials, where the sample is moved by means of a magnetic-driven sample-holder, reducing the excitation induced damaging to a negligible extent. Various examples related to catalysis field (involving inorganic, organic and mixed systems) are reported to support this statement.

In this paper, we report a green and controllable synthetic method of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by directly β-CD reduction under mild conditions. Analysis of UV-vis spectra, along with TEM was applied to study the effects of experimental parameters on morphologies of the gold nanoparticles. The corresponding formation mechanism of the nanoparticles was evaluated by redox potential. In particular, compared with the traditional method of sodium citrate or ascorbic reduction, this method can facilely realize multi-dimensional regulation. On this basis, we further studied the dispersion behavior of the as-prepared gold nanoparticles in oil/water mixed system that would provide a possible strategy for optical sensor.

The mechanism of adsorbing particles in creating super stable bubbles has been underlined and described but designing particles with these characteristics based of food grade materials is still a challenge. Moreover, food systems are rarely “pure” and the presence of more than one functional ingredients at a given formulation is usually the norm. This highlights the importance of mixed systems where particles and surface active ingredients are present. It has been demonstrated that particles made from food based materials although often not able to stabilised foams on their own, mostly due to limitations in size and hydrophobicity, they can aid significantly in the stability of foams without their ability to adsorb on the interface being a limiting factor. Evidence is presented where particles made from protein (whey) and hydrocolloid (κ-carageenan) sources can significantly extend the life of foams by affecting the rheological properties of these systems in both a macro and micro level. The technology of creating fluid gels poses an advantage in the production of these particles in a scalable manner that can provide solutions for industrial applications that demand liquid and powder formulations. The importance of surfactants (high or low molecular weight) that are either intrinsically present or added in the systems is also being underlined. Finally, a universal mechanism is proposed which allows the design of particulate systems from soft-solid materials that can produce edible liquid foams with enhanced stability.

We investigate the electrorheological (ER) properties of clay (montmorillonite, sepiolite, and laponite®). The selected clays allow to distinguish between planar particles of different sizes (montmorillonite and laponite®), and elongated ones (sepiolite). The effect of coating them with the surfactant CTAB improves dispersibility in the oil medium and favors the ER response, prticularly in the case of laponite®, whereas in the case of montmorillonite, microscopic observations show that the columnar structures are broken in places leading to a reduced yield stress. Both the static yield stress and the storage modulus grow faster with the field in sepiolite suspensions as compared to laponite®. When dealing with mixed systems, it is found that the field-induced montmorillonite structures are reinforced by the addition of either laponite® or sepiolite, whereas when the latter two are combined, it is laponite® that dominates the ER response.

A search of the chemical and engineering literature revealed that the excess molar volumes given in the published paper by Alam and coworkers for both binary water + N,N-dimethylformamide mixtures and binary water + dimethyl sulfoxide mixtures differ significantly from values determined by several independent research groups.

This paper investigated the evaporation processes of CO2, CF4, and CO2/CF4 on ZnO ( 10 1 ¯ 0 ) , ZnO ( 0001 ) and ZnO ( 11 2 ¯ 1 ) surfaces and the heat transfer characteristics during the evaporation. The molecular dynamics simulations are conducted under atmospheric conditions with 145 K, 195 K and 260 K. The results showed that the evaporation of the three kinds of liquids are the highest on ZnO ( 11 2 ¯ 1 ) substrate but the lowest on ZnO ( 0001 ) substrate. The evaporation response of CO2 to the temperature has a delay effect compared with that of CF4 and CO2/CF4 mixture. Furthermore, the heat flux fluctuates during the initial evaporation stage, and the temperature increase is more obvious to accelerate the heat transfer balance of CF4/ZnO and mixture/ZnO systems. The number of evaporated CF4 particles in the CO2/CF4 mixed system is higher than that in the pure system, indicating that the presence of CO2 will promote the evaporation of CF4. The boiling phenomenon was found for the systems containing CF4 molecules when the temperature is higher than the phase transition temperature, and the bubbles appeared earliest when ZnO ( 10 1 ¯ 0 ) was used as the substrate which makes the heat flux jump obviously in the initial evaporation stage. This study provides insight into the evaporation and heat transfer properties of liquid/solid system with ZnO as the substrate.

The thermal stability of the κ-carrageenan/konjac gum (KC/KGM) mixed gel during heating treatment (at 85 °C for 30 min) does not satisfy the demand of the practical application. To solve this problem, gellan gum (GG) or/and Ca2+ were introduced in the κ-carrageenan/konjac gum (KC/KGM) mixed system to enhance mechanical and thermal properties. The effect of GG and Ca2+ on the gel matrix properties was studied by two deformation test (TDT), rheological measurement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), combined with visual observation. The results showed that neither GG nor Ca2+ alone could reduce the deterioration of the mechanical properties of the KC/KGM gel after heat treatment (at 85 °C for 30 min). Only the participation of GG and Ca2+ could ensure the consistent mechanical properties of the mixed gel before and after heating. The rheological and micro-rheological analysis confirmed that the KC/KGM gel with GG and Ca2+ could always remain solid-state without gel-sol transition under heat treatment. In addition, the thermo-irreversible gels with different texture properties were prepared by adjusting the mass ratio of KC and KGM. Hence, this study may enrich the design of novel gel-based food ingredients.

Corrosion is the degradation of a metal due to its reaction with the environment. One of the most efficient ways of securing metal surfaces from corrosion is the use of corrosion inhibitors. Their efficacy is connected to their chemical composition, their molecular structures, and their adsorption affinities on the metal surface. This review article focuses on the prospects of different types of monomeric and gemini surfactants, mixed surfactants systems, surfactants- additives mixed systems, inhibitors-surfactants (as additives) mixed systems, and ionic liquid based surfactants as promising corrosion-inhibiting formulations in the aqueous phase and the role of surfactants in developing protective coatings. The analysis starts with an accurate overview of the characteristics, types, and structure-property-performance relationship of anti-corrosion formulations of such inhibitors.

The thermally induced phase separation behavior of poly(ethersulfone) (PES) in organic solvents is applied in sensing the hydrogenation state of benzene. A non-solvent of PES, benzene and its reduction products lower the clouding point temperature (Tcp) of a polymer solution. The Tcp decreases as the number of π electrons decreases, and a linear correlation between the temperature and concentration is obtained. In addition, the Tcp of the mixed system can be predicted according to the proportion of components, and the calculated results are found to be in good agreement with the experimental results.

The Ca 9 Y(VO 4 ) 7-x (PO 4 ) x (x = 0, 1, 3, 4) solid solution whitlockite-like single crystals have been grown by the Czochralski method from mixtures of single phase Ca 9 Y(VO 4 ) 7 and Ca 9 Y(PO 4 ) 7 starting materials produced by solid-state synthesis. Real compositions of solid solution crystals has been determined and analyzed. It is found that crystals with x = 0, 1, 4 exist with polar structure at room temperature, space group R 3 c . At least one of them, Ca 9 Y(VO 4 ) 7 , demonstrates ferroelectric behaviour with phase transition at 942 °C. Unlike the others, Ca 9 Y(VO 4 ) 3 (PO 4 ) 4 crystallizes in centrosymmetric whitlockite-like structure with space group R 3 ¯ c confirmed by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis. Similar to other whitlockite-family phosphates and vanadates, its crystal structure is described as a disordered structural version of usual whitlockites, corresponding to their high-temperature paraelectric phases. The transmission and luminescence spectra of solid solution crystals are reported, the hardness H v and fracture toughness K 1c of solid solution single crystals are also determined.

Electronic states and exchange interactions in crystal mixed system between heavy fermion compound CeNi and ferrimagnet GdNi, (Ce 1−X Gd X )Ni compounds, were investigated in detail from macro-scopic magnetic properties in aid of molecular field analysis. In Gd-rich contents of x=0.8 and 0.5, the M - H curves at 2 K show normal-looking behaviors like those of ferro-magnets, however, closer quantitative analysis in M - H and M − 1/H curves reveal that the Ce magnetic moment decrease and could rotate continuously from anti-parallel to parallel to that of Gd and the measured total magnetization increases continuously after saturation without showing any discontinuities with the increase of magnetic field. No one can penetrate these behaviors without any information from micro-scopic measurements. On the other hand, in Gd-poor contents of x=0.2 and 0.15, the magnetic moments of Ce+Ni coupling anti-parallel to that of Gd decrease rapidly to one thirds in comparison with the value at Gd=0.8 and become about 0.2 μ B . The magnetization variations M ( T ) in Gd-poor contents show peculiar “linear” behaviors and the linear behaviors are found to stem from collapse-like decrease of RKKY interaction J Gd-Gd through molecular field analysis. In further decrease of Gd content, at x=0.03, the magnetic ordering of Gd is on set and the existence of Ni and Ce magnetic moments become uncertain. At x=0, that is, the CeNi shows a widely known behavior in M ( T ) and the M ( T ) is sensitive and nearly proportional to magnetic field H .

The article provides a comparative analysis of the Russian and foreign systems for the maintenance and repair of metal-cutting equipment. The limitations of the application of systems of universal maintenance of equipment, scheduled preventive maintenance and repair by state are analyzed. The influence of the age of the equipment and the percentage of the repair plan on the amount of emergency shutdowns is shown. The main stages of the introduction of mixed service and repair systems are highlighted. Criteria for classifying equipment groups are proposed for the selection of repair and maintenance systems. Examples of typical diagnostic signs of malfunctions of metal-cutting equipment and statistical time of emergency shutdown after their detection are given. The recommendations on planning the need for spare parts and organization of repair work are given.

Some commonly used surfactants in cosmetic products raise concerns due to their skin-irritating effects and environmental contamination. Multifunctional, high-performance polymers are good alternatives to overcome these problems. In this study, agarose stearate (AS) with emulsifying, thickening, and gel properties was synthesized. Surfactant-free cosmetic formulations were successfully prepared from AS and carbomer940 (CBM940) mixed systems. The correlation of rheological parameter with skin feeling was determined to study the usability of the mixed systems in cosmetics. Based on rheological analysis, the surfactant-free cosmetic cream (SFC) stabilized by AS-carbomer940 showed shear-thinning behavior and strongly synergistic action. The SFC exhibited a gel-like behavior and had rheological properties similar to commercial cosmetic creams. Scanning electron microscope images proved that the AS-CBM940 network played an important role in SFC’s stability. Oil content could reinforce the elastic characteristics of the AS-CBM940 matrix. The SFCs showed a good appearance and sensation during and after rubbing into skin. The knowledge gained from this study may be useful for designing surfactant-free cosmetic cream with rheological properties that can be tailored for particular commercial cosmetic applications. They may also be useful for producing medicine products with highly viscous or gel-like textures, such as some ointments and wound dressings.

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) has been widely utilized in scientific research and the manufacturing industry for its unique piezoelectric properties. In the past few decades, the vibrational spectra of PVDF polymorphic polymers via FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) have been extensively investigated and documented. However, reports on the analysis of α, β and γ phases often have conflicting views based on measured data. In this work, we analyze the FTIR vibrational bands of PVDF materials fabricated by different processes with detailed XRD (X-ray diffraction) characterization to identify the structural α, β and γ phases. By examining the results in this work and extensively reviewing published research reports in the literature, a universal phase identification procedure using only the FTIR results is proposed and validated. Specifically, this procedure can differentiate the three phases by checking the bands around 763 and/or 614, 1275, and 1234 cm−1 for the α, β and γ phases, respectively. The rule for assignment of the 840* and 510* cm−1 bands is provided for the first time and an integrated quantification methodology for individual β and γ phase in mixed systems is also demonstrated.

Charcoal was the residue of the decomposition of wood from heating process whereas the chemical component was carbon. One of the charcoal production methods used was a kiln drum with carbonisation mixed system. This research aimed to identify and analyse the quality of teak wood charcoal made by carbonisation mixed system with the addition of sawdust teak using kiln drum method. Teak wood pieced in 5-10 cm diameter were charred by the addition of sawdust (70:30) to maintain the temperature process ranged between 4000C and 4500C. The parameters that were observed were yield, water content, volatile substance content, ash content, bonded carbon content, the percentage of charcoal that retained at 6.35 cm sieve and that passed the 3.18 cm sieve, calorific value, density and color. The results were then analyzed descriptively and been compared to the SNI 01-1683-1989. The yield of teak charcoal in this experiment was 21.3%, while water, volatile substance and ash content were 3.93%, 16.57%, and 3.25%, respectively. The percentage of charcoal retained at 6.35 cm sieve was 88,68%, and the ones passed 3.18 cm sieve was 1, 96%. The charcoal’s bonded carbon content was 80.18%, it’s calorific value was 7141 cal / g; and the color was black.Keywords: carbon, sawdust, carbonization temperatures

While many disperse dyes have been studied in a variety of scientific fields, from textiles to biochemistry, most studies have been conducted on individual dyes having specific chromogens. However, bearing in mind that dyes are often used in combinations, in order to produce target colors for outdoor environments, an understanding of the photophysics of mixed system of dyes is important. As an extension of our previous work pertaining to scarlet and blue disperse dyes developed for use in outdoor applications, we investigated the photophysics of two commercial colorants and their various components (azo and anthraquinone red disperse dyes) to help account for their photostability when used in combinations. In this regard, experimental and modeling studies were performed to get insight into excited-state properties following light absorption. Transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) showed that the dye mixtures dissipated excited-state energy much faster than the main component (an anthraquinone disperse red dye), which emphasized the benefit of multiple components in a commercial dye. The reduced excited-state lifetime clearly showed that the presence of additional dyes can play an important role in the photophysics and improving photostability.

In this work, the mixed system composed of Zn2GeO4: Mn and MgGeO3: Mn, Eu was synthesized by the high temperature solid phase method. Under the external excitation, visual color of samples was yellow. However, after the excitation was completed, visual color turned to be red. From luminescence spectrum, it was found that Zn2GeO4: Mn emitted green fluorescence of 534 nm under the excitation of 375 nm light. At the same time, MgGeO3: Mn, Eu emitted both fluorescence and persistent luminescence (PersL) of 668 nm. Moreover, the properties of PersL present samples were superior to other red PersL materials. Fine band structures from density functional theory (DFT) indicated that there were different luminescent mechanisms of Zn2GeO4: Mn and MgGeO3: Mn, Eu. When Zn2GeO4: Mn was excited, electron transitioned from VB to CB directly. Through CB, the electron was captured by the4T2(D) of Mn ion, then the electron jumped from4T2(D) to VB and recombined at once with the previous hole and emitted a 534 nm photon. When MgGeO3: Mn, Eu was excited, electron transitioned from6A1(S) of Mn ion to CB and left a hole. Through CB, electron was captured by7F6levels of Eu[Formula: see text] and remained metastable for a long time, which slowed down the recombined rate between electron and hole. Under thermal stimulation, the captured electron returned to CB from7F6levels and was recaptured by the4T2(D) of Mn. The electron transitioned down toward6A1(S) and recombined with the hole immediately, then emitted a photon with 668 nm.

In this Chapter we describe how the concept of “spherical crystallization” was found based on the findings by Stock that ultrafine particles of barium sulfate can be spherically self-organized as an agglomerate in benzene under stirring. It was shown that the spherical agglomerate was not formed in absolutely dried benzene, suggesting that a small amount of water is required to preferentially wet the particles for self-organized agglomeration. Firstly, we found that antisolvent-crystallized salicylic acid is spherically self-agglomerated together with a small amount of bridging liquid, which is liberated by phase separation from the crystallization system, a good solvent–anti-solvent–bridging-liquid mixed system, under stirring. The resulting agglomerated crystals show paradigm shifted micromeritic properties such as free flowing and binder-free direct tabletability. An important factor determining the spherical crystallization behavior and micromeritic properties of the system was found to be its ethanol fraction rate. It was also found that spherical crystallization processes involving the diffusion-controlled crystallization and agglomeration of crystals occurred simultaneously before finishing the crystallization, and that a continued coalescence of crystals took place even after the process had finished.

The seismic design of light steel frames (LSF) can not only rely on the application of cold-formed steel (CFS). Some mixed systems and integrated solutions such as hybrid systems can offer new possibilities, in particular with regard to applications in mid-rise construction. A hybrid solution is to replace some CFS chord studs with hot-rolled square hollow section SHS, in order to achieve higher capacity. This paper provides the results of experimental studies on the lateral behaviour of a hybrid light-weight steel panel and investigates the implication of any further system improvements for mid-rise construction. Each hybrid wall panel (HWP) consists of a hot-rolled SHS frame, laterally incorporated in a cold-formed panel. The study includes investigating the lateral performance of HWP, while a CFS top chord acting as a load collector, and a hot-rolled steel frame acting as a lateral load resisting system. The behaviour of specimens is investigated under monotonic and cyclic loads, and the step-by-step enhancement is implemented according to the results. The outcomes revealed that although the hysteretic behaviour of the HWP represents pinching effect, mainly due to poor performance of the cold-formed steel collector, by strengthening the top chord design the behaviour is improved. Relying on the cold-formed part to resist the major portion of gravity loads, while the hot-rolled collector transfers the entire lateral load to the hot-rolled frame, results in significantly improved hysteretic behaviour.

Our biocompatible hydrogel systems obtained by the sol-gel technqiue and based on chitosan and silicon polyolates are promising for medical and biological applications. The surface microrelief of these sol-gel materials (hydrogels and xerogels) based on chitosan and silicon tetraglycerolate was explored by AFM and SEM. A significant influence of the component ratio in the mixed system on the morphology and surface profile of the hydrogels and xerogels prepared therefrom was established. An increased content of the structure-forming component (chitosan) in the system was shown to increase the roughness scale of the hydrogel surface and to promote the porosity of the xerogel structure.

In this review, different aspects characterizing chitosan–surfactant mixtures are summarized and compared. Chitosan is a bioderived cationic polysaccharide that finds wide-ranged applications in various field, e.g., medical or food industry, in which synergistic effects with surfactant can play a fundamental role. In particular, the behavior of chitosan interacting with strong and weak anionic, nonionic as well as cationic surfactants is reviewed. We put a focus on oppositely charged systems, as they exhibit the most interesting features. In that context, we discuss the thermodynamic description of the interaction and in particular the structural changes as they occur as a function of the mixed systems and external parameters. Moreover, peculiar properties of chitosan coated phospholipid vesicles are summarized. Finally, their co-assembly at interfaces is briefly reviewed. Despite the behavior of the mentioned systems might strongly differ, resulting in a high variety of properties, few general rules can be pointed out which improve the understanding of such complex systems.

The temperature dependence of the dielectric constant of Rb2ZnI4 shows two peak anomalies: one at 4 K and the other at 62 K. To study this, we prepared crystals of the mixed system Rb2Zn1-xCdxI4 from the melt by using the Czochralski method. Dielectric constant and spontaneous polarization measurements were performed on crystals from the mixed system. The phase diagram of Rb2Zn1-xCdxI4 was completed over a full range of concentrations x. The result was compared with the already-reported result for (Rb1-xKx)2ZnI4.

Ceramic composites of the mixed system (BaTiO3)x(NiFe2O4)1−x (x = 1, 0.8, 0.65, 0.6, 0.5, 0.2, 0) have been prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and characterized through dielectric and magnetic measurements. It is shown that, when compared with the first-order phase transition of pure BaTiO3, the ferroelectric response of this mixed system is dramatically smeared by the presence of ferrite and eventually disappears around x ≈ 0.65. The peak of the dielectric constant becomes increasingly smoothed with composition, also diminishing its maximum value as the frequency increases. Moreover, the magnetic behavior is not suppressed by the presence of the ferroelectric perovskite and just qualitative changes occur in the hysteresis parameters on the whole compositional range.

Insight is provided into the collective behavior of visible-light photochemically driven plasmonic Ag/AgCl Janus particles surrounded by passive polystyrene (PS) beads. The active diffusion of single Janus particles and their clusters (small: consisting of two or three Janus particles and large: consisting of more than ten Janus particles), and their interaction with passive PS beads, are analyzed experimentally and in simulations. The diffusivity of active Janus particles, and thus the exclusive effect to passive PS beads, can be regulated by the number of single Janus particles in the cluster. On the simulation side, the Langevin equations of motion for self-propelled Janus particles and diffusing passive PS beads are numerically solved using Molecular-Dynamics simulations. The complex interactions of both subsystems, including elastic core-to-core interactions, short-range attraction, and effective repulsion due to light-induced chemical reactions are considered. This complex mixed system not only provides insight to the interactive effect between active visible light-driven self-propelled micromotors and passive beads, but also offers promise for implications in light-controlled propulsion transport and chemical sensing.

Recently first principles microscopic calculations, using the generalized gradient approximation, appeared for the solid mixed system $AgCl{_x}Br_{1-x}$ at various compositions. Here, we suggest a model that can estimate the compressibility of the mixed crystals in terms of the compressibilities of the end members alone. This model makes use of a single parameter, i.e., the compressibility of a defect volume, when considering the volume variation produced by the addition of a "foreign molecule" to a host crystal as a defect volume., 4 pages, 2 figures

Confections such as chocolate and biscuit fillings are composed of a continuous fat phase that contains dispersed nonfat ingredients such as sugar and cocoa powder. Research on fat crystallization and rheology in confections often extrapolates crystallization and textural properties from bulk to mixed systems while overlooking the important role of composition or particle interactions. For example, in chocolate processing the fat phase aids dispersed phase lubrication and fluidity whereas the dispersed particles assist in fat crystallization by providing many nucleation sites. In confections with a high dispersed phase volume fraction, fat crystallization may be hindered due to reduced triacyglycerol mobility, confinement, and increased tortuosity. This is further complicated in systems with slow crystallizing fats such as palm oil whose crystallization is exceptionally sensitive to composition and processing. This review breaks down the physical chemistry of fat-based confections and discusses the impact of different nonfat ingredients towards fat crystallization and rheology. The behavior of palm oil is further highlighted as it is becoming increasingly popular as a confectionery ingredient. Lastly, ingredient-ingredient interactions and their role in fat crystallization are described along with force spectroscopy as a novel tool to characterize such phenomena. Force spectroscopy utilizes atomic force microscopy to measure intermolecular forces as a function of distance but remains largely unexplored in the area of food science.

In this paper, soy protein papermaking process conditions as dry strength agents were studied. The results show that a part of the three parts of soy protein and a mixed system with a cationic starch alone, or cationic starch, soy protein, as compared to dry strength additives will significantly increase the strength. The optimum conditions were: pulp types E, defatted soy protein, dry vacuum drying method is 105°C, adding ways to add the pulp, the best reaction time was 10min, the optimum dosage of 2%. Soy protein sources are widely readily available, and environmentally friendly and easily biodegradable, paper dry strength agents as a good material.

The electrodeposition of zinc from ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim]BF4) containing Zn(BF4)2 and its mixture with water is studied. Water addition significantly enhances the Zn/Zn2+ redox current density, and improves the reversibility largely. SEM measurements shows that the morphology of Zn deposits is dependent on the content of water. Temperature effect on the kinetics of Zn/Zn2+ redox and the Zn deposition is also investigated. Reversible Zn/Zn2+ redox in water mixed ionic liquid system is hopefully to be employed for the development of rechargeable Zn-air battery.

In order to investigate the characteristics of the gradient fluorinated polyacrylate and polyurethane latex blend films, the fluorinated polyacrylate emulsion and the polyurethane emulsion were synthesized, and then the both emulsions were blended at a series of ratios. The effects of content of the fluorinated polyacrylate on the gradient structure and surface property of the blended films were assessed by AFM, XPS, SEM-EDX and surface free energy measurements. It appeared that, while the content of the fluorinated polyacrylate latex was up to 30%, the fluorinated polyacrylate particles were selectively gathered on the film-air (F-A) and film-glass (F-G) interfaces at room temperature. When the content of the fluorinated polyacrylate was under 30%, the gradient structure of fluorinated component was not evident. The further increasing of fluorinated polyacrylate in the mixed system facilitated the formation and enlargement of gradient structure, but the adhesion of film decreased a little.

The mixed system of (Rb1-xCsx)2CdBr4 was synthesized by Bridgman method. The initial member (x = 0) Rb2CdBr4 transforms at 485 K from low temperature α-phase to high temperature β-phase. This α-β phase transition shows a strong nature of the first order phase transition and the β-phase can be supercooled very easily. The supercooling properties of β-phase were investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and dielectric constant measurements. The concentration dependence of the α-β phase transition point Tα-β and the melting point Tm were obtained over full range of x.

Viscosity data that are reported in the paper by Alam et al. exhibit an unphysical temperature dependence.

The thermal, linear and non-linear rheological as well as microstructural properties of casein/κ-carrageenan mixtures were investigated. The results showed that the addition of κ-carrageenan greatly affected the rheological behavior of casein. The storage (G′) and loss (G″) moduli, and apparent viscosity (η) values were positively associated with κ-carrageenan concentration. Casein/κ-carrageenan mixtures showed the typical type Ⅳ (strong strain overshoot) network behavior in the large amplitude oscillatory shear tests. Lissajous plots of casein/κ-carrageenan mixtures appeared stronger nonlinear behavior by adding of κ-carrageenan. The existence of κ-carrageenan also increased the thermal denaturation temperature of casein in the mixture and produced a significant microstructural change within the network entanglements of casein. These changes of casein/κ-carrageenan mixed systems were due to associative interaction between casein and κ-carrageenan caused by electrostatic forces and hydrogen bonding.

The foaming property of the aqueous mixtures of a fluorocarbon surfactant (FC) and a hydrocarbon surfactant (AOS) had been investigated. And the influence of polymer and oil on foam stability was studied systematically. Experimental studies indicated that AOS and FC surfactants had good cooperative effect. The foam stability could be remarkably improved with polymer and oil would impact the foam stability greatly. Mechanism on interaction between foam and oil for experimental foam systems was also studied quantitatively based on spreading coefficient. The effect of oil on the stability of polymer enhanced foams could not be fully understood by spreading coefficient. The increasing in viscoelasticity of foam films would play a key role in the stability improvement for polymer enhanced foams.