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Red emitting phosphor plays a significant role in accelerating the improvement of illumination quality for white light emitting diodes (WLEDs). In this work, by using solid-state reaction method, an efficient novel Ba2LuNbO6:Eu3+ phosphor with double-perovskite structure was successfully prepared. Here, a series of Ba2LuNbO6:Eu3+ red phosphors can be efficiently pumped by the near-ultraviolet (UV) light and then present high-brightness at orange emission (598 nm, 5D0→7F1) and red emission (610 nm, 5D0→7F2). The ratio values of 610 to 598 nm in Ba2LuNbO6:Eu3+ phosphors exceed 1 when the content of Eu3+ is larger than 0.4 mol, because the occupation of Eu3+ ions is changed from Lu3+ ions with symmetric sites to Ba2+ ions with asymmetric sites. Besides, the optimized concentration of Eu3+ at the 5D0→7F2 transitions is obtained when x=1, indicating that there is non-concentration quenching in Ba2LuNbO6:Eu3+ phosphors. Moreover, the CIE chromaticity coordinates of Ba2LuNbO6:Eu3+ was calculated to be of (0.587, 0.361), the color purity was calculated to be 72.26% and internal quenching efficiency (IQE) was measured to be 67%. Finally, the thermal stability of Ba2LuNbO6:Eu3+ phosphors was also studied. Our work demonstrates that the novel double-perovskite red-emitting Ba2LuNbO6:Eu3+ phosphors are prospective red emitting elements for WLEDs applications.

Commonly used flow improvers in oilfields, such as ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), poly(octadecyl acrylate) (POA), and polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ) are proven to be effective to enhance the flowability of crude oil. However, the addition of these flow improvers may change the stability of the emulsion and make the crude oil treatment process challenging. In this research, the impacts of different flow improvers on the interfacial properties of the emulsions containing asphaltenes are systematically investigated. The co-adsorption behaviors of the flow improvers and asphaltenes are analyzed through dynamic interfacial tension (DIFT). The rheological properties of the interfacial layer after the adsorption are explored via dilational viscoelasticity. Significant difference is observed in the structural properties of the interface adsorbed by different flow improvers, which is attributed to different interactions between the flow improvers and asphaltenes. To investigate these interactions, conductivity, asphaltenes precipitation, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and contact angle experiments are conducted systematically. Results show that EVA and POA can alter the interfacial properties by changing the asphaltene dispersion state. The interaction between EVA and asphaltenes is stronger than that between POA and asphaltenes due to the difference in molecular structures. Unlike EVA and POA, the change of interfacial property with the addition of PMSQ is attributed to the partial adsorption of asphaltenes on PMSQ.

Penetration and internal blast behavior of reactive liner enhanced shaped charge against concrete space were investigated through experiments and simulations. The volume of the enclosed concrete space is about 15 m3. The reactive liner enhanced shaped charge utilizes reactive copper double-layered liner, which is composed of an inner copper liner and an outer reactive liner, while the reactive material liner is fabricated by PTFE/Al (Polytetrafluoroethylene/Aluminum) powders through cold-pressing and sintering. Static explosion experiments show that, compared with the shaped charge which utilizes copper liner, the penetration cavity diameter and spalling area of concrete by the novel shaped charge were enlarged to 2 times and 4 times, respectively. Meanwhile, the following reactive material had blast effect and produced significant overpressure inside the concrete closed space. Theoretical analysis indicates concrete strength and detonation pressure of reactive material both affect the penetration cavity diameter. To the blast behavior of reactive material inside the concrete space, developing TNT equivalence model and simulated on AUTODYN-3D for analysis. Simulation results reproduced propagation process of the shock wave in concrete space, and revealed multi-peaks phenomenon of overpressure-time curves. Furthermore, the empirical relationship between the peak overpressure and relative distance for the shock wave of reactive material was proposed.

Improving the transfer hydrogenation of N-heteroarenes is of key importance for various industrial processes and remains a challenge so far. We reported here a microcapsule-pyrolysis strategy to quasi-continuous synthesis S, N co-doped carbon supported Co single atom catalysts (Co/SNC), which was used for transfer hydrogenation of quinoline with formic acid as the hydrogen donor. Given the unique geometric and electronic properties of the Co single atoms, the excellent catalytic activity, selectivity and stability were observed. Benefiting from the quasi-continuous synthesis method, the as-obtained catalysts provide a reference for the large-scale preparation of single atom catalysts without amplification effect. Highly catalytic performances and quasi-continuous preparation process, demonstrating a new and promising approach to rational design of atomically dispersed catalysts with maximum atomic efficiency in industrial.

Ballistic impact and sealed chamber tests were performed on the steel-encased reactive material projectile (SERMP) to understand its behind-plate overpressure effect when impacting the thin aluminum plates. The reactive material encased with a 1.5 mm thick 30CrMnSiNi2A steel shell was launched onto the initially sealed test chamber with a 3 mm thick 2024-T3 thin aluminum cover plate. Moreover, the overpressure signals in the test chamber were recorded by pressure sensors. The experimental results indicate an unusual behind-plate overpressure effect: as the density of the projectile increases from 6.43 g/cm3 to 7.58 g/cm3 by increasing the content of tungsten powder, although its total chemical energy decreases, it produces a higher behind-target overpressure at a lower impact velocity. A theoretical model is proposed to predict the reaction length of reactive material inside the projectile based on one-dimensional shock wave theory to understand this unexpected result. In addition, the deviation between the actual energy release and the theoretical calculation results, also the variation of overpressure rise time are analyzed and discussed. As the analyses show, when the SERMP successfully penetrates the cover plate, an increasing density of the reactive material inside the projectile always means that the delaying rarefaction wave effect, an increase of its internal pressure and strain rate levels. These factors lead to the increase of the overpressure limit velocity and reaction extent of the reactive material, while the overpressure rise time decreases.

Quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) perovskites with high stability usually suffers from poor device efficiency. Chemical tuning of the spacer cations has been an effective strategy to achieve efficient and stable quasi-2D perovskite solar cells. Here, we demonstrate that 3-halogon-substituted benzylammonium iodide (3X-BAI, X = F, Cl, Br, I) can significantly affect the orientation of low-dimensional perovskites and charge transport from perovskite to hole extraction layer, as well as device performance. With 3Br-BAI, we achieve the highest device efficiency of 13.21% for quasi-2D perovskites with a nominal n = 3 average composition. Our work provides a facile approach to regulate vertical crystal orientation and charge transport via tuning the molecular structure of organic spacer toward high performance quasi-2D perovskite solar cells.

In this work, the corrosion behaviors of as-plasma sprayed Yb2SiO5 and LaMgAl11O19 coatings under an environment with a volumetric ratio of 90% H2O-10% O2 were investigated at 1300 °C. The results showed that Yb2SiO5 and LaMgAl11O19 coatings had good water vapor corrosion resistance. Therefore, Si/Yb2SiO5/LaMgAl11O19 tri-layer EBCs were designed and prepared to completely cover the surface of SiCf/SiC by using atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). The water vapor corrosion behaviors of SiCf/SiC with and without EBCs at 1300 °C were investigated. The results showed that tri-layer coating can provide better corrosion resistance for SiCf/SiC at a high-temperature steam environment at 1300 °C. By comparing the water vapor corrosion behaviors of single-layer coatings and the tri-layer EBCs under same corrosion environment, it was found that the thermal mismatch stress and the formation of TGO is the main causes of tri-layer coating failure.

To enhance the photocatalytic activity, loading proper semiconductor with high efficiency and low cost is one of the most valid approaches. Herein, various amounts of CoWO4 as a novel metal-free material were loaded on Mn0.47Cd0.53S (MCS) nanorods for photocatalytic hydrogen production reaction. The CoWO4/Mn0.47Cd0.53S-25 (CW/MCS-25) exhibits the highest hydrogen production rate of 41.53 mmol·h−1·g−1 in the Na2S/Na2SO3 system, which is about 2.68 times higher than that of pristine MCS. The Mapping and HRTEM reveals the deposited of CoWO4 on the MCS. The detailed analyses of XPS, EIS, TRPL spectra and transient photocurrent responses indicate that CoWO4 and MCS interacted closely and the photogenerated electrons of CoWO4 can be transferred into MCS. In particular, the introduction of CoWO4 can further transfer the photogenerated holes of MCS, thereby inhibiting the photocorrosion of MCS and improving photocatalytic activity. This work provides a reference for the exploration of noble metal-free composite material and shows great potential in the photocatalytic application.

An electrochemical sensor (carboxylatopillar[5]arene-coated nitrogen-doped carbon dots, namely CCDs) based on carboxylatopillar[5]arene (CP[5]) functionalized nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) has been developed in a facile and economic manner. To improve the performance of this electrochemical sensor in pesticide detection, the optimal solution pH (pH 7) and loading amount of CCDs on the electrode (0.50 mg/mL) have been determined. By virtue of the good conductivity of N-CDs and the molecular recognition property of CP[5], CCDs modified glassy carbon electrode, namely CCDs/GCE, shows excellent anti-interference capability, selectivity, stability, and reproducibility in the sensitive detection of paraquat. The peak currents are proportional to the paraquat concentration (from 0.1 µmol/L to 10 µmol/L) with a detection limit of 6.4 nmol/L (S/N = 3), indicating a great potential in pesticide detection. In comparison with the electrochemical sensors that require expensive metal nanoparticles and complex preparation processes, CCDs/GCE exhibits excellent detection capability of paraquat with lower cost and simpler preparation processes.

In this paper, we propose and theoretically design a highly sensitive refractive index (RI) sensor based on Vernier effect in three coupled micro-ring resonators (CMRR) with identical geometries. When the whispering gallery mode phases of different microresonators match with each other, transmittance of the CMRR increases and the envelope peak wavelength shift of the modulated spectrum could be exploited for wavelength-interrogated RI sensing based on Vernier effect. Further simulation results indicate that RI sensing could be achieved within a wide RI range of 1.33 to 1.43 by adjusting RI of the liquid kept inside the control cavity, and limitless sensitivity could be achieved for some specific RI ranges which are mainly determined by geometric parameters of the resonators and the order of selected envelope peak for sensing, making the sensor available for different sensing requirements. The proposed CMRR provides a compact, flexible and low-cost solution for biochemical sensing applications. And moreover, the proposed RI sensing range extension method as well as limitless sensitivity mechanism pave a new way toward the development of dynamic RI sensing and tunable optoelectronic devices.

This article presents a torsional harmonic Kelvin probe force microscopy (TH-KPFM) working in amplitude modulation (AM) mode for high-sensitivity mapping of surface potential (SP). Compared with frequency modulation KPFM with higher spatial resolution, AM-KPFM has higher potential sensitivity and scanning speed. However, the traditional AM-KPFM is usually limited in the crosstalk from topography measurement and cantilever homogenization effect which causes the measured SP to be seriously affected by the substrate. TH-KPFM can effectively suppress the artifacts induced by the cantilever homogenization effect, and the coupling crosstalk caused by the topography measurement. The torsional harmonic cantilever suitable for TH-KPFM is fabricated and calibrated using the nanorobotic system first. Then, this technique is applied to determine the SP of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), and detect surface contaminants of a silicon wafer. Experimental results show that TH-KPFM has a 3 $\sim$ 4 mV energy resolution and sub-20 nm spatial resolution. Compared with the proposed TH-KPFM, the energy level of TMV obtained by the traditional AM-KPFM is pulled down by 80 meV. TH-KPFM is a powerful and useful technique to study the SP on the nanoscale, and greatly simplifies the difficulty of high-sensitivity measurement of the actual SP of many important nanoscale systems.

We demonstrate hole-transport-layer-free light-emitting diodes (LEDs) based on solution-processed multiple-quantum-well (MQW) perovskite. The MQW perovskite can self-assemble to a unique structure of vertically graded distribution with two-dimensional layered perovskite covered by three-dimensional-like perovskite at top, which can naturally form a barrier of electron transporting to the anode interface, thereby enhancing the charge capture efficiency. This leads to hole-transport-layer-free MQW perovskite LEDs reaching an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 9.0% with emission peak at 528 nm, which is over 6 times of LEDs based on three-dimensional perovskite with the same device structure, representing the record EQE of hole-transport-layer-free perovskite LED.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have been recognized as a new type of promising visible-light-driven photocatalysts for H2 evolution, while it still is a key point to facilitate the separation and transfer of photoinduced charges for further enhancing their activities. In this work, we fabricated a new type of ternary Pt/rGO/COF photocatalysts with Pt cocatalyst precisely anchored on rGO serving as electron collector for largely enhanced H2 evolution. A series of ternary hybrid materials were obtained via one-pot photoreduction of Pt4+ and GO under visible-light irradiation in a solution the same as photocatalytic H2 evolution reaction and simultaneous self-assembling of rGO/COF heterostructure. No need isolation, the synthetic system could be further used for photocatalytic H2 evolution reaction and the results show the H2 evolution rate of Pt/rGO(20%)/TpPa-1-COF hybrid material is 19.59 mmol·g−1·h−1, 6.51 times higher than that of Pt/TpPa-1-COF. The essential role of the exclusively distributed Pt nanoparticles on rGO to the high H2 evolution activity was confirmed by various comparisons of activity for the samples with diverse Pt distribution.

This study focuses on the combined effect of particle shape and porosity on the momentum and heat transfer of granular matter under laminar flow. Particle-resolved direct numerical simulations (PR-DNS) are carried out at different working conditions. Numerical results show that both the particle shape (via the aspect ratio, Ar, of the spheroid) and porosity play important roles in affecting the drag coefficient (Cd) and average Nusselt number (Nu). The influence of particle shape on Cd and Nu is regardless of the particle porosity. It is found that the Cd decreases with the increase of Ar for a given Reynolds number (Re). The Nu decreases with the increase of Ar under high Reynolds number (100

Ammonia is a vital base molecule for modern agriculture and industry. As the commercially-mature approach for NH3 production, the traditional Haber–Bosch process has achieved great success; however, it also suffers from drawbacks such as massive energy consumption and huge CO2 emissions. The electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (eNRR) process, powered by intermittent renewable energy, can realize the carbon-neutral and on-site generation of NH3 under mild conditions directly from air/N2 and water, and has gradually emerged as a multidisciplinary research hotspot. Owing to advantages such as maximum atom utilization as well as special coordination environment and electronic structure, single atom catalysts (SACs) exhibit great potential in enhancing Faradaic efficiency and ammonia yield rate of the eNRR process. This review analyzes recent theoretical and experimental advances in the development of SACs used for the eNRR, including their synthesis and in situ characterization, as well as the classification and activity of noble metal-, non-noble metal- and nonmetal-based SACs. In addition, we summarize the unique structure and electronic properties of SACs and their enhanced activity in electrochemical reactions, to guide the rational design of efficient catalysts. Finally, we discuss major challenges related to the synthesis of NH3 via SACs, and outline future prospects in their development.

In this work, a low-temperature electrostatic precipitator (ESP) experiment platform was established, and two different electrode configurations were compared under various operating parameters to obtain a method for increasing particle capture efficiency. Results show that, in the case of the rated current, the voltage is significantly affected by temperature variations. Concurrently, by appropriately reducing the flue gas flow velocity of the ESP, the charging time of the particles in the ESP flue can be increased, fully charging the particles and improving the collection efficiency. Moreover, experiments revealed that increasing the relative humidity during ESP operation will increase the particle migration velocity and collection efficiency. Finally, when the electrode configurations were changed from a flat collection plate and round electrode to a sharper needle electrode and a concave-convex structure BE plate, resultantly, all efficiencies exceeded 85% under the temperature range from 50 to 150 °C.

In this letter, we propose an adaptive liquid lens with tunable aperture. The proposed lens has one tunable Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surface and one tunable aperture. The curvature of the PDMS surface and the tunable aperture can be controlled by one actuator. When the dyed liquid is pumped into the lens chamber, the PDMS surface becomes convex and the aperture shrinks simultaneously. The proposed lens can reduce aberrations in high power tuning range due to the tunable aperture. Besides, the proposed lens can keep depth of field (DOF) stable in the middle and short focal length. The experiment shows the minimum of positive focal length, aperture and angular resolution are measured to be 42 mm, 2.5 mm, and 52”93, respectively.

As a principal reason for the deterioration of separation accuracy, the bypass effect in hydrocyclones has received widely concerned. This paper presents a numerical study about the effect of flat bottom structure width on the bypass effect with the respect of flow field characteristics, separation efficiency, and particle spatial distribution with a verified TFM model. Numerical results demonstrate that wide flat bottom structure increases the cut size and reduces the fine particles misplaced in the underflow. However, the excessive flat bottom structure width increases coarse particles misplaced in the overflow causing by the superior turbulence intensity and the entrapment of the internal swirling flow. A wide flat bottom structure width reduces the turbulence dissipation rate, while the split ratio first decreases and then increases, indicating that the bypass effect is controlled by the turbulence dissipation and does not comply with the trend of the split ratio.

Ultrafast charge/discharge process and ultrahigh power density enable dielectrics essential components in modern electrical and electronic devices, especially in pulse power systems. However, in recent years, the energy storage performances of present dielectrics are increasingly unable to satisfy the growing demand for miniaturization and integration, which stimulates further researches on dielectrics with higher energy density and efficiency. Among various inorganic dielectrics, perovskite relaxor ferroelectrics are recognized as promising candidates for energy storage applications, with high permittivity and relatively high efficiency. Here, we focus on recent progress and achievements on optimizing perovskite relaxor ferroelectrics toward better energy storage capability through hierarchical design. The principles and key parameters of dielectric energy storage, together with the definition of majority types of dielectrics, are introduced at first. Strategies within various scales include domain, grain size, orientation, and composite engineering are summarized. The existing challenges are presented and future prospects are proposed in the end, with the background of both academic explorations and industrial applications.

Graphene-based elastomer composites with a segregated structure were prepared by electrostatic self-assembly. The morphology and microstructures of the composites were characterised by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electrical microscope (TEM). The segregated network leads to a low gas permeability coefficient for BIIR composites. With the incorporation as low as 0.4 wt-% GTA-GO, the helium permeability coefficient decreased about 63% when compared with that of neat BIIR. The tensile strength and percentage elongation increased with an increase in the GTA-GO content. This is attributed to the complete exfoliation, uniform dispersion and the segregated structure of GTA-GO in the BIIR matrix. These results demonstrate that such electrostatic self-assembly method between latex and sheet-fillers is an effective strategy to design and produce polymeric nanocomposites with good gas barrier properties. The results will effectively promote the application of barrier polymer in the production of protective clothing, gas storage devices and coatings.

In this study, the characteristics of water solubility and self-crystallization of dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2) are adopted to design a dope solution system with waterborne polyurethane and additive DM...

Hydrophobic interaction plays an important role in numerous interfacial phenomena and biophysical and industrial processes. In this work, polystyrene (PS) was used as a model hydrophobic polymer for investigating its hydrophobic interaction with highly deformable objects (i.e., air bubbles and oil droplets) in aqueous solutions. The effects of polymer molecular weight, solvent (i.e., addition of ethanol to water), the presence of surface-active species, and hydrodynamic conditions were investigated, via direct surface force measurements using the bubble/drop probe atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique and theoretical calculations based on the Reynolds lubrication theory and augmented Young-Laplace equation by including the effect of disjoining pressure. It was found that the PS of low molecular weight (i.e., PS590 and PS810) showed slightly weaker hydrophobic interactions with air bubbles or oil droplets, as compared to glassy PS of higher molecular weight (i.e., PS1110, PS2330, PS46300, and PS1M). The hydrophobic interaction between PS and air bubbles in a 1 M NaCl aqueous solution with 10 vol % ethanol was weaker than that in the bare aqueous solution. Such effects on the hydrophobic interactions are possibly achieved by influencing the structuring/ordering of water molecules close to the hydrophobic polymer surfaces by tuning the surface chain mobility and surface roughness of polymers. It was found that the addition of three surface-active species, i.e., cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC), Pluronic F-127, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), to the aqueous media could suppress the attachment of the hydrophobic polymer and air bubbles or oil droplets, most likely caused by the additional steric repulsion due to the adsorbed surface-active species at the bubble/polymer/oil interfaces. Our results have improved the fundamental understanding of the interaction mechanisms between hydrophobic polymers and gas bubbles or oil droplets, with useful implications on developing effective methods for modulating the related interfacial interactions in many engineering applications.

The performance of bridge expansion devices (e.g., bearings or expansion joints)is a major concern for the operation department. A mechanical analysis model can be used to accurately analyze the influence mechanism of major factors and evaluate the working performance of bridge expansion devices with structural health monitoring data. Considering the nonlinear characteristics of bearing friction, a friction hysteresis model was established in this study to analyze the behavior of the bearing longitudinal displacement (BLD) under thermal excitation. The friction hysteresis model can describe the motion path of the BLD under periodic temperature. The variation in the model parameter is defined as an evaluation index that can reflect the degradation in the working performance of the bearing. The periodic change in the temperature is the driving force for developing the friction hysteresis model, and the calculation of the temperature-induced BLD is critical in extracting the evaluation index. Therefore, a calculation formula for the BLD of the steel truss bearing was derived considering the temperature gradient. Finally, the application of this method was verified through the temperature and BLD monitoring data of a multispan continuous steel truss arch bridge. The results showed that the evaluation index variance can describe the maximum bearing friction increase. However, the proposed approach is primarily based on thermal excitation, because of which it cannot assess the bearing working performance if the uncertainty in the friction hysteresis model is introduced by other types of excitations (e.g., vehicle excitation).

A new theoretical model of variable stiffness composite structures in this paper is presented, then a finite element model is established by ABAQUS and a test specimen is manufactured to verify the...

Single-atomic site catalysts have drawn considerable attention because of their maximum atom-utilization efficiency and excellent catalytic activity. In this work, a highly active single-atomic Pt site photocatalyst was synthesized through employing defective TiO2 nanosheets as solid support for photocatalytic water splitting. It indicated that the surface oxygen vacancies on defective TiO2 nanosheets could effectively stabilize the single-atomic Pt sites through constructing a three-center Ti–Pt–Ti structure. The Ti–Pt–Ti structure can hold the stability of isolated single-atomic Pt sites and facilitate the separation and transfer of photoinduced charge carriers, thereby greatly improving the photocatalytic H2 evolution. Notably, our synthesized photocatalyst exhibited a remarkably enhanced H2 evolution performance, and the H2 production rate is up to 13460.7 μmol·h−1·g−1, which is up to around 29.0 and 4.7 times higher than those of TiO2 nanosheets and Pt nanoparticles-TiO2. In addition, a plausible enhanced reaction mechanism was also proposed combining with photo-electrochemical characterizations and density functional theory (DFT) calculation results. Ultimately, it is believed that this work highlights the benefits of a single-site catalyst and paves the way to rationally design the highly active and stable single-atomic site photocatalysts on metal oxide support.

The behaviors and kinetics of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on pure aluminum with passive film in the presence and absence of chloride ion are quantitatively investigated by using the tip generation/substrate collection mode of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) with dual Al/Pt ultramicroelectrode (UME) as tip electrode and Pt UME as substrate electrode. The standard rate constants k0 and transfer coefficients αH of HER in ClO4−- and Cl−-containing solution are 6.9 × 10−7 cm/s and 0.22, 7.1 × 10−6 cm/s and 0.19, respectively. Results show that the kinetic of HER is slow and the destruction of Cl− on passive film can significantly promote the HER on Al surface. Moreover, these αH far less than commonly used 0.5 in corrosion research, can explain the great difference between theoretical Tafel slopes and experimental results. Besides, the existence of current plateau in Al electrode explains the large difference in corrosion potential during parallel testing.

A dual-parameter fiber-optic sensor based on magnetic ionic liquids (MILs) functionalized side-hole fibers (SHFs) has been proposed and experimentally demonstrated for simultaneous measurement of temperature and magnetic field intensity. Multiple transmission dips are present in the transmission spectrum due to resonance coupling between the fundamental core mode and high-order modes in the MIL inclusion. The wavelength shifts of these resonance dips are highly sensitive to the environmental temperature and applied magnetic field intensity, providing an ideal sensing platform for simultaneous measurement of the above two physical parameters. Experimental results indicate that our proposed sensor exhibits temperature and magnetic field sensitivities up to −3.466 nm/°C and −0.0303 nm/Oe for the measurement ranges of 25 °C to 100 °C and 20 Oe to 200 Oe, respectively. The MILs-infiltrated SHFs sensor paves new way toward developing photonic devices for temperature/magnetic field dual-parameter sensing and high-precision wavelength-tuning based on functional materials.

The attrition behavior of CaO-based adsorbent particles was systematically studied in a laboratory-scale fluidized device. Five operational and design parameters were investigated in terms of attrition. Fine powder production, attrition rate and particle size statistics were experimentally analyzed to explore the attrition characteristics of the particles. The results revealed that longer time aggravated the breakage, and larger particles possessed the better attrition resistance. Higher gas velocity promoted the attrition rate. Larger orifice number and orifice diameter reduced the degree of attrition. Linear fitting was used to analyze the relation between the mass of fine powder and other parameters. A mathematical model- R = 0.67 × 10 9 ⋅ D − 0.848 ⋅ U 3.136 ⋅ n or − 0.950 ⋅ d or − 1.196 was established on the basis of experimental results to combine the effects of the various parameters. The model could be used to describe, simulate and predict the fluidized attrition phenomenon of particles.

The combined effects of proton irradiation and forward gate-bias stress on the interface traps of AlGaN/GaN heterostructure have been studied in this article. It is found that the effect of proton irradiation and forward gate-bias on the shift of flat band voltage $V_{\mathrm {FB}}$ is independent. By utilizing the frequency-dependent conductance technique, it is found that the trap density $D_{\mathrm {T}}$ at metal/AlGaN interface decreases after proton irradiation and the $D_{\mathrm {T}}$ at most energy levels increases after the following forward gate-bias. The $D_{\mathrm {T}}$ at AlGaN/GaN interface increases after proton irradiation and then decreases after the following forward gate-bias. The energy level range of metal/AlGaN interface traps reduces significantly under the forward gate-bias for the irradiated devices, however, that of AlGaN/GaN interface traps decreases little. In summary, the combined effect of proton irradiation and forward gate-bias stress on the interface traps is more complex than that on the bulk traps in AlGaN layer.

Lithium metal anode is widely studied owing to its feature of ultrahigh theoretical specific capacity with lowest electrochemical potential. Nevertheless, the inhomogeneous deposition of Li+ ions is apt to accelerate the emergence of dendritic Li, which is a brake on the practical application of lithium metal batteries. To solve this issue, herein, we propose nitrogen, sulfur-codoped carbon dots (N,S-CDs) as the deposition regulating additives of electrolyte to guide lithium ion homogeneous deposition. Within the electrolyte, N,S-CDs additives can absorb the surrounding Li+ ions and deposit homogeneously on the current collector, resulting in a uniform lithium deposition layer. As expected, at the presence of 0.3 mg/mL N,S-CDs, the long-term cycling stability over 1200 h and 300 h with low polarization are achieved both in the Li|Li symmetric cell at current density of 1.0 and 3.0 mA cm−2, respectively. Meanwhile, there is an obvious contrast between the capacity retention in the Li-S full cell between the cell with and without N,S-CDs. In addition, it is worth noting that the beneficial effect of N,S-CDs for stable lithium metal anode is firstly demonstrated by means of confocal laser scanning microscope as well.

An azobenzene (azo)-integrated asymmetric dual-S-taper fiber interferometer based on concatenated single-mode fiber S-tapers is proposed and fabricated. As the fiber interferometer is immersed into the ethyl orange (EO) solution, due to the photo-isomerization effect of azo materials, azo molecules would experience conformal change when 473 nm laser illumination is applied, resulting in the variation of ambient surrounding refractive index. Transmission spectra of the proposed dual-S-taper structure exhibit stable and regular wavelength shift under different illumination light intensities or EO weight percentages of EO solutions. An optimal EO weight percentage of 0.1 wt% was experimentally acquired with wavelength sensitivity reaching −27.6 pm/mW for a laser power range of 0 mW to 195 mW. Furthermore, repeated laser power increasing and decreasing experiments and the control experiment under the distilled water environment proves our proposed fiber interferometer with highly reversible and stable light-sensitive wavelength responses, making it a good candidate for light intensity sensing and light-controlled wavelength-tuning applications in future all-optical networking systems.

In this research, ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) was used to process a 7075-T651 aluminum alloy. After UNSM treatment, a work-hardened layer with compressive residual stress up to 500 MPa was generated on the near-surface region of the sample. The surface microhardness of the alloy was increased from 195 ± 4 to 225 ± 7 HV, and the surface roughness was decreased from 1.32 ± 0.04 to 0.54 ± 0.27 µm. The stress concentration factor Kt of the as-received specimen was decreased from 1.080 to 1.069 after UNSM processing. Rotating–bending fatigue tests showed that UNSM significantly improved the fatigue performance. In addition, UNSM-treated 7075-T651 samples were able to endure pitting corrosion in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution for 72 h without any degradation in fatigue performance. These results demonstrated that UNSM is a robust surface modification method that can improve the rotating–bending fatigue resistance of the aluminum alloy.

Electrochemical heterogeneous catalytic ozonation (E-catazone) is a promising and advanced oxidation technology that uses a titanium dioxide nanoflower (TiO2-NF)-coated porous Ti gas diffuser as an anode material. Our previous study has highlighted that the importance of the TiO2-NF coating layer in enhancing OH production and rapidly degrading O3-resistant drugs. It is well known that the properties of TiO2-NF are closely related to its sintering temperature. However, to date, related research has not been conducted in E-catazone systems. Thus, this study evaluated the effect of the sintering temperature on the degradation of the O3-resistant drug para-chlorobenzoic acid (p-CBA) using both experimental and kinetic modeling and revealed its influence mechanism. The results indicated that the TiO2-NF sintering temperature could influence p-CBA degradation and OH production. TiO2-NF prepared at 450 °C showcased the highest p-CBA removal efficiency (98.5% in 5 min) at a rate of 0.82 min−1, and an OH exposure of 8.41 × 10−10 mol L−1 s. Kinetic modeling results and interface characterization data revealed that the sintering temperature could alter the TiO2 crystallized phase and the content of surface-adsorbed oxygen, thus affecting the two key limiting reactions in the E-catazone process. That is, ≡TiO2 surface reacted with H2O to form TiO2-(OH)2, which then heterogeneously catalyzed O3 to form OH. Consequently, E-catazone with a TiO2-NF anode prepared at 450 °C generated the highest surface reaction rate (5.00 × 10−1 s−1 and 4.00 × 10-3 L mol-1 s−1, respectively), owing to its higher anatase content and adsorbed oxygen. Thus, a rapid O3-TiO2 reaction was achieved, resulting in an enhanced OH formation and a highly effective p-CBA degradation. Overall, this study provides novel baseline data to improve the application of E-catazone technology.

The solution absorption system has great potential for recovery of water and latent heat from industrial gas. However, few investigations have been conducted on the synergistic removal of SO2 and the treatment of the associated precipitation when the method is applied for flue gas from coal-fired power plants. To solve this problem, a falling-film reaction platform was established and the CaCl2 solution was chosen as the liquid desiccant. The effects of solution temperature and concentration, solution pH, O2 content and catalyst concentration on the efficiency of SO2 removal were investigated. The solubility of the CaSO4·2H2O precipitates in the CaCl2 solution was measured. The results revealed that the precipitated component was influenced by the O2 content. The decrease in solution pH was responsible for the decrease in the efficiency of SO2 removal. The highest SO2 removal efficiency of 95.6% was obtained during the operation of solution circulation in this experiment. In addition, the solubility test showed that a higher temperature, a lower concentration and the addition of Ca(OH)2 were conducive to reducing the solubility of the CaSO4·2H2O precipitate in CaCl2 solution.

Activated carbon (AC) has been widely used in the prevention and control of air and water pollution due to its excellent adsorption ability. However, the adsorption capacity of AC for targeting organic compounds is reduced because of the competitive adsorption of water molecules. The current study proposes hydrophobic modification and regeneration of waste AC as a solution to these issues. Using waste AC as raw material, SiO2 particles were introduced to increase its surface roughness and micropores of AC. Nonpolar alkyl chain groups were grafted on the surface of AC to improve its hydrophobic performance, and high-temperature regeneration was used to increase its specific surface area. The experimental results showed that the water contact angle of AC increased from 30° (hydrophilic) to 142° (hydrophobic) after modification, and it maintained an angle of 139° even after high-temperature regeneration. The specific surface area of hydrophobic AC increased from 290 to 1075 m2 g−1 and the equilibrium adsorption capacity of hydrophobic AC for methylene blue is 425.4 mg g−1 after regeneration. AC-adsorbed methylene blue also has excellent hydrophobicity (145°) and high specific surface area (1250 m2 g−1) after being modified and regenerated by the same methods. After being exposed to air for 600 days, the modified AC still has good hydrophobicity (125°). This indicates that our method of hydrophobic modification combined with regeneration has great significance to the recovery and utilization of waste AC.

In this research, the TiC-Ni35A composite coating was fabricated on the AISI 1045 steel substrate by laser cladding process. The cross-sectional morphology, microstructure, micro-hardness, and wear resistance of coatings obtained under different laser energy densities (E) and TiC powder ratios (PR) were analyzed. According to the results, all the coating had a reliable metallurgical bonding with the AISI 1045 steel substrate. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the coating phases were Ni and TiC. The average microhardness of the Ni35A-80wt.% TiC coating reached up to 75.12 HRC. The minimum coefficient of friction of the composite coating was only about 30% of the AISI 1045 substrate. The wear form was mainly adhesive wear when altering the TiC powder ratios, while the wear form also contained abrasion wear under different energy densities. The ability of decomposition and re-nucleation of TiC was significantly improved with the increase of laser energy densities and the decrease of TiC powder ratios. The micro-hardness, wear resistance, and coefficient of friction of the composite coating were improved because of the TiC strengthening phase particles. Compared with the AISI 1045 steel substrate, the micro-hardness and wear resistance of the composite coating was increased by 5.29 times and 6.26 times, respectively.