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32 results on '"François Gensdarmes"'

1. Post-corona unipolar chargers with tuneable aerosol size-charge relations: Parameters affecting ion dispersion and particle trajectories for charger designs

Author

François Gensdarmes, A. Bouarouri, Jean-Pascal Borra, N. Jidenko, D. Boulaud, D. Maro, Laboratoire de physique des gaz et des plasmas (LPGP), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PSN-RES/SCA/LPMA, and Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)

Subjects
Materials science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, aerosol, FOS: Physical sciences, 02 engineering and technology, Applied Physics (physics.app-ph), 01 natural sciences, complex mixtures, Ion, Corona (optical phenomenon), [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], Physics::Plasma Physics, Dispersion (optics), diffusion charging, Environmental Chemistry, General Materials Science, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Diffusion (business), Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, size-charge relation, [SPI.PLASMA]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Plasmas, Charge (physics), Physics - Applied Physics, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Pollution, Physics - Plasma Physics, Aerosol, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), differential mobility analysis, Particle, Atomic physics, 0210 nano-technology, corona discharge
Abstract

This article focuses on the mean charge per particle of monodisperse submicron aerosols charged by the diffusion of unipolar ions in post-corona discharge. It aims to confirm and discuss the limits of considering a single value of Ni·t to describe aerosol charging and then to present methods to control the size-charge relation. Three aerosol chargers with different mixings of ion and aerosol flows are investigated. Despite comparable ion sources with discharge currents of a few tens of µA, the size-charge relations differ from one charger to another due to different ion-aerosol mixing conditions and subsequent differences in ion density along the particles’ trajectories. Discrepancies are even more noticeable as the particle size increases. Discharge current, velocities of ion and aerosol flows and the electric field control post-discharge ion density at each point of the charging zone. The control of particle trajectory in expanding unipolar ion clouds leads to tuneable size-charge relations. Aerosol inertia and charging dynamics both depend on particle size, affect the Ni·t experienced by the particle and thus the final charge of the particle. Operating conditions to reach a constant mean charge for particles larger than 200 nm are reported. Conclusions provide a basis to design aerosol chargers devoted to electric mobility selection for aerosol deposition, separation or electrical measurements, especially to overcome the limits of mobility-to-size data inversion due to the multiple charge ambiguity inherent to diffusion chargers. Copyright © 2020 American Association for Aerosol Research

Published
2020
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2. Evidence of inter-particles collision effect in airflow resuspension of poly-dispersed tungsten particles in monolayer deposits

Author

Jean-Christophe Sabroux, Ana Maria Vidales, Samuel Peillon, Anthony Rondeau, Rodolfo Omar Uñac, François Gensdarmes, Jesica Gisele Benito, Choplansky, PSN-RES/SCA/LPMA, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Universidad Nacional de San Luis [San Luis] (UNSL), and INFAP

Subjects
Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Atmospheric Science, Environmental Engineering, Materials science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mechanical Engineering, Airflow, chemistry.chemical_element, 010501 environmental sciences, Tungsten, 01 natural sciences, Pollution, Molecular physics, Bin, chemistry, Monolayer, Particle, Particle size, Shear velocity, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Wind tunnel
Abstract

Poly-dispersed particle resuspension by turbulent airflow was experimentally studied in a wind tunnel called BISE. The set-up was carefully validated to produce reference airflows with three absolute pressures and friction velocities values. Monolayer deposits of poly-dispersed tungsten particles on tungsten surfaces were used for the experiments. The fraction of detached particles by size bin from 1 μm to 50 μm was quantified to analyze the effects of friction velocity, absolute pressure and particles concentration on surface. Comparison of the results with Rock'n Roll and Monte-Carlo resuspension modeling revealed discrepancies for particles behavior with diameter below 4.5 μm. These discrepancies could not be understood by assessment of particle-surface adhesion force distribution carried out with Atomic Force Microscopy analysis. For particle surface concentrations ranging from 35 to 100 mm−2, a collision effect was identified due to the concentration and poly-dispersion of particles deposited on the surface. Indeed, when analyzing the experimental data, a good linear correlation is obtained between the fraction of the small particles detached and a collision parameter, demonstrating that collisions could be responsible for the unexpectedly high resuspended fraction observed for particle size below 4.5 μm in diameter. The experimental data and the analysis presented in the paper show that particle surface concentration and collision effects are clearly relevant and should be considered in the above-mentioned resuspension models, especially for poly-dispersed particles assessment.

Published
2020
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3. Adhesion of tungsten particles on rough tungsten surfaces using Atomic Force Microscopy

Author

Samuel Peillon, Cristian Stancu, Michaël Redolfi, A. Autricque, Christian Grisolia, Olivier Pluchery, François Gensdarmes, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Laboratoire des Sciences des Procédés et des Matériaux (LSPM), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Institut Galilée-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute for Lasers, Plasma, and Radiation Physics [Magurele-Ilfov] (INFLPR), Institut des Nanosciences de Paris (INSP), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Environmental Engineering, Materials science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Hamaker constant, chemistry.chemical_element, Surface finish, 010501 environmental sciences, Tungsten, 01 natural sciences, Micrometre, symbols.namesake, Composite material, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ATOM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atomic Physics [physics.atom-ph], Mechanical Engineering, Adhesion, Pollution, Roughness, Atomic Force Microscopy, Colloidal probe technique, chemistry, symbols, Particle size, van der Waals force
Abstract

International audience; Adhesion forces between tungsten spherical microparticles and tungsten substrates with different roughnesses have been measured using the Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) colloidal probe technique. Mean roughnesses of the tungsten substrates were measured by AFM and were ranked in three categories i.e. nanoscale, sub-microscale and microscale roughnesses. Experimental Hamaker constant of 37 ± 3.5 × 10 −20 J has been obtained using a spherical tungsten particle of 10.5 µm in radius and a tungsten substrate with nanoscale root-mean-square roughness of rms = 11.5 nm. It was shown that larger roughness of the order rms = 712 nm induces a two order of magnitude decrease on the adhesion of tungsten microparticles compared to a smooth tungsten surface with nanoscale roughness. Comparison with the van der Waals-based adhesion force model of Rabinovich which integrates the roughness of surfaces showed good agreement with experimental pull-off forces even when roughness of the substrate is close to the micrometer range. In such case, measurements have shown that dependency of adhesion force with particle size (in the micrometer range) has a secondary influence compared to the roughness of surfaces.

Published
2019
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4. Monte-Carlo simulations of electrostatic self-charging of tritiated tungsten and beryllium particles

Author

Christian Grisolia, Gregoire Dougniaux, Mamadou Sow, Samuel Peillon, François Gensdarmes, Laboratoire de physique et de métrologie des aérosols (IRSN/PSN-RES/SCA/LPMA), Service du Confinement et de l'Aérodispersion des polluants (IRSN/PSN-RES/SCA), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)-Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), and CEA Cadarache

Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics], History, Materials science, Tokamak, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Electron, Tungsten, Computer Science Applications, Education, law.invention, chemistry, law, Particle, Tritium, Beryllium, Atomic physics, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)
Abstract

The electrostatic self-charging rate of tokamak dust is investigated using Geant4, a toolkit for the simulation of the passage of particles through matter. To do so, the particles geometrical characteristics, the β disintegration energy spectrum and the deepness of tritium infusion are taken into account. The investigated materials are tungsten and beryllium, the plasma facing components (PFC) of ITER, considered as spherical particles from 20 nm to 200 μm in diameter, both tritiated. Two cases of tritium distribution in the particles are examined. On the one hand, tritium is homogeneously distributed over the whole sphere; on the other hand, tritium is homogeneously distributed within the external 100 nm layer of the sphere. The self-charging rate is assessed through the calculation of the particle exiting electron rate. Based on a tritium inventory of 10 GBq/g, relevant for ITER tokamak environment, our results show that, for a single tungsten or beryllium particle of 10 μm in diameter, the self-charging rate when the tritium is homogeneously distributed within the whole sphere is respectively 2.4 and 1.9 positive elementary charges per second. In the configuration where the tritium absorption is confined in the external 100 nm layer, the charge magnitude raises up to 37.1 and 8.4 respectively.

Published
2019
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5. Design of model tokamak particles for future toxicity studies: Morphology and physical characterization

Author

Sarah Dine, I. Georges, F. Jambon, J. Chêne, Christian Grisolia, S. Garcia-Argote, Bernard Rousseau, Jérôme Rose, T. Acsente, Chiara Uboldi, G. Dine, M. Sanles Sobrido, Grégory Pieters, Véronique Malard, François Gensdarmes, Etienne Hodille, E. Bernard, Thierry Orsière, P. Beaunier, Dominique Vrel, Nathalie Herlin-Boime, Samuel Peillon, F. Miserque, Ph. Delaporte, Gheorghe Dinescu, Service de Chimie Bio-Organique et de Marquage (SCBM), Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (MTS), Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Edifices Nanométriques (LEDNA), Nanosciences et Innovation pour les Matériaux, la Biomédecine et l'Energie (ex SIS2M) (NIMBE UMR 3685), Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Réactivité des Surfaces et des Interfaces (LRSI), Département de Physico-Chimie (DPC), CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface (LRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Matériaux et des Hautes Pressions (LIMHP), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Institut Galilée-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences des Procédés et des Matériaux (LSPM), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Institut Galilée-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), National Institute for Lasers, Plasma, and Radiation Physics - INFLPR (ROMANIA), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille (ex-IBEB) (BIAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Ecole Centrale Paris, Laboratoire Lasers, Plasmas et Procédés photoniques (LP3), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), A*MIDEX project - 'Investissements d'Avenir' French Government programFrench National Research Agency (ANR) [ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02], Toxicology Program of the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) through the TWEET project, CNRSCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CEAFrench Atomic Energy Commission, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Collège de France (CdF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CEA-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire (CEA-DEN), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-CEA-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire (CEA-DEN), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut Galilée-Université Paris 13 (UP13), Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement (LAMBE - UMR 8587), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Galilée-Université Paris 13 (UP13), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay

Subjects
Dusty plasma, Tokamak, Materials science, tungsten, Nuclear engineering, chemistry.chemical_element, Tungsten, fusion technology, 01 natural sciences, size, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, law, Sputtering, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear fusion, General Materials Science, 010306 general physics, Civil and Structural Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, tungsten nano-particles, Fusion power, Characterization (materials science), Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, dust, oxide, Beryllium
Abstract

International audience; During ITER operation, it is expected that the large panel of plasma-wall interactions triggers the production of dust particles from the tungsten and beryllium first wall. These particles can be loaded with tritium (T) used as a fuel for the fusion reaction; T inventory is of prime importance for the safety assessment, particularly when considering dispersible matters that could be released in case of a Loss Of Vacuum Accident (LOVA),. The impact of accidental inhalation of such particles has therefore to be evaluated. Yet, particles properties in terms of tritium inventory and general behaviour are strongly dependent on their physical and chemical characteristics, and large uncertainties remain on those parameters; It is therefore important to obtain and characterize relevant W dust samples for toxicity studies before ITER operation starts. We produced model tungsten (W) Nano-Particles (NPs) by two different methods with characteristics closer to the plasma-wall interaction processes than grinding (usually used to produce commercial NPs): (i) magnetron plasma sputtering followed by gas condensation as well as (ii) laser ablation. The two types of tungsten NPs obtained exhibit very different properties investigated by a large characterization techniques panel; but both sets show similarities with samples collected in tokamak or observed in dusty plasmas setups, therefore could potentially be expected in ITER. Producing samples with strong differences is an asset to lead a first global study, highlighting which parameters are key, whether it affects the tritium inventory or the toxicity for lung cells during in vitro studies. In a second phase, it will help precise the impact of ITER particles when their definition will clarify. The aim of this paper is therefore to study and describe the characteristics of different types of W dusts, this knowledge being mandatory for the next steps of the project dealing with tritium inventory in the described W dusts and their suspension in various liquid media for cell exposure for toxicity studies.

Published
2019
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6. Current investigations on tritiated dust and their impact on tokamak safety

Author

T. Acsente, S. Garcia-Argote, C. Decanis, Sophie Feuillastre, I. George, Thierry Orsière, Véronique Malard, Bernard Rousseau, Gheorghe Dinescu, M. Sanles Sobrido, A. Autricque, Jérôme Rose, O. Carvalho, D. Lambertin, E. Bernard, François Gensdarmes, Christian Grisolia, Chiara Uboldi, Laurence Lebaron-Jacobs, Grégory Pieters, Gregoire Dougniaux, Dominique Vrel, Samuel Peillon, K. Liger, Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service de Chimie Bio-Organique et de Marquage (SCBM), Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (MTS), Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Supérieure de Chimie Physique Électronique de Lyon (CPE)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille (ex-IBEB) (BIAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Etudes du Comportement à Long Terme des matériaux de conditionnement (LCLT), Département de recherche sur les Procédés et Matériaux pour les Environnements complexes (DPME), CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Matériaux et des Hautes Pressions (LIMHP), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Institut Galilée-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CEA Cadarache, Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-École Supérieure Chimie Physique Électronique de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Département de recherche sur les technologies pour l'enrichissement, le démantèlement et les déchets (DE2D), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Galilée-Université Paris 13 (UP13), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-École Supérieure Chimie Physique Électronique de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Collège de France (CdF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Thermonuclear fusion, Tokamak, tritiated dust, Nuclear engineering, chemistry.chemical_element, Dielectric, Tungsten, 01 natural sciences, Electric charge, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, law, Specific surface area, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [PHYS]Physics [physics], adhesion of tritiated dust, tokamak operation and safety, Condensed Matter Physics, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Particle, Tritium
Abstract

International audience; During International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor operation, due to plasma-wall interaction, particles/dust will be created in sizes ranging from nanometers to tens of microns. The dust properties, especially their ability to be covered by a thin oxide electrostatic insulating layer, and surface topology deeply affect their tritium inventory. Consequently, physico-chemical properties specific to tritiated tungsten particles and consequence on particle behavior in the facility and environment must be carefully assessed. For size-relevant tungsten particles, the measured tritium inventory is similar to 10 GBq g(-1). However, it varies with the particle specific surface area. Due to tritium beta decay and the oxide-insulating layer, dust exhibits a positive electrostatic self-charging. For a 5 mu m particle in diameter with a 10 GBq g(-1) tritium inventory, self-charging rate could lead to 5.5 10(4) elementary electric charges per day. These electrostatic properties could change the adhesion of dust on walls. In the case of a single particle, the adhesion will be reinforced due to image and dielectric forces. However, if the tritiated particle is part of an aggregate, the adhesion remains unknown. Due to the limited free path of the beta emission in material, the tritium inventory carried by airborne particles cannot be measured in real time by conventional continuous radioactive aerosols monitors, and a new measurement strategy is needed for atmospheric surveillance in the workplace and of facility exhaust. Toxicity studies dealing with exposure to untritiated/tritiated tungsten particles of 100 nm have been undertaken. It was shown that these particles are rapidly dissolved in biologic media. Finally, after collection, dust must be confined to avoid its spreading into the environment. Different technical solutions are presented in this paper.

Published
2019
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7. Assessment of exposure to airborne carbon nanotubes by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy analysis of filter samples

Author

Jean-Baptiste Sirven, S. Pontreau, Audrey Roynette, François Gensdarmes, S. Motellier, François-Xavier Ouf, Michel Tabarant, P. Dewalle, C. Quéré, Simon Clavaguera, V. Fauvet, A. Guiot, L. Golanski, M. Amdaoud, CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), IVEA Solution, Centre Scientifique d'Orsay, Département des Technologies des NanoMatériaux (DTNM), Laboratoire d'Innovation pour les Technologies des Energies Nouvelles et les nanomatériaux (LITEN), Institut National de L'Energie Solaire (INES), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de L'Energie Solaire (INES), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Laboratoire de Physique et de Métrologie des Aérosols (DSU/SERAC/LPMA), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Service d'études analytiques et de réactivité des surfaces (SEARS), Département de Physico-Chimie (DPC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire de physique et de métrologie des aérosols (IRSN/PSN-RES/SCA/LPMA), Service du Confinement et de l'Aérodispersion des polluants (IRSN/PSN-RES/SCA), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)-Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), and This work was part of the GENESIS project (Global Evaluation of Nanocomposites for Emerging Safe Industrial Solutions) supported by OSEO (France)

Subjects
Materials science, exposure assessment, [PHYS.NUCL]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Theory [nucl-th], Orders of magnitude (temperature), chemistry.chemical_element, Nanoparticle, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, Carbon nanotube, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 01 natural sciences, Analytical Chemistry, law.invention, law, Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, Spectroscopy, Exposure assessment, Detection limit, LIBS, carbon nanotubes, 010401 analytical chemistry, filters, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, workplace, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Filter (video), 0210 nano-technology, Carbon
Abstract

International audience; Exposure assessment is a key step in the evaluation of the risk induced by the handling of engineered nanomaterials. It is a very complex task, because several properties of nanoparticles are assumed to have an effect on their hazards. For exposure monitoring at the workplace, real-time onsite measurements are commonly implemented to measure the particles size and number density, whereas the sampled material is subsequently analysed by electron microscopy. A complementary approach would consist in doing onsite chemical analysis of the filter samples, in order to routinely monitor a potential chronic exposure. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has distinctive advantages for this purpose. Therefore, this work aims at evaluating the performances of LIBS to assess the exposure to airborne carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at the workplace. As carbon is a ubiquitous element in the environment, our strategy was to target metal impurities in CNTs, aluminum and iron in our case. Then, we proceeded in three steps. First, we optimized the choice of the filter type to get the lowest detection limit for both elements. Secondly, this filter was used to quantitatively measure deposited CNTs. Eventually, we conducted an onsite measurement campaign in an industrial CNT production plant to evaluate the exposure in a real situation. We demonstrated that we could reach a detection limit for CNTs compliant with the current NIOSH recommendation of 1 μg m$^{−3}$, and that the detected CNTs during the onsite campaign in areas accessible to workers were at an extremely low concentration, several orders of magnitude lower than this recommendation.

Published
2017
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8. Experimental study of aerosol release following liquid leaks of fission products concentrates simulants

Author

Yohan Leblois, Mamadou Sow, François Gensdarmes, PSN-RES/SCA/LPMA, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des constructions (LMDC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées

Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics], Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Fission products, Materials science, 020209 energy, Mechanical Engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Mechanics, Particulates, 01 natural sciences, Spent nuclear fuel, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Aerosol, Surface tension, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, General Materials Science, Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, Waste Management and Disposal, Dimensionless quantity, Leakage (electronics)
Abstract

International audience; This article presents an experimental study that encompasses a need for nuclear safety on the consequences of a leakage of fission products (FP) concentrates in a failed vessel during spent fuel reprocessing operations. Particulate airborne release fractions (ARFs), as the result of liquid FP simulants impacting a rigid surface, were assessed for two circular leakage geometries of 1 and 2 mm diameter. The detailed analysis of these ARFs which are between 2.7 × 10−5 and 5.2 × 10−5 for the different experimental configurations revealed their dependence on the surface tension and the viscosity of the solutions, as well as on the impacting jet diameter. The study also makes it possible to develop an empirical correlation that links the ARFs with the dimensionless Ohnesorge and Weber numbers in the considered surface tension and viscosity range.

Published
2019
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9. Particle behavior close to the lower wall of a tokamak type geometry during a loss of vacuum accident

Author

F. Feuillebois, Thomas Gelain, François Gensdarmes, Physique et mécanique des milieux hétérogenes (UMR 7636) (PMMH), Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), PSN-RES/SCA/LPMA, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), and PSN-RES/SCA/LEMAC

Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics], Materials science, Tokamak, Toroid, Mechanical Engineering, Flow (psychology), chemistry.chemical_element, Geometry, Tungsten, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Aerodynamic force, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, law, 0103 physical sciences, Particle, General Materials Science, Shear velocity, Beryllium, 010306 general physics, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

International audience; The behavior of tungsten and beryllium particles close to the wall of a tokamak type geometry (i.e. a toroidal vacuum vessel) during a loss of vacuum accident (LOVA) is explored in this paper.Values of the flow field and temperature of the air surging into the torus were calculated by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations from an initial low pressure of 1000 Pa by Gelain et al., Fusion Engineering and Design, 100:87–99, 2015. A new CFD calculation is performed here for an initial low pressure of 500 Pa. The aerodynamic forces on particles in rarefied flow are derived from the calculated friction velocity and temperature in the lowest wall region. The focus is on spherical particles, but these values of forces are complemented for comparison with an estimate of the force on an elongated particle following Sentman (1961). Typical particles with diameters of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 μm are considered. The possibility for particles which are detached from the lower wall to be entrained away the wall is explored. A particle may be detached by the flow field provided it escapes the adhesion force with the wall, which occurs only for a rough wall and large particles. It is then entrained away from the lower part of the wall provided its weight is smaller than the aerodynamic force, which occurs even at low pressure for all sizes of studied beryllium particles and only for specific sizes and a pressure above 1500 Pa for tungsten particles. This key influence of particle weight on the particle dynamics in rarefied gas flow is the focus of the paper. As a result, only particles of intermediate diameters may be resuspended and transferred away from the wall during the whole pressurisation sequence of the vessel. Using the data for the initial low pressure of 500 Pa, these particle diameters are 5, 10 μm for tungsten and 5, 10, 20 μm for beryllium.

Published
2020
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10. Dust remobilization from rough planar surfaces in tokamak steady-state plasmas

Author

Samuel Peillon, François Gensdarmes, N. Fedorczak, Mamadou Sow, Christian Grisolia, Olivier Pluchery, A. Autricque, H. Roche, Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des constructions (LMDC), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Institut des Nanosciences de Paris (INSP), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)

Subjects
010302 applied physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Tokamak, Materials Science (miscellaneous), chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Radius, Tungsten, lcsh:TK9001-9401, 01 natural sciences, Molecular physics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Ion, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, law, Drag, Physics::Plasma Physics, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, Surface roughness, lcsh:Nuclear engineering. Atomic power
Abstract

The ability of tungsten (W) dust to be remobilized from rough tokamak plasma-facing surfaces is investigated in this study. Atomic Force Microscopy is used to evaluate the adhesion force distribution between W spheroids of ∼ 1 − 10 µm radius and a rough W substrate. Our results confirm that the Rabinovich model describes reasonably well the mean adhesion force in tokamak-relevant surface roughness regimes. The external (electric and ion drag) forces are estimated as well using a simplified sheath model. The results reveal that micron-size dust can be resuspended by attainable electric fields in tokamak conditions.

Published
2018
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12. CFD modelling of the wall friction velocity field in the ITER tokamak resulting from airflow during a loss of vacuum accident—Consequences for particle resuspension

Author

François Gensdarmes, Samuel Peillon, Thomas Gelain, Jean-Christophe Sabroux, Anthony Rondeau, IRSN-DSU-SERAC, Laboratory for the Experimental Study of Containment, Air Cleaning and Ventilation, and Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)

Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics], Tokamak, Materials science, Meteorology, Field (physics), business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Airflow, Iter tokamak, Mechanics, Computational fluid dynamics, law.invention, Aerosol, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Particle, General Materials Science, Shear velocity, business, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

International audience; During a loss of vacuum accident (LOVA), dusts that will be present in the future tokamak ITER are likely to be re-suspended. Such aerosols formed may present a risk for explosion and airborne contamination. This article presents parameters that govern the forces affecting particles deposited on a wall and subject to airflow. It is shown the influence of three parameters in the dust mobilization mechanism, i.e. the particles diameter, the fluid density and the friction velocity. From numerical simulations, it is determined the evolution of wall friction velocities in the vacuum vessel (VV) of ITER during a LOVA. The numerical calculations performed with ANSYS CFX code provide average friction velocities in the lower part of the tokamak between 12 m s-1 at a pressure of 150 Pa, and 0.5 m s-1 at a pressure of 105 Pa. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Published
2015
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13. Mobilization of tungsten dust by electric forces and its bearing on tritiated particles in the ITER tokamak

Author

Christian Grisolia, F. Miserque, Sophie Peillon, Mamadou Sow, François Gensdarmes, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)

Subjects
010302 applied physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Materials science, Metallurgy, Refractory metals, chemistry.chemical_element, Dielectric, Adhesion, Tungsten, Condensed Matter Physics, equipment and supplies, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, chemistry, Electrical resistivity and conductivity, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Composite material, Layer (electronics), Electrical conductor, Biotechnology
Abstract

International audience; Experimental investigations on the electric field strength required to overcome the adhesion forces of micron size tungsten metallic dust as well as silver and aluminum oxide in powdery form deposited on a conductive surface are presented. The results reveal a strong influence of particulate surface properties on the detachment threshold, especially for tungsten particles which exhibit a thin surface oxide layer that screens their electrical conductivity. Such tungsten particles makes possible that electrostatic self-charging occurs when tritiated because of their dielectric properties even if there are deposited on a conductive grounded surface. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.

Published
2017
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15. Performance Assessment of Probes Dedicated to the Monitoring of Surface Particle Contamination

Author

Francoise Sommer, Isabelle Tovena Pecault, Guillaume Basso, François Gensdarmes, Laboratoire de Physique et de Métrologie des Aérosols (DSU/SERAC/LPMA), and Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)

Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics], Materials science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Opacity, Airflow, Counting efficiency, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, chemistry, Cleanroom, Aluminium, Microscopy, Particle, General Materials Science, Composite material, 0210 nano-technology, Particle counter, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; Surface probes, based on airflow particle detachment coupled with optical particle counter, are actually available to measure the particle cleanliness of surfaces in cleanroom. No reliable data exits dealing with the performance assessment of these probes in unstuck and counting particles deposited on surfaces. This work presents a method for determining the efficiency of instruments dedicated to particle surface cleanliness measurements. The method is based on the realisation of standard particle deposits by sedimentation and analysis of whole of the contaminated surface by microscopy combined with a micrometric displacement bench. The method is used to assess a trial surface probe with 30 μm and 80 μm glass beads deposited on transparent (glass) or opaque (aluminium) surfaces at concentrations ranging from 1 particle·cm-2 to 50 particles·cm -2. The results obtained show that the overall efficiency of the instrument tested is less than 5 %. The detailed analysis of results shows that this low value is mainly due to poor efficiency of sampling and detection of particles in the optical counter. When analysed in terms of particle detachment efficiency, the results agree qualitatively with a force balance analysis taking into account the friction by airflow and the distribution of adhesion forces of glass particles to glass substrates or rough aluminium substrates. Such result shows that airflow based surface probes for particle cleanliness measurements should be systematically qualified for representative conditions of operations whereas analytical microscopy measurements could be considered as reference. Copyright © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH andamp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Published
2012
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16. LOAC: a small aerosol optical counter/sizer for ground-based and balloon measurements of the size distribution and nature of atmospheric particles – Part 1: Principle of measurements and instrument evaluation

Author

Tjarda Roberts, Fabrice Jégou, Matthew Salter, Eric Hamonou, Jérémy Surcin, Matthieu Gobbi, Matthieu Jeannot, Samuel Mesmin, Marc Mallet, Daniel Daugeron, François Gensdarmes, Thierry Décamps, Gwenaël Berthet, Thierry Tonnelier, Jérôme Giacomoni, Vincent Crenn, Benoit Couté, Nicolas Verdier, Paul Zieger, Jean-Baptiste Renard, Damien Vignelles, Vincent Duverger, François Dulac, Thierry Elias, Rony Akiki, Jean-Charles Dupont, Claude Camy-Peyret, Pavla Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Christophe Mazel, Haraldur Ólafsson, Jean Sciare, Martin Piringer, Patrick Charpentier, Thibaut Lurton, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Environnement SA, Groupe Aerophile, Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service du Confinement et de l'Aérodispersion des polluants (IRSN/PSN-RES/SCA), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), MeteoModem, Ury, MeteoModem, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), HYGEOS (SARL), Stockholm University, University of Bergen (UiB), University of Iceland [Reykjavik], Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP), Fly-n-Sense, Mérignac, Fly-n-Sense, Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG), Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, IRSN, PSN-RES, SCA, Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LA), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), University of Bergen (UIB), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), UMR 7328 CNRS/Université d'Orléans, and Université d'Orléans (UO)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Materials science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Particle number, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, 01 natural sciences, 010309 optics, Troposphere, Optics, 11. Sustainability, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], lcsh:TA170-171, Stratosphere, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Range (particle radiation), Scattering, business.industry, lcsh:TA715-787, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, Sea spray, Aerosol, lcsh:Environmental engineering, 13. Climate action, ChArMEx, Particle, business
Abstract

The study of aerosols in the troposphere and in the stratosphere is of major importance both for climate and air quality studies. Among the numerous instruments available, optical aerosol particles counters (OPCs) provide the size distribution in diameter range from about 100 nm to a few tens of µm. Most of them are very sensitive to the nature of aerosols, and this can result in significant biases in the retrieved size distribution. We describe here a new versatile optical particle/sizer counter named LOAC (Light Optical Aerosol Counter), which is light and compact enough to perform measurements not only at the surface but under all kinds of balloons in the troposphere and in the stratosphere. LOAC is an original OPC performing observations at two scattering angles. The first one is around 12°, and is almost insensitive to the refractive index of the particles; the second one is around 60° and is strongly sensitive to the refractive index of the particles. By combining measurement at the two angles, it is possible to retrieve the size distribution between 0.2 and 100 µm and to estimate the nature of the dominant particles (droplets, carbonaceous, salts and mineral particles) when the aerosol is relatively homogeneous. This typology is based on calibration charts obtained in the laboratory. The uncertainty for total concentrations measurements is ±20 % when concentrations are higher than 1 particle cm−3 (for a 10 min integration time). For lower concentrations, the uncertainty is up to about ±60 % for concentrations smaller than 10−2 particle cm−3. Also, the uncertainties in size calibration are ±0.025 µm for particles smaller than 0.6 µm, 5 % for particles in the 0.7–2 µm range, and 10 % for particles greater than 2 µm. The measurement accuracy of submicronic particles could be reduced in a strongly turbid case when concentration of particles > 3 µm exceeds a few particles cm−3. Several campaigns of cross-comparison of LOAC with other particle counting instruments and remote sensing photometers have been conducted to validate both the size distribution derived by LOAC and the retrieved particle number density. The typology of the aerosols has been validated in well-defined conditions including urban pollution, desert dust episodes, sea spray, fog, and cloud. Comparison with reference aerosol mass monitoring instruments also shows that the LOAC measurements can be successfully converted to mass concentrations.

Published
2016
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17. Tritium absorption and desorption in ITER relevant materials comparative study of tungsten dust and massive samples

Author

Frantz Martin, Etienne Hodille, S. Garcia-Argote, F. Miserque, M. Redolfi, Sophie Peillon, Abdelouahab El-Kharbachi, B. Pégourié, François Gensdarmes, T. Acsente, Loïc Marchetti, Dominique Vrel, Véronique Malard, Gheorghe Dinescu, Bernard Rousseau, J. Chêne, Christian Grisolia, Grégory Pieters, Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Service de Chimie Bio-Organique et de Marquage (SCBM), Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (MTS), Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire des Sciences des Procédés et des Matériaux (LSPM), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Institut Galilée-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Biochimie des Systèmes Perturbés (LBSP), Service du Confinement et de l'Aérodispersion des polluants (IRSN/PSN-RES/SCA), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut Galilée-Université Paris 13 (UP13), and IRSN, PSN-RES, SCA

Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics], Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Radiochemistry, Metallurgy, Refractory metals, chemistry.chemical_element, Sorption, 02 engineering and technology, Plasma, Tungsten, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Adsorption, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Desorption, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, Tritium, Absorption (chemistry), 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

International audience; Abstract Tritium adsorption and desorption from well characterized tungsten dust are presented. The dust used are of different types prepared by planetary milling and by aggregation technique in plasma. For the milled powder, the surface specific area (SSA) is 15.5 m2/g. The particles are poly-disperse with a maximum size of 200 nm for the milled powder and 100 nm for the aggregation one. Prior to tritiation the particles are carefully de-oxidized. Both samples are experiencing a high tritium inventory from 5 GBq/g to 35 GBq/g. From comparison with massive samples and considering that tritium inventory increases with SSA, it is shown that surface effects are predominant in the tritium trapping process. Extrapolation to the ITER environment is undertaken with the help of a Macroscopic Rate Equation model. It is shown that, during the life time of ITER, these particles can exceed rapidly 1 GBq/g. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.

Published
2015
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18. Methods of Detection and Characterization

Author

François Gensdarmes

Subjects
Electrical mobility, Materials science, Chemical physics, Analytical chemistry, Particle, Nanometre, Hydraulic diameter, Particle size, Electric charge, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Aerosol, Characterization (materials science)
Abstract

Generally, particles dispersed in air arise, comparatively to gaseous pollutants, specific metrological problems because of the influence of various parameters of their own, such as particle size, shape, electric charge, concentration in the air, etc. The physical behavior of the particles changes drastically depending on these parameters, the most important of them being the size. For these reasons, the characterization of particles dispersed in air is more complex than the characterization of gases or vapors. In this section, we present the concepts of equivalent diameters of the particles (aerodynamic, thermodynamic, electrical mobility) and their suitability to describe the different behaviors of particles according to their nanometer or micrometric size when dispersed in air. We show later the basic principles used in aerosol metrology to characterize these equivalent diameters and quantify particles with different metrics (number, surface, mass).

Published
2015
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19. Characterization of dust particles produced in an all-tungsten wall tokamak and potentially mobilized by airflow

Author

François Gensdarmes, Jean-Christophe Sabroux, Volker Rohde, Christian Grisolia, A. Roynette, Eric Chassefière, Anthony Rondeau, Thomas Gelain, Sophie Peillon, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Laboratoire de Physique et de Métrologie des Aérosols, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique [Québec] (INRS), Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux et Procédés (SIMaP), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG), Géosciences Paris Sud (GEOPS), and Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Materials science, Divertor, Airflow, chemistry.chemical_element, Mechanics, Tungsten, law.invention, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, ASDEX Upgrade, law, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Particle-size distribution, Shear stress, General Materials Science, Axial symmetry
Abstract

International audience; At the starting of the shutdown of the AUG (ASDEX Upgrade: Axially Symmetric Divertor EXperiment) German tokamak, we collected particles deposited on the divertor surfaces by means of a dedicated device called “Duster Box”. This device allows to collect the particles using a controlled airflow with a defined shear stress. Consequently, the particles collected correspond to a potentially mobilizable fraction, by an airflow, of deposited dust. A total of more than 70,000 tungsten particles was, analysed showing a bimodal particle size distribution with a mode composed of flakes at 0.6 μm and a mode composed of spherical particles at 1.8 μm.

Published
2015
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20. Heavy metal nose-to-brain transport after exposition via inhalation: Uranium in situ detection using high resolution microscopy techniques in adult rats

Author

Philippe Lestaevel, Christelle Elie, Karine Tack, Teni Ebrahimian, Christine Tessier, David Suhard, Chrystelle Ibanez, and François Gensdarmes

Subjects
In situ, Materials science, Inhalation, Radiochemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, High resolution, Nanotechnology, General Medicine, Uranium, Nose to brain, Toxicology, Metal, chemistry, visual_art, Microscopy, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Exposition (narrative)
Published
2017
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21. Resuspension of carbon dust collected in Tore Supra and exposed to turbulent airflow Controlled experiments and comparison with model

Author

François Gensdarmes, A. Roynette, Sophie Peillon, Christian Grisolia, PSN-RES/SCA/LPMA, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Laboratoire de physique et de métrologie des aérosols (IRSN/PSN-RES/SCA/LPMA), Service du Confinement et de l'Aérodispersion des polluants (IRSN/PSN-RES/SCA), and Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)-Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)

Subjects
Materials science, Tokamak, Meteorology, Turbulent airflow, Carbon dust, chemistry.chemical_element, Tore Supra, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, law, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, 010306 general physics, education, Civil and Structural Engineering, Wind tunnel, [PHYS]Physics [physics], education.field_of_study, Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Particle-size distribution, Particle size, Carbon
Abstract

International audience; This work presents the results of experiments conducted with carbon microparticles collected in the tokamak Tore Supra in order to characterize their resuspension behaviour from a stainless-steel substrate when exposed to turbulent airflow. Experiments were conducted in a wind tunnel with controlled velocity profiles and monitored environmental conditions. A consequent amount of dust has been collected in the vessel of the tokamak and a bimodal particle size distribution of samples is first demonstrated. Comparison with resuspension of alumina powders with equivalent particle size distributions under turbulent airflow is also discussed. Results for both carbon and alumina microparticles are then compared to a theoretical resuspension model. Data reveal that exposing multilayer deposits with bimodal particle size distributions to low-speed flows (i.e. 3-10 m/s) induces a significant reduction of the mobilized fractions compared to what was predicted by the model. In addition, results helped to highlight some limitations in the model to physically describe changes in the adhesive strength that can occur with a polydisperse deposit. © 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Published
2014
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22. Determining the count median diameter of nanoaerosols by simultaneously measuring their number and lung deposited surface area concentrations

Author

Dominique Thomas, Olivier Witschger, Sébastien Bau, François Gensdarmes, Laboratoire de Métrologie des Aérosols, Département Métrologie des Polluants (MP), Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (Vandoeuvre lès Nancy) (INRS ( Vandoeuvre lès Nancy))-Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (Vandoeuvre lès Nancy) (INRS ( Vandoeuvre lès Nancy)), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (Vandoeuvre lès Nancy) (INRS ( Vandoeuvre lès Nancy)), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)

Subjects
Nanoaerosol, Materials science, Nanoparticle measurement method, Instrumentation, Analytical chemistry, Bioengineering, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, [CHIM.GENI]Chemical Sciences/Chemical engineering, Mass concentration (chemistry), Geometric standard deviation, General Materials Science, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 010405 organic chemistry, Ranging, General Chemistry, Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 0104 chemical sciences, Aerosol, Modeling and Simulation, Log-normal distribution, Lung-deposited surface area concentration, Particle, Particle size, Count median diameter, Biological system
Abstract

International audience; Due to the increasing use of nanomaterials in research and product development, it is probable that the number of situations of occupational exposure to them is also rising. The same is true for the number of workers. Although current research in nanotoxicology is far from conclusive, it is clear that relying on mass concentration and chemical composition alone is not appropriate in all cases and alternative measurement methods and approaches need to be developed. In this work, we propose a method based on simultaneous size-integrated measurements of two particle concentrations (number and lung-deposited surface area, CNC/NSAM), and on the estimation of the average size of potentially inhaled particles from the combination of these measurements. The proposed method could be part of a measurement strategy that is practical as it would use field-portable, commercially available aerosol instruments. In the absence of instruments providing real-time size-resolved measurements, this original approach can be carried out as considering that the ratio of these concentrations is a monotonous function of particle size. Indeed, the latter function depends only on the geometric standard deviation of airborne particle number size distribution, assumed to be lognormal. Compared to SMPS data for polydisperse aerosols having three chemical natures with count median diameters ranging from 64 to 177 nm, experimental results were obtained with acceptable relative discrepancies of ±30 %. Though the method proposed is less accurate than traditional instruments like SMPS, it can be used for workplace air monitoring or as a screening tool to detect the presence of airborne nanoparticles

Published
2013
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23. Size characterization of airborne SiO2 nanoparticles with on-line and off-line measurement techniques: an interlaboratory comparison study

Author

Sebastien Ducourtieux, Sylvain Bondiguel, Loukie Adlem, François Gensdarmes, François Gaie-Levrel, C.S. Kim, Graham R. Johnson, Thor E. Bostrom, Lidia Morawska, A. Salas, Vasile-Dan Hodoroaba, Young Heon Kim, Camilla Costa, Keiji Takahata, Kai Dirscherl, J.A. Guardado, T. Macé, C. Motzkus, Alexandra Delvallée, Åsa K. Jämting, Patrick Ausset, O. Popov, M.C. Chu, Ehsan Majd Faghihi, Ilya Kuselman, Inna Popov, S. Vaslin-Reimann, Gustavo Capannelli, Kensei Ehara, M. Maille, Malcolm Lawn, N. Michielsen, National Metrology Institute of South Africa, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d’Essais (LNE), Danish Institute of Fundamental Metrology, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJ), National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute od Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire de Physique et de Métrologie des Aérosols (IRSN/DSU/SERAC/LPMA), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health [Brisbane], Queensland University of Technology [Brisbane] (QUT), Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science [Daejon] (KRISS), KRISS, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Genova University, Università degli studi di Genova = University of Genoa (UniGe), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Laboratoire de Physique et de Métrologie des Aérosols (DSU/SERAC/LPMA), and Universita degli studi di Genova

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, aerosol, Analytical chemistry, Nanoparticle, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Characterization measurement, Atomic force microscopy, Mica, electrostatic precipitation, General Materials Science, [PHYS]Physics [physics], silicon dioxide, education.field_of_study, Electrostatic separators, evaluation, Spectrometers, nanoparticle, article, Particle size, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, unclassified drug, Metrology, Characterization (materials science), Interlaboratory comparison studies, priority journal, Modeling and Simulation, Uncertainty analysis, Measurement uncertainty, Nanoparticles characterizations, 0210 nano-technology, Scanning mobility, Scanning electron microscopy, Scanning and transmission electron microscopy, Materials science, Characterization, Population, Bioengineering, Shape memory effect, Interlaboratory comparison, transmission electron microscopy, Calibration, controlled study, education, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Aerosols, Spectrometer, silicon dioxide nanoparticle, Size distribution, General Chemistry, calibration, scanning mobility particle size spectrometer, Nanoparticles, measurement, spectrometer, Metrological traceabilitys
Abstract

Results of an interlaboratory comparison on size characterization of SiO2 airborne nanoparticles using on-line and off-line measurement techniques are discussed. This study was performed in the framework of Technical Working Area (TWA) 34 - "Properties of Nanoparticle Populations" of the Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards (VAMAS) in the project no. 3 "Techniques for characterizing size distribution of airborne nanoparticles". Two types of nano-aerosols, consisting of (1) one population of nanoparticles with a mean diameter between 30.3 and 39.0 nm and (2) two populations of non-agglomerated nanoparticles with mean diameters between, respectively, 36.2-46.6 nm and 80.2-89.8 nm, were generated for characterization measurements. Scanning mobility particle size spectrometers (SMPS) were used for on-line measurements of size distributions of the produced nano-aerosols. Transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy were used as off-line measurement techniques for nanoparticles characterization. Samples were deposited on appropriate supports such as grids, filters, and mica plates by electrostatic precipitation and a filtration technique using SMPS controlled generation upstream. The results of the main size distribution parameters (mean and mode diameters), obtained from several laboratories, were compared based on metrological approaches including metrological traceability, calibration, and evaluation of the measurement uncertainty. Internationally harmonized measurement procedures for airborne SiO2 nanoparticles characterization are proposed. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.

Published
2013
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24. Contribution to the study of particle resuspension kinetics during thermal degradation of polymers

Author

Laurent Ferry, François Gensdarmes, S. Delcour, Jérôme Yon, N. Azema, A. Niang, José-Marie Lopez-Cuesta, François-Xavier Ouf, Alexis Coppalle, S. Pontreau, IRSN, PSN-RES, SCA, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès (C2MA), IMT - MINES ALES (IMT - MINES ALES), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Pôle Matériaux et Structures du Génie Civil (Pôle MSGC), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-IMT - MINES ALES (IMT - MINES ALES), Complexe de recherche interprofessionnel en aérothermochimie (CORIA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences appliquées Rouen Normandie (INSA Rouen Normandie), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU), and Pôle Matériaux Polymères Avancés (Pôle MPA)

Subjects
Environmental Engineering, Materials science, Hot Temperature, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Polymers, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Analytical chemistry, 01 natural sciences, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Thermal degradation of polymers, Air Pollution, Aluminum Oxide, Environmental Chemistry, Polymethyl Methacrylate, Polycarbonate, Particle Size, Waste Management and Disposal, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, chemistry.chemical_classification, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Aerosols, Air Pollutants, Polycarboxylate Cement, Airborne release fraction Fire PMMA PC Aluminium oxide, Air, Polymer, Equipment Design, Pollution, Kinetics, chemistry, Heat flux, visual_art, Particle-size distribution, Aluminium oxide, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Particle, Particle size, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract

Experimental results are reported on the resuspension of particles deposited on polymer samples representative of glove boxes used in the nuclear industry, under thermal degradation. A parametric study was carried out on the effects of heat flux, air flow rate, fuel type and particle size distribution. Small-scale experiments were conducted on 10 cm × 10 cm PolyMethyl MethAcrylate (PMMA) and PolyCarbonate (PC) samples covered with aluminium oxide particles with physical geometric diameters of 0.7 and 3.6 μm. It was observed for both polymer (fuel) samples that heat flux has no effect on the airborne release fraction (ARF), whereas particle size is a significant parameter. In the case of the PMMA sample, ARF values for 0.7 and 3.6 μm diameter particles range from 12.2% (± 6.2%) to 2.1% (± 0.6%), respectively, whereas the respective values for the PC sample range from 3.2% (± 0.8%) to 6.9% (± 3.9%). As the particle diameter increases, a significant decrease in particle release is observed for the PMMA sample, whereas an increase is observed for the PC sample. Furthermore, a peak airborne release rate is observed during the first instants of PMMA exposure to thermal stress. An empirical relationship has been proposed between the duration of this peak release and the external heat flux.

Published
2012
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25. Evaluating three direct-reading instruments based on diffusion charging to measure surface area concentrations in polydisperse nanoaerosols in molecular and transition regimes

Author

François Gensdarmes, Olivier Witschger, Sébastien Bau, Dominique Thomas, Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (Vandoeuvre lès Nancy) (INRS ( Vandoeuvre lès Nancy)), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), and Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Surface (mathematics), Materials science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Particle number, Dispersity, Analytical chemistry, Nanoparticle, Bioengineering, General Chemistry, 010501 environmental sciences, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Measure (mathematics), Electric charge, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, [CHIM.GENI]Chemical Sciences/Chemical engineering, Chemical physics, Modeling and Simulation, Particle, General Materials Science, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Diffusion (business), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Many toxicology studies on insoluble and poorly soluble nanoparticles point out surface area as an indicator of inhalation exposure. Measuring this criterion thus constitutes an important challenge. Instruments exist which can measure particle surface area concentration in real-time, but it is not known how well they perform when faced with polydisperse nanostructured aerosols. In this study, the response functions of three commercially available instruments based on diffusion charging (LQ1-DC, Matter Engineering; NSAM, TSI model 3550; AeroTrak™ 9000, TSI) were measured for monodisperse aerosols of four different chemical natures with particles ranging in size from 15 to 520 nm. Our results show good agreement between the experimental and theoretical response functions for the three instruments studied. In addition, no significant effect of the chemical nature, density or particle morphology was revealed. Instrument response was also tested with polydisperse aerosols. For these aerosols, discrepancies were observed between measurements and calculated concentrations based on response function and particle number size distribution. Relative differences varied between −60 and +55 % with an average value of −20 %. These differences may be explained by different factors; among them, the existence of a distribution of electrical charges on particles can lead to identical signals measured, and differential diffusion charging performance might lead to concentration-dependent response.

Published
2012
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26. Electrical properties of airborne nanoparticles produced by a commercial spark-discharge generator

Author

Sébastien Bau, Dominique Thomas, Jean-Pascal Borra, François Gensdarmes, Olivier Witschger, Laboratoire de Métrologie des Aérosols, Département Métrologie des Polluants (MP), Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (Vandoeuvre lès Nancy) (INRS ( Vandoeuvre lès Nancy))-Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (Vandoeuvre lès Nancy) (INRS ( Vandoeuvre lès Nancy)), Laboratoire de Physique et de Métrologie des Aérosols, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique [Québec] (INRS), Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique des gaz et des plasmas (LPGP), and Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Spectrum analyzer, Materials science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Analytical chemistry, Nanoparticle, Bioengineering, Nanotechnology, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Spark discharge, Generator (circuit theory), Synthesis, Mobility analysis, General Materials Science, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Modeling, General Chemistry, Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Bipolar charging model, Agglomerate, Modeling and Simulation, Electrical properties, Electric discharge
Abstract

International audience; nanoparticle generator based on the principle of electrical discharge (PALAS GFG-1000) was used to produce nanoparticles of different chemical natures. The fractions of electrically neutral particles were then measured by means of a Spectromètre de Mobilité Electrique Circulaire (SMEC, i.e. radial-flow mobility analyzer) for different operating conditions. The experimental results were compared with the theoretical values calculated from the Fuchs extended charge equilibrium model for spherical particles and agglomerates. For the smallest particles (below 20 nm), the deviations observed remain below 10%, and tend towards 20% for larger particles (over 35 nm).

Published
2010
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27. A TEM-based method as an alternative to the BET method for measuring off-line the specific surface area of nanoaerosols

Author

Dominique Thomas, Olivier Witschger, O. Rastoix, François Gensdarmes, Sébastien Bau, Laboratoire de Métrologie des Aérosols, Département Métrologie des Polluants (MP), Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (Vandoeuvre lès Nancy) (INRS ( Vandoeuvre lès Nancy))-Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (Vandoeuvre lès Nancy) (INRS ( Vandoeuvre lès Nancy)), Laboratoire de Physique et de Métrologie des Aérosols, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique [Québec] (INRS), Laboratoire d'Analyse Inorganique et de Caractérisation des Aérosols (LAICA), Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), and Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Materials science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, General Chemical Engineering, Analytical chemistry, Nanoparticle, Mineralogy, Specific surface area, Overlap coefficient, 02 engineering and technology, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Suspension (chemistry), medicine, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, TEM analysis, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Soot, BET analysis, Aerosol, Airborne nanostructured particle, Agglomerate, Particle-size distribution, 0210 nano-technology, Nanostructured powder, BET theory, Primary particle size distribution
Abstract

At the present time, no stabilised method exists allowing an estimation of the specific surface area for airborne nanostructured particles (nanoaerosols). Recent toxicological studies have, however, revealed biological effects linked to the surface area of these particles. Only the BET method, which can determine the specific mass surface area of a powder, constitutes a reference both in toxicology and in the materials domain. However, this technique is not applicable to nanostructured aerosols given the mass quantities of particles required (between approximately some mg to hundreds of mg taking into account the limit of quantification of existing BET instruments). To characterise the specific surface area of airborne nanostructured particles, a method based on analysing transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images is proposed. This has recourse in particular to previous work carried out in the area of nanoparticles originating from combustion (soot), and takes into account structural parameters of nanostructured particles including the number distribution of primary particles, their overlap coefficient and the fractal dimension of agglomerates and aggregates. The approach proposed in this work was applied to five commercially-available nanostructured powders of differing natures (SiO 2 , ZrO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 and Fe 3 O 4 ). This first involved their prior analysis by the BET method and then being placed in suspension in aerosol form using a vortex-type shaker system. The procedure to calculate the specific surface area using image analysis was then applied to the sampled aerosols and compared to the BET measurements. The experimental results obtained on the five nanostructured powders cover a range of specific surface areas from 20 to 200 m 2 /g, the primary particles having mean diameters varying from 7 to 47 nm. Close agreement was observed between the two approaches which, taking into account measurement uncertainties, are statistically equivalent at significance level α = 0.05.

Published
2010
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28. Airborne Nanoparticle Detection By Sampling On Filters And Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Analysis

Author

Audrey Roynette, Luana Golanski, Jean-Baptiste Sirven, François Gensdarmes, Sylvie Motellier, and Pascale Dewalle

Subjects
Detection limit, History, Materials science, Filter (video), Instrumentation, Analytical chemistry, Nanoparticle, Sampling (statistics), Sample preparation, Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, Spectroscopy, Computer Science Applications, Education
Abstract

Nowadays, due to their unique physical and chemical properties, engineered nanoparticles are increasingly used in a variety of industrial sectors. However, questions are raised about the safety of workers who produce and handle these particles. Therefore it is necessary to assess the potential exposure by inhalation of these workers. There is thereby a need to develop a suitable instrumentation which can detect selectively the presence of engineered nanoparticles in the ambient atmosphere. In this paper Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is used to meet this target. LIBS can be implemented on site since it is a fast and direct technique which requires no sample preparation. The approach consisted in sampling Fe2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles on a filter, respectively a mixed cellulose ester membrane and a polycarbonate membrane, and to measure the surface concentration of Fe and Ti by LIBS. Then taking into account the sampling parameters (flow, duration, filter surface) we could calculate a detection limit in volume concentration in the atmosphere. With a sampling at 10 L/min on a 10 cm2 filter during 1 min, we obtained detection limits of 56 μg/m3 for Fe and 22 μg/m3 for Ti. These figures, obtained in real time, are significantly below existing workplace exposure recommendations of the EU-OSHA and of the NIOSH. These results are very encouraging and will be completed in a future work on airborne carbon nanotube detection.

Published
2011
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29. Response of three instruments devoted to surface-area for monodisperse and polydisperse aerosols in molecular and transition regimes

Author

Sébastien Bau, François Gensdarmes, Olivier Witschger, and Dominique Thomas

Subjects
History, Engineering controls, Materials science, Dispersity, Nanoparticle, Nanotechnology, Solubility, Computer Science Applications, Education
Abstract

An increasing number of experimental and theoretical studies focus on airborne nanoparticles (NP) in relation with many aspects of risk assessment. Indeed, our understanding of the hazards, the actual exposures in the workplace and the limits of engineering controls and personal protective equipment with regard to NP are still under development. Several studies have already identified surface-area as an important determinant of low solubility nanoparticles toxicity. As a consequence, the concept that surface-area could be a relevant metric for characterizing exposure to low solubility airborne NP has been proposed [1]. To provide NP surface-area concentration, some direct-reading instruments have been designed, based on diffusion charging. The actual available instruments providing airborne NP surface-area concentration are studied in this work: LQ1-DC (Matter Engineering), AeroTrak™ 9000 (TSI) and NSAM (TSI model 3550). Their performances regarding monodisperse carbon NP have been investigated by Bau et al. [2]. This work aims at completing the instruments characterization regarding monodisperse NP of other chemical composition (aluminium, copper, silver) and studying their performances against polydisperse aerosols of NP.

Published
2011
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30. Adhesion force of W dust on tokamak W plasma-facing surfaces: The importance of the impact velocity

Author

A. Autricque, Christian Grisolia, François Gensdarmes, Samuel Peillon, Mamadou Sow, Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des constructions (LMDC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, PSN-RES/SCA/LPMA, Laboratoire de physique et de métrologie des aérosols (IRSN/PSN-RES/SCA/LPMA), Service du Confinement et de l'Aérodispersion des polluants (IRSN/PSN-RES/SCA), and Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)-Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Tokamak, Orders of magnitude (temperature), Materials Science (miscellaneous), chemistry.chemical_element, Tungsten, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], symbols.namesake, law, 0103 physical sciences, Surface roughness, Composite material, 010302 applied physics, Plasma, Adhesion, lcsh:TK9001-9401, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, symbols, lcsh:Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, van der Waals force, Contact area
Abstract

International audience; The adhesion of tungsten (W) dust particles on W tokamak plasma-facing surfaces is investigated. When spherical dust hits the tokamak walls, its shape is altered as a contact area is created by the adhesion work and irreversible plastic deformation. The van der Waals adhesion force between such a deformed grain and a flat surface is estimated, and the link between the force and the impact velocity is determined. We show that adhesion can be increased by several orders of magnitude when the impact velocity approaches the adhesion velocity. Finally, the effects of surface roughness are incorporated. © 2019

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31. First experimental results of particle re-suspension in a low pressure wind tunnel applied to the issue of dust in fusion reactors

Author

Samuel Peillon, Jean-Christophe Sabroux, Jonathan Merrison, Pascal Lemaitre, J. J. Iversen, Anthony Rondeau, Eric Chassefière, François Gensdarmes, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Géosciences Paris Sud (GEOPS), and Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Materials science, Toroid, Meteorology, Mechanical Engineering, Airflow, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Mechanics, Fusion power, 7. Clean energy, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Particle, General Materials Science, Beryllium, Suspension (vehicle), Civil and Structural Engineering, Wind tunnel
Abstract

International audience; During the normal operating condition of the future ITER tokamak, a massive production of dust in the toroidal vacuum vessel is expected. This dust, originating from the erosion of tungsten and beryllium internal walls of the torus by the plasma, would be mobilized to some extent during a loss of vacuum accident (LOVA). For safety reasons, it is essential to quantify the re-suspended dust fraction during such an event. Here, we provide preliminary experimental data of dust re-suspension obtained in the wind tunnel of the European Space Agency (ESA) at low pressures (300, 130 and 10 mbar). The experimentations were performed with multilayer deposits. We used two powders with a median diameter at 15.5 μm and 21.8 μm. A negative influence of the low pressure in the re-suspension mechanism is observed. For example, given a re-suspension fraction of 10%, increasing friction shear velocities are derived for decreasing absolute pressures: 300 mbar/0.66 m s−1; 130 mbar/1.08 m s−1; and 10 mbar/1.84 m s−1. In addition, we highlight the friction reduction for Kundsen numbers greater than 0.1 by an analysis of the airflow forces.

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32. Dust sampling in WEST and tritium retention in tokamak-relevant tungsten particles

Author

Nathalie Herlin-Boime, S. Peillon, Sophie Feuillastre, S. Garcia-Argote, C. Arnas, Olivier Pluchery, M. Payet, F. Miserque, François Gensdarmes, Christian Grisolia, Gregoire Dougniaux, E. Bernard, Grégory Pieters, Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Nanosciences de Paris (INSP), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PSN-RES/SCA/LPMA, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Service de la Corrosion et du Comportement des Matériaux dans leur Environnement (SCCME), Département de Physico-Chimie (DPC), CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Nanosciences et Innovation pour les Matériaux, la Biomédecine et l'Energie (ex SIS2M) (NIMBE UMR 3685), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Laboratoire Edifices Nanométriques (LEDNA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Laboratoire de physique et de métrologie des aérosols (IRSN/PSN-RES/SCA/LPMA), Service du Confinement et de l'Aérodispersion des polluants (IRSN/PSN-RES/SCA), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)-Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS)

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, WEST, Tokamak, Materials science, Materials Science (miscellaneous), Nuclear engineering, chemistry.chemical_element, Tungsten, Tritium, 01 natural sciences, Electric charge, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, law, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], 0103 physical sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [PHYS]Physics [physics], 010302 applied physics, Radioactive waste, Sampling (statistics), Dust, lcsh:TK9001-9401, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Adhesion, lcsh:Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, Particle, Dispersion (chemistry)
Abstract

International audience; The paper presents complementary approaches based on experimental and numerical works to address the behavior of tokamak-relevant tungsten particles loaded with tritium. Sampling of particles inside the WEST tokamak have been realized thanks to an in situ particle collection system called Duster Box. This method allowed to identify various types of tungsten particles among them spherical shaped micro-particles between 5 µm and 30 µm in diameter. Based on these results a surrogate tungsten powder has been provided by means of spheroidization process and sieving method. Moreover, the powder tritium retention capacity was measured and specific activities of 90 MBq.g−1 and 280 MBq.g−1 were obtained for particles with 17 µm and 11.5 µm median diameters, respectively. Considering such tritium activities trapped in the particles, Monte-Carlo simulation were performed to estimate the electrostatic self-charging rates and the corresponding electrical charge carried by the radioactive tungsten dust. The results of these experiments provide robust data for the assessment of the dispersion of toxic/radioactive material in the environment that could follow a loss of containment.

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