Search

In order to find a way to deal with CF4 with good removal effect and easy to promote. In this study, peat was used as raw material, and copper-loaded activated carbon (Cu/AC) was successfully prepared through nitric acid oxidation and copper chloride impregnation. Compared with commercial activated carbon and widely used metal organic frameworks (MOFs), it shows a fast adsorption rate and larger adsorption capacity for CF4. The static experiment was used to study the influence of Cu/AC on the adsorption of CF4 in the adsorbent dosage, reaction time, temperature, and initial concentration. SEM, FTIR, XPS, XRF, and BET were used to study the changes of physical and chemical properties before and after the adsorption. It was found that the oxygen-containing group was consumed during this process. Unsaturated sites on Cu can accelerate the adsorption of CF4, and the adsorption process is reversible. For the first time, the kinetic model, adsorption isotherm, and thermodynamic model are used to analyze the adsorption mechanism of CF4 on the Cu/AC surface from different angles. The results show that the adsorption of CF4 on the Cu/AC surface is a process of exothermic entropy reduction. The static adsorption process conforms to the pseudo-first-order, the pseudo-second-order, and the Freundlish adsorption model. Through 5 adsorption and desorption processes, it is found that Cu/AC has excellent recycling and recyclability performance.

Copper (Cu) incorporation is a key process for fabricating efficient CdTe-based thin-film solar cells and has been used in CdTe-based solar cell module manufacturing. Here, we investigate the effects of different Cu precursors on the performance of CdTe-based thin-film solar cells by incorporating Cu using a metallic Cu source (evaporated Cu) and ionic Cu sources (solution-processed cuprous chloride (CuCl) and copper chloride (CuCl2)). We find that ionic Cu precursors offer much better control in Cu diffusion than the metallic Cu precursor, producing better front junction quality, lower back-barrier heights, and better bulk defect property. Finally, outperforming power conversion efficiencies of 17.2 and 17.5% are obtained for devices with cadmium sulfide and zinc magnesium oxide as the front window layers, respectively, which are among the highest reported CdTe solar cells efficiencies. Our results suggest that an ionic Cu precursor is preferred as the dopant to fabricate efficient CdTe thin-film solar cells and modules.

Two-dimensional materials, such as transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), are attractive candidates for sensing applications due to their high surface-to-volume ratio, chemically active edges, and good electrical properties. However, their electrical response to humidity is still under debate and experimental reports remain inconclusive. For instance, in different studies, the impedance of MoS2-based sensors has been found to either decrease or increase with increasing humidity, compromising the use of MoS2 for humidity sensing. In this work, we focus on understanding the interaction between water and TMDs. We fabricated and studied humidity sensors based on MoS2 and WS2 coated with copper chloride and silver nitrate. The devices exhibited high chemical stability and excellent humidity sensing performance in relative humidity between 4 and 80%, with response and recovery times of 2 and 40 s, respectively. We have systematically investigated the humidity response of the materials as a function of the type and amount of induced metal salt and observed the reverse action of sensing mechanisms. This phenomenon is explained based on a detailed structural analysis of the samples considering the Grotthuss mechanism in the presence of charge trapping, which was represented by an appropriate lumped-element model. Our findings open up a possibility to tune the electrical response in a facile manner and without compromising the high performance of the sensor. They offer an insight into the time-dependent performance and aging of the TMD-based sensing devices., The Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2) is funded by the CERCA program/Generalitat de Catalunya and is supported by the Severo Ochoa program from Spanish MINECO (Grant No. SEV-2017-0706). We acknowledge support from the EU Project Nanosmart (H2020 ICT-07-2018) and ICN2 members acknowledge the Spanish MINECO project SIP (PGC2018-101743-B-I00). P.X. acknowledges support by a PhD fellowship from the EU Marie Skłodowska-Curie COFUND PREBIST project (Grant Agreement No. 754558).

CuFeSe2 powder materials were prepared by hydrothermal method using raw materials of copper chloride, ferric chloride and selenium dioxide. The effects of different heat treatment temperature and t...

Simple and low-cost hydrogen sulfide gas sensors based on polyaniline-copper chloride and polyaniline- tungsten trioxide- copper chloride composites were developed. The sensing film was produced by drop cast of the dispersed composite on top of screen-printed carbon electrodes on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrate. A fast onset time of detection of 10 s and 20 s towards 0.1 ppm of hydrogen sulfide were obtained for polyaniline-tungsten trioxide-copper chloride and polyaniline-copper chloride sensors, respectively. The calibration curve displays a good working range between 0.1 and 1 ppm with a limit of detection and limit of quantification of 155 and 512 ppb, respectively. The polyaniline-CuCl2 sensor presented a high response to humidity change. In contrast, the incorporation of tungsten oxide into the polyaniline-CuCl2 composite exhibited significantly improved the response time to target gas from 15 min to 4 min and make it nearly insensitive to humidity changes up to 40 %. Gas-sensing tests show that polyaniline- tungsten trioxide-copper chloride composites exhibit a high and fast response as well as an excellent selectivity to hydrogen sulfide at ppm level in room temperature. The proposed sensors could be used for different industrial applications.

Good quality single crystals of L-valine copper chloride were grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique with different concentrations (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0 mol). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique reveals that the grown single crystals were crystallized in the monoclinic structure. Kurtz powder technique was used to test the nonlinear optical (NLO) activity of the samples which are semi-organic in nature. The optical properties of the crystals were investigated by UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy. The results revealed that the wider bandgap and large transparency in the visible region along with higher polarizability of the grown crystals are highly useful in optoelectronic sensors. The high transmittance and the low absorbance and reflectance of the material over a wide range of wavelength suggest that the material can be used as anti-reflection coating in solar thermal devices and nonlinear applications.

Biomass is regarded as the ideal carbon sources for the preparation of porous carbons owing to its abundance, environmental friendliness, and facile availability. Herein a novel biomass, notoginseng, is used as the carbon source for synthesizing a novel B/N co-doped porous carbon (BNC) via one-step carbonization/activation procedure with the presence of copper chloride and boric acid. It is found that utilization of copper chloride and boric acid to fulfill one-step activation not only promotes the fixation of heteroatom-containing species but also facilitates formation of abundant micropores and mesopores in the carbon matrix. The as-prepared BNC sample thus exhibits developed porosity, large specific surface area (982 m2 g–1), and plentiful heteroatom dopants (e.g., N, 10.51 at.%; O, 15.38 at.%; B, 0.7 at.%). Investigation of supercapacitive performance reveals that the BNC electrode holds a delightful capacitance of 261 F g–1 at 0.5 A g–1 and a good rate capacitance of 172.8 F g–1 at 10 A g–1 in 6 M KOH electrolyte; and its symmetric supercapacitor exhibits excellent cyclic performance (capacitance retention, 93.2%) during 10,000 cycles at 5 A g–1, and a moderate energy output of 6.16 W h kg–1 at 100.12 W kg–1. These findings indicate that the notoginseng-derived porous carbon is a promising electrode material for supercapacitors due to its simple preparation method and superior electrochemical performance.

In this paper, platinum–copper (Pt–Cu) alloy colloid was prepared using the microwave-assisted polyol reduction method with chloroplatinic acid and copper chloride as precursors. During the preparation, the metal particles were loaded on the nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (NCNTs) using the sol–gel method. Catalysts with different metal proportions were prepared to investigate the activity of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and commercial Pt/C catalyst was used as control. A series of characterizations including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were employed to study the morphology and composition of the catalysts. The results revealed that the Pt–Cu alloy can be well loaded on NCNTs and displayed good ORR catalytic activities, especially CuPt–NCNT1:3 with the mass activities as 0.12A/mgPt; Ik was 0.56 mA/cm2Pt, which was better than those of the commercial Pt/C catalyst. It was also found that the half-wave potential and diffusion-limited current curves were close to those of the commercial ones, which demonstrate a simple and effective way to prepare the catalyst for fuel cell.

Cadmium sulphide doped with copper have been successfully prepared from cadmium chloride and Thiuria and Copper chloride as a source of copper ions with 5%. It deposited by drop casting on glass and Si substrates at 80°C temperature. The films annealed in air at 120 min at different temperatures. Properties were studied of XRD, electrical properties, optical properties and sensor properties. From X-ray pattern analysis, it was confirmed that all samples displayed a polycrystalline; it has a hexagonal structure with (002) as the preferred orientation. With the increase-annealing thermal, the band gap of the annealed films increased. Hall mobility, and carrier density and conductivity were estimated by Hall effect measurement. As for the properties of the sensor, it was shown that the CdS:Cu 5%/Si heterostructures which annealed at 150°C exhibits a noticeable gas response 26% towards 1 ml from ethanol diffuse at cylinder room rapid response-recovery times of around 160 s and 183sec.

A copper chloride (CuCl) electrolyzer that constitutes of composite proton exchange membrane (PEM) that functions at medium-temperature (>100 °C) is beneficial for rapid electrochemical kinetics, and better in handling fuel pollutants. A synthesized polybenzimidazole (PBI) composite membrane from the addition of ZrO2 followed with phosphoric acid (PA) is suggested to overcome the main issues in CuCl electrolysis, including the copper diffusion and proton conductivity. PBI/ZrP properties improved significantly with enhanced proton conductivity (3 fold of pristine PBI, 50% of Nafion 117), superior thermal stability (>600 °C), good mechanical strength (85.17 MPa), reasonable Cu permeability (7.9 × 10−7) and high ionic exchange capacity (3.2 × 10−3 mol g−1). Hydrogen produced at 0.5 A cm−2 (115 °C) for PBI/ZrP and Nafion 117 was 3.27 cm3 min−1 and 1.85 cm3 min−1, respectively. The CuCl electrolyzer efficiency was ranging from 91 to 97%, thus proven that the hybrid PBI/ZrP membrane can be a promising and cheaper alternative to Nafion membrane.

The effect of temperature conditions on the formation of copper active sites obtained by solid state ion exchange between copper chloride and H-mordenite zeolite using X-ray absorption spectroscopy in near-threshold (XANES) and extended (EXAFS) spectral regions behind the copper K-edge measured in in-situ conditions of the reaction at temperatures varying from room temperature to 400°C. The analysis of the spectra performed using direct calculations of CuK-XANES and taking into account anharmonic corrections for CuK-EXAFS fitting enables us to establish that there is no ion exchange up to 200°C and copper remains in the CuCl state. An increase in the temperature higher 200°C leads to the incorporation of copper atoms to the zeolite framework.

The effect of chloride exposure on copper cooling element corrosion was investigated in a simulated flash smelting furnace atmosphere. Field samples exposed to low and high chloride loads were firs...

Due to their versatility e wide range of physical and chemical properties, transition metal oxides are very promising as nanostructured materials. Copper oxides are indicated for applications in increasingly wider areas as gas sensing, catalysts, solar cells, electrochromic devices, and antimicrobial materials. In this study, copper (II) oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by the coprecipitation method from two precursors: copper sulfate and copper chloride. The evaluated precursor concentrations were 0.1 M and 0.2 M and temperatures were 50 °C and 75 °C. Different results were found, according to synthesis parameters and precursor used. Using copper sulfate as a precursor, a single phase of polycrystalline CuO could be obtained, and only a mixture of crystalline phases of CuO and cllinoatacamite (Cu2(OH)3Cl) were found using copper chloride as the precursor. A known polymorphism phenomenon was observed in clinoatacamite according to synthesis reaction parameters, and all three polymorphs were found mixed with CuO nanoparticles. Crystallite sizes of about 10 nm were found in this study, with leaf and rod-like nanostructured particles with dimensions range from 190 to 700 nm, and very good thermal stability. Under the synthesis conditions selected in this study, nanostructured materials made with copper sulfate precursor exhibited smaller crystallite sizes and better thermal stability. The coprecipitation method used was considered adequate to obtain nanostructured materials, with the advantages of being simple, fast and inexpensive. Keywords: Nanoparticles, Copper (II) oxide, Coprecipitation

Activation of the surface of cotton fabrics before obtaining a chemical copper film is recommended to be carried out by precipitation of dispersed copper particles. For this purpose, physical and chemical processes occurring in thin layers of copper chloride solutions under the influence of the visible spectrum of electromagnetic solar radiation are used. In this case, copper chlorides interact with cellulose, which is the main component of the fabric, forming copper monochloride. It is shown that this interaction occurs from exposure to sunlight. After that, the fabric is moistened with a solution of ascorbic acid and again exposed to solar radiation. Electrons located in a semiconductor under the influence of solar photons receive additional energy and oxidize the copper element, and the free spaces that appear in this case are filled with electrons depending on the oxidation of ascorbic acid. As a result of these processes, a shell containing copper particles that can catalyze the chemical copper is formed on the surface of the tissue.

Three new homobinuclear nanosized supramolecular copper coordination polymers are hydrothermally synthesized by self-assembly reaction of L-tyrosine (Tyr), terephthalic acid (H2bdc), pyromellitic acid (H4btec) and benzimidazole (Hbzim) with copper chloride salt to generate with formula [[Cu 2 (tyr) 2 (bzim) 2 (Cl)2(H 2 O) 2 ]]n 1, [[Cu 2 (bdc) 2 (bzim) 2 (H 2 O) 6 ].3H 2 O]n 2 and [Cu 2 (H 2 btec)(bzim)(H 2 O) 6 ].2H 2 O]n 3, which have been investigated by elemental analysis, molar conductivity and magnetic measurements, FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy, (TGA/DTA) thermal analysis and X-ray powder diffraction(XRPD) analysis as well as MM2 theoretical calculations. The magnetic moment and electronic spectra of the complexes are certainly indicating the octahedral geometries. Thermal analysis of the complexes confirms the suggested structures and thermal stability. The results of the XRPD analysis and the average nanosized values of the complexes have nanosized supramolecular polymers in the triclinic system. The MM2 theoretical calculations are supported by the proposed structures.

Layered organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites have been the focus of much research regarding their optoelectronic and multiferroic properties. Here, we demonstrate the presence of a large magnetocaloric effect in the ferromagnetic layered perovskite phenylmethylammonium copper chloride ((PMA)2CuCl4) below the Curie temperature of ∼9.5 K. We measure a magnetic entropy change ranging from 0.88 J/kg.K to 2.98 J/kg.K in applied fields of 10 kOe and 70 kOe, respectively. We also study the nature of the magnetic phase transition using critical isotherm analysis. The critical exponents are consistent with the 2D-XY spin model.

Cu(II)Cu(I)/activated carbon (AC) catalysts with different copper chloride and cuprous chloride impregnation orders were firstly prepared. The effect of the Cu(II) additive on the catalytic performance of Cu(I)/AC catalysts for gas-solid acetylene dimerization was assessed, and the catalysts were characterized using XRD, TEM, TPR, TPD, TGA, BET, XPS and ICP-AES. The optimal catalytic performance is obtained using the Cu(II)0.3Cu(I)1/AC catalyst with an average acetylene conversion of 70.0% (reaction conditions: temperature: 100°C; acetylene gas hourly space velocity: 120 h-1). This value is an increase of 33.0% compared with the average acetylene conversion of 37.0% when the Cu(I)1/AC catalyst is used under the same reaction conditions. The results demonstrated that the addition of Cu(II) promoted the dispersion of the active components, inhibited copper loss on the catalysts, and enhanced the adsorption of reactant acetylene on the catalysts. Consequently, the results indicate that a suitable Cu+/Cu2+ mo...

A new Schiff base containing the 1,2,4-triazole ring system (L) was synthesized and confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The chemical modification of PVC with a new Schiff base (L) was synthesized to produce a homogenous blend (PVC-L). A homogenous blend (PVC-L) was added to copper chloride to produce PVC-L-Cu(II). The PVC films had been irradiated with ultraviolet light for a long period and confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and weight loss; the surface morphology was inspected by scanning electron microscopy.

Reduced graphene oxide loaded with an iron-copper nanocomposite was prepared in this study, using graphene oxide as a carrier and ferrous sulfate, copper chloride and sodium borohydride as raw materials. The obtained material was prepared for eliminating hazardous dye carmine and the binary dye mixture of carmine and Congo red. The process of carmine dye removal by the nanocomposite was modeled and optimized through response surface methodology and artificial intelligence (artificial neural network–particle swarm optimization and artificial neural network–genetic algorithm) based on single-factor experiments. The results demonstrated that the surface area of the nanocomposite was 41.255 m2/g, the pore size distribution was centered at 2.125 nm, and the saturation magnetization was up to 108.33 emu/g. A comparison of the material before and after the reaction showed that the material could theoretically be reused three times. The absolute error between the predicted and experimental values derived by using artificial neural network–particle swarm optimization was the smallest, indicating that this model was suitable to remove carmine from simulated wastewater. The dose factor was the key factor in the adsorption process. This process could be described with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 1848.96 mg/g. The removal rate of the mixed dyes reached 96.85% under the optimal conditions (the dosage of rGO/Fe/Cu was 20 mg, the pH was equal to 4, the initial concentration of the mixed dyes was 500 mg/L, and the reaction time was 14 min), reflecting the excellent adsorption capability of the material.

International audience; Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (or CIGS) thin films and devices were fabricated using a modified three-stage process. Using high deposition rates and a low temperature during the process, a copper chloride vapor treatment was introduced in between the second and third stages to enhance the films properties. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy demonstrate that drastic changes occur after this recrystallization process, yielding films with much larger grains. Secondary ion mass spectrometry shows that the depth profile of many elements is not modified (such as Cu, In and Se) while others change dramatically (such as Ga and Na). Because of the competing effects of these changes, not all parameters of the solar cells are enhanced, yielding an increase of 15% in the device efficiency at the most.

Copper (Cu) is being widely used in CdTe solar cells to improve the p-type conductivity and reduce the back-barrier height. However, due to the defect compensate effect and the high spatial migration rate of Cu, the physical mechanism of Cu in CdTe is still a challenge. Here, three different Cu dopant source, metallic copper (Cu), and cuprous chloride (CuCl) and copper chloride (CuCl 2 ), are applied in ZMO/CdTe solar cells. Our results indicate that solution processed Cu treatment supplies lower Cu diffusion temperature and possibilities to reduce the Cu dosage and distribution profile in CdTe.

International audience; Deposition of CIGS semiconductor thin films was performed at low temperature and high rate by three-stage co-evaporation process on molybdenum coated glass substrate. A vapor treatment was done in between the second and third stage by flashing CuCl2 for 5 mins at 400 degrees C. A large change in morphology and crystal structure was observed after the treatment. XRD and SEM showed that small grains transformed into large grains. A smoother Ga profile was observed by SIMS measurements for the treated films as compared to as-deposited films. Furthermore, the Na profile was also modified in the recrystallized samples, with a lower content after recrystallization.

In the present days the development of efficient green synthesis of metal nanoparticles has become a major focus of researchers. It was aimed in order to find a safe, economic and eco-friendly technique for the production of well characterized nanoparticles. The present study reports the green synthesis of copper nanoparticles using plant extract (pepper leaf extract) and a copper salt (copper chloride, CuCl2). Copper nanoparticles are produced by the reduction of CuCl2, while the aqueous leaf extract act as reducing agent. The formation of copper nanoparticles was recognized by the change of colour from blue to black. The synthesized nanoparticles were then characterized through EDAX, XRD, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. EDAX confirmed the formation of copper nanoparticles. The UV-Vis spectrophotometer analysis confirmed the absorption peak of copper nanoparticles at wavelength of 500-700 nm. XRD analysis revealed three sharp peaks specifically referred to face centered cubic structure of metallic copper. This work was also carried out the optical studies of copper nanoparticles which were exposed to direct sunlight. This study reflected the effect of sunlight intensity on the absorption peak of copper nanoparticles.

In this work, CuO hedgehog-like nanostructures were synthesized by a chemical reduction simple method using copper chloride (CuCl2) as a precursor salt and sodium borohydride as a reduced agent. The CuO hedgehog-like structures were integrated as a function of time in aqueous solution, varying the molar concentration of the CuCl2. The obtained products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis). The catalytic activity of the nanostructures was evaluated in the degradation of organic dyes. XRD analysis indicates that the CuO hedgehog-like particles have a monoclinic structure. SEM and TEM studies reveal particles composed of numerous one-dimensional nano-spikes growing from a core with a range particle size from 1 to 3 μm. The UV–vis absorption spectrum of the obtained solids exhibits two peaks characteristic of CuO. Besides, the UV–vis spectra demonstrate CuO nanostructures with excellent degradation efficiencies of organic dyes.

Mineral ascorbates are the salts of ascorbic acid, and they are formed by bonding of mineral cation to ascorbate anion. Ascorbate salts may better tolerated by the human body than the corresponding weak acidic ascorbic acid. In this work, we depicted the methodology employed to synthesize single crystals of a new salt of ascorbic acid using copper chloride. The crystal structure was initially studied by X-ray diffraction, and further characterizations, such as spectroscopic studies (Fourier Transform Infra-Red and Micro Raman and thermal analysis (Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Thermogravimetry) were also carried out. The optical band gap of the material is determined by UV–visible spectroscopy. The polarization mechanism of the compound is explored using the dielectric measurements. Dielectric constant, a.c. conductivity and loss tangent were measured over a frequency range from 100 Hz to 5 MHz. The magnetic moment variation of magnetic field at room temperature shows a narrow magnetic hysteresis loop which indicates the weak ferromagnetic behaviour of the copper ascorbate crystal matrix.

In this study, the properties of thermal and dielectric Constant and electrophoresis of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) membranes with different concentrations (0, 3, 5, 7 and 10 wt%) of CuCl powder were investigated. A mixture was prepared using ultrasound technique for the distribution and homogeneity of the powder in the comparator polymer. The thermal conductivity (k / w / m.c) of the casting membrane was examined. The thermal conductivity of this polymeric system was increased by increasing the concentration of copper chloride. At 5% concentration, high thermal conductivity was observed, followed by a decrease in the values that followed. The electrical insulation and the electric permittivity were measured as a function of the percentage of the material. The results showed a gradual improvement in the durability of the electrical insulation by increasing the copper chloride material.

In this paper, we have reported undoped and Co doped CuS nanorods by using co-precipitation method. Dehydrated Copper Chloride and Thiourea were used as main precursors and NaOH as a complexing agent in this synthesis process. The reaction takes place at room temperature. The powder samples were obtained under 100 °C using an oven for 3 h and analyzed by using various techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and UV–Vis spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction spectra exhibit the poly crystalline behavior with hexagonal phase. FESEM micrographs exhibit the randomly oriented few micrometer long CuS nanorods in vertical directions with diameter 10–15 nm. With the addition of cobalt, the nanorod converts into nanosheets with average length 2 µm and diameter 80 nm. Optical studies show the optical band gap of about 1.09–1.19 nm which is good for optoelectronic devices.

A new Schiff base containing 1,2,4-triazole ring system (L) was synthesized and confirmed by 1HNMR, FTIR spectroscopy. The chemical modification of PVC with a new Schiff base (L) was synthesized to produce a homogenous blend (PVC-L). A homogenous blend (PVC-L) was added to copper chloride to produce PVC-L-Cu (II). The PVC films had been irradiated with ultraviolet light for a long period and confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and weight loss; the surface morphology was inspected by scanning electron microscopy.

Thin conductive nanostructured polyaniline coatings were formed by the solvent-free plasma-chemical method. Non-conductive form of an emeraldine base and crystalline hydrate of dichloride or copper dibromide were used as a target. The structure and electrophysical properties of the formed coatings were studied by spectroscopic and microscopic methods. It was demonstrated that the layers represent a polymer matrix with various degree of oxidation doped by chloride or copper bromide compounds. When mixtures of an emeraldine base and copper bromide are jointly dispersed, the formation of layers with relative concentration of its oxidized chains by more than three times bigger than the layers formed by dispersion of the emeraldine base and copper chloride is observed. The proposed method allows the deposition of thin composite PANI-based coatings which have conductivity up to 10 S/cm, adjustable degree of oxidation and a molecular structure of polyaniline chains.

The exploration of novel nanocomposite about two-dimensional (2D) nanoporous graphene (NPG) is of great significance for the further investigation of their outstanding properties and potential applications. Thus, an exceptionally facile and rapid strategy named combustion-reduction synthesis is reported. 2D NPG/cuprous oxide (NPG/Cu2O) nanocomposite can be obtained via combustion of graphene oxide (GO) and copper chloride in an oven at 450 °C for only one minute. By simply washing away Cu2O with acid, NPG was obtained. By burning away graphene, Cu2O nanoparticles were also obtained. As a new kind of hybrid materials, NPG/Cu2O nanocomposite presented much more excellent catalytic activity than the reduced GO/Cu2O nanocomposite, free GO, NPG and Cu2O nanoparticles. The outstanding catalytic property can be ascribed to the hybridization of Cu2O and 2D NPG architectures. With this new hybrid material, a chemiluminescence sensing platform was firstly constructed for fast, excellently sensitive and highly selective determination of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) with a detection limit of 3.5 nM. The as-established approach was successfully applied for quantitative determination of NADH in human serum and cell lysates. This strategy may open up a valuable avenue to fabricate a diversity range of nanocomposites containing nanoporous graphene and metal oxides with various potential applications.

A systematic investigation of medieval copper green pigments was carried out based on written sources: 21 manuscripts, dating from 50–70 to 1755 AD, were sourced and 77 recipes were selected, translating into 44 experiments. Reconstructions from medieval recipes were prepared and characterized through a multianalytical approach to disclose the original pigment formulation that is often described as verdigris. Based on the results obtained, we propose three main groups of copper green pigments, group 1, in which only Cu(CH3COO)2·H2O is formed, group 2, where this acetate is found together with copper oxalates, group 3, in which atacamite is present as the major green component or as a signature compound. The products formed are in perfect agreement with that predicted by the state-of-the-art research on the mechanisms of atmospheric corrosion of copper. This knowledge, together with our experience on craft recipes to prepare medieval paint materials, allowed us to recover a lost medieval recipe to produce a copper green pigment based mainly on atacamite, a basic copper chloride, which has been recently detected, by Raman and infrared spectroscopy, in artworks ranging from Catalonia and the Crown of Aragon panel painting to Islamic manuscripts.

Sodium metal chloride batteries possessing many merits, such as high energy density and long cycle life, are usually operated above 300 °C. Such high operating temperature may accelerate corrosion and aging, increase operating complexity, require an extra thermal management system, and limit their widespread applications. Lowering the working temperature may alleviate these issues and broaden their usage. Herein, a sodium copper chloride battery running at 175 °C is designed with the room temperature ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide dissolved with sodium trifluoromethanesulfonate, to replace sodium chloride saturated sodium tetrachloroaluminate as the catholyte. The cathode delivers the high specific capacity of 141.4 mAh g−1 and the high energy density of 374.7 Wh kg−1. In addition, the capacity retention reaches 92.1% after 50 cycles with an average coulombic efficiency as high as 99.6%. The examination of the cathode and solid electrolyte collected after 50 cycles shows that the degradation mechanism of the battery is attributed to (1) the accumulation of a large amount of non-conductive copper chloride in the three dimensional network structure of the copper foam and (2) the loss of β″-alumina in the solid electrolyte during the charge/discharge process.

Pure, Copper and Zinc doped Cadmium oxide was incorporated by the co-precipitation method. In this preparation method cadmium chloride, copper chloride, zinc chloride has been utilized as a precursor material. X-Ray Diffraction pattern, Fourier Transform Infrared spectrum and, Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectrum have affirmed the presence of the copper and zinc doped cadmium oxide nanoparticles. Scanning Electron Microscope uncovered the surface morphology, Ultra Violet-Vis Near Infra analysis and the optical band gap of the materials were observed to be 2.48 eV for Pure CdO, 2.35 eV for Cu CdO and 2.28 eV for Zn CdO which were assessed from Tauc's plot. The predominant electrochemical capacitive execution using Cyclic Voltammetry which indicates that the material has the ability to form a capable electrode material for stable and high-performance electrochemical supercapacitors.

Copper nanoparticles were synthesized from copper chloride precursor using sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate as the reducing agent. Oleic acid was used as the capping agent. Surfactants like polyvinyl alcohol/polyvinyl pyrrolidone were used to avoid the oxide formation and to prevent the agglomeration. Use of polyvinyl pyrrolidone resulted in better-quality samples. X-ray diffraction studies showed that the crystallite size of the particles decreased with an increase in the reaction temperature. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis for the samples synthesized at various temperatures showed a lower degree of oxidation at higher reaction temperatures. Particles of uniform shape were obtained at higher reducing agent concentration. Transmission electron microscopy studies showed the formation of spherical particles between 10 and 30 nm diameter. Results from selective area diffraction pattern confirm the formation of copper nanoparticles.

Tin dioxide (SnO2) were mixed with (TiO2 and CuO) with concentration ratio (50, 60, 70, 80 and 90) wt% films deposited on single crystal Si and glass substrates at (523 K) by spray pyrolysis technique from aqueous solutions containing tin (II) dichloride Dihydrate (SnCl2, 2H2O), dehydrate copper chloride (CuCl2.2H2O) and Titanium(III) chloride (TiCl3) with molarities (0.2 M). The results of electrical properties and analysis of gas sensing properties of films are presented in this report. Hall measurement showed that films were n-type converted to p- type as titanium and copper oxide added at (50) % ratio. The D.C conductivity measurements referred that there are two mechanisms responsible about the conductivity, hence it possess two activation energies. Maximum sensitivity 16 % obtained for sample (SnO2)40(TiO2: CuO) 60 toward (NH3) gas at the operating temperature (473 K), whereas faster response time and recovery time were 20 (s) for (SnO2) and (SnO2)20(TiO2:CuO)80 respectively.

Copper chloride (CuCl2) was investigated for the first time as conversion-type positive electrode material in a rechargeable Al battery. The electrode was reversibly charged and discharged in an electrolyte solution of AlCl3, dipropylsulfone, and toluene (1 : 10 : 5 molar ratio). The initial discharge capacity was about 370 mA h (g-CuCl2)−1 at 0.028C-rate (11 mA (g-CuCl2)−1), which was almost the same as the theoretical value (399 mA h (g-CuCl2)−1) and higher than that of insertion-type positive electrode materials as used in the rechargeable Al battery. Moreover, a two-stage discharge plateau voltage was observed at 1.5 V and 0.8 V, which was higher than other conversion type positive electrodes for the aluminum rechargeable battery. The high discharge voltage realized a high energy density of 426 mW h (g-CuCl2)−1, which is the highest energy density compared with other conversion type positive electrodes. Two different strategies were implemented to increase the lifetime of the cell, namely, increasing the upper cut-off voltage and decreasing the particle size of CuCl2. The discharge capacity for the electrode at the second cycle was threefold that for a pristine CuCl2 electrode.

PtTe nanotubes (PtTe NTs) were firstly synthesized in ethylene glycol by using Te NTs as both sacrificial templates and reducing agents via a galvanic replacement reaction of Te with Pt. Then, the Cu-decorated PtTe NTs (Cu-PtTe NTs) were obtained by depositing copper atom clusters on the surface of PtTe NTs with copper chloride as the reactant and hydrazine hydrate as the reducing agent, respectively. Structural and morphological investigations reveal that Cu-PtTe NTs are 150–200 nm in length and about 20 nm in diameter with a wall thickness of ∼3 nm, which are composed of two crystalline phases: Pt and PtTe2 alloy. Compared with PtTe NTs and commercial Pt/C, Cu-PtTe NTs show remarkably enhanced electrocatalytic activity and durability toward oxygen reduction due to an electronic effect generated by the introduction of copper into the lattice of PtTe alloy NTs.

Superhydrophobic surfaces have a wide application prospect in the future industrial production due to its special abilities. The fabrication of superhydrophobic coating on metal surfaces can improve its performance. A one-step electrodeposition method is proposed to construct nanostructures on the surface of beryllium copper (Be-Cu) alloys, and a mixture of copper chloride and stearic acid is used as the electrolytes. The static contact angle of water on the surface can reach up to 163 ± 4°, a sliding angle of 1.7 ± 0.2°. The nanostructure and chemical composition on the surface were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy respectively. The corrosion resistance was tested through electrochemical measurement. It was found that the as-prepared superhydrophobic coating improved the corrosion resistance significantly. In addition, the coating with excellent self-cleaning performance was proved. This method solves the problems of complicated process, improves the efficiency effectively, and the electrolyte is eco-friendly.

In the present work, we analyzed the multiferroic material copper chloride in its anhydrous (CuCl2) and dihydrated (CuCl2·2H2O) forms, monitoring its thermal behavior by Raman scattering spectroscopy and thermal analysis. The vibrational modes characteristic of the Raman spectrum at room temperature of the two phases are discussed. It was possible to confirm the transition from the orthorhombic phase of the copper chloride dihydrate to the monoclinic phase of copper chloride anhydrous by means of these two techniques. An analysis of the thermal behavior of the vibrational modes obtained by Raman spectroscopy allows us to infer the structural changes between the two phases.

This work presents the simple synthesis and simultaneous deposition of graphene nanoplatelets onto pure copper substrates for use as capacitive deionization electrodes. Copper is cheap and abundant material that can easily be fabricated into electrodes but suffers from high reactivity in solution with unpredictable consequences. The deposition of turbostratic graphene layer using the proposed high energy centrifugal milling technique introduces a chemically inert, but electrically conductive surface layer that extends the operational lifetime of the copper working electrode many folds compared to the bare pure copper one. In the trials presented here the operation of the pure copper electrode degraded almost instantly as the electrochemical cell was activated, compared to a smooth 60-minute operation of its graphene-coated counterpart. The graphene electrode was successful in reducing the solution conductance by more than 12% for the test period, which renews the interest in copper as an effective counter electrode for capacitive deionization applications. The quality of graphene deposition is verified via Raman spectroscopy, while the characterization of the copper chloride is done via X-ray Diffraction. The deionization process resulted in the production of Cu2Cl(OH)3 deposits on the copper electrode, which is mentioned as a viable method of producing it, although it is an unexpected result of this work.

The emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of polyurethane foam (PUF), mainly the aldehydes and ketones, in an indoor environment is a threat to human beings’ health. Considering that salts have the potentials to improve the anti-oxidation ability of PUF to cut down VOCs’ emission, therefore, in this article, we aim at, for the first time, investigating VOCs emission of PUF modified with metal salts, such as potassium iodide, potassium thiocyanate, copper chloride and zinc chloride. For that purpose, Fourier infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), VOCs test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and compression test are applied to analyze the samples aged and not. The results showed the composites had excellent oxidation-resistance capacity and improved mechanical properties while aging. The VOCs test showed the complete elimination of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde; the effectively suppressed emission of acetone, methacrolein, butyraldehyde; a slightly suppressed emission of acrolein and butanone, indicating the VOCs emission of PUF can be deducted effectively. This study may provide a new and practical method for reducing the VOCs emission of PUF and other materials.

The current work implies the influence of copper chloride (CuCl2) and cobalt chloride (CoCl2) nanoparticle dosed diesel-linseed oil biodiesel blend (B20) to assess the performance and emissions characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine. Three distinct proportions of nanoparticles were added to B20, namely 50, 75, and 100 ppm independently for CuCl2 and CoCl2. QPAN 80 dispersant was added to nanoparticles at a quantity of 100 ppm and played out an ultrasonication process. The stability test was performed in two particular periods like Day1 and Day 15. The performance concerning brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was enhanced with nanoparticle (CuCl2 and CoCl2)-dosed dispersant-mixed B20. Similarly, the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) was also specified less. Besides, the emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), unburnt hydrocarbons (UHC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and smoke emissions were seen lower with the nanoparticle addition. At the utmost load, the maximum BTE was improved by 8.28 and 5.06%, while the BSFC was reduced by 1.42 and 0.91%, respectively, for B20 + 75 ppm CuCl2 + dispersant and B20 + 75 ppm CoCl2 + dispersant. Similarly, the CO, UHC, NOx, and smoke were dropped down drastically for B20 + 75 ppm CuCl2 + dispersant by 65.7, 22.7, 40.37, and 15.5%, respectively, while for B20 + 75 ppm CoCl2 + dispersant, it was decreased by 57.1, 24.5, 39.08, and 10.07% respectively.

International audience; A hybrid material based on a 1D copper chloride perovskite network with hexahydro-1,4-diazepine, (C5H14N2)[CuCl4], was grown at room temperature by slow evaporation. This compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/n. The framework is constructed from double edge-sharing copper chloride chains surrounded by organic cations to form a multiquantum well structure. The TG-DTA measurement shows that our compound is stable at ambient temperature and exhibits an endothermic phase transition at 83 degrees C. UV-Vis spectroscopy reveals that the Jahn-Teller effect arising at the Cu2+ cation within the CuCl6 octahedra confers additional flexibility to the structure. The gap energy value was estimated to be 2.56 eV, which indicates that the new hybrid compound should be a semiconducting material. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first 1D copper(ii) based perovskite, laying the foundation for further development of perovskites as alternative lead-free materials for solar cells. Magnetic measurements indicate the absence of magnetic interactions which are proposed to result from the cancelation of antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic contributions.

In this research, 10 different pyrotechnic blue flame compositions were designed and compared. Chromaticity and luminosity parameters of the flame were measured using Ocean Optics JAZ‐ULM VIS‐Spectrometer equipped with a cosine corrector. Color saturation, luminous intensity, specific luminous intensity, oxygen balance, burn rate, actual and theoretical maximum density, color coordinates (X, Y) are presented and discussed.

Ruddlesden-Popper organic-inorganic hybrid copper-based perovskites have been studied for decades owing to a variety of interesting properties, such as thermochromism and piezochromism, and the mechanisms behind these phenomena have been explained. Another possible property of these materials that has seldomly been investigated is photochromism. In this work, the photochromic properties of bis(phenethylammonium) tetrachlorocuprate (also known as phenethylammonium copper chloride) are reported for the first time. This material has attracted scientific interest owing to the fact that it shows both ferroelectric and ferromagnetic behavior. This work highlights the difference in stability between two Ruddlesden-Popper copper-based perovskites - with phenethylammonium (PEA) or methylammonium (MA) as the cations - during external stimuli. Various techniques, such as Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, combined with optical studies, were used to investigate the underlying photochemical processes at a molecular level. It is found that for the PEA compound, ultraviolet illumination causes a color change from yellow to brown. This is the result of two independent events, namely a Cu2+ reduction reaction and a transition from an octahedral copper-chloride structure to square-planar CuCl42-. After illumination, the material (brown color) is unstable in air, which is evident from a color change back to yellow. Interestingly, the similar compound bis(methylammonium) tetrachlorocuprate does not display photochromic behavior, which is attributed to the different nature of the two organic cations.

In this work, the influence of molar concentration of CuCl2 on copper sulfide Cu2S film synthesized by chemical bath deposition and on the performance of p-Cu2S/p-Si heterojunction photodetector was studied. The effect of copper chloride concentration on the structural, optical properties and electrical properties of Cu2S film was investigated. The optical studies show that the optical energy gap varied from 2.68 to 2.8 eV as the concentration varied from 0.06 to 0.15 M. X-ray diffraction XRD results confirm that the deposition films having of monoclinic chalcocite phase. Scanning electron microscope SEM investigation illustrate the formation of nanostructured Cu2S film with particle size ranged from 50 to80 nm depending on the copper chloride concentration. Two Raman peaks were observed located at 265 and 470 cm−1 assigned to the Cu–S bond vibration and vibrational stretching mode, respectively. The mobility of charge carriers in the film and the electrical conductivity of the film were investigated as a function of copper chloride concentration. Dark and illuminated I-V characteristics of p-Cu2S/p-Si heterojunction HJ photodetectors were measured at room temperature. The best rectification was for heterojunction prepared at 0.13 M CuCl2. The maximum responsivity of the photodetector was about 0.67A/W at 450 nm for photodetector prepared at 0.13 M.

Synthesis of conjugated polymer-coated latex particles is an effective method to improve the poor processability of conjugated polyheterocycles. The key to success is to control the overlayer thickness so it is less than the size of the solvated layer of polymeric stabilizer. This paper presents a protocol to coat polymer latex particles with poly(2-aminothiazole) (PAT), which is a relatively new heterocyclic conjugated polymer. The protocol is based on chemical oxidative polymerizations of 2-aminothiazole using copper chloride as the oxidant at a fixed oxidant/monomer molar ratio of 0.5 in aqueous media in the presence of poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)-functionalized polystyrene (PS) latex. The effects of monomer concentration, PS concentration, and polymerization temperature on the morphology of the PAT-coated PS composite particles were investigated by SEM and TEM, and the resulting composite particles characterized by FTIR and XPS. Optimization of the initial monomer concentration allowed colloidally stable PAT-coated PS composite particles to be formed at ambient temperature, and the PAT loading was easily adjusted by varying the initial PS concentration. The Hg(II) adsorption properties of selected PAT-coated PS composite particles were assessed preliminarily. The maximum adsorption capacity at 25 &deg, C reached 440.25 mg/g, which is much higher than many other adsorbents.