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Equivalent models using scatter function and the statistical analysis with Hypothesis-test are provided to overcome the computational requirement for simulating complicated microstructures of photoelectronic devices. Strategies are introduced to explore the minimal number of rays and spectrum resolution to complete the analysis. Results indicate that on an average 1/25 reduction factor of computational time is possible, which is extremely helpful if an optimization procedure is required for microstructures.

Although apodization patterns have been adopted for the analysis of sputtering sources, the analytical solutions for the film thickness equations are yet limited to only simple conditions. Empirical formulations for thin film sputtering lacking the flexibility in dealing with multi-substrate conditions, a suitable cost-effective procedure is required to estimate the film thickness distribution. This study reports a cross-discipline simulation program, which is based on discrete particle Monte-Carlo methods and has been successfully applied to a non-imaging design to solve problems associated with sputtering uniformity. Robustness of the present method is first proved by comparing it with a typical analytical solution. Further, this report also investigates the overall all effects cause by the sizes of the deposited substrate, such that the determination of the distance between the target surface and the apodization index can be complete. This verifies the capability of the proposed method for solving the sputtering film thickness problems. The benefit is that an optical thin film engineer can, using the same optical software, design a specific optical component and consider the possible coating qualities with thickness tolerance, during the design stage.

In this study, the Mg doping effects on the nanostructural dependence of photoluminescence and the photosensing properties in Zn1−xMgxO (x = 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05) nanorod arrays were systematically examined. The vertical-aligned nanorod arrays were separately grown on ZnO-seeded n-Si substrates via a low-temperature hydrothermal process. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that all Zn1−xMgxO nanorod arrays exhibited the same preferentially c-oriented wurtzite structure. Images of all the Zn1−xMgxO nanorod arrays provided by field emission scanning electron microscope showed that both the length and diameter of the Zn1−xMgxO nanorod arrays increased with increasing Mg doping concentration. Also, an enhanced blue-shifted ultraviolet (UV) emission and a reduced visible emission were observed from the photoluminescence spectra of the Zn1−xMgxO nanorod arrays. The former indicated the decrease of defects and the latter indicated the enhancement of the crystallinity and the increase in optical bandgap. Current–voltage curves were separately measured in the dark and under UV illumination. Finally, the mechanism of the Mg doping effects on the corresponding defects, bandgap, and UV photosensing characteristics of the Zn1−xMgxO nanorod arrays was investigated in detail.

Ti O2 is well recognized as the electrode for large display technology. Hydrogen generation can also be achieved by the Ti O2 array. This report reveals the using of the liquid crystal device as illuminators to explore the optimal combination of the TiO 2 sample and provide a as a performance exploring for the Hydrogen generating. Advantages and the drawbacks of the present proposal can inspire the diligence of the display technology for new energy exploration.

Modelling of thermal deformation and the corresponding stress distribution are significant for the thin-film design. In order to evaluate the mechanical properties experienced by a thin film parameter on the rigid substrate, the author proposes a semi-analytical model to estimate the deformation of the thin film under various conditions. The physical interpretation and simplification of each term is obtained through the order-of-magnitude analysis. Analytical forms for the thin film deformation can be obtained, and the stress in the film can be easily determined using the proposed model through the constitutive law.

SUMMARY The finite element method with linear elastic assumption for predicting the intraocular pressure (IOP) readings after reshaping of the corneal structure is demonstrated in the present study. Twelve effective eye measurements in seven subjects were examined using the TOPCON LX-10, a noncontact intraocular pressure measurement technique, before and after laser-assisted in situ Keratomileusis surgery. A linear elastic model was introduced to reduce possible errors from a complicated anisotropic model with uncertain tissue parameters. Linear relationship between the simplified removal depth of laser-assisted in situ Keratomileusis and predicted IOP was expected, and the comparisons between measurements and the predicted model were made. The results indicated that the expected IOP readings are close to the measurement IOP values, while larger errors occur at smaller IOP conditions. In conclusion, the linear elastic finite element approach can already reveal parameters that influence measurement data the most, and the interaction between parameters was higher than we had expected. This helps us to build the confidence on implementing the anisotropic model.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Praseodymium-substituted bismuth titanate (Bi 3.2 Pr 0.8 Ti 3 O 12 , BPTO) thin films were successfully deposited on Pt(111)/Ti/SiO 2 /Si(100) substrates by spin coating with a sol-gel technology and rapid thermal annealing. The effects of annealing atmospheres (vacuum, ambient atmosphere and oxygen) on the growth and properties of thin films were investigated. The results show that the intensity of the (117) diffraction peak of Bi 3.2 Pr 0.8 Ti 3 O 12 film annealed in oxygen is stronger than those annealed in ambient atmosphere and vacuum. The XRD spectra demonstrated that a highly (117) orientation could be obtained when the Bi 3.2 Pr 0.8 Ti 3 O 12 thin film was annealed in an oxygen-sufficient environment. The BPTO thin films annealed in oxygen atmosphere exhibits the maximum remanent polarization (2P r ) of 49 μC/cm 2 and a low coercive field (2E c ) of 130 kV/cm, fatigue free characteristics up to ≥10 11 switching cycles. These results indicate that the BPTO thin film is useful in nonvolatile ferroelectric random access memory applications.

We present a cost-effective optogenetic experimental setup for investigation of synaptic gating (neuron gate). The setup consists of a cell illuminating system containing a common micro-display of a commercial word processor and light emitting diode (LED) semiconductor materials instead of optogenetic cells. The performance is verified by illuminating the LED materials and measuring the induced electric potential.

Light emitting diode (LED) has more advantages compared with a traditional incandescent light bulb and a fluorescent lamp, such as small size, low quantity of heat, long life, low power consumption, fast response, plain packaging and ease of develop ment of a frivolous short product. A methodology is proposed to improve the uniformity of the LED illumination system. As a light source in a backlight unit (BLU), the requirement for optical characteristics of a LED is different from highly directional conventional ones. New diffused-type LEDs need to be developed to fulfill the requirement of the BLU industry. A non-spherical lens is designed to optimize uniformity, and a great improvement in uniformity from 28.4 to 64% is demonstrated. In the future, it may used in an LED display to improve the unevenness of illumination.

La -doped and Cu -doped ZnO nanowires have been prepared to compare the substitution effect on the microstructural and magnetic properties. The XRD patterns of both compositions with single diffraction peak (002) show the same wurtzite hexagonal structure. The growth rate of the ZnO nanowires were enhanced by Cu doping, which were different from the suppression of growth rate by La doping. Room temperature ferromagnetism is observed for all ZnO , Cu -doped ZnO and La -doped ZnO nanowires. The saturation magnetizations are 0.102, 0.232 and 0.04 emu/g for ZnO , Cu -doped ZnO and La -doped ZnO nanowires, respectively. The results showed that the ferromagnetism is restrained by Cu doping, but enhanced by the La doping.

One-dimensional pure zinc oxide (ZnO) and Y-doped ZnO nanorod arrays have been successfully fabricated on the silicon substrate for comparison by a simple hydrothermal process at the low temperature of 90°C. The Y-doped nanorods exhibit the same c-axis-oriented wurtzite hexagonal structure as pure ZnO nanorods. Based on the results of photoluminescence, an enhancement of defect-induced green-yellow visible emission is observed for the Y-doped ZnO nanorods. The decrease of E2(H) mode intensity and increase of E1(LO) mode intensity examined by the Raman spectrum also indicate the increase of defects for the Y-doped ZnO nanorods. As compared to pure ZnO nanorods, Y-doped ZnO nanorods show a remarked increase of saturation magnetization. The combination of visible photoluminescence and ferromagnetism measurement results indicates the increase of oxygen defects due to the Y doping which plays a crucial role in the optical and magnetic performances of the ZnO nanorods.