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In this research work, the sustainable temperature-dependent coating was developed with the use of agriculture waste with the aid of HVOF technology. The various characterization and testing techniques such as Vickers micro-hardness tester, high-temperature tribometer, and FESEM-EDS are practiced for evaluating and examine the microstructures, surface morphology, wear, corrosion, and mechanical properties. The high-temperature tribometer was employed for evaluating the tribological performance of the developed coating and showed the range of value 0.28–0.43 of COF, whereas wear value was received in the range of 42–145 µm at the followings tested conditions of temperature varies from 5 to 200 °C, load (30–60 N) and sliding velocity (0.1–0.4 m/s) respectively. The result obtained from the tribological test shown increment in micro-hardness i.e. 75%, COF decreases 34.88%, and at a temperature of 200 °C, the value of wear is reduced to 71% during the wear test at a SV of 0.4 m/s and applied load of 60 N.

This paper provides insight into the seismic behavior of a full-scale precast reinforced concrete wall under in-plane cyclic loading combined with out-of-plane loading replicated by sand backfill to simulate the actual condition of basement walls. The tested wall exhibited flexural cracks, owing to the high aspect ratio and considerable out-of-plane movement due to lateral pressure from the backfill. The wall performed satisfactorily by exhibiting competent seismic parameters and deformation characteristics governed by its ductile response in the nonlinear phase during the test with smaller residual drift. Numerical analysis was conducted to validate experimental findings, which complied with each other. The numerical model was used to conduct parametric studies to study the effect of backfill density and aspect ratio on seismic response of the proposed precast wall system. The in-plane capacity of walls reduced, while deformation characteristics were unaffected by the increase in backfill density. An increase in aspect ratio leads to a reduction in in-plane capacity and an increase in drift. Curves between the ratio of in-plane yield capacity and design shear load of walls are proposed for the backfill density, which may be adopted to determine the in-plane yield capacity of the basement walls based on their design shear.

Leaf spring is a basic type of spring, often used for suspension in wheelchairs. In addition it is probably the most established form of spring, going back to the past. In this worksheet, the spring of CAD depicts the development of a solid edge system and the re production carried out in the ANSYS systems through continuous testing and similar investigations. Spring E-Glass - the mean direction of the spring-blade of the expert leaf at 4000 N is 14.85 mm. The maximum frequency is 548.97 Hz. The reason for the vibration from the recurrence level is therefore significantly comparing to the carbon fiber properties. The avoidance of the avoidance is 13.48 mm which is very low with a recurrence decrease 538.32 Hz. which is also very low and this item can support a lot like traditional spring materials but the thing is good in terms of weight because Carbon fiber does not weigh to him iron 35% weight is reduced by E - Glass materials. This work revolves around the use of polymer composite based leaf spring by additive layer manufacturing using FEA method bases on thermoplastic polyimide with 30% carbon fiber reinforced (composite material) by removing the En 45 metal from the common leaf sources of the suspension system to reduce the weight of the object, improve safety, comfort and durability.

This article demonstrates that ZnO can be used both as the insulating dielectric and the channel by appropriately mixing with lithium and indium, respectively. The ion-conducting lithium zinc oxide (Li2ZnO2) as the dielectric and indium zinc oxide (IZO) as the channel used to fabricate thin-film transistors operating in accumulation mode are derived using the solution-processable method. The novelty of the structure is that both dielectric and channel are made up of ZnO, which provide the possibility of least interface trap states with very high capacitive coupling (318 nF/cm2) makes the device more attractive for low power electronics. The fabricated devices exhibit low operational voltage (≤2V) with high carrier mobility. Indium doped-ZnO is a large-bandgap material that can be utilized for narrowband UV-B (310 nm) detection, for narrowband phototherapy to treat certain skin diseases.

Large-area-based field-effect transistor (FET) gas sensor has the potential to provide a larger sensing area for a chemical analyte. So far, graphene FETs (GFETs) are mostly fabricated by expensive lithographic techniques with a minimum channel length. We have demonstrated a simple way to fabricate a very large channel length of 0.45 mm GFET using ion-conducting dielectric with thermally evaporate source/drain electrodes and has been demonstrated for an application of ambient atmosphere ammonia gas sensing. Ion-conducting Li5AlO4 gate dielectric has reduced operating voltage up to 2.0 V with good current saturation. The chemical vapor deposition (CVD) grown uniform monolayer of graphene has been used as an active channel layer of FET. The fabricated device has been tested for different concentrations of ammonia in ambient environment conditions at 25 °C temperature, which indicates that the Dirac point voltage of the device varies up to 0.8 V when the concentration of ammonia has been changed from 0 to 3 ppm. Moreover, this study also reveals that this GFET is capable of detecting ammonia up to the concentration level of 0.1 ppm.

UV lamps used for phototherapy for the treatment of several skin diseases do not have uniform output. This makes the treatment difficult and less responsive. A Ultraviolet B (UV-B) sensitive thin-film phototransistor has been fabricated and characterized to monitor the intensity of UV radiation in phototherapy of skin diseases like psoriasis, vitiligo, and atopic dermatitis. Phototherapy with UV-B ranges from 280 to 320 nm, safe and very effective for skin disease treatment. Hence, to make it portable and affordable for medical technologies, we have demonstrated the fabrication process of a low-operational (≤2V), low-cost solution-processed Li2ZnO2 (dielectric)/SnO2 (channel)-based phototransistor that shows very high photosensitivity at around ~300 nm of UV-B region. The working principle depends on the passage of UV-B light through a window followed by striking a micrometer-scale semiconductor phototransistor. The responsivity and external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the fabricated phototransistor was found to be about 0.12 A/W and 40.12% at 300 nm, respectively, at a notably low operating voltage (≤2 V). High sensitivity (>200%) with fast response time (7 s) was also achieved with UV-B irradiation of 650 $\mu \text{W}$ /cm2. For in-depth performance analysis of the fabricated device, modeling has also been done, and the outcome matched well with the experimental results.

A solution-processed low-voltage metal-oxide thin-film transistor (TFT) is fabricated by using ferroelectric perovskite structure barium zirconate (PBZ) as gate dielectric. This PBZ thin film is deposited on heavily doped Si substrate (p++-Si) by low-cost sol-gel process followed by annealing at 830 °C. The thin film is characterized by XRD, UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) that reveals fully oxidized PBZ thin film is highly crystalline in nature with high optical transparency in visible region that exhibited a lower roughness of 4.6 nm. Solution-processed indium zinc oxide (IZO) has been used as a channel semiconductor for bottom-gate top-contact TFT. The fabricated device require

A solution-processed high-performance subvolt (

The performance study of various sensing parameters such as sensitivity, detection accuracy and quality parameter of liquid core Bragg fibre waveguide biosensor based on defect mode has been theoretically studied and compared with experimental findings of a similar structure without defect mode. The electromagnetic wave propagation in the present structure has been modelled using the transfer matrix method and Henkel formalism in cylindrical coordinates. The present multilayer structure can provide a band gap between 617 and 929 nm wavelength range at angle of incidence $$\theta = 70^{\circ }$$ . Due to the presence of a defect layer, a defect mode at 690 nm wavelength is observed in this band-gap region. This defect mode can be treated as a sensing signal in the present study. It is observed that the obtained sensitivity ( $$S\approx 334$$ nm/RIU) through the defect mode is almost the same as the experimental findings ( $$S\approx 330$$ nm/RIU) of a similar structure without the defect layer. But the obtained maximum detection accuracy (68.6) and quality parameter (160.4/RIU) of the present structure with defect layer is much larger than the values in a similar structure without defect layer (6.9 and 15/RIU). The present structure having a liquid-filled core, is therefore, favoured and useful in promising biosensing applications.

Low surface-roughness and high-capacitance ion-conducting LiAlO2 gate dielectric thin film has been fabricated by sol–gel technique to develop ultra-low voltage (≤ 1.0 V) indium-zinc-oxide thin film transistor (TFT). This LiAlO2 dielectric shows α-LiAlO2 and γ-LiAlO2 phases those have been fabricated at two different temperatures. For both phases, mobile Li-ion is responsible to achieve a high dielectric constant (κ) of the material that helps to reduce the operating voltage of TFT. Additionally, lower surface roughness of LiAlO2 thin film creates a low-density trap state in the semiconductor/dielectric interface which is capable to reduce operating voltage within 1.0-volt. The device with 700 °C annealed γ-LiAlO2 gate dielectric shows the best device performance with an electron mobility of 25 cm2 V−1 s−1 and an on/off ratio of 3 × 105. Instead, 350 °C annealed α-LiAlO2 dielectric require only one volt to saturate the drain current and shows its mobility and on/off ratio are 13.5 cm2 V−1 s−1 and 1 × 104 respectively. Such kind of unusually low operation voltage TFT fabrication becomes possible because of the higher Li+ mobility of α-LiAlO2 gate dielectric and very low surface trap density. A model on carrier transport mechanism has been prepossessed to explain this achievement.

Low band gap ion conducting Li2ZnO2 thin film has been synthesized by low cost solution processed technique and has been employed to fabricate low operating voltage metal oxide thin film transistor (TFT) with high device performance. Li2ZnO2 is a known ion conducting oxide material, generally used as solid state electrolyte in different applications including fuel cell and Li ion battery. Instead of having low band gap, Li2ZnO2 thin film shows very insulating behavior and low leakage current. Additionally, it shows high dielectric constant (κ) that originated from the conducting nature of its Li+ ion, serve as a gate dielectric for low operating voltage metal oxide TFT. In addition to this dielectric, tin oxide (SnO2) semiconductor channel has also been deposited in solution processed technique in the bottom gate top contact TFT structure. Such kind of TFT device requires only 2.0 V or less drain voltage with the gate bias in the range of 2.0-V to saturate the drain current. The extracted carrier mobility, on/off ratio and subthreshold voltage for Li2ZnO2 based TFT are 23 cm2 V−1 s−1, 6 × 103 and 390 mV dec−1 respectively. The device parameters have been compared with sol-gel derived reference Li2O dielectric, which clearly indicates the superiority of Li2ZnO2 dielectric in the performance of TFT.

This paper presents a simple analytical model for the estimation of shear transfer strength (STS) of uncracked (UC) interfaces. Model is based on the combination of cohesion resistance offered by concrete and frictional resistance offered by the reinforcement provided across the interface. Coefficient of friction is derived from the experimental data of pushoff specimens with cracked interfaces. Analysis of one hundred forty eight push-off specimens with cracked interfaces collected from the literature showed that a relationship exists between coefficient of friction and the amount of clamping stress. The derived relationship of coefficient of friction was used to work out a relationship between cohesion and concrete compressive strength using the experimental results of twelve push-off specimens with UC interfaces tested in the present study. The proposed model was compared with the models for UC interfaces available in the literature as well as with the provisions of AASHTO LRFD-14 and CSA A23.3-14. Comparison was made on one hundred seventy five push-off specimens with UC interfaces collected from the literature. Results of the comparative analysis revealed that the proposed model produced uniform and precise results over the entire range of clamping stress.

Efficient detection of the light of electromagnetic waves has enormous applications in modern science and technology. Commercial photodetectors (PDs) are commonly made of crystalline inorganic materials such as Si and III-V compound semiconductors. However, solution-processed semiconductors such as organic polymers, colloidal quantum dots (QDs), metal chalcogenides, and metal-halide perovskites have shown great potential in the fabrication of efficient PDs at a significantly lower cost with a higher yield. These solution-processed PDs can combine ease of processing, tunable optoelectronics property, and their compatibility with flexible substrates. Based on the nature of semiconducting materials, these PDs can detect different ranges of the spectrum of light such as ultraviolet (UV), visible (Vis), and infrared (IR), which are commercially known as UV, Vis, and IR detectors, respectively. Again, based on the range of their sensitivity, PDs can be classified as broadband or narrowband PDs. All of these different classes of PDs have applications in different areas of electronics. In this chapter, we discuss the device architecture and parameters of PDs, different types of solution-processed semiconductor-based PDs, their applications, advantages, and prospects.

The existence of water with inside biodiesel–diesel blended fuel in the form of W/O emulsion drops the percentage of NOx and SD due to micro-explosion phenomena. Considering this in mind in the current work, optimum blend of dual bio-diesel with diesel blend (C15R15) has been selected directly based upon previous work carried out on engine performance, combustion and emission of duel fuel optimum percentage using MCDM technique. This optimum blend has been used for the preparation of W/O emulsified fuel. In emulsified fuel, water percentages were varying from 1 to 5%, and different emulsified sets of fuel blend are prepared based on HLB ratio ranging from 4.3 to 6. The current experiments were carried out on VCR single-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled diesel engine operated under varying load conditions 0–110% at constant operating speed (1500 rpm) with injection time 20° BTDC. Based upon the engine performance, combustion, and emission analysis and then multiplying them with load factor, the best optimum emulsified fuel has been selected. From the results emulsified fuel having 5% water concentration, HLB: 6 and 2% surfactant were found to be the best optimum emulsified blend.

The shear transfer strength (STS) of uncracked concrete at ambient and after elevated temperatures of 350°C, 550°C, and 750°C is investigated. Forty-eight uncracked push-off specimens with ...

Theoretical analysis of Bragg fiber waveguide based inline optical filter having a defect layer is presented. Defect layer is introduced in Bragg fiber waveguide by breaking its cladding layer periodicity. Considering the cylindrical wave equations, the transmittance of proposed waveguide is obtained using transfer matrix method. It is observed that the proposed Bragg waveguide represent photonic band gap and a narrow defect mode (pass band) is present in this band gap region. This defect mode can be obtained in any position between the wavelength ranges 1.241 μm–1.550 μm with the help of incident angle of light. The narrowness of the defect mode depends on the number of unit cell present in the cladding region. This proposed waveguide may be used to design a narrowband transmission filters.

We performed an experimental study to investigate the effects of various parameters on the attrition of bed material and its size distribution with increasing operation time in a recirculating fluidized bed (RCFB). The studied parameters included superficial velocity of fluidizing air, bed inventory, and spacing between the jet top and draft tube bottom (spacer height). The bed material was prepared from Indian Standard (IS) Grade I sand from sieves with a size range of 2.20–1.00 mm. Experiments were performed at ambient conditions, with the superficial air velocity ranging from 7.13–9.16 m/s, a bed inventory of 7–10 kg, spacing of 0.085 and 0.045 m between the jet top and draft tube bottom, and an operating time of 40 h. We investigated the influence of these parameters in terms of changes in the size distribution of particles, changes in the %-weight of particles of different size ranges, generation of particles with smaller diameters, the decrease of the downcomer bed height, variations in the coefficient of uniformity and coefficient of curvature, and material loss from entrainment of fines with increasing operation time. The mode of attrition was abrasion in all experiments. We found that with increasing operation time and other parameters (bed inventory, superficial air velocity, and spacer height) attrition of the bed material also increased. Generation and elutriation of fines were more pronounced at higher superficial air velocity, bed inventory, and spacer height.

Li5AlO4, a well-known material for solid state electrolyte application, has never been considered hitherto as a gate dielectric of metal oxide thin film transistors (TFTs). Here we demonstrate the salient features of Li5AlO4 as a gate dielectric outperforming the conventional inorganic dielectrics used in TFTs. The high dielectric constant (k) of this insulator has been achieved by utilizing the improved capacitance contributed by mobile lithium ions (Li+) within the dielectric film. We have synthesized this dielectric via a cost-effective sol–gel method followed by a low-temperature annealing process yielding three phases such as amorphous-Li5AlO4 (a-Li5AlO4), α-Li5AlO4, and β-Li5AlO4 under different annealing conditions. Optimized TFTs fabricated with all of these three phases of Li5AlO4 on top of a highly doped silicon (p++-Si) wafer and a solution processed semiconducting layer of indium zinc oxide (IZO) exhibit an excellent TFT performance at different operating voltages. Among these three different types of TFTs, the device with an α-Li5AlO4 gate dielectric annealed at 500 °C shows the best device performance with an on/off ratio of 5 × 104 and an electron mobility of 21.4 ± 2.16 cm2 V−1 s−1. In addition, this device requires the least drain voltage (

Effect of Nd 2 O 3 concentrations on optical properties and upconversion studies were investigated for oxyfluorosilicate glasses with composition of SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 -Na 2 CO 3 -SrF 2 -CaF 2 . The Judd-Ofelt (JO) intensity parameters, Ω λ (λ = 2, 4 and 6) as well as radiative properties for the 4 F 3/2 level of Nd 3+ ion have been evaluated from the absorption spectra of 1.0 mol% Nd 2 O 3 -doped glass. For all the glass samples, the strong NIR emissions were observed at 891, 1058 and 1330 nm and have been attributed to 4 F 3/2 → 4 I 9/2 , 11/2, 13/2 transitions respectively. The stimulated emission cross-section for the 4 F 3/2 → 4 I 11/2 transition is evaluated and found to be 4.24 × 10 –20 cm 2 . From the decay curves, experimental lifetimes (τ exp ) of the 4 F 3/2 level have been determined and are found to be 363, 340, 205, 134, 122 and 54 μs for 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 mol% Nd 3+ ions doped glasses, respectively. By exciting the prepared glass samples at 808 nm, the upconversion of infrared light into blue, green, yellow and red emission have also observed. These results indicate that the present glasses could be useful for opto-electric devices and solid state laser applications.

In present communication, doubly tuned Bragg fiber waveguide low power inline optical filter with voltage tunable single crystal PMMA defect cavity is theoretically modeled and discussed using Henkel formalism in a cylindrical coordinate system for multiwavelength LASER applications. The structure provides photonic band gap (PBG) with a resonant transmission peak in the obtained PBG region. The defect cavity thickness is controlled by applying an external electric DC voltage. Initially, PBG of the proposed inline optical filter may tune-up to 828nm by modulating the incidence angle upto 80°. Thus, the resonant transmission peak also blue-shifted by 243nm, which can further tuned in presence of DC voltages and so-called doubly electrically tuned. Further, in doubly electrically tuned mode, the application range of such a device is very large up to 129nm for a small change in voltage range about 20V. Thus, the present device can be utilized as multiwavelength laser sources.

This paper evaluates the structural behaviour of precast reinforced concrete (RC) beam-columns connected with novel ribbed headed bars, and compares with conventional anchorage system of development length and partial development length. Additionally, the effect of encasement with expa-mesh and varying spacing of lateral ties in precast RC column is also investigated. Precast RC beam-column joints were subjected to the displacement controlled quasi-static reversed cyclic loading on the beam end and constant axial load on the column. Structural behaviour was assessed with regards to damage pattern, cyclic load capacity, stiffness degradation , deformation characteristics and energy dissipation ; and performance assessment carried out in accordance with ACI 374.1–05. Most of the specimens experienced crack at the interface of beam-column joint at yield limit. Ultimate failure was beam rebar rupture along with separation of beam and column, thus forming plastic hinge at the joint, rather than in the beam element. Both headed bar and conventional specimens surpassed their nominal moment strength and design shear force, thus exhibiting satisfactory performance. On the other hand, specimens with partial development length attained their nominal moment strength but failed to reach joint shear. The strength parameters of headed bar specimens were well comparable to that of conventionally detailed specimens and satisfied the acceptance criteria of ACI 374.1–05, which can be considered as a benchmark to adopt the proposed ribbed headed bar system of anchorage for precast RC beam-column joints in light of its certain advantages over conventional anchorage system.

Sensing parameters of Bragg fiber waveguides having a defect layer in the cladding region are studied theoretically for bio-sensing and thickness monitoring applications. A comparison between Bragg fiber waveguides consist of a liquid-core surrounded with alternate high refractive index (R.I.) contrast of claddings and low R.I. contrast of claddings is presented. In non-homogeneous multilayer cylindrical system, the transmittance of proposed waveguide-based sensors is formulated using transfer matrix method and Hankel formalism. Both considered structures show photonic bandgap with a narrow passband in the bandgap region. This narrow passband is treated as sensing signal because its position and intensity depends on the diameter and refractive index of core material. The high refractive index contrast cladding waveguide shows larger intensity shift than low refractive index contrast cladding waveguide. The presence of defect layer in both considered waveguides is able to increase the sensing parameters like detection accuracy and overall performance.

A novel hollow core Bragg fiber waveguides having a defect layer are proposed and analyzed theoretically for sensing application. Matching the electric and magnetic fields at various interfaces, a relation between fields of first layer with final layer has been stabilized; hence, the equations for reflectance and transmittance of proposed structure are derived. Due to periodicity of concentric cylindrical structure, a perfect photonic band gap is observed in considered wavelength range. The presence of defect layer in cylindrical periodic structure shows a peak corresponding to defect mode in perfect photonic band gap region. The full width at half maxima of this peak depends on the periodicity of the cladding layers. Also, the spectral position and shift of peak of defect mode depend on the angle of incidence of light, refractive index of core material and design wavelength of structure. Therefore, it is more appropriate to consider this peak of defect mode as sensing signal instead of considering whole photonic band gap as sensing signal.

In present study, Al 2O 3 coating has been deposited on steel substrate using HVOF process in controlled process parameters. For surface analysis SEM characterization was used to characterize the developed coating. Residual stresses, hardness, wear and COF are studied at variable sliding velocity of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 m/s. It is observed that with increased sliding velocity its residual stresses, hardness, wear and COF was enhanced i.e. at 0.4 m/s, wear and coefficient of friction decreased to a value of 90 microns and 0.3, whereas its hardness was 490 HV and residual stresses was -15 MPa, increased at sliding velocity. This showed the sliding velocity dependency of the coating, with increased in sliding velocity, the coating showed better results.

Spectroscopic techniques are very useful for characterizing semiconducting and conducting materials. The optical properties (specially reflection spectra) of polyaniline mix with metal Ni and Al with different composition in bulk form were studied. The reflection spectra of these materials are recorded by a Hitachi spectro-photometer model (330), at room temperature, in the wavelength range 300-600 nm. From the analysis of reflection spectra, polyaniline mix with metal Ni and Al have been found to have energy bandgap which decreases with increase of concentration of Al. an effort has also been made to study the structure formation using XRD techniques.

Forty-eight reinforced concrete (RC) beams without transverse reinforcement were tested at ambient and after exposure to high temperatures. Beams were heated to high steady-state temperatures of 350 °C, 550 °C, and 750 °C in a programmable closed electric furnace and loaded to failure after cooling down. In addition to exposure temperature, tension reinforcement percentage (ρ) and shear-span-to-depth ratio (a/d) were kept as the variables. In the beams tested at ambient and after the elevated temperature of 350 °C, beam action was dominant, and diagonal tension failure was the observed mode of failure. When beams were exposed to 550 °C and 750 °C, beam action almost vanished, and the beams failed due to the failure of a compression strut joining the loading point and the support. After exposure to high temperatures, shear strength loss observed in beams with a lower tension reinforcement ratio was found to be more significant. Whereas, change in a/d ratio had an insignificant influence on the shear strength loss of the beams. An increase in temperature resulted in the decrease of the beams stiffness and increased the deflection corresponding to the ultimate load. An empirical model was also developed from the data of the present study for the prediction of shear strength of RC slender beams exposed to high temperatures.

Performance parameter of a Bragg fiber waveguide based resonant sensor in presence of a defect layer in cladding regions is theoretically studied. The Bragg fiber waveguide consists of a liquid-core surrounded by alternate high and low refractive indices materials in cladding regions. Reflectivity of the proposed waveguide based resonant sensor is formulated using transfer matrix method for a non-homogeneous multilayer cylindrical system. The waveguide shows a band gap region with a narrow defect mode in the band gap region under the considered wavelength range. Instead of taking a whole band gap as a sensing signal, here the defect peak is taken as the sensing signal. It is observed that the intensity of defect mode is more sensitive for core refractive index than the intensity of traditional band gap region (lobe). This study shows that the higher sensitivity can be achieved by creating the defect at a position in cladding region where the intensity of transmitted light lies between 40% and 90%. Presence of a defect layer is able to increase the detection accuracy of the sensor and, hence increase the overall performance of this sensor.

Oxadiazole derivatives have been extensively studied for their specific and potent pharmacological property. Oxadiazole ring is susceptible to undergo electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution which makes it an interesting candidate to synthesize new derivatives with potential biological activity. Keeping in view their significance, the present work highlights the synthesis of a series of new oxadiazole derivatives from recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) PET by chemical route. The aminolyzed product of PET i.e. terephthalic dihydrazide is being used for preparation of oxadiazole derivatives. The characterization of the synthesized product was done via FTIR, UV–visible, 1H-NMR and thermal analysis. The compounds showed potential antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans, Rhizopus, Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli. Further, molecular docking of the compounds were studied for target proteins Sterol 14α-demethylase, TREX1, and Glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase. The binding energy between the target protein and ligand is calculated and interaction between the two is discussed. The antimicrobial activity carried out for the derivatives were in close correlation with in silico docking study performed.

In this paper dynamic biasing technique is used for the enhancing the slew rate of the designed Op-Amp. The proposed FinFET based Op-Amp has been verified through Hspice simulator in the standard 45nm Silicon on Insulator FinFET library. The proposed op amp has two stages Miller compensated configuration. A biasing circuit (DSB circuit) is used for dynamic switching of the biasing voltage of the op amp. This leads to lower power consumption, wide ICMR range, and high gain stability. The proposed op amp has a power consumption of 661.83 μW. It has a dual supply voltage of -1.0V and 1.0V. The input common mode range (ICMR) is -800 mV to +900 mV. The Op-Amp has a slew rate of 1.5 KV/μs. Voltage gain of the op amp is 90.4dB. Due to the use of SOI FINFET devices the op amp has relatively less leakage current as compared to similar bulk MOSFET device op amps. The op amp has unity gain bandwidth of 1.27 GHz. Thus, it can be used to transmission and processing of audio and video signals.

Biodiesel made from vegetable oil can be considered the best alternative fuel for a partial or complete diesel replacement. Earlier studies on biodiesel and its blends have proven that biofuels in the existing engine can be favorable for partial eradication of diesel from C.I. engines. Therefore, this study investigates the tribological impact of various biodiesels and diesel and their optimum blend at normal room conditions. The tribological analysis is performed on a pin-on-disc tribometer. During the tests, the coefficient of friction, friction force and wear of pins (Aluminium, Copper and Iron) were examined; apart from this, weight & volume loss of the metal pins were also investigated. The pin surfaces were characterized by surface microscopic analysis. Fuel constituents and fatty acid content were analyzed by GC-MS and FT-IR tests to understand the cause of tribological wear better. Castor and Rapeseed biodiesel show the lowest weight of pin in comparison to diesel. The wear rate of metals with diesel shows extreme rises in wear as the sliding distance increase. The coefficient of friction, friction force of pins was found to be highest in diesel, followed by biodiesel and their blend in almost every case.

Thin film of tin (about 15 nm) was deposited on a silicon ⟨100⟩ substrate by the e-beam evaporation technique. The sample was oxidized in an oxygen atmosphere. Both the elemental tin and the oxidized sample were characterized in situ by the technique of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Magnesium Kα radiation (energy = 1253.6 eV) was used as the source of x-ray excitation. The data in the tin 3d, 3p, 4p, 4d, Auger MNN regions, and the oxygen 1s region were recorded with a pass energy of 35.75 eV. The oxidized tin was found to form the SnO2 phase. The data will serve as a comparison for the study in this field.

Thirty-two uncracked shear-friction specimens were tested to investigate the effect of elevated temperatures on the shear-friction behaviour of concrete. Exposure temperature and the shear reinforcement were the principal variables. Specimens were exposed to high temperatures of 350 °C, 550 °C, and 750 °C in a programmable insulated closed electric furnace and were cooled down to room temperature before testing. Shear-friction specimens were also tested at the ambient temperature. Exposure of shear-friction specimens to high temperatures resulted in the decrease of shear strength of concrete. An increase in shear reinforcement reduced the loss in shear strength when specimens were subjected to high temperatures. The post-ultimate strength of the specimens was not reduced up to an exposure temperature of 550 °C. After experiencing high temperatures, crack slip and crack width at the shear plane increased significantly at all the load levels. Two simple approaches, modified Zia failure analysis and a simple calculation method (SCM) were also suggested for the prediction of shear strength of concrete after high temperatures. Modified Zia failure analysis provided precise estimates of shear strength for all the temperature levels. SCM was found to be precise for shear strength predictions up to an exposure temperature of 550 °C. For an exposure temperature of 750 °C, SCM was found to be unconservative by 20–30%.

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was chemically synthesized, undoped and then re-doped using FeCl3 as well as camphorsulfonic acid (CSA). FTIR results confirm the nature of the synthesized and doped samples. XRD analysis indicates crystal structure modification after doping and was also used to calculate crystallinity of samples. Crystallinity increases after FeCl3 doping, whereas it reduces due to CSA doping. TGADTA results show reduction in Tg value for FeCl3 doped sample while it increases for CSA doped samples compared to that of undoped PEDOT. Reduction in Tg indicates plasticizing effect of FeCl3 whereas increase in Tg show anti-plasticizing effect of CSA in PEDOT. Conductivity (s) value increases by two orders of magnitude after doping. Logs vs. 1/T graph show metallic nature of undoped PEDOT above 308 K, however both doped samples show semiconducting nature from 301 to 383 K. Хімічно синтезовано недопований і допований за допомогою FeCl3 і камфор сульфокислоти (КСК) полі(3,4-етилендіоксітіофен) (ПЕДОТ). За допомогою Фур’є-спектроскопії підтверджено природу синтезованого і допованого зразків. За допомогою дифракції рентгенівських променів встановлено кристалічну структуру після допування і розрахована кристалічність зразків. Показано, що кристалічність збільшується після допування FeCl3, але знижується при допуванні КСК. За результатами ТГА-ДТА встановлено, що значення температури силування (Tg) для зразка, допованого FeCl3, знижується, а для зразка, допованого КСК – збільшується, у порівнянні з недопованим ПЕДОТ. Зниження Tg вказує на пластифікуючий ефект FeCl3, тоді як збільшення Tg – на антипластифікуючий ефект КСК в ПЕДОТ. Визначено, що після допування значення електропровідності (s) збільшується на два порядки. Залежність logs–1/T вказує на металічну природу недопованого ПЕДОТ за температури вище 308 К, і напівпровідникову природу обох допованих зразків в інтервалі 301–383 К.

Although curcumin (Cur), has been poised to be an anticancer boon for quite some, its progress from bench to bed has been strained due to various pharmaceutical hurdles. Consequently curcumin has been entrapped in methoxy poly ethylene glycol and linoleic acid conjugated polymeric micelles (PMs) to not only tackle the routine issues but to also provide a synergetic effect against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Optimized PMs of Cur had size 186.53±12.10 nm with polydispersity index 0.143±0.031 and zeta potential −30.1±3.2 mV. Developed formulation (Mpeg-Cla-Cur PMs) was hemocompatible and had high cytotoxicity (IC50 55.80±4.63 μg/mL) against MCF-7 cells in comparison to pure Cur suspension (IC50 75.05±5.75 μg/mL). As postulated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis studies revealed synergetic effect of Mpeg-Cla-Cur PMs with higher cell population in G1 phase in addition to high apoptosis of MCF-7 cells as compared to pure Cur suspension and control group. Pharmacokinetic studies also show PMs enhanced MRT and T1/2 of Cur indicating its longer retention time in body. Mpeg-Cla-Cur PMs might become as an excellent chemotherapeutic alternative candidate for treatment of breast cancer with higher commercial value.

The large channel length graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) can outperform its competitors due to its larger active area and lower noise. Such long channel length devices have numerous applications, e.g., in photodetectors, biosensors, etc. However, long channel length graphene devices are not common due to their semi-metallic nature. Here, we fabricate large channel length (up to 5.7 mm) GFETs through a simple, cost-effective method that requires thermally evaporated source-drain electrode deposition, which is less cumbersome than the conventional wet-chemistry based photolithography. The semiconducting nature of graphene has been achieved by utilizing the Li+ ion of the Li5AlO4 gate dielectric, which shows current saturation at a low operating voltage (∼2 V). The length scaling of these GFETs has been studied with respect to channel length variation within a range from 0.2 mm to 5.7 mm. It is observed that a GFET of 1.65 mm channel length shows optimum device performance with good current saturation. This particular GFET shows a “hole” mobility of 312 cm2 V−1 s−1 with an on/off ratio of 3. For comparison, another GFET has been fabricated in the same geometry by using a conventional SiO2 dielectric that does not show any gate-dependent transport property, which indicates the superior effect of Li+ of the ionic gate dielectric on current saturation.

This paper describe development of Trace gas sensor that can detect Carbon Monoxide (CO) gas by using a wavelength tuned Distributed feedback-Quantum Cascade LASER (DFB-QCL). Trace gas sensor design is based on principle of Direct Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy. High Resolution Transmission Molecular Spectroscopic (HITRAN) Analysis is carried out for selecting fundamental absorption line of CO R(12) near 2190.0175 cm -1 and the characteristics of wavelength tunable DFB-QCL has been analyzed, for detection of CO R(12) at same wavenumber. Fixed length gas cell of 10 cm is used to achieve highest sensitivity and improved detection limit. We are improving the response time and reducing the various noises present in the gas sensor using signal processing with the help of NI LabVIEW software and hardware. Also effect of chopper frequency variation, Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT) detector distance variation on Full Width Half Maxima (FWHM), Intensity of DFB-QCL is observed with and without gas sample present in fixed gas cell.

This work demonstrates Box-Behnken design (BBD)'s capability in exploring scientific principles governing a process, different from its use in process optimisation. We have investigated nanoprecipitation (NP) of temozolomide with polycaprolactone. Five factors, surfactant, stirring speed (SS), dropping rate (DR), phase-volume ratio (PVR) and drug-polymer ratio (DPR) were varied over three levels. Corresponding particle size (238.9 ± 42.24 nm), zeta potential (ZP, -5.92 ± 3.15 mV), poly dispersity index (PDI, 0.176 ± 0.06) and entrapment efficiency (EE, 65.74 ± 9.83%) were put into different polynomial equations. Analysis of variance, lack of fit tests and regression analysis was applied on these equations to determine the one with best fit. This selected equation was subsequently adapted as the model to describe influence of factors on NP. 3D response surface plots corresponding to models and diagnostic plots relatable to normality of residuals were also constructed. In conclusion, application of BBD efficiently strategised experimental foray conducted to elucidate NP.

Formulation of nanocrystals is a robust approach which can improve delivery of poorly water soluble drugs, a challenge pharmaceutical industry has been facing since long. Large scale production of nanocrystals is done by techniques like precipitation, media milling and, high pressure homogenization. Application of appropriate stabilizers along with drying accords long term stability and commercial viability to nanocrystals. These can be administered through oral, parenteral, pulmonary, dermal and ocular routes showing their high therapeutic applicability. They serve to target drug molecules in specific regions through size manipulation and surface modification. This review dwells upon the in-vivo fate and varying applications in addition to the facets of drug nanocrystals stated above.

The present manuscript describes novel lipid film hydration method for the preparation of gliadin nanoparticles loaded with anticancer drug Paclitaxel which showed better characteristics than conventional desolvation method. The nanoparticles encapsulated over 55% of the drug. Anticancer activity of the nanoparticle formulation was studied on breast cancer cell line (MCF-7 and MDA-MB231) and the formulation demonstrated significant inhibition of cancer cell growth. In vitro release was studied employing dialysis method which displayed prolonged release of the drug from formulation which is beneficial for targeted cancer chemotherapy.

The technique of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to investigate the chemical reactivity at the Fe/CuO interfaces. The 2p core level regions of the metals have been studied. Thin films of iron (thicknesses ranging from 0.3 nm to 2.0 nm) were deposited on copper oxide substrates at room temperature. Earlier investigation on a 0.5 nm overlayer of iron on CuO showed considerable reactivity at the interfaces. The core level peaks of iron are observed to be shifted to the high BE energy side with the appearance of satellites. The spectral data have been compared with those of the oxidized iron and confirms the formation of the iron oxide at the interface. The satellite structure in the copper region is observed to disappear and the spectral features are found to approach those of elemental copper. The interface is found to consist of a mixture of iron oxide and elemental copper. Presence of unreacted iron near the interface has been observed for thicknesses greater than 0.7 nm of the iron overlayer. The effect of temperature on the interface has also been studied. The interface was formed by depositing 2.0 nm of iron on the copper oxide substrate under two different conditions. In one, the substrate temperature was kept constant during the deposition of the iron overlayer. In the other, post deposition annealing of the interface was performed. The iron overlayer is observed to be completely oxidized at the sample temperature of 450 °C and the oxidation is independent of the processing conditions. The amounts of elemental iron and iron oxide in the samples have been estimated by modeling the spectrum using the spectra of elemental iron and pure iron oxide. The process of annealing seems to have more effect on the oxidation of iron than the substrate temperature. The investigation shows room temperature chemical reactivity at the Fe/CuO interface and provides a new method of preparing sub-nano-oxide films of iron.

Nanoemulsions are biphasic dispersion of two immiscible liquids: either water in oil (W/O) or oil in water (O/W) droplets stabilized by an amphiphilic surfactant. These come across as ultrafine dispersions whose differential drug loading; viscoelastic as well as visual properties can cater to a wide range of functionalities including drug delivery. However there is still relatively narrow insight regarding development, manufacturing, fabrication and manipulation of nanoemulsions which primarily stems from the fact that conventional aspects of emulsion formation and stabilization only partially apply to nanoemulsions. This general deficiency sets up the premise for current review. We attempt to explore varying intricacies, excipients, manufacturing techniques and their underlying principles, production conditions, structural dynamics, prevalent destabilization mechanisms, and drug delivery applications of nanoemulsions to spike interest of those contemplating a foray in this field.

Objectives: Bending insensitive Photonic Crystal Fiber will possess low loss and the research aims for high birefringence and large nonlinearity. Bending insensitive Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) along with high birefringence and high nonlinearity is being presented in this paper. Methodology: The fiber is bent by applying some bending radius along with the angle in the direction of the bending and the effects due to these angles are being extensively studied by using Finite Element Method (FEM). Findings: The birefringence in the range of 10−2 can be achieved and nonlinear coefficient in the range of 70-110 W−1Km−1 can be obtained. The PCF possesses very low effective mode field area (MFA) which would be leading to positive effect on the bending losses. The number of air hole rings used in the designed structure is very less so the designed fiber is easy to fabricate. Applications: This fiber can be used in the medical applications for detecting the tumors, for Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) applications, high power laser applications.