Search

Castor oil is an environment-friendly lubricant with good biodegradability and renewable behavior. However, castor oil as a green lubricant has a few shortcomings, such as a low viscosity index and low oxidative stability due to the presence of unsaturated bonds. The temperature affects the lubrication performance of castor oil. In the present study, the lubrication performance and viscosity behavior of castor oil lubricating the friction pair of a steel ball and a nickel–titanium (NiTi) alloy disk were systematically investigated under different temperatures. The results show that the lubrication performance of castor oil is influenced by temperature due to the fact that the viscosity of castor oil varies with the temperature. The coefficient of friction (CoF) of castor oil is as super-low as 0.076 at a temperature of 40°C, but is relatively high at other temperatures. The factors affecting the lubrication performance were investigated, and a possible antifriction mechanism is proposed in this study.

A novel castor-oil-based and phosphorus-containing epoxy resin (flame-retardant epoxy resin (FREP)) and a curing agent – castor oil polybasic acid (AACO) – with high flame retardancy and flexibility were successfully synthesized. The chemical structures of FREP and AACO were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and hydrogen-1 (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The epoxy resin components were prepared by using bisphenol A epoxy resin (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)) with different mass contents of FREP and AACO. DGEBA with 40 wt% FREP (FREP40) possessed a large limiting oxygen index of 29.3%. Cone calorimetry showed that the heat release and smoke production were reduced for both DGEBA with 20 wt% FREP (FREP20) and FREP40 in comparison with those of pure resin (FREP0), indicating that the smoke release and fire hazard of epoxy resin composites with FREP were reduced. Thermogravimetry–infrared spectroscopy suggested that the yields of toxic carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and other pyrolysis products were significantly reduced. FTIR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that FREP40 outperformed FREP0 in carbon-forming capacity. The introduction of FREP and AACO effectively increased the elongation at break of pure epoxy resins. FREP and AACO provide a promising strategy for synthesis of epoxy resins with excellent flame retardancy, smoke suppression and flexible performance.

The present work involves turning AISI 4340 with carbide insert under three cooing/ lubrication environments (dry condition, MQL condition, MQSL condition) to recognize the sustainable cooling or lubrication technology. Machining performance is evaluated by analyzing energy consumption, carbon emission, tool wear, and surface roughness. Two cutting speeds (100 and 140 m/min), a fixed feed rate (0.5 mm/rev), and depth of cut (0.5 mm) are used for the experiments. For MQL machining, castor oil is selected, and for MQSL, Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) dispersed in sunflower oil is used as a lubricant mixture. From experimentation, the tool wear value under MQSL is the lowest compared to the other two cooling/lubrication conditions. In addition, when compared to dry conditions, the value of surface roughness for MQL is minimum, but it is found marginally higher when compared with MQSL condition. The results show that the MQSL condition is more effective than the other two conditions with enhanced machining performance.

Natural fiber and fillers in hybrid materials have been attracting extra attention of researchers during recent years for enhancing properties/behavior of polymer composites. Because of their lightweight, high thermal stability and safe environmental impacts sunflower husk and like fillers are proposed to improve the tribological performance of reinforced polymer hybrid composites in several studies by researchers and scientists. In the present work sunflower husk and peanut shell powder are used as natural fillers besides sesame and castor oils to improve the tribological performance of basalt fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Epoxy resin reinforced with 30% vol. basalt chopped fiber has been used for the purpose of enhancing mechanical strength, hardness, and stiffness of composites. Natural fillers and vegetable oils were added in a volumetric ratio up to 20 % interchangeably. Friction coefficient and wear rate of epoxy hybrid - composites were measured under dry sliding condition by means of Block-on-Ring (BOR) tribometer. Hardness was also investigated for the proposed polymer composites. Results show that friction coefficient of basalt reinforced epoxy hybrid –composite remarkably improved with adding of natural fillers as well as vegetable oils. For tribological applications that require low friction coefficient and high wear resistance, like solid lubricants or self-lubricated materials; epoxy hybrid-composites filled with 10 % peanut shell husk fillers as well as 10 % sesame oil have been recommended.

A series of bio-based comb-like polymers with various lengths of alkyl chains were synthesized through combining the ring-opening copolymerization of sustainable CO2 with bio-renewable castor oil-d...

This research describes the influence of fiber content from the banana peel waste used as a filler in castor oil polyurethane foam (PU), obtaining eco-sorbent for vegetal oil sorption. Biocomposite...

At present, the traditional cutting fluids usually containing the chemical toxicity or physical irritating ability will cause illness or injury in workers. Therefore, research on eco-friendly cutting fluids has become a mainstream trend in the development of metalworking process with a type of coolant and lubricant. In this present work, three types of eco-friendly cutting fluids including distill water, castor oil, linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid (LAS-Na) and nanographite by different proportion under ultrasonic vibration were prepared. Then they were assessed by the comparisons of cutting forces in broaching under the condition of micro-atomization spraying. After that, the optimum ratio of each type of cutting fluid was gained based on the reductions of broaching forces. Physical stability, droplets distribution and wettability of those optimal type of eco-friendly cutting fluid were measured. On the basis of characteristics, the metal-cutting principle with those experimental types of cutting fluids was discussed. Results shows that the surfactant of LAS-Na could effectively prevent the coalescence of oil droplets and decrease the average diameter of droplets so that enhanced wettability, but the nanographite was strongly influenced by the cleaning effect of LAS-Na. Moreover, reduction in broaching force was caused by the mechanism of the best adsorption and the best permeability with the effect of the surfactant of LAS-Na.

Natural fibres reinforced polymeric composites are examples of green composites. Commodities polymers derived from fossil sources have volatile organic compounds in their compositions. Polyurethane...

Composite electrostatic spraying (CES) is a process in which the coaxial jet generates when the inner and outer fluids flowing through the coaxial nozzle are charged, and jet end is broken into charged composite droplets. This paper experimentally investigated the effects of types of inner and outer fluids, voltages, and flow rates of inner and outer fluids on cutting force and cutting temperature in CES milling of aluminum alloy. The inner fluid used included water and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-water nanofluid. The outer fluid used involved castor oil, sunflower oil, MWCNTs-castor oil nanofluid, and MWCNTs-sunflower oil nanofluid. The atomization mode, current, and droplet velocity of CES were measured under different types of inner and outer fluids, voltages, and flow rates of inner and outer fluids. Results show that from the viewpoint of reducing cutting force and temperature, MWCNTs-sunflower oil nanofluid/MWCNTs-water nanofluid and 5 ml/h were the optimal outer/inner fluid combination and flow rate due to excellent charging performance, high droplet velocity, and superior friction-reducing effects of sunflower oil and MWCNTs.

Increased fuel use can lead to air pollution and other environmental impacts. Substitution of fuel Oil with environmentally friendly fuel alternatives is one solution. Castor oil (Jatropha curcas L) contained in castor seeds can be processed into biodiesel with transesterification process. The most widely used alcohol in the manufacture of biodiesel is methanol. Methanol is made from a material that is not renewable. While ethanol from renewable materials and pure ethanol are expensive. In this study used campurn ethanol to reduce the use of methanol. The purpose of this study is to find out the optimum comparison of methanol-ethanol. The manufacture of biodicells is carried out by a 2-stage process, namely the esterification process and the transesterification process. The esterification process uses HCL catalysts. The transesterification process uses a comparison of methanol and ethanol with variations of 3:1,2:1,1:1,1:2 and 1:3. The catalyst used in the transesterification process is KOH 0.1%. The results showed that the optimum condition in the use of methanol: Technical Etahol is 2:1 within 30 minutes, yielding a yield of 56.1%. The quality test score of type weight and viscosity shows a value of 0.86-0.89 g/mL and 2.9-3.5 so that the results of the study are declared to pass the product test with density and viscosity test standards

Amazon region found abundant vegetal fibers with diversified properties to the application. Tucum and malva fibers regularly obtained in this region were applied as reinforcement in the polymeric biomatrix and as a substitute for synthetic materials. Castor oil was used as the polyol to prepare the polyurethane biomatrix (PU). Amazon fibers were incorporated in this biomatrix using high proportions (30, 50, and 70 wt.%; 30 mm length), TPU (tucum polyurethane composite), and MPU (malva polyurethane composite). This study valorized regional materials and substituted synthetic products by renewable source materials. The fibers’ characterization results showed a high cellulose percentage, promoting high crystallinity values by XRD (X-ray diffraction) results (67.5 % for malva and 60.0 % for tucum). SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) images revealed the arrangement/thickness of the fibers, as well as the composite morphology. Thermolysis and mechanical properties investigate the composites in which the natural fibers were incorporated into the polyurethane matrix in large percentages, maintaining the main properties. The composites presented high impact Izod values, as 550 J m−1 for TPU-70 wt.% and 452 J m−1 for MPU-70 wt.%. In general, composites prepared with a high content of natural products from renewable sources showed promising performances in the applied tests, with excellent potential for replacing engineering materials.

In recent years, lots of stress has been laid on impregnating polymer nanocomposites with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to impart multifunctional properties. To yield the maximum benefits, it is imperati...

This study investigates and compares the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with nine different fuels (i.e., diesel, biodiesel–diesel blends, and biodiesel–kerosene blends. Blends of biodiesel with diesel and kerosene are taken as typical values of 10%, 20%, and 30% (CD10, CD20, CD30, CK10, CK20, and CK30). Biodiesel fuel is made from castor oil by transesterification method. Test fuels are used for uni-cylinder, DI diesel engine running at a speed of 2000 rpm and several engine loads (i.e., 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%). Results indicate that the pressure in the cylinder using diesel–biodiesel blends is slightly higher than this conducted to kerosene blends. Both kerosene–biodiesel and diesel–biodiesel blends record values of peak pressure lower than those of pure diesel at all rated engine loads. At the same time, peak pressures of diesel–biodiesel blends are higher than those for kerosene–biodiesel blends by marginal values. On the other hand, a significant decrease in NOx levels was noticed in the case of CK30 recording 20% compared to pure diesel, while CD20 recorded an increase in emissions levels by 19.5% compared to pure diesel. The BSFC and BTE have been observed to be close for both kerosene–biodiesel and diesel–biodiesel blends. This research recommends using kerosene as a base of blending (by 70% kerosene and 30% biodiesel) instead of diesel-not just as an additive, especially in the case of high viscous biodiesel such as castor oil biodiesel in this case.

Aims: The main objective of this study was to develop the whole wheat flour based castor oil fortified biscuits as per the maximum safe daily dosage of castor oil requirement for adults. Study Design: In the present investigation attempts were made to prepare the whole wheat flour based castor oil fortified biscuits. As per the maximum safe daily dosage of castor oil requirement for adults, different levels of castor oil viz. 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 56% were tried to prepare acceptable quality biscuit based on sensory parameters. The effect of variable amounts of castor oil in the biscuit formulation on dough and biscuit texture was also studied Place and Duration of Study: Experiments were done in Department of Food Processing Technology, A D Patel Institute of technology, Gujarat (India) and completed within 8 months. Methodology: The texture profile analysis for dough and biscuit samples prepared with varying levels of castor oil was carried out using texture analyser. Sensory evaluation of the prepared biscuit samples with varying % of castor oil was carried out for consumer acceptance and preference using semi-trained and consumer panelists. Results: Dough with castor oil was observed to be significantly harder and less sticky. The hardness of the biscuits decreased with the increase in the level of substitution of castor oil. Overall acceptability of biscuits sample with 56% castor oil was the highest as compared to other samples and was significantly better than the control sample. Conclusion: Overall acceptability of biscuits sample with 56% castor oil was the highest as compared to other samples and was significantly better than the control sample.

In this study, the synthesis of biopolyols derived from castor oil and glycerol was performed by enzymatic glycerolysis in a solvent-free system applying the lipases: Novozym® 435 (N435), from Candida antarctica fraction B, immobilized on macroporous anionic resin, and Eversa® Transform 2.0, a soluble formulation from Thermomyces lanuginosus. The biopolyols presented different conversion into mono- and diacylglycerol (MAG and DAG) owing to regioselectivity of the lipases. The resulting biopolyols were employed for the synthesis of polyurethane foams using different amounts of chemical blowing agent (water). The NCO source employed was polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI). The foams were compared, and the results showed that the PU foams obtained by using the biopolyol from lipase N435 presented uniform pore size and more desirable mechanical characteristics. Although this has arisen, the results obtained by using the lipase Eversa® Transform 2.0 showed the possibility of applying a low-cost enzyme to obtain biopolyols and foams, and there may be a possibility of competition with chemical catalysts.

Composites that use natural fibers as reinforcement have generated great interest in the industrial and scientific community due to the need for materials that present environmental responsibility and are economically viable. This work aimed to develop and establish a comparative analysis of the mechanical properties and physical characteristics between a castor oil based polyurethane resin composites reinforced with fibrous bamboo residue and a commercial Oriented Strand Board (OSB), in which where determined the technical issues of using these composites as OSB panels. Bamboo fibers used were obtained as a residue from a barbecue sticks industry. Composites were made with 20 and 40% volume fraction of continuous and aligned bamboo fiber. The density, moisture absorption, and mechanical strength of the composites were tested and compared with the commercial OSB. The composites not only presented mechanical performance superior to the commercial OSB, surpassing 1000 J/m, 85 MPa and 4.4 GPa for impact resistance, flexural strength, and flexural elastic modulus, respectively, but also fulfilled the standard requirements, while the commercial OSB, failed in most of the observed standards criteria. In addition, the developed materials contribute to a sustainable environment by using both bamboo waste and castor oil based polyurethane resin in a composite material.

Environmentally friendly lubricants are lubricants that are easily dissolved in the environment and are not harmful to the ecosystem. It uses to reduce the heat in the contact area so that the machinability of the workpiece and the ability of the chisel will increase. To minimize the use of bio-cutting fluids, lubrication is carried out by minimum drop lubrication in the lathe process. The purpose of this research is to comply with the surface roughness of the workpiece and the shape of the chip. The material used is aluminum 6061, the natural oil used are rubber seed oil, virgin coconut oil, sunflower seed oil, and castor oil. The turning parameters were the depth of cut 0.5 mm, spindle speed of 330 rpm, feed rate 0.231 mm/rev, tool angle 90o, drop lubrication 192 ml/hour, infeed length 100 mm. The results of the research showed that virgin coconut oil has the lowest surface roughness. This is because the viscosity value of virgin coconut oil is very small so that the flow rate is able to work perfectly to lubricate the contact area. It has a thin chip configuration, the tool also wears but did not experience cracks.

This study proposes an alternative for Jatoba shell residues as reinforcement in castor oil-based polyurethane (PU), obtaining an eco-friendly biocomposites. Biocomposites were obtained by mass mixing the polyol with the prepolymer (1:1) and reinforced from (0, 10, 15, and 20% wt) with Jatoba shell residues (JS). The alterations of morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties of the biocomposites were evaluated by varying the amount of fibers added to the PU. Flexural and impact tests showed an improvement on the mechanical properties, and scanning electron microscope images revealed a decrease in the average cell size of the foam, which caused an increase in the crosslinking density of PU foams due to the incorporation of additional groups of fibers, reacting with isocyanate groups. The fiber's addition to PU improved crystallinity, thermal stability, and presented high hydrophobicity. Thus, the developed biocomposites are an excellent option for environmental applications, such as industrial water purification and oil sorption.

Recently, the increasing demands of the portable devices and flexible electronics have caused lots of electromagnetic wave pollution. MXene, a novel two-dimensional material, was considered as a promising two-dimensional material for preparing flexible electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding films. Herein, we firstly synthesized a series of flexible and self-healable EMI shielding waterborne polyurethane (ADWPU) films by mechanically blending with Ti3C2Tx (ADWPU-T). Interestingly, the self-assembling between ADWPU and Ti3C2Tx constructed a tunable analogical structure providing reflection-absorption-multiple reflection shielding mechanism. Furthermore, the ADWPU-T emulsions were prepared from castor oil which is a low-cost and eco-friendly biomass polyol. The chain extender 2-aminophenyl disulfide endow a reversible dynamic polymer network which leading to shape memory performance (45 °C heat treatment) and self-healing ability (60 °C, 5 min healed). Above all, these multifunctional flexible films also exhibited outstanding EMI shielding performance (51.37 dB) and performed less decrement after 200 times bending and 80 °C aging test for five days. Therefore, this work would provide a novel promising method for preparing responsive electromagnetic interference shielding products and smart electronic devices.

Synthesis and application of biobased polymers are at the forefront of polymer science. Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization, and functionalization of castor oil-based bioplastics. At ...

Superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticle (NP) coated cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were synthesized and used to prepare emulsions with magnetically controlled stability. Magnetite NPs were deposited onto the surface of wood pulp CNCs (WCNCs) and bacterial CNCs (BCNCs) by a one-step coprecipitation method. The effect of the CNC to Fe3O4 mass ratio (1:1, 1:2, and 1:4) was varied to optimize the colloidal, magnetic and emulsifying properties of the hybrid NPs. TEM images showed that the 1:4 ratios lead to greater coverage of Fe3O4 than lower Fe3O4 loadings (1:1, and 1:2). The CNCs and Fe3O4 appeared to interact via hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl groups on the surfaces of both particles. The hybrid NPs had high saturation magnetizations of 56 emu/g for WCNC/Fe3O4 (1:4) and 60 emu/g for BCNC/Fe3O4 (1:4). In addition, they were efficient stabilizers for castor oil and water emulsions. The magnetite lowered the colloidal stability of the CNCs while providing superparamagnetic properties which allowed stabilization of Pickering emulsions and the subsequent depletion of the Pickering effect by an external magnet. Water-in-oil emulsions, with oil contents of 70% and 90% V/V, were broken by an external magnet, while the CNC/ Fe3O4 NPs were recovered and recycled. The 30% and 50% V/V oil emulsions were oil-in-water and could not be broken by the magnet, probably due to higher emulsion stability. The fabricated magnetic CNCs have potential use in magnetically driven separations, drug delivery, and oil recovery.

The greener additives have drawn considerable awareness in the lubricant industry due to their biocompatibility and multifunctional behaviour compared to conventional additives. In this study, novel multifunctional copolymer additives (MCAs) were synthesised from non-edible/waste cooking oil with stearyl methacrylate via addition polymerisation in the presence of benzoyl peroxide as a free radical initiator. The copolymeric additives derived from castor oil and waste cooking oil are named as MCA-1 and MCA-2, respectively. The prepared additives have been characterised by routine NMR and FT–IR spectroscopy, whereas the molecular weight and thermal-oxidative stability of the copolymers were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) respectively. Doping of the synthesised multifunctional green additives in terms of viscosity index improver (VII), pour point depressants (PPD) in base oil (N–150) have been determined using standard ASTM methods. The rheological behaviour of the doped base oil was examined using Anton Par MCR–72 in different concentrations of additive, viz. 1%, 1.5%, and 2% (w/v). The performance of the doped oil was compared with base oil. The additives were found to show the multifunctional behaviour in terms of pour point depressant, viscosity index improver, and rheology modifier. The improvement in viscosity with respect to base oil is in close agreement with the rheological study, which shows shear-thickening property with an increase in the concentration of additive. The significance of the study lies, in fact, the viscosity of the lubricant increases with shear rate and then decreases, making it suitable under the varying condition of temperature. Moreover, waste cooking oil can be used as a promising alternative for the preparation of environmentally friendly multifunctional additives. It is cheaper, readily available, renewable, and non-edible oil over conventional, expensive edible oil for the formulation of lubricants.

The current accelerated development of industrial and agricultural production has intermittently generated a large amount of waste. One of these residues is the rice husk, which represents 20% of the total volume of the grain produced. It is a lignocellulosic material that can be used as a reinforcement for composite materials. In turn, castor oil-based polyurethane resin is a triglyceride extracted from the seed, widely used to replace synthetic resins that are more aggressive to the environment. Thus, the objective of this study was to obtain a sustainable agglomerated composite based on rice husk and castor oil polyurethane resin. The samples were obtained by cold molding according to a 2 k (DoE) factorial design, the matrix/reinforcement volume fraction and the molding volume being the factors studied. The composite obtained was tested according to NBR 14,810, used for medium-density composites. Density, swelling, water absorption and resistance to flexion were evaluated. The results obtained allow us to classify the composite as low density, with values below 640 kg/m3 according to the A 208.1 standard. Regarding the mechanical behavior, the composite does not meet the standard NBR 14,810 for medium density but meets the standard A 208.1 being classified as low-density LD-1 and LD-2.

A novel kind of fully bio-based PSAs were obtained through the curing reaction between two components derived from the plant oils: carboxyl-terminated polyricinoleate (PRA) from the castor oil and epoxidized soybean oil (ESO). The gel content, glass transition temperature (Tg), rheological behavior, tensile strength, creep resistance and 180° peel strength of the PSAs were feasibly tailored by adjusting the component ratio of ESO to PRA. At low cross-linking level, the PSAs behaved like a viscous liquid and did not possess enough cohesiveness to sustain the mechanical stress during peeling. The PSAs cross-linked at or near the optimal stoichiometric conditions displayed an adhesive (interfacial) failure between the substrate and the adhesive layer, which were associated with the lowest adhesion levels. The PSAs with the dosage amount of ESO ranging from 10∼20 wt% were tacky and flexible, which exhibited 180° peel strength ranging from 0.4∼2.3 N/cm; and could be easily removed without any residues on the adherend. The process for the preparation of the fully bio-based PSAs was environmentally friendly without using any organic solvent or other toxic chemical, herein showing the great potential as sustainable materials.

Bast natural fibers have gained importance in the recent years mainly due to their ecofriendliness and their potential availability as raw materials for textile industries. In the present study extraction and characterization of fibers from the stem of Ethiopian indigenous castor oil plant is conducted for possible utilization in textile and related industrial applications. Among the different fiber extraction methods chemical retting using aqueous alkaline media (NaOH) is used for the extraction of the bast fiber. In this study the extraction was carried out by setting appropriate retting conditions of concentration of alkali, temperature and time. The extracted fibers for experimental analysis under the combined conditions were tested for chemical composition, gross morphology, mechanical and thermal properties. The analysis on chemical composition revealed that the castor oil bast [COB] fiber is composed of 64.5–67.3% cellulose, 16.4–21.5% hemicellulose, 15.8–17.2% lignin, 0.3–0.9% extractive with 4.9–5.3% ash content. FTIR spectra of the extracted fibers also confirmed the presence of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and extractives. Analysis on dimensional characteristics of the fiber showed that the extracted fiber has a diameter of 14.2–30.8 µm and fineness of 4.5–13.5 tex with fiber length ranging from 1.3 to 10 cm; the moisture content and moisture regain of the fiber are 7.0–9% and 8.1–10% respectively. Tests on mechanical properties of the extracted COB fiber show a tensile strength of 250–700 MPa with tenacity in the range of 57.80–86.89 cN/tex, elongation of 1.2–5% and elastic modulus of 2114.55–2625.44 cN/tex. TGA results for thermal property analysis indicated that the COB fiber has very good thermal stability with a thermal decomposition temperature in the range of 386.5–498.9 °C. The reasonably high cellulose content, good dimensional and moisture characteristics of COB fiber and its very good mechanical and thermal properties in comparison with conventional natural fibers such as jute, flax, hemp and cotton indicate the possibility for versatile conventional and non-conventional applications of COB fiber such as in textiles and in fiber reinforced composites.

This work prepared eco-friendly biocomposites of polyurethane (PU) and sheath palm residues, using castor oil as a polyol. PU composites filled with natural fibers were prepared at different loading rates: 0 to 20 wt.%. Results indicated that the sheath palm was hydrogen-bonded to PU chains and increased the foams' density. Pore size decreased with an increase in fiber content, from 256 to 116 µm. The fiber's addition improved the ductility of PU foams (compressive modulus from 4.74 to 0.26 MPa) and the foams' crystallinity index (from 5.4 to 15.4%). Compared to pristine PU, the composites showed high hydrophobicity (reaching 123° of contact angle for PU-15%) and thermal stability (Tonset from 96 to 96.3°), and high density (from 41 to 60 kg.m−3), making the developed composites an excellent option for environmental applications, such as oil removal and contaminant adsorption.

For this paper, the authors studied the behavior of castor oil, when it accidentally reaches a hot surface. Thus, the lowest temperature at which castor oil ignited at least once in three tests and the highest temperature at which castor oil did not ignite in three tests were determined. To determine as accurately as possible these two temperatures, a total of 29 tests were performed. The procedure complies with ISO 20823:2018 Petroleum and related products -Determination of the flammability characteristics of fluids in contact with hot surfaces - Manifold ignition test.

In this study, the principal objective is to compare the performances of an air-cooled one cylinder, four-stroke direct injection diesel engine using the blends (5% by volume B5, 10% by volume B10) of diesel and biodiesels derived respectively from palm oil, castor oil and raphia sese De Wild oil with pure diesel. All the biodiesels used in this work come from the plant species of the democratic republic of Congo as listed above. The engine performances (power, torque and brake specific consumption) at different engine speeds were determined at both full and partial loads. According to experimental results, the increments in the power output and torque when the mixtures of diesel and biodiesels were used and were observed. On the other side, the specific fuel consumption of the mixtures is higher than that of pure diesel although the calculated lower heating values are almost within the same range for the all studied fuels. Finally, in partial load 1/1, pure diesel blended with biodiesels B5 derived from castor oil presented high specific brake consumption values compared to the other fuels while B10 from the same oil presents low brake specific consumption values for power greater than 3.2 kW.

A series of cotton-nylon (CN) hybrid fibre polymer composites with varying castor oil as a crosslinker were prepared conventional wet hand-layup technique followed by vacuum bagging using an anhydride-based curing agent. The prepared composites have been assessed for mechanical and thermal behaviours. The Tensile strength, tensile modulus, percentage elongation at break, impact and flexural strength of these composites are evaluated are as per ASTM methods. The thermal attributes of the composites have been analysed by utilizing DMA. Results revealed that composites exhibited promising results with increase in fibre content. In addition, the composites prepared with castor oil also exhibited better results compared to the composites prepared without castor oil. The tensile Strength of the composite with 15 wt% of CN fibres in the presence of castor oil was found to be 35.98 N/mm2 and 38.32 N/mm2. Thermal behaviours of oil based composites were investigated by dynamic mechanical analyser (DMA). The glass transition (Tg) temperature and storage modulus of castor oil based composites shown higher results than composites prepared without castor oil.

The aim of this work was to develop a novel interface synthesis for 2D Zn(Bim)(OAc) nanosheets via an oil/water system. This method involved a two immiscible base oil/water phase system, i.e., one of the initial raw materials (metal salt) was scattered in the base oil phase and the other (organic ligand) was dissolved in the water phase. The results revealed that the 2D Zn(Bim)(OAc) nanosheets, with uniform thickness, were formed at the interface between oil and water. A series of characterization techniques were adopted to determine the structure and composition of the so-formed 2D Zn(Bim)(OAc) nanosheets. Furthermore, the preferred organic interface and the formed 2D-layered structure of 2D Zn(Bim)(OAc) nanosheets showed potential in resolving the dispersion and stability issues of the underlying friction reducing additive in oil. Through the comparative analyses of the dispersion and stability of 2D Zn(Bim)(OAc) nanosheets in the three oils (base oil, castor oil, and grease), the interface interaction between Zn(Bim)(OAc) and oil was extensively discussed.

In this study, friction and wear analysis of castor oil-based biodiesel was conducted. The B0, B100, B10, B20 and B50 are the samples considered for the test. The test was performed on pin-on-disc machine at different loads 40 N and 100 N. The sliding speed of 150 rpm was considered constant and ambient temperature was taken during the analysis. It has been observed that the coefficient of friction increases with the applied load. The diesel was taken as the reference oil. The diesel (B0) shows more coefficient of friction and wear at both the loads. The minimum coefficient of friction and less wear of the surface was obtained at 100% biodiesel (B100). The increment of biodiesel blends showed better results in reducing friction, and wear of the parts during their sliding contact. Biodiesel is having better lubricity as compared to diesel and could be implemented in the diesel engine as a lubricant in near future.

In this work, physicochemical properties and rheological behaviour of waste cooking oil (WCO), castor oil (CO), rubber seed oil (RSO) and their methyl esters (ME), as well as ME blends (5, 10 and 15 vol%) with diesel fuel were investigated. Rheological properties of samples were measured in the range of 25–80 °C temperature and 5–300 s−1 shear rate. Similarly, rheological behaviour of WCO, CO and RSO based methyl esters (WCOME, COME, ROSME) and its blends (5, 10, and 15 vol%) with diesel fuel were also studied. Power law model was used to study the flow behaviour of all the samples. The viscosity behaviour of oils (WCO, CO and RSO), methyl esters (WCOME, COME and RSOME) and their blends with diesel fuel showed Newtonian nature in the temperature range of 25–80 °C. The viscosity values of the chemically modified oil samples (via transesterification) were found to be lower than the original oil samples. However, WCO, CO and their methyl esters showed a slight deviation from Newtonian behaviour between shear rate intervals of 5–100 s−1. The dynamic viscosity of RSO (25.58 mPa.s) was less than that of WCO (49.91 mPa.s) and CO (338.08 mPa.s). At 40 °C, the kinematic viscosity values of RSOME (3.81 mm2/s) and WCOME (3.36 mm2/s) were lower than the value of COME (10.59 mm2/s). The dynamic viscosities of the samples were found to be dependent on fatty acids chain length, unsaturation and temperature. According to fatty acid composition and physicochemical properties of the oils samples, WCO, CO and RSO are suitable for substituting edible feedstock to make biodiesel production sustainable. The fuel properties of the methyl esters and their blends with diesel were estimated as per ASTM D6751 biodiesel standards.

Materials with multifunctionality or multiresponsiveness, especially polymers derived from green, renewable precursors, have recently attracted significant attention resulting from their technological impact. Nowadays, vegetable-oil-based waterborne polyurethanes (WPUs) are widely used in various fields, while strategies for simultaneous realization of their self-healing, reprocessing, shape memory as well as high mechanical properties are still highly anticipated. We report development of a multifunctional castor-oil-based waterborne polyurethane with high strength using controlled amounts of dithiodiphenylamine. The polymer networks possessed high tensile strength up to 38 MPa as well as excellent self-healing efficiency. Moreover, the WPU film exhibited a maximum recovery of 100 % of the original mechanical properties after reprocessing four times. The broad glass-transition temperature of the samples endowed the films with a versatile shape-memory effect, including a dual-to-quadruple shape-memory effect.

The application of vegetable oil based additive for lubricating oil has attracted considerable interest due to their biocompatibility and multifunctional performances compared to conventional additives. In the present work, we have synthesized homopolymer of castor oil and copolymer of castor oil with styrene by thermal method without any solvent at different percentage composition by using BZP (benzoyl peroxide) as initiator. Characterization of the additives was completed by spectral technique (FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy). The molecular weight of the prepared additives was determined by gel permeation chromatography method (GPC method). Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) method was used to study the thermal stability of the prepared polymers. Standard ASTM methods were used to investigate the performance of all the prepared polymers in SN150 mineral oil as viscosity index improver (VII), pour point depressant (PPD) and antiwear. Biodegradability of all the polymers was determined disk diffusion method. From the experimental results, it was found that copolymers are more effective as VII, PPD and antiwear than homopolymer. Moreover, average molecular weight, thermal stability and performances as VII and antiwear increase with increasing the percentage of styrene in copolymers.

Using the glucose derivatives isosorbide and glucarodilactone along with a castor oil derivative, 10-undecenoyl chloride, two monomers were synthesized: glucarodilactone undecenoate (GDLU) and isosorbide undecenoate (IU). These monomers were polymerized via acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization to yield two homopolymers, P(GDLU) and P(IU), and two copolymers, P1(GDLU-co-IU) and P2(GDLU-co-IU), of similar number-averaged molecular weight and relative composition (51 and 61 kDa, Đ = 1.8 and 1.4, 46:54 and 52:48 mol percent). Comparison of the physical properties and degradation behavior of these polymers revealed divergent characteristics arising from differences in the nature of the carbohydrate building blocks. P(IU) is more thermally stable and has a lower glass transition temperature (Td = 369 °C, Tg = −10 °C) than P(GDLU) (Td = 206 °C, Tg = 32 °C) and P1,2(GDLU-co-IU) (Td = 210 and 203 °C, Tg = 1 and 7 °C). While all of the polymers were stable in acidic and neutral aqueous conditions, the tw...

A one-step continuous catalyzed hydrogenation preparation of bioaviation kerosene was prepared from castor oil with a molecular probe in a high-pressure microfixed bed. The catalyst was Pt-La/SAPO-11, which was synthesized by the impregnation of Pt, as the active metal component, and metal auxiliaries. The effect of adding metal auxiliaries into the bifunctional metal was evaluated by XRD, XRF, BET, TEM, and Py-IR techniques, and it was confirmed that the hydrodeoxygenation performance, the selectivity of C8–C16 alkanes, the selectivity of C8–C16 isoalkanes, and the selectivity of C8–C16 arenes were all improved. Combined with a Box-Behnken central composite design, the reaction temperature, pressure, liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV), and hydrogen/oil ratio (hydrogen volume/castor oil volume) were selected as the four critical factors for the three levels of selectivity. The response surface method (RSM) was selected to establish a mathematical model with a second-order quadratic equation and optimize the process parameters for enhancing the selectivity of C8–C16 alkanes. The optimization conditions of the four process parameters were found to be a temperature of 405 °C, a pressure of 3.9 MPa, an LHSV of 0.93 h−1, and a hydrogen/oil ratio of 990 NmL mL−1. Three verification experiments showed that the selectivity of C8–C16 alkanes was 58.76%.

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), castor oil (CO), and recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (rPET), were used to add value to renewable raw materials and to a recycled polymer produced worldwide, producing mats composed of fibers on the nano- and submicrometric (ultrathin) scales through a sustainable process. Bio-based electrospun mats composed of aligned (rotary collector) and nonaligned (static collector) nanofibers/ultrathin fibers were produced from the electrospinning of solutions prepared from rPET (mixed with CO, CNCs, or CNCs/CO). The contact angle results showed that the CNC mat surfaces composed of nonaligned fibers were hydrophilic, and in contrast, these surfaces were hydrophobic when composed of aligned fibers. Among the mats composed of nonaligned fibers, PET/CO/CNC exhibited storage and Young's moduli approximately eleven and ten times, respectively, better than those of neat rPET. The PET/CO/CNC mat showed both modulus and tensile strength values higher than those of PET/CNC, when characterized in the preferential direction of fiber alignment. Electrospun mats were obtained from environmentally sound raw materials with diversified properties, which were modulated by the type of collector used, as well as whether CO and CNC were mixed with rPET, and have the potential for use in applications such as membrane separation processes and biomedical applications.

An increase in electricity generation is possible not only through the construction of power plants, but also through the creation of fundamentally new energy sources. One of the problems of modern electrical engineering is to ensure the reliability of the operation of capacitors at electric field strengths exceeding I50-200MV. In the domestic and foreign capacitor industry, for heavy pulse modes, castor oil (CO) is used as a liquid impregnation. The development of a method for producing a substitute for natural castor oil, which is a universal impregnating liquid in capacitors, is an urgent problem in the electrical industry. Thus, we have developed a method for the production of acetoxymethyl-w.hexyl-o-xylene, the electrophysical properties of which make it possible to use it as an environmentally friendly and promising substitute for natural castor oil. However, there was a problem of stabilization, since compounds of the ester type have (as impregnating liquids in capacitors) a disadvantage, which consists in their sensitivity to light hydrolysis and atmospheric effects. Ester exhibits high stability with respect to air up to 200°С, therefore, inhibition by the addition of antioxidants is required is not new. In this work developed the basic electrophysical properties of the ester-acetoxymethyl-secondary hexyl-o-xyleole; methods for its purification and stabilization. There were chosen the adsorption method of thermo-oxidative stabilization to clean dielectric fluid from conductive impurities. As a result of the electrophysical characteristics of the acetoxymethyl-secondary hexyl-o-xyleole ester, as well as the method of its purification using alumina, and hydrogenation on a catalyst representing 0.2% palladium on alumina and stabilization using additives NG-2246. As a result of the research, it was possible to obtain an ester with improved electrophysical parameters

This study investigates the development of novel montmorillonite/castor oil blends to formulate sustainable lubricating greases to promote the replacement of petrochemicals industry-derived materials by substances obtained from renewable sources. Specifically, the effect of the thickener concentration on the rheological, chemical, thermal, tribological properties, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) microstructure of these systems were studied. The results showed that the C20A nanoclay content could be used to modulate the viscosity values, the linear viscoelastic functions, and tribological properties of these montmorillonite dispersions. In general, these gel-like dispersions exhibited remarkable lubricant properties; the samples showed values of the friction coefficient and wear scars similar or lower than those obtained with model bentonite grease.

In this work, we prepared the biomass castor oil-based rigid polyurethane foams (RPUF). The two bio-based RPUFs contain modified polyols from castor oil, one of which was transamidated castor oil with diethanolamine (BIO1) and another was further modified epoxidized polyols in BIO1 with phenylphosphonic acid. The cellular structure, thermal, flame retardant and mechanical properties of RPUF via incorporation of expandable graphite (EG) and graphene oxide (GO) on a total fixed amount of 6 wt% were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal conductivity, limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL94) and cone calorimeter test (CCT), etc. The cellular structure indicated that GO facilitates the dispersion of EG and decreases the cell size of the foam. The thermal and fire behaviors indicated that GO increased the insulation capacity and the flame-retardant performance of RPUFs. The optimal sample BIO2/EG/GO obtained V-0 rating, whereas BIO2/EG obtained only V-2 rating on the UL94 test. Moreover, results from CCT showed that the BIO2/EG/GO effectively reduced heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR) and total smoke production (TSP) by 54%, 24% and 15%, respectively, in comparison with BIO1 and decreased the HRR and THR 46% and 6%, respectively, compared to BIO2 sample. The compressive performance of BIO2/EG/GO and BIO2/EG increased to 0.11 MPa compared to 0.07 MPa from BIO1. These interesting results proved a new strategy to develop a bio-based flame-retardant RPUF as fire safety thermal insulation materials by incorporating natural-based carbon materials.

Sustainable aqueous polyurethane (PU) dispersions derived from castor oil and lignosulfonate (LS) have been successfully synthesized with stable nanoscale morphology and average particle sizes as s...

The present work reports, two types of bio-based hyperbranched polyester polyols (HyBPs) were synthesized from castor oil-based polyols (monoglyceride and fatty amide) and 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl) pr...