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In situ consolidation of the thermoplastic composites can be realized through laser-assisted automated fiber placement technology, and the properties of the composites are significantly affected by the crystallinity. Understanding the complicated crystallization process is very important for controlling the performance of the composites manufactured by automated fiber placement. In this work, the crystallization mechanism of carbon fiber/polyphenylene sulfide composites during the automated fiber placement process and its effect on the mechanical properties were investigated. Crystallization kinetics analysis indicated that the crystallization window of the carbon fiber/polyphenylene sulfide composites was 87–270°C. Furthermore, for carbon fiber/polyphenylene sulfide composites manufactured by automated fiber placement, the crystallinity was influenced by the parameters including laser temperature, placement speed and tool temperature, in which the tool temperature was the main factor. Increasing the tool temperature was an effective method to achieve high crystallinity. Meanwhile, when the tool temperature was in the range of the crystallization window, the composites could experience isothermal crystallization, which could further improve the crystallinity. With the increase of the tool temperature, the flexural strength and interlaminar shear strength were improved due to the enhanced self-adhesion of the matrix, while the Mode І fracture toughness was decreased because of the reduction of the matrix ductility. The combination of the kinetic method and experimental study was conducive to a better understanding of the crystallization mechanism and optimization of the processing conditions.

In situ consolidation of thermoplastic composites can be realized through laser-assisted automated fiber placement (AFP) technology, and the properties of composites were significant affected by the process parameters. In this work, the effects of process parameters on the properties of continuous carbon fiber–reinforced polyphenylene sulfide (CF/PPS) composites manufactured by laser-assisted AFP were investigated. Four-plies CF/PPS prepreg was laid under the combination of different process parameters and the morphology, void content, crystallinity, and inter-laminar shear strength (ILSS) of the composites were characterized. It turned out that the resin distribution on the surface of the composites could be significantly improved by increasing the laser temperature and compaction pressure. The highest crystallinity of the composites reached 46% at tool temperature of 120°C while the value was only 18% when the tool temperature was 40°C. Meanwhile, with the increasing compaction force ranging of 500–2000 N, the void content of the composites decreased obviously. The ILSS was evaluated through double notch tensile shear test. The results indicated that the mechanical properties of the composites were dominated by void content rather than crystallinity.

In in situ consolidation of thermoplastic composites by laser-assisted automated fibre placement (AFP), high laser irradiation temperature can improve the fluidity of the resin matrix, which usually enhances the performances of composites. However, it leads to a tendency for thermal degradation as the resin matrix of the composites is exposed to high temperatures for a long time. The thermal degradation behaviours of continuous carbon fibre (CF)-reinforced polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) composites during in situ consolidation by laser-assisted AFP were studied. A thermogravimetric analysis shows that the thermal degradation of CF/PPS composites is quite complex, with multi-step reactions. The thermal degradation of the composites was further analysed via kinetic methods. A thermal degradation kinetic model of the resin matrix was obtained and verified. According to the kinetic model, the thermal degradation of the composites under different placement conditions was predicted. The results were confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. With the combination of the kinetic model, AFP in situ consolidation, and characterisation techniques, processing parameters such as laser irradiation temperature and placement speed can be adjusted and optimised.

BACKGROUND: The HOMO–LUMO energy level width of conjugated polymers can be manipulated by controlling the conjugation length of the polymeric materials in order to adjust their properties in terms of emission of different colors and realize polychromatic displays. In the work reported in this paper azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) was used to control the conjugation length of poly[2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-co-(1,4-phenylene vinylene)] (MEH-PPV) by free radical addition. In this way a series of MEH-PPV with various conjugation lengths was obtained. RESULTS: Characterization of MEH-PPV using 1H NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that the cyano groups of AIBN hydrolyzed into carboxyls. The carboxyl free radicals attacked the conjugated double bonds of MEH-PPV, resulting in a decrease of trans-vinylenes and in an increase of cis-vinylenes as well as tert-methyls on the backbone. Changing the conjugated structure of the polymer caused the peaks of UV and fluorescence spectra to shift to the blue. CONCLUSION: The resulting MEH-PPV derivatives can emit orange-red, green and blue light. It is expected that they could be used to prepare PPV-based materials that could modulate white light emission, by simply blending the PPV derivatives emitting different colors. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels were prepared in aqueous solutions at different concentrations using glutaraldehyde (GA) as cross-linker. The gel fraction, increase rate of gels, critical gel point, and swelling ratio were measured. Furthermore, the influences of intramolecular cyclization on the cross-linking processes and the structure of formed hydrogels were studied. The results show that the degree of intramolecular cyclization and the ratio of [−CHO]/[−OH] at critical gel point (rc) increase with the decrease of PVA concentration. The bulk gels do not form when PVA concentration is below 1.1 × 10-2 g/mL even at higher GA/PVA mixture ratio. In the concentration range of (2.20−12.3) × 10-2 g/mL, intramolecular cyclization fraction is basically not changed with gel fraction above the critical gel point. The way of gel growing is controlled by PVA concentration. In a certain range, the lower the PVA concentration is, the higher the increase rate of gels is. The equilibrium swelling ratio decreases w...

With advantages such as design flexibility in modifying degradation, surface chemistry, and topography, synthetic bone-graft substitutes are increasingly demanded in orthopedic tissue engineering to meet various requirements in the growing numbers of cases of skeletal impairment worldwide. Using a combinatorial approach, we developed a series of biocompatible, hydrolytically degradable, elastomeric, bone-like biocomposites, comprising 60 wt% poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid), poly(HEMA-co-MA), and 40 wt% bioceramic hydroxyapatite (HA). Hydrolytic degradation of the biocomposites is rendered by a degradable macromer/crosslinker, dimethacrylated poly(lactide-b-ethylene glycol-b-lactide), which first degrades to break up 3-D hydrogel networks, followed by dissolution of linear pHEMA macromolecules and bioceramic particles. Swelling and degradation were examined at Hank's balanced salt solution at 37 °C in a 12-week period of time. The degradation is strongly modulated by altering the concentration of the co-monomer of methacrylic acid and of the macromer, and chain length/molecular weight of the macromer. 95% weight loss in mass is achieved after degradation for 12 weeks in a composition consisting of HEMA/MA/Macromer = 0/60/40, while 90% weight loss is seen after degradation only for 4 weeks in a composition composed of HEMA/MA/Macromer = 27/13/60 using a longer chain macromer. For compositions without a co-monomer, only about 14% is achieved in weight loss after 12-week degradation. These novel biomaterials offer numerous possibilities as drug delivery carriers and bone grafts particularly for low and medium load-bearing applications. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

General equations for lattice contraction and surface stress of fcc nanocrystals are established based on the Laplace−Young equation and a consideration for the size-dependence of the solid−liquid interface energy. The predictions of our equations are in agreement with the experimental results on the measurement of lattice contraction and surface (interface) stress of nanoparticles and thin films and theoretical calculations.

The hybrid microspheres with polystyrene core coated by titania nanoparticles were prepared by miniemulsion polymerization, and the as-prepared samples were characterized by SEM, XRD, TG-DTA, XPS, and SPS techniques. TiO2 nanoparticles experienced two processes of phase transition, i.e., amorphous to anatase and anatase to rutile at the calcining temperature range from 400 to 1000 degrees C. The phase transformation temperature of TiO2 hybrid microspheres from anatase to rutile was increased by about 300 degrees C due to the blocking function of calcined polymer remainder. SPS results present that the band-gap of hybrid microspheres is 3.2-3.4 eV, which is larger than that of pure TiO2. The maximum intensity of the SPS signal is about 3 times larger for the hybrid material as compared to the pure TiO2. In addition, the photocatalytic degradation rate of TiO2 hybrid microspheres was 15% faster than that of pure TiO2 in the experiment of the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange.