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U radu su uspoređeni rezultati istraživanja mastitisa u stadima muznih krava provedenih 1996., 2004. i 2015. Ukupno je pretraženo 939 krava iz 91 stada. Uzorci sekreta iz svih četvrti krava u laktaciji pretraženi su mikrobiološki i mastitis testom. Dobiveni rezultati statistički su uspoređeni hi-kvadrat testom i logističkom regresijom. Učestalost inficiranih četvrti statistički se razlikuje između pojedinih istraživanja i najmanja je u istraživanju provedenom 2015. Sličan obrazac slijede i rezultati mastitis testa. Razlike između prednjih i stražnjih četvrti više nisu statistički značajne. Rezultati logističke regresije pokazuju da na izglede za pozitivnu reakciju mastitis testom najviše utječe infekcija, a manje godina promatranja i anatomski smještaj četvrti. Premda su rezultati posljednjeg istraživanja puno prihvatljiviji od dvaju prethodnih, još uvijek gotovo trećina krava ima inficiranu barem jednu četvrt vimena.

Cilj istraživanja bio je odrediti učinkovitost cijepljenja protiv Staphylococcus aureus i Escherichia coli mastitisa krava i junica Startvac vakcinom (Hipra, Španjolska), na 7 obiteljskih gospodarstava u Hrvatskoj. Startvac je inaktivirana vakcina za imunizaciju mliječnih krava i junica, a sadrži inaktivirane bakterije E. coli (J5) i S. aureus (CP8) soj SP 140. Kao pokazatelj uspješnosti cjepiva je određivan broj liječenih životinja s mastitisom te mjesečni prosjek broja somatskih stanica skupnog uzorka mlijeka (SCC) koji je određivan u Središnjem laboratoriju za kontrolu mlijeka, Križevačka Poljana. Prilikom prvog cijepljenja obuhvaćeno je 609 plotkinja na 7 farmi, od toga 522 krave i 87 junica. Nakon 3 tjedna sve životinje, krave i visokogravidne junice su revakcinirane, a nakon toga postupak je ponavljan svaka tri mjeseca. Prosječan broj somatskih stanica u prethodnom mjesecu prije cijepljenja i slijedeći mjesec, bio je značajno veći nego nakon treće i četvrte aplikacije cjepiva (399 420±59 920 i 367 000±59 550 v.s. 189 570±14 380 i 146 280±21 370). Liječenje mastitisa prije cijepljenja zabilježeno je u 8, 54 % plotkinja (N=52), nakon prvog cijepljenja u 5, 42% (N=33), nakon trećeg cijepljenja 2, 96% (N=18) te nakon četvrtog cijepljenja u samo 1, 31% plotkinja (N=8). Širenje bakterija S aureus i Escherichia coli mastitisa u uzgojima se može usporiti i spriječiti pravilnim menadžmentom na farmi te preventivnim cijepljenjem krava i junica Startvac vakcinom po, za to određenim, protokolima.

Mliječne krave tijekom svog života prolaze brojne tranzicije te se laktacija i suhostaj biološki gledaju kao izmjenjivi periodi iznimno teškog rada i nužnog odmora. Trajanje suhostaja trebalo bi biti oko 55 dana a može se kretati od 42 do 60 dana. Kraće trajanje suhostaja od navedenog, mliječnoj žlijezdi neće dopustiti da se regenerira a utjecat će na slabiju produkciju mlijeka u slijedećoj laktaciji. Produkcija mlijeka bit će slabija i u slučaju kada je trajanje suhostaja duže od 70 dana. Glavni zadatak tijekom suhostaja je imati krave sa zdravim vimenima. Kako bi se postigao ovaj cilj potrebno je riješiti postojeće intramamarne infekcije te spriječiti nove infekcije tijekom suhostaja. Ugodan okoliš i pravilan smještaj životinja, osobito prije teljenja, osnova je za kontrolu mastitisa.

This paper presents our observations during the second outbreak of bovine mastitis in Croatia. On a farm with approximately 700 dairy cows in different stages of lactation a significant increase in severe clinical mastitis cases resistant to antibiotic therapy was observed. The animals were of Friesian Holstein breed and some had been purchased from Western Europe. The acute form of mastitis was characterised by a rapid decrease in milk production, and a rapid spread of infection from affected to adjacent quarters. The animals were unsuccessfully treated with different antibiotics for several months. Combinations of tetracycline, neomycin and bacitracin ; penicillin G, dihydrostreptomycin, novobiocin and neomycin ; clavulanic acid-amoxicillin, cephalosporines ; and lincomycin were used. To investigate a possible role of mycoplasma as a causative agent of a large number of mastitis cases, 421 udder secretions were microbiologically examined. Mycoplasma colonies of typical appearance were cultured from 77 milk samples. Mycoplasmas were identified directly from milk samples by antigen capture ELISA test and polymerase chain reaction for routine identification of M. bovis. All isolated mycoplasmas were identified as Mycoplasma bovis. Mastitic bovine milk originated from a large number of farms in Croatia has been routinely cultured for mycoplasma on appropriate media at Department of Microbiology and Infectious diseases for the last 30 years. On this basis, it is likely that mycoplasma mastitis in Croatia was brought into into the country with the imported animals. As bovine mycoplasma mastitis might be a major udder health problem in dairy cattle there is an urgent necessity of coordinated action of veterinary diagnostic laboratories and veterinary authorities in identifying the distribution and control of this infection in Croatia.

The aim of the study was to compare and analyse influence of different milking failures on udder health of dairy cows. Two dairy farms in southwestern Croatia were observed and followed during five years. At the first farm there were 430 cows and at the second farm there were 320 monitored cows. Cows of both breeds were uniform according to breed, age and milk production ; they all were holstein-frisian cows, approximatly 8 years old, used in milk production for 5-6 years with everage milk production of 7 000 l per year. Cows from the first farm were milked on the milking parlour 3 times daily using „ BOU-MATIC“ system. Unfortunately, due to some technical problems, part of the system didn't work properly and it was necessary to replace it with manual milking during the last two years of research. Due to high hygienic standards of milking preparation, they didn't notice any change of milk hygiene and quality. On the second farm cows were milked 2-3 times daily according to lactation status using milking machines on the lair but presanitation and hygienic standards were very poor and absolutely unsufficient. On both farms mastitis test was performed regularly and milk samples from all positive cows were collected for bacteriological tests. During five years we analysed 1292 samples from the first and 2504 samples from the second farm. After bacteriological test of 1292 samples from the first farm only 18, 60% samples were positive versus 16, 6% positive results from 2504 samples from the second farm. Monitoring and analysis of results from the first farm has shown statistically significant influence of mentioned technical problem on positive results of bacteriological tests. From the 9, 10% positive results at the first year it decreased on 25, 26% at the last year of study. The most common isolate was Staphylococcus aureus (66, 99%), Streptococcus agalactiae (12, 95%), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (4, 88%), Streptoccocus faecalis (8, 06%) and Lactobacillus spp. (7, 09%). Furthermore, number of positive Staphylococcus aureus isolates increased predominatly year after year and caused already mentioned dramatic increase of positive samples. Analysis of results from the second farm has shown that number of positive results decreased slowly from 18, 74% to 16, 66% during five years. There was no predominance of particular bacteria species. The most common isolates were: Streptococcus faecalis (20, 41%), Micoplasma spp. (19, 16%), Streptococcus agalactiae (17, 92%), Staphylococcus aureus (17, 92%), Lactobacillus spp. (9, 58%) and Coliform spp. (8, 75%). Comparation of all positive samples from the front quarters versus rear quarters has shown predominance of the front quarters (55, 41% versus 44, 59%). It could be explained with high incidence of S. aureus who predominantly attacks front quarters. According to our results we concluded that poor sanitation and milking hygiene enables different bacteria and also Micoplasma species to survive at the farm and cause mastitis and dairy losses but in the mean time cows develop sort of resistence wich causes decrease of subclinical infections after a few years. In the mean time, milking of cows using high hygienic standards but changing routine and type of milking ( machine milking replaced with manual milking) causses decrease of immunity and slowly increases subclinical infections. It also enables significant increase of very resistent bacteria like S. aureus to intrude and stay in the farm causing more and more problems and dairy losses.