Search

Glavni cilj magistrske naloge je bila raziskava obdelave in združevanja oblakov točk mobilnega (MLS) in aerolaserskega skeniranja (ALS). Z združevanjem oblakov MLS in ALS dobimo večje število informacij o skeniranem okolju in se izognemo določenim pomanjkljivostim vsakega od sistemov. Združen oblak točk pokriva celotno skenirano površje razen atrijev, ki jih z nobenim od sistemov ne moremo doseči. Najprej smo raziskali različne možnosti registracije oblakov točk MLS v programu Terrasolid in na testnem območju na osnovi odstopanj na kontrolnih točkah določili najboljši postopek. Oblaku točk MLS smo nato dodali oblak točk ALS in dobili združen oblak točk. Za avtomatsko modeliranje stavb iz združenega oblaka točk MLS in ALS na trgu nismo našli ustreznega programa, zato smo v programu Terrasolid na avtomatski način izdelali modele stavb le iz oblaka točk ALS. Nato smo na primeru izbrane kompleksnejše stavbe iz združenega oblaka točk ročno izdelali njen model, ki smo ga z vidika natančnosti in podrobnosti primerjali z avtomatsko izdelanim modelom. Na koncu v obliki razprave povzamemo težave pri zajemu in obdelavi podatkov, združevanju oblakov točk MLS in ALS ter modeliranju stavb. The main goal of the master's thesis was to research the processing and merging of point clouds from mobile (MLS) and airborne laser scanning (ALS). By merging MLS and ALS point clouds, we obtain more information about the scanned environment and avoid certain limitations of each system. The merged point cloud covers the entire scanned surface except for atriums, which cannot be reached by either of the systems. Initially, we explored various options for registration of MLS point clouds in the Terrasolid software and determined the best process based on deviations at control points in a test area. We then added ALS point clouds to the MLS point cloud to obtain the merged point cloud. We did not find an appropriate program for automatic building modeling from the merged MLS and ALS point cloud on the market, so we used Terrasolid to automatically create building models only from the ALS point cloud. We manually created the model of a selected complex building from the merged point cloud and compared its accuracy and detail with the automatically created model. Finally, in the form of a discussion, we summarized the problems with data acquisition and processing, merging MLS and ALS point clouds, and building modeling.

Masna bilanca ledenika predstavlja povezavo med podnebjem in dinamiko ledenika. Pove nam, za koliko se je spremenila masa posameznega dela ledenika v izbranem časovnem obdobju. Za določanje masne bilance obstaja več metod. Triglavski ledenik z najrazličnejšimi geodetskimi metodami spremljamo od leta 1946. Na podlagi rezultatov geodetskih meritev ledenika in pridobljenih meteoroloških podatkov lahko izračunamo masno bilanco. Ta nam omogoča preučevanje spreminjanja debeline ledenika tudi v času, ko meritve niso bile izvedene. Najprej smo, glede na meritve v letih 2011 in 2012, izračunali empirična koeficienta masne bilance DDF in D(x,y). Na podlagi teh dveh koeficientov smo računali spremembe v debelini ledenika, glede na meritve iz septembra 2012, ko je bil ledenik najmanjši in najtanjši. V letih 2010–2016 so bile spremembe v debelini med 1 m in 3 m. V letih 2016–2020 so bile spremembe v debelini ledenika med 1,5 m in 3 m, s precej območji z negativnimi razlikami v debelini. Rezultate smo primerjali z izmerjenimi površinami ledenika in ugotovili, da se ob večanju debeline veča površina in obratno. Na koncu smo za vsa obravnavana leta izračunali povprečno specifično masno bilanco. V celotnem preučevanem obdobju med leti 2010 in 2020 smo izračunali najvišjo masno bilanco za ledeniško leto 2013 z 1,64 m v.e./leto, najnižja pa je bila leta 2015 z –2,68 m v.e./leto. The mass balance of a glacier represents the link between climate and glacier dynamics. It tells us how much the mass of a part of the glacier has changed in the selected period. There are several methods for determining the mass balance. Triglav glacier has been monitored with various geodetic methods since 1946. Based on the results of geodetic measurements of the glacier and obtained meteorological data, we can calculate the mass balance. This allows us to model the change in the thickness of the glacier even at the time when the measurements were not performed. Based on measurements in 2011 and 2012, we firstly calculated the empirical mass balance coefficients DDF and D(x,y). With these two coefficients, we calculated changes in the thickness of the glacier, based on measurements from September 2012, when the glacier was the smallest and thinnest. In the years 2010–2016, changes in thickness were between 1 m and 3 m. Between 2016 and 2020, changes in glacier thickness were between 1,5 m and 3 m, with significant areas with negative thickness differences. We compared the results with the glacier area size and found that its area increases as the average thickness of the glacier increases and vice versa. Finally, we calculated the average specific mass balance for all the years under consideration. In the whole analysed period 2010–2020 we calculated the highest mass balance for the year 2013 with 1,64 m w.e.a-1 and the lowest for 2015 with –2,68 m w.e.a-1.

V raziskovalnem delu obravnavamo UAV inšpekcijske preglede na premostitvenem objektu – viaduktu Slatina. S SfM/MVS fotogrametrijo in terestričnim laserskim skeniranjem smo izvedli meritve za namene inšpekcijskih pregledov. Na podlagi meritev smo izdelali oblake točk, digitalne modele površja in ortofote. S primerjavo oblakov točk terestričnega laserskega skeniranja in UAV fotogrametrije smo analizirali prisotnost šuma v fotogrametričnem oblaku točk. Analizo primernosti ortofotov za namene UAV inšpekcijskih pregledov smo naredili s primerjavo ortofotov stebra viadukta z različno prostorsko ločljivostjo. In the research work, we analyse UAV inspections on the bridge facility - the Slatina viaduct. With the SfM/MVS photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning, we perform measurements for inspection purposes. Based on the comparison of point clouds of terrestrial laser scanning and UAV photogrammetry, we analyzed the presence of noise in the photogrammetric point cloud. We analyzed the quality of orthophotos for the purposes of UAV inspections by comparing orthophotos of the viaduct pillar with different spatial resolutions.

Posodabljanje podatkov katastra je sodoben izziv v veliko državah, tudi v Sloveniji. Čeprav uporaba daljinsko vodenih letalnikov pri registraciji zemljišč še ni pogosta, se zdi obetavna tehnologija, ki bi lahko podprla zbiranje podatkov za katastre nepremičnin. Namen naloge je pregledati objave s področja uporabe UAV fotogrametrije v katastru in pregled dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na kakovost zajema katastrskih podatkov na podlagi UAV fotogrametrije. V eksperimentalnem delu naloge smo analizirali in primerjali rezultate zajema podatkov o stavbah in cestah, ki smo jih zajeli na različne načine na podlagi podatkov, pridobljenih z optičnimi senzorji daljinsko vodenih letalnikov. Uporabili smo že obdelane UAV fotogrametrične podatke, zajete na študijskem območju Kompolje. Najprej je narejena primerjava podatkov o obodu stavb, ki so zajeti ročno na podlagi fotogrametričnega oblaka točk, s tistimi, ki so že vpisani v kataster stavb. Sledi primerjava med podatki o obodih stavb, ki smo jih ročno zajeli, in podatki, pridobljenimi iz klasificiranega oblaka točk. V nadaljevanju smo primerjali še podatke o nadmorskih višinah slemen, pridobljenih z ročnim zajemom, z nadmorskimi višinami slemen, registriranih v katastru stavb. Na koncu je še prikazana primerjava med podatki o cestah, ki smo jih ročno zajeli, in podatki o cestah, ki smo jih pridobili s samodejnim postopkom klasifikacije podobe na podlagi pravil. Ugotovili smo položajne razlike med podatki ročnega zajema stavb na podlagi fotogrametričnega oblaka točk in podatki katastra stavb. Podatki o stavbah v katastru so vpisani na podlagi množičnega fotogrametričnega zajema stavb iz letalskih fotografij, oblak točk pa je bil izdelan iz podatkov z boljšo prostorsko ločljivostjo. Pri vizualni primerjavi rezultatov ročnega zajema podatkov o stavbah in cestah, s podatki, pridobljenimi s samodejno klasifikacijo oblaka točk, nismo opazili večjih odstopanj. Še vedno pa obstajajo primeri, kjer pride do odstopanj – razlogov je več. Med drugim predstavljajo sence dreves ter drugi objekti s senco veliko težavo za samodejni zajem podatkov. Updating cadastre data is a modern challenge in many countries, including Slovenia. Although the use of drones in land registration is not yet common, it appears to be a promising technology that could support data collection for real estate cadastres. The purpose of the assignment is to review publications in the field of UAV photogrammetry in the cadastre and review the factors that influence the quality of cadastral data collection based on UAV photogrammetry. In the experimental part of the task, we analyzed and compared the results of capturing data on buildings and roads, which were captured in different ways on the basis of data obtained with the optical sensors of remote-controlled aircraft. We used already processed UAV photogrammetric data captured in the Kompolje study area. First, a comparison is made of the data on the perimeter of the buildings, which are covered manually on the basis of the photogrammetric point cloud, with those already registered in the building cadastre. The following is a comparison between the manually captured building perimeter data and the data obtained from the classified point cloud. In the following, we also compared the data on the above sea level of the ridge obtained by manual recording with the above sea level of the ridge registered in the building cadastre. Finally, a comparison is shown between the road data that we captured manually and the road data that we obtained using an automatic rule-based image classification process. We found positional differences between the data of the manual survey of buildings based on the photogrammetric point cloud and the data of the building cadastre. Data on buildings in the cadastre are entered on the basis of mass photogrammetric coverage of buildings from aerial images, and the photogrammetric point cloud was created from data with better spatial resolution. When comparing the results of manual data acquisition of buildings and roads with the data obtained by automatic point cloud classification by visual interpretation, we did not notice any major deviations. However, there are still cases where deviations occur - there are several reasons. Among other things, the shadows of trees and other objects with shadows represent a big problem for automatic data capture.

V magistrskem delu smo s terestričnim laserskim skenerjem Leica BLK360 in slikovnim tahimetrom Leica Nova MS60 v treh terminskih izmerah skenirali ledno plezalno steno Mlačca. Zanimala nas je debelina ledu glede na terminsko izmero. Za georeferenciranje oblakov točk smo na nasprotni strani ledno plezalne stene stabilizirali mrežo tarč. Mreži tarč smo na način klasične terestrične geodetske izmere določili prostorske koordinate. S statično GNSS-metodo izmere smo zagotovili geodetski datum v državnem koordinatnem sistemu D96-17/TM(ESRS). Po opravljenih meritvah smo izvedli analizo debeline stene glede na terminsko izmero in vrsto uporabljenega instrumenta. Rezultate smo grafično predstavili ter izdelali prečne profile ledno plezalne stene za tri izmišljene plezalne smeri. Na prečnih profilih smo numerično prikazali debelino ledu. Ugotovili smo, da ima pri skeniranju ledu velik vpliv na kakovost podatkov vpadni kot laserskega žarka in valovna dolžina instrumenta. Pomembna je tudi količina vode na površini ledu, ki zelo vpliva na odbojnost laserskega žarka. In the master's thesis, we scanned the Mlačca ice climbing wall in three term measurements with a Leica BLK360 terrestrial laser scanner and a Leica Nova MS60 image tachymeter. We were interested in the thickness of the ice according to the term measurement. For georeferencing point clouds, we stabilized a network of targets on the opposite side of the ice climbing wall. We determined the spatial coordinates of the network of targets in the manner of classical terrestrial geodetic measurement. Using the static GNSS measurement method, we provided the geodetic datum in the national coordinate system D96-17/TM(ESRS). After the measurements, we performed an analysis of the wall thickness according to the term measurement and the type of instrument used. We presented the results graphically and created cross sections of the ice climbing wall for three imaginary climbing directions. The thickness of the ice was shown numerically on the cross sections. We found that when scanning ice, the angle of incidence of the laser beam and the wavelength of the instrument had a great influence on the quality of the data. The amount of water on the surface of the ice is also important, as it greatly affects the reflectivity of the laser beam.

Kinematična določitev položaja z GNSS danes vse bolj pridobiva na pomenu, v geodeziji zaradi direktnega pozicioniranja daljinsko vodenih letalnikov, izven geodezije pa tudi zaradi razvoja samovozečih vozil. Več kot očitno je, da senzorski sistemi, ki uporabljajo samo tehnologijo GNSS, niso primerni za uporabo v hitro spreminjajočem se okolju vozila. V dani nalogi nas je zanimalo, v katerih situacijah se dogodijo težave pozicioniranja in koliko različnih sistemi potrebujejo, da lahko ponovno določijo položaj ustrezne kakovosti. Izmero na širšem območju Ljubljane smo naredili z dvema metodama, z določitvijo položaja v realnem času (angl. Real-Time-Kinematic -RTK) in z naknadno obdelavo (angl. Post-Processing Kinematic), pri čemer smo uporabili tri sprejemnike Leica dveh serij, in sicer: Leica GS15 in Leica GS18T. Instrumente smo postavili na streho avtomobila in se peljali po vnaprej določeni trasi, ki je vsebovala različne ovire (podvozi, tuneli, gozd, visoke zgradbe itd.). Opazovanja smo obdelali s komercialno programsko opremo Leica Inifinity in odprtokodno opremo RTKlib. Analizirali smo rezultate in ugotovili, da ne moremo trditi, da v enakih pogojih uporaba različnih instrumentov vodi do enakih rezultatov. Enako velja tudi za primerjavo med metodami izmere. Tekom raziskave smo ugotovili, da so bile naknadno obdelana opazovanja s programskim paketom Leica Inifinity precej bolj skladna s položaja, določenimi z RTK-metodo izmere, proti položajem, ki smo jih pridobili z uporabo programskega paketa RTKlib. Dano raziskavo bi lahko v prihodnje nadaljevali z oceno kakovosti meritev, ki jih pridobimo z integriranimi GNSS/INS senzorji, ki omogočajo določitev položaja tudi v času izgube signalov GNSS. Kinematic GNSS positioning is becoming increasingly important today, both in surveying through direct positioning of UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) and in navigation through the development of autonomous driving vehicles. It is more than obvious that sensor systems using only GNSS technology are not suitable for use in the rapidly changing vehicle environment. In a specific task, we were interested in the situations in which position determination problems occur and how many different systems are required to determine a position with reasonable quality. We performed two methods of position determination in the Ljubljana area, Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) and Post-Processing Kinematic (PPK), using three Leica receivers from two series, the Leica GS15 and the Leica GS18T. The instruments were placed on the roof of a car and driven along a predefined route with various obstacles (underpasses, tunnels, forests, tall buildings, etc.). The observations were processed using the commercial software Leica Inifinity and the open-source software RTKlib. The results were analyzed and it was found that it cannot be said that using different instruments under the same conditions will give the same results. The same is true for the comparison between the surveying methods. During the study, we found that the observations post-processed with the Leica Inifinity software package matched the positions determined by the RTK survey method much better than the positions determined with the RTKlib software package. The present study could be continued in the future by evaluating the quality of measurements with integrated GNSS/INS sensors, which allow positioning even when GNSS signals are lost.

Konvolucijske nevronske mreže so v zadnjem desetletju v zelo velikem razvoju in se uporabljajo na skoraj vseh področjih znanosti. Pri nalogah prepoznave poplavnih območij se v veliki meri uporabljajo nevronske mreže, ki zagotavljajo avtomatizirano prepoznavo le teh z zanesljivimi rezultati. Ti rezultati so pomembni za ocenjevanje škode in pri načrtovanju obnove poplavnega območja. V raziskavi sem uporabil dva modela konvolucijske nevronske mreže, in sicer MobileNetV2 in dve stopnji EfficientNet. Za učenje modela sem uporabil podatke satelita Sentinel-2. Za ločevanje poplavljenega in nepopravljenega območja sem izdelal lastno zbirko oznak. Izdelali smo program, ki se uporablja za predobdelavo podatkov in učenje modelov. Uporabljene modele sem testiral s spreminjanjem hiperparametrov. Prav tako sem izvedel test spreminjanja po nivoju produkta in izbiro kanalov satelita Sentinel-2. V tretjem delu testiranj sem izboljšal rezultat zgolj z bogatenjem količine podatkov. Po vsakem testiranju sem podatke analiziral in pridobil optimiziran model, kot rezultat, ki je sposoben uspešno prepoznati poplavno območje. V izbranem GMS-GIS-u sem uporabil izdelano metodo in jo preizkusil na novih podatkih. Convolutional neural networks have developed a lot over the past decade and are used in almost all fields of science. Neural networks are already used to a large extent for detecting flooded area and provide automated detection with reliable results. These are important for assessing damage and planning the reconstruction of the flood areas. In the study, I used two models of the convolutional neural network MobileNetV2 and two stages of EfficientNet. For learning models, I used Sentinel-2 satellite data. To separate the flooded and not flooded areas, I created my own collection of annotations. We have developed a program that we use to pre-process data and learn models. The models used were tested by changing the hyperparameters. I also performed a product-level change test and a selection of Sentinel-2 satellite channels. In the third part of the tests, I improved the results only by enriching the amount of data. After each test, I analyzed the data and obtained an optimized model as a result that can successfully detect the flooded area. In the selected GMS-GIS, I used the developed method and tested it on new data.

V zadnjih letih je vidno, da se je tehnologija na splošno razvila. Rezultat tega razvoja so novi in izboljšani inštrumenti ter računalniška programska okolja oz. programi. Tehnologija za zajem podatkov se sočasno razvija s tehnologijo za obdelavo podatkov. Če govorimo o 3D tehnologiji, je treba vedeti, da se je tehnologija začela razvijati že v preteklosti, vendar ni bila dostopna vsem uporabnikom. 3D tehnologija je bila zelo uporabna v filmski industriji in v svetu iger. Rezultat razvoja, vlaganja in izboljšav je uporaba 3D modelov na širšem področju. Danes 3D modele uporabljamo v avtomobilski industriji, medicini, arhitekturi, trženju, arheologiji itn. Razvoj enostavnejših in brezplačnih programskih okolij je prispeval tudi k razvoju uporabe 3D modelov. Danes obstajajo programska okolja za začetnike, ki se učijo, in za tiste, ki že obvladajo 3D modeliranje. 3D model je rezultat modeliranja oz. procesa predstavitve matematičnega prostora z uporabo različnih orodij in podatkov. Podatki, na osnovi katerih izdelujemo modele v geodeziji, so lahko rezultat terestričnih meritev, aerofotogrametrije, laserskega skeniranja ali uporabe že obstoječih kartografskih podatkov. Vir podatkov, ki so podlaga za izdelavo 3D modelov, je lahko različen, vendar 3D model vedno tvorimo z uporabo istih elementov, kot so točka, daljica in poligonska mreža. Cilj magistrskega dela je izdelava 3D modela arheoloških ostankov nekdanjega rimskega templja. Podlaga za izdelavo modela templja je oblak točk, ki je rezultat laserskega skeniranja. Lasersko skeniranje je narejeno s skenerjem Leica BLK360. Za izdelavo 3D modela je uporabljena brezplačna verzija programskega okolja SketchUp. In recent years, it is visible that technology has developed generally. The result of this development is new and improved instruments, as well as computer programming environments or programs. Data capture technology is evolving simultaneously with data processing technology. If we talk about 3D technology, one has to know that the technology started to develop in the past but it was not accessible to all users. 3D technology has been very useful in the film industry and the gaming world. The result of development, investment, and improvement is the use of 3D models in a wider area. Today, 3D models are used in the automotive industry, medicine, architecture, marketing, archeology, etc. The development of simpler and free software environments also contributed to the development of the use of 3D models. Today, there are programming environments for beginners who learn and for those who have already mastered 3D modeling. The 3D model is the result of modeling or the process of representing the mathematical space using various tools and data. The data based on which we create models in geodesy can be the result of terrestrial measurements, aerial photogrammetry, laser scanning, or the use of already existing cartographic data. The source of data that is the basis for creating 3D models can be different. However, a 3D model is always created using the same elements, such as point, line segment, and polygon mesh. The goal of the master's thesis is to create a 3D model of the archaeological remains of a former Roman temple. The basis for making the model of the temple is a cloud of points which is the result of laser scanning. Laser scanning is done with a Leica BLK360 scanner. The free version of the SketchUp software environment is used to create the 3D model.

V magistrski nalogi sta primerjani dve vrsti prenosnih koordinatno merilnih strojev laserski sledilnik in koordinatna merilna roka. Naloga obsega kratek pregled tehnologije laserskih sledilnikov in koordinatno merilnih rok. Glavni del predstavlja praktična izvedba nalog oz. različnih scenarijev, ki se pojavijo pri uporabi obeh merilnih sistemov v praksi. Na podlagi teh nalog so med seboj primerjani trije inštrumenti: laserska sledilnika Leica AT 403 in Leica AT 960 ter koordinatno merilna roka Romer Absolute Arm 7525. Meritve so izvedene v programski opremi Spatial Analyzer. This master's thesis compares two types of portable coordinate measuring machines the laser tracker and the articulated arm. It includes a brief overview of the technology of laser trackers and articulated arms. The main part of the thesis is represented by the practical tasks and various scenarios that arise when using both measurement systems in the field. Based on these tasks, three instruments were compared: laser trackers Leica AT 403 and Leica AT 960 and the articulated arm Romer Absolute Arm 7525. Measurements were performed in the software Spatial Analyzer.

Terestrično lasersko skeniranje je v zadnjih dveh desetletjih povzročilo novo ero geodetskih meritev na številnih inženirskih področjih. Hitra in zanesljiva metoda izmere botruje dejstvu, da skeniranje prednjači po uporabi pred klasičnimi terenskimi izmerami tam, kjer s skeniranjem dosežemo zahtevano natančnost, kjer so pogoji za izmero zahtevnejši, kjer so objekti kompleksnejši in kjer bi z ostalimi metodami porabili bistveno več časa. Eden takšnih primerov je merjenje geometrije v predorih, saj izvajalce del zanima kakovost opravljenega dela oz. skladnost izvedenih del s projektno dokumentacijo. V magistrskem delu nas je zanimala uporaba in kakovost laserskih skenerjev pri določevanju geometrije primarne podgradnje. Podrobneje smo primerjali in analizirali rezultate, ki smo jih dobili z laserskima skenerjema BLK360 in ZEB Go. Za referenčne podatke smo privzeli rezultate tahimetrične izmere in laserskega skeniranja z Leica Nova MS50. Testne podatke smo zagotovili z izmero v železniškem predoru Pekel. Po analizi dobljenih rezultatov smo določili kriterije za uporabo laserskih skenerjev in tehnologije laserskega skeniranja za zajeme v predorih. Terrestrial laser scanning has led to a new era of surveying in many engineering fields in last two decades. The fast and reliable method of measurement fosters the fact that scanning takes precedence over classical terrestrial measurements in usage where scanning achieves the required accuracy, where conditions for measurement are more demanding, where objects are complex and where other methods would take much more time. One example with that kind of conditions is the measurement of geometry in tunnel, as contractors are interested in the quality of the work performed or compliance of the performed works with the project documentation. In our master's thesis, we were interested in the usability and quality of laser scanners in determining the geometry of the tunnel primary lining. We compared and evaluated the results obtained with the BLK360 and ZEB Go laser scanners in more detail. The results of tachymetric measurement and laser scanning with a Leica Nova MS50 were used as reference data. We provided the test data by measuring in the Pekel railway tunnel. After analyzing the obtained results, we determined the criteria for the usability of laser scanners and laser scanning technology for measurements in tunnels.

V magistrski nalogi je predstavljena ponovna vzpostavitev poligonske mreže ob železniški progi Lesce–Jesenice. Leta 2021 je bila na tem odseku opravljena nadgradnja glavne železniške proge, kjer je bila za potrebe projekta pred izvedbo gradbenih del obstoječa poligonska mreža zavarovana z vzporednim poligonom izven vplivnega območja. Po končanih delih je bilo treba začasno poligonsko mrežo prestaviti in vzpostaviti nove poligonske točke, ki bodo trajno stabilizirane v novo zgrajenih objektih železniške infrastrukture. Vsebina naloge vključuje predstavitev poteka vzpostavitve novih točk, terenske izmere, metode izmer in rezultate izravnav horizontalnih koordinat in višin. Za pravilno navezavo nove geodetske mreže smo analizirali stabilnost navezovalnih točk. Novo vzpostavljena poligonska mreža zagotavlja kakovostno koordinatno izhodišče za izvajanje najrazličnejših geodetskih del na obravnavanem odseku železniške proge. The master's thesis presents the re-establishment of the traverse network along the Lesce–Jesenice railway line. In 2021, the main railway line was upgraded on this section, where for the needs of the project the existing traverse network was secured with a parallel traverse outside the area of influence, before the construction work started. After the works were completed, it was necessary to relocate the temporary traverse network and establish new points, which will be permanently stabilized in the newly built railway infrastructure facilities. The content of the assignment includes a presentation of the process of establishing new points, field measurements, measurement methods and the results of horizontal and heights adjustment. For the correct connection of the new geodetic network, we analyzed the stability of the fix points. The newly established traverse network provides a high-quality coordinate starting point for the implementation of a wide variety of geodetic works on the section of the railway line.

V magistrski nalogi smo analizirali ravnost betonske površine (tlaka) v podzemni parkirni hiši v novozgrajeni soseski Novo Brdo v Ljubljani. Na podlagi vzpostavitve geodetske mreže smo določili koordinate oslonilnih točk, s pomočjo katerih smo georeferencirali oblake točk, ki smo jih dobili z metodo terestričnega laserskega skeniranja. Skeniranje oblike tal smo opravili v dveh ločenih terminskih izmerah. V prvi terminski izmeri smo obravnavali površino betonske plošče, v drugi terminski izmeri pa površino končnega oziroma zaključnega betonskega sloja. Iz oblakov točk smo po standardu DIN 18202 izvedli kontrolo ravnosti tal. S primerjavo oblakov talnih točk smo analizirali razlike med nedokončanim in zaključnim stanjem betonske površine. Rezultate smo prikazali grafično, glavne numerične rezultate pa predstavili z različnimi statističnimi merami in podali ugotovitve. In the master's thesis, we analysed the flatness of the concrete surface (floor) in the underground parking house in the newly built neighbourhood of Novo Brdo in Ljubljana. Based on the establishment of a geodetic network, we determined the coordinates of the control points, with the help of which we georeferenced the point clouds obtained by the terrestrial laser scanning method. Floor shape scanning was performed in two separate time measurements. In the first term measurement, we treated the floor as the surface of the concrete slab, and in the second term measurement, as the surface of the final concrete layer. According to DIN 18202, control of floor flatness was performed from point clouds. By comparing the floor point clouds, we analysed the differences between the unfinished and final state of the concrete surface. The results were presented graphically and the main numerical results were presented with various statistical measures. Finally, we presented our findings.

V magistrski nalogi smo analizirali kakovost določitve koordinat z metodo GNSS-RTK izmere v oteženih pogojih za sprejem signala GNSS. Za analizo vpliva oteženih pogojev na rezultate meritev z metodo GNSS-RTK smo vzpostavili delovišče, določili referenčne koordinate geodetskih točk in izvedli GNSS-RTK-izmero s petimi različnimi GNSS-sprejemniki z navezavo na SIGNAL ter SmartNet omrežji referenčnih postaj GNSS. Pridobljene rezultate smo ovrednotili glede na različna merila kakovosti. Zaključek naloge je, da v oteženih pogojih nismo dosegli predpisanega nekajcentimetrskega nivoja natančnosti in da je kakovost določenih koordinat neodvisna od uporabljenega omrežja stalno delujočih referenčnih postaj. In this master thesis we analysed coordinate quality determined with GNSS-RTK surveying in adverse conditions. To analyse the impact of adverse conditions on the results of the GNSS-RTK measurements, we set up a worksite, determined the reference coordinates of geodetic points and performed GNSS-RTK measurements with five different GNSS receivers on a basis of two GNSS permanent networks, SIGNAL and SmartNet. The results obtained were evaluated according to different quality criteria. The conclusion of the thesis is that in adverse conditions we did not achieve the required a few centimeters accuracy level and that the quality of the coordinates determined is independent of the used GNSS permanent network.

Na pobudo čebelarjev iz Čebelarskega društva Kostanjevica na Krki smo izdelali 3D model čebeljega panja v obliki francoskega vojaka. Opisali smo fotogrametrično izdelavo 3D modela čebelnjaka, za katero smo uporabili SfM/MVS fotogrametrijo. Izdelali smo dva 3D modela čebeljega panja oziroma čebelnjaka, za katera smo uporabili dva različna vira podatkov, in sicer gosti oblak točk in globinske slike. Ne glede na uporabljen vir podatkov smo prišli do zaključka, da med 3D modeloma čebelnjaka ni bistvene razlike. Izvedli smo tudi terestrično lasersko skeniranje in iz dobljenih oblakov točk izdelali 3D model škornjev. At the initiative of beekeepers from the Kostanjevica na Krki, we made a 3D model of a beehive in the shape of a French soldier. We described the photogrammetric production of a 3D model of the beehive, for which we used SfM/MVS photogrammetry. We created two 3D models of the beehive or apiary, for which we used two different data sources, namely a dense point cloud and depth images. Regardless of the data source used, we came to the conclusion that there is no significant difference between the 3D models of the apiary. We also performed terrestrial laser scanning and made 3D models from the obtained point clouds.

V magistrski nalogi smo ugotavljali stabilnost točke KOPE, ki je ena od šestnajstih stalnih postaj GNSS državnega omrežja SIGNAL ter ena od šestih točk mreže 0. reda. Glede na to, da je sprejemnik GNSS postavljen na kovinsko konstrukcijo, ki jo podpirata kovinski nogi iz drugega materiala, nas je zanimalo, ali raztezanje in krčenje materiala konstrukcije zaradi segrevanja vpliva na spremembo položaja točke KOPE. Točka se nahaja poleg bivše kapitanije v Kopru in je povezana z mareografom Koper. Meritve smo izvedli v dveh terminskih izmerah. Pri prvi izmeri smo uporabljali le klasično terestrično metodo izmere, pri drugi izmeri pa smo klasični izmeri dodali še izmero GNSS, da bi tudi z drugo metodo geodetske izmere ugotovili spremembe v položaju točke KOPE zaradi gibanja konstrukcije. Ugotovili smo, da točka KOPE ni stabilna. Izmerjeni premiki so se gibali v prvi izmeri med –5,0 mm do 0,01 mm, v drugi izmeri pa med –6,7 mm ter 1,5 mm. Glede na pridobljene rezultate se postavlja vprašanje, ali je točka KOPE primerna za visoko-natančne meritve, kot je na primer statična metoda GNSS izmere. The subject of the master’s thesis is the stability of the point KOPE, which is one of the sixteen stations in the SIGNAL network and one of the six points of zero order forming the national zero-order geodetic network. Considering that the GNSS receiver is mounted on a metal pole supported by metal legs made of a different material, we were interested to see whether the expansion and contraction of the structure material due to heating affects the change in KOPE point. The point is positioned next to the ex- Harbourmaster’s Office in Koper as part of the tide gauge station. The measurements were performed at two different time intervals. First measurements were executed using only classical terrestrial method, the second ones were additionally measured with GNSS measurement method, which was added to the classical measurement in order to identify changes in the position of the KOPE point due to the movement of the structure. The research’s outcome is the understanding that the point KOPE is not stable. The measured displacements ranged from -5,0 mm to 0,01 mm in the first measurements and from -6,7 mm to 1,5 mm in the second measurements. The results raise the question whether the point KOPE is suitable for high-precision measurements, such as the static GNSS method.

Namen magistrskega dela je bil razvoj spletne GIS aplikacije, s katero je možno dostopati do baze satelitskih posnetkov. Razvita aplikacija omogoča dostop do baze satelitskih posnetkov, prav tako pa omogoča tudi prenos posnetkov. Programe in tehnologije, ki smo jih uporabljali pri delu, lahko razdelimo na dva dela: na tiste, ki so bili uporabljeni za vzpostavitev baze in poganjanje poizvedb, ter tiste, ki smo jih uporabljali za izdelavo aplikacije in povezavo aplikacije z bazo podatkov. Baza podatkov je bila narejena predhodno. Na lokalni ravni smo jo vzpostavili s programi Docker, PgAdmin in PyCharm. Preko slednjega smo z že narejenimi API-ji izvedli poizvedbe. Spletno aplikacijo GIS smo naredili s spletnim orodjem Django in programskimi jeziki Python, JavaScript in HTML. Okolje za razvoj spletne aplikacije smo vzpostavili z uporabo sistema za upravljanje paketov in okolja Conda in z njim povezanim vmesnikom za ukazne vrstice Anaconda Prompt,. Uporabili smo tudi prosto dostopno verzijo zemljevida sveta projekta OpenStreetMap, ki smo jo vstavili v aplikaciji kot podlago, na kateri lahko uporabnik zajame območje interesa. Uporaba pripravljene spletne GIS aplikacije olajša dostop do baze satelitskih posnetkov, saj skrajša čas dostopa do podatkov ter omogočila prenos podatkov iz baze z grafičnim vmesnikom brez potrebnega dodatnega znanja o SQL poizvedbah. The aim of the master thesis is to develop a web-based GIS application that can be used to access a database of satellite imagery. The developed application allows access to the satellite imagery database and allows downloading of the imagery. The software and technologies used in the work can be divided into two parts: those used to create the database and run the queries, and those used to build the application and connect the application to the database. The database was created beforehand. It was set up locally using Docker, PgAdmin and PyCharm. The web GIS application was built using the Django web framework and the Python, JavaScript and HTML programming languages. The environment for the development of the web application was created using the Conda package and environment management system and its associated command line interface, Anaconda Prompt. We also used a freely available version of the OpenStreetMap world map project, which we embedded in the application as a base on which the user can capture the area of interest. The use of a ready-made web-based GIS application facilitated access to the satellite imagery database by reducing the time to access the data and by allowing the data to be downloaded from the database using a graphical interface without the need for additional knowledge of SQL queries.

Magistrsko delo analizira funkcionalna območja in regije visokošolskega izobraževanja v Sloveniji. Analizo smo izvedli s pomočjo tokov študentov med občinami stalnega bivališča in občinami visokošolskega šolanja v študijskem letu 2019/2020. Funkcionalna območja smo modelirali po v tej nalogi prilagojenem pristopu OECD, funkcionalne regije pa po dveh uveljavljenih metodah, po metodi CURDS in Intramax. Rezultate modeliranja smo primerjali po izbranih hierarhičnih prostorskih ravneh ter med njimi. Izpostavili smo tipične sestave funkcionalnih regij v visokošolskem izobraževanju na makro in mezo ravneh Slovenije, ki smo jih primerjali s funkcionalnimi regijami delovne mobilnosti v Sloveniji. Rezultati študije bodo pripomogli k boljšemu razumevanju funkcionalnih območij in funkcionalnih regij v Sloveniji. In the master 's thesis, functional areas and regions of higher education are analysed. The analysis was performed using data on student flows between municipalities of permanent residence and municipalities of higher education in the academic year 2019/2020. Functional areas were modeled according to the OECD approach adapted in this task, and functional regions according to two established methods, the CURDS and Intramax method. The modeling results were compared by and between selected hierarchical spatial levels. We highlighted the typical composition of functional regions in higher education at the macro and meso levels of Slovenia, which we compared with the functional regions of job mobility in Slovenia. The results of the study will contribute to a better understanding of functional areas and functional regions in Slovenia.

Osnova vsake gradnje je, da se zagotovi pravilna geometrija in stabilnost objekta. Zaradi različnih vplivov lahko kasneje pride do premika, nagiba ali drugih sprememb geometrije objekta. Ena od nalog geodezije je preverjanje in določanje geometrijskih lastnosti grajenih objektov. Obstajajo različne metode geodetskih izmer za tovrstno dela. Med bolj primerne uvrščamo terestrično lasersko skeniranje (TLS). V praktičnem delu magistrskega dela ugotavljanjamo morebitne spremembe geometrije in nagiba cerkvenega zvonika v Črnem Kalu. Osnova za analizo je oblak točk. Analizo lahko razdelimo v štiri korake, ki vključujejo ugotavljanje nagibov posameznih delov zvonika, določevanja nagibov po različnih višinskih nivojih ter celotnega zvonika ter analizo geometrije z izrisom različnih prerezov. Prvi del vključuje ugotavljanje nagibov posameznih večjih ravnih površin zvonika. Sledila je določitev kota nagiba na podlagi primerjanja centra jabolka s položajem zidov zvonika na nivoju tal. V tretjem koraku smo zvonik razdelili na pet višinskih sekcij in primerjali središče vsake ploskve sekcije ter določili nagibe med njimi. V zadnjem delu analiziranja geometrije zvonika iz oblaka točk smo z izrisi horizontalnih prerezov na različnih višinskih nivojih ugotavljali zamike oz. lome po nivojih. Rezultate smo primerjali z izmero iz leta 2013 in ugotovili, da se je zvonik med letoma 2013 in 2020 dodatno nagnil za 0o 05‘ 25'', kar znaša približno 4 cm. Na nivoju jabolka je zvonik nagnjen za 1, 25 m. Zvonik je najbolj nagnjen med drugim in tretjim višinskim nivojem. The basis of any construction is to ensure the geometry and stability of the building. Due to various influences, the movement and tilt of the building can occur. One of the tasks of geodesy is to check and determine geometry and the slope. There are various methods of geodetic measurements for this type of work. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is one of the most suitable. In the practical part of the master's thesis, we identify possible changes in the geometry and slope of the church bell tower in Črni Kal. The basis for the analysis is the point cloud. The analysis can be divided into four steps, which include determining the slopes of individual parts of the bell tower, determining the slopes at different height levels and the whole bell tower, and analyzing the geometry by drawing different cross sections. This was followed by determining the angle of inclination by comparing the center of the apple with the position of the walls of the bell tower at ground level. In the third step, we divided the bell tower into five height sections and compared the center of each surface of the section and determined the slopes between them. In the last part of the analysis of the geometry of the bell tower from the point cloud, we used the drawings of horizontal sections at different height levels to determine the offsets or breaks by levels. We compared the results with the measurement from 2013 and found that between 2013 and 2020 the bell tower was additionally tilted by 0º 05' 25'', which is about 4 cm. At the level of the apple, the bell tower is inclined by 1.25 m. The bell tower is most inclined between the second and third elevation levels.

V zadnjih letih so digitalni modeli višin (DMV) postali bolj natančni, dostopnejši in pogosteje posodobljeni. Zaradi tako velike količine kakovostnih podatkov je interpretacija DMV postala eden najpomembnejših virov podatkov za analize na različnih področjih kot so geodezija, gradbeništvo, kartografija, hidrologija, krajinska arhitektura, prostorsko planiranje, energetika, arheologija in mnogo drugih. DMV je običajno prikazan s sivinami. Uporabniki na podatkih DMV iščejo različne informacije. Vizualna interpretacija DMV prikazanega s sivinami ni intuitivna reprezentacija terena in nekaterih pokrajinskih značilnosti terena ni mogoče zaznati. Znanstveniki so zato razvili različne tehnike prikaza DMV, ki so se izkazale za zelo uporabne za interpretacijo terena in detekcijo majhnih morfoloških značilnosti terena. V magistrskem delu smo program Relief Visualization Toolbox (RVT) nadgradili za uporabo v programu ArcGIS Pro. V ArcGIS Pro smo implementirali obstoječe in nove prikaze kot ArcGIS Python rastrske funkcije. Vizualizacije, ki smo jih implementirali so: hillshade, multi directional hillshade, Simple Local Relief Model, Multi-Scale Relief Model, sky-view factor, anisotropic sky-view factor, local dominance, Multi-Scale Topographic Position, Visualization for Archeological Topography, Visualization for Archeological Topography Combined, Color Relief Image Map (smo ga razvili na novo), enhanced Multi-Scale Topographic Position version 3 (smo ga razvili na novo). Testirali smo hitrost računanja ArcGIS Python rastrskih funkcij (vizualizacij) na različnih računalnikih. Over the years, the accessibility, frequency, and accuracy of digital elevation models (DEMs) evolved. With so much quality data, interpretation of DEMs has become a common source for geographical analysis in various fields, including geodetic survey, engineering, cartography, hydrology, landscape architecture, spatial planning, energetics, archaeology, and many more. DEM is usually visualized with grayscale. Every user seeks certain information from DEM. Interpretation of DEM, when represented with grayscale, is not an intuitive representation of terrain, and some landscape features cannot be detected. Therefore, scientists developed different visualization techniques (methods) of DEM that are effective for interpreting and detecting small landscape features of the terrain. In this master's thesis, we upgraded the Relief Visualization Toolbox (RVT) to be used in ArcGIS Pro geographic information system software. We implemented RVT visualizations and other visualization techniques into ArcGIS Pro as ArcGIS Python raster functions. Featured visualization techniques are: slope gradient, hillshade, multi directional hillshade, Simple Local Relief Model, Multi-Scale Relief Model, sky-view factor, anisotropic sky-view factor, local dominance, Multi-Scale Topographic Position, Visualization for Archeological Topography, Visualization for Archeological Topography Combined, Color Relief Image Map (developed by us), enhanced Multi-Scale Topographic Position version 3 (developed by us). We tested the performance of the created ArcGIS Python raster functions (visualizations) on different computers.

Tema magistrskega dela je analiza pristopov vzdrževanja zemljiškokatastrskega prikaza na območjih položajno izboljšanega grafičnega katastra. Na območjih grafičnega katastra se je v preteklih letih izvedla izboljšava geometrije zemljiškokatastrskega načrta oziroma prikaza z izravnavo in s homogenizacijo. Vzdrževanje katastrskega načrta je treba po izvedbi množične položajne izboljšave podrobneje opredeliti. Pri tem se mora upoštevati uveljavljena zahteva, da se ohranja relativna oblika obravnavanih parcel. Ena od možnosti je uporaba relativne geometrije grafičnega katastrskega prikaza (izvirnika) kot elementov simuliranega terenskega elaborata in njegova uporaba za opredelitev predlagane meje pred mejno obravnavo. Z uporabo membranske metode izravnave in homogenizacije smo razvili nov pristop, to je membranski pristop, k določanju položajev lomov predlagane meje, ki upošteva uveljavljeno zahtevo po ohranjanju relativne oblike obravnavanih parcel. Razviti membranski pristop smo na dveh izbranih območjih primerjali z uveljavljenimi načini določitve lomov predlagane meje. Ključna prednost membranskega pristopa je objektivna določitev položajev lomov in ocene točnosti koordinat glede na izbrane vhodne podatke. The topic of the master's thesis is the analysis of approaches to maintaining the cadastral index maps in the areas of improved graphic cadastre. In the areas of the graphic cadastre, the geometry of the cadastral map, e.g., cadastral index map, has been improved by adjustment and homogenization recently. The maintenance of the cadastral map needs to be defined in more detail after the implementation of the mass positional quality improvement. In doing so, the established requirement to maintain the relative shape of the land plots in question must be taken into account. One of the possibilities is the use of the relative geometry of the graphic cadastral maps (original) as elements of the simulated field study and its use to define the proposed boundary before the boundary treatment. Using the membrane method of adjustment and homogenization, we developed a new approach, e.g., membrane approach, to determine the vertexes% positions of the proposed boundary, which considers the established requirement to maintain the relative shape of the considered plots. The developed membrane approach was compared in two selected areas with the well-known methods of determining the vertexes of the proposed boundary in practice. A key advantage of the membrane approach is the objective determination of vertexes% positions and the accuracy of their coordinates considering the input data.

V magistrski nalogi smo primerjali dve terminski izmeri geodetske mreže pregrade Drtijščica na Gradiškem jezeru. Prvo terminsko izmero smo izvedli aprila 2018, drugo pa konec meseca februarja 2020. Namen naloge je odkriti domnevno nestabilne točke mreže. Mreži smo izravnali kot prosti in s postopkom S-transformacije določili ustrezen geodetski datum mreže. V na novo določen geodetski datum smo vklopili mreži iz leta 2018 in nato še iz leta 2020. Mreži smo izravnali kot vpeti. Na podlagi izravnanih koordinat točk obeh terminskih izmer vpetih mrež smo določili morebitne statistično značilne premike točk mreže. In this master thesis we compared two term measurements of the dam at Gradiško jezero. The first term measurement was made in april 2018. The second measurement was made in the end of february 2020. The purpose of master thesis is to find out supposedly unsteady points of network. We adjusted free networks of years 2018 and 2020. We defined the suitable geodetic datum of network with Stransformation. We fastened both networks of years 2018 and 2020 on reference points in new geodetic datum. We adjusted fastened networks. Based on adjusted coordinates of points of both fastened networks we defined potential statistically characteristic shifts of points in network.

V magistrski nalogi smo preučevali nenormalizirane in normalizirane intenzitete odbojev laserskih žarkov na izbranih gozdnih sestojih in posameznih drevesnih krošnjah izbranih drevesnih vrst na testnem območju Zelenice. Izbrano območje je bilo lasersko skenirano v štirih aerolaserskih podatkovnih nizih posnetih v dveh valovnih dolžinah (1064 nm in 1550 nm) ter v različnih delih leta (marec, maj, julij in september). Vrednosti intenzitet smo najprej analizirali na naključno izbranih vrhovih drevesnih krošenj na območju gozda, kjer smo opazovali vrednosti intenzitet odboja glede na vrstno sestavo (iglasti, iglasti z listavci, listnati z iglavci ali listnati gozd). V nadaljevanju smo na podlagi terenskega ogleda, ortofota in digitalnega model krošenj izbrali po 40 dreves šestih različnih drevesnih vrst: smreka, bor, macesen, bukev, javor in jesen. V analizi smo upoštevali točke vrha krošnje (zgornjih 3 m drevesnih krošenj). Najprej smo drevesne vrste primerjali na podlagi geometrije vrha krošnje tako, da smo med seboj primerjali površine prerezov, površine tlorisov in volumnov. Nato smo drevesne vrste primerjali na podlagi normaliziranih in nenormaliziranih intenzitet točk vrha krošenj. Statistično značilno smo dokazali razlike v intenziteti točk med posameznimi drevesnimi vrstami. Izdelali smo model napovedovanja posameznih drevesnih vrst iz laserskih podatkov s pomočjo odločitvenega drevesa. Z odločitvenim drevesom smo uspešno prepoznavali drevesa kot iglasta ali listnata (uspešnost modela 95 %), uspešno pa smo prepoznali tudi izbrane drevesne vrste (uspešnost modela 60 %). In this master's thesis, we studied non-normalized and normalized intensities of aerial laser scanning on selected forest stands and individual tree canopies in the test area of the Zelenica, Slovenia. The selected area was aerial laser scanned by four data sets recorded in two wavelengths (1064 nm and 1550 nm) and in different parts of the year (March, May, July and September). Intensity values were first analysed at randomly selected tree canopy peaks in the forest area, where we analysed values of reflected intensities according to species composition (coniferous, coniferous with deciduous, deciduous with coniferous or deciduous forest). Based on a field trip, orthophoto and digital canopy model, we selected 40 individual trees for six different tree species: spruce, pine, larch, beech, maple and ash. Only the points of the upper 3 m of tree canopies were considered in the analysis. First, a comparison was made of tree canopies based on geometry by comparing cross-sectional areas, floor areas and volumes. Secondary, a comparison of tree species based on normalized and non-normalized intensities was performed. Further, we have statistically significantly assessed the differences between the characteristics of intensities of individual tree species. We developed a model for predicting individual tree species from aerial laser data using a decision tree algorithm. Using the decision tree algorithm, we successfully identified trees as coniferous or deciduous (model accuracy 95%), and we also successfully identified selected tree species (model accuracy 60%).

V okviru magistrske naloge smo vzpostavili geodetsko mrežo, sestavljeno iz osmih točk. Meritve smo izvedli s klasično terestrično metodo izmere v kombinaciji s statično metodo izmere GNSS. Ločeno smo izvedli položajno in višinsko izravnavo meritev po metodi najmanjših kvadratov. Rezultate izravnave smo podali v državnem prostorskem koordinatnem sistemu. Vzpostavljeno geodetsko osnovo smo uporabili za izmero in izračun oslonilnih točk. Oslonilne točke smo uporabili za georeferenciranje oblaka točk terestričnega laserskega skeniranja. Oblak točk, ki smo ga registrirali, georeferencirali, očistili (filtrirali) in izvozili, je omogočal vizualno predstavitev cerkve sv. Janeza Krstnika in kamnitega mostu čez Jezernico v Bohinju. Med izmero je potekala določitev koordinat zvonika cerkve sv. Janeza Krstnika, saj je zvonik viden iz širše okolice in uporaben za orientacijo kasnejših izmer. Koordinate cerkvenega zvonika smo določili s kombinacijo klasične terestrične metode izmere in statične metode izmere GNSS ter s postopkom terestričnega laserskega skeniranja. Rezultate izračuna obeh metod smo ovrednotili in med seboj primerjali. Dodatno smo ocenili kakovost vsedržavnega modela trikotniške transformacije. As part of the master's thesis, we established a geodetic network consisting of eight points. The measurements were performed with the classical terrestrial measurement method in combination with the static GNSS measurement method. Horizontal and height adjustment was performed separately by the method of least squares. The results of the adjustment were given in the national spatial coordinate system. The established geodetic basis was used to measure and calculate the control points. The control points were used to georeference the terrestrial laser scanning point cloud. The point cloud, which we registered, georeferenced, filtered and exported, enabled a visual presentation of the church of St. John the Baptist and the nearby stone bridge over the Jezernica river in Bohinj. During the measurement, the coordinates of the belfry of the church of St. John the Baptist were determined, as the bell tower is visible from the wider surroundings and thus useful for orientation in the future measurements. The coordinates of the church belfry were determined with the classical terrestrial measurement method and the static GNSS measurement method, as well as with the terrestrial laser scanning. The results of the calculation were evaluated and compared with each other. We further assessed the quality of the Slovenian triangle-based transformation model.

V magistrskem delu smo za potrebe kontrole kakovosti nove višinske referenčne ploskve na območju Ljubljane izbrali določeno število reperjev mestne nivelmanske mreže in reperjev državne nivelmanske mreže (novi 1. red) in jih razporedili po območju Ljubljane tako, da tvorijo približno celično mrežo velikosti 1 x 1 kilometer. Na teh reperjih smo s kombinacijo RTK-GNSS meritev in geometričnim nivelmanom določili vrednosti geoidnih višin. Te smo primerjali z interpoliranimi vrednosti iz uradnega modela višinske referenčne ploskve. Primerjavo smo opravili tudi z višinami teh točk v starem višinskem sistemu SVS2000 in starem modelu geoida SLO_AMG2000. Predstavili smo teoretično osnovo za kontrolo kakovosti višinske referenčne ploskve, potek izbora ustreznih reperjev ter grafično in numerično analizirali pridobljene rezultate. Prikazali smo razlike med izmerjenimi in interpoliranimi geoidnimi višinami iz novega modela geoida (SLO_VRP2016/Koper) za obravnavano območje Ljubljane ter jih interpretirali. Rezultati primerjave na novi višinski referenčni ploskvi SLO_VRP2016/Koper so pokazali, da so na obravnavanem območju Ljubljane povprečne razlike geoidnih višin -1,6 cm. V ta izračun je bilo vključenih 56 izmerjenih reperjev. Maksimalna vrednost razlike geoidnih višin je 4,0 cm na reperju 22/2, minimalna vrednost pa % 9,1 cm na reperju 40/23. Ugotovili smo, da se SLO_VRP2016/Koper dobro ujema z vrednostmi geoidnih višin, ki so določene z meritvami. In the master thesis we selected a certain number of benchmarks of the city leveling network and benchmarks of the state leveling network (new 1st order) for the needs of quality control of the new height reference surface on the area of Ljubljana distributed over the area so that they form approximately a cell network of size 1 x 1 kilometer. On these benchmarks, we determined the values of geoid heights with a combination of RTK-GNSS measurements and geometric leveling. These were compared with the interpolated values from the official model of the height reference surface. We also made a comparison with the heights of these points in the old vertical system SVS2000 and the old model of the geoid SLO_AMG2000. We presented the theoretical basis for quality control of the height reference surface, the selection process of appropriate benchmarks and graphically and numerically analyzed the obtained results. We presented the differences between the measured and interpolated geoid heights from the new geoid model (SLO_VRP2016 / Koper) for the considered area of Ljubljana and interpreted them. The results of the comparison on the new height reference surface SLO_VRP2016 / Koper showed that in the considered area of Ljubljana the average differences of geoid heights are -1.6 cm. 56 measured benchmarks were included in this calculation. The maximum value of the difference in geoid heights is 4.0 cm on the benchmark 22/2, and the minimum value is 9.1 cm on the benchmark 40/23. We found that SLO_VRP2016 / Koper matches well with the values of geoid heights, which are determined by measurements.

V magistrski nalogi smo v dveh terminskih izmerah s kombinirano GNSS in klasično terestrično izmero ter laserskim skeniranjem določili potek soteske Mlačca in jo umestili v državni geodetski referenčni sistem. Cilj naloge je, da določimo debelino ledu v sezoni 2019/2020, ki bo služila za izhodišče primerjave debelin ledu v nadaljnjih sezonah. Že med izmerami je bilo očitno, da v letošnji zimi ni bilo pogojev, da bi soteska zaledenela v tolikšni meri, da bi bilo mogoče lednim plezalcem zagotoviti varno ledno plezanje po plezališču. Pri izdelavi magistrskega dela smo se osredotočili na dva cilja, ki se med seboj prepletata in povezujeta. Prvi in glavni cilj naloge je analiza zajetih skenogramov terestričnega laserskega skeniranja ter že obstoječih prostorskih podatkov aerolaserskega skeniranja za območje Republike Slovenije. V drugem delu dela pa smo se osredotočili predvsem na problem, kako lahko tretji osebi oziroma laičnemu uporabniku prikažemo ogromno količino prostorskih podatkov. Glavni cilji takega okolja so predvsem enostavna, razumljiva, kakovostna, hitro učljiva in dostopna aplikacija, s katero bo potencialnim uporabnikom omogočen dostop do pregleda in izvajanja osnovnih merjenj v izdelanem interaktivnem okolju. In this master`s thesis, we determined the course of the Mlačca Gorge in two term measurements with combined GNSS, the classic terrestrial measurement, laser scanning and placed it in the national coordinate base. The aim is to determine the thickness of the ice in the season 2019/2020, which will serve as a starting point for comparison of the ice thicknesses in further seasons. During the measurements, it was already obvious that this winter there were no conditions for the gorge to be icy to such an extent that ice climbers could be provided with safe ice climbing on the climbing area. In the master's thesis, we focused on two goals that are intertwined and interconnected. The first and main goal of the task is the analysis of the captured scans of terrestrial laser scanning, and already existing spatial data of aerolaser scanning for the territory of the Republic of Slovenia. In the second part of the work, we mainly focused on how we can show a huge amount (Big data) of spatial data to a third party or a lay user, without any use of demanding software. The main goals of such an environment are, above all, simple, understandable, high-quality, fast-learning and accessible application that will enable potential users to access the review and perform basic measurements in an interactive environment.

V magistrski nalogi analiziramo višine točk iz podatkov klasične geodetske izmere, ultrazvočnega globinomera z eno in več sondami ter aerolaserskega skeniranja. Testno območje predstavlja deset prečnih profilov in betonski bloki na reki Dravi pred hidroelektrarno Mariborski otok. Analiza temelji na primerjavi rezultatov izračuna razlik višin med podatkovnimi seti vseh uporabljenih metod izmere. V nalogi so predstavljene glavne lastnosti uporabljenih tehnologij, instrumentarij, postopek pridobitve podatkov in numerični ter grafični prikazi rezultatov. V nalogi podrobno predstavimo rezultate primerjalnih analiz s statistično analizo. Ugotovili smo, da so razlike višin točk na betonskih blokih med klasično terestrično izmero in ultrazvočnim globinomerom z več sondami ter aerolaserskim skeniranjem minimalne. Iz analize primerjav višin na prečnih profilih struge reke Drave, dobimo občutnejše razlike, ko primerjamo podatke ultrazvočnega globinomera z eno sondo s podatki ultrazvočnega globinomera z več sondami ter aerolaserskega skeniranja. In the master thesis we analyse the heights of points obtained from the data of classical geodetic terrestrial measurements, from single beam and multi beam sonars and from airborne laser scanning. The test area represents ten cross sections and concrete blocks on the Drava River front of the Mariborski otok hydropower plant. The analysis is based on a comparison of the results of the calculation of the height differences between the data sets of all measuring methods used. In the master thesis we present the main features of the technologies and instruments used, the data acquisition process and the numerical and graphical representations of the results. In the thesis, we also present the results of comparative analysis by statistical analysis. We found out that the height differences on concrete blocks between classic geodetic terrestrial measurements, single beam and multi beam sonar and airborne laser scanning are minimal. Nevertheless, we found significantly higher differences when comparing single beam data with multi beam and airborne laser scanning data when analysing cross sections on the Drava river.

Na topografskih kartah se za prikaz reliefa uporabljajo plastnice. Včasih so jih kartografi izdelovali ročno, dandanes njihovo izdelavo omogočajo številna programska orodja. Za manj razgiban teren so rezultati modeliranj lahko sprejemljivi, vendar pogosto neustrezni za modeliranje zahtevnega kraškega reliefa. Poiskali smo optimalen modela višin in primerjali rezultate omenjenih orodij, med slednjimi smo izbrali tistega, ki je najbolj podoben prikazu reliefa na izbrani topografski karti. Z uporabo izbranega programskega jezika smo prikaz nadgradili, da se v čim večji meri približa poteku plastnic, prikazanih na državnih topografskih kartah. Izdelan algoritem smo testirali na štirih izbranih območjih. On topographic maps, contour lines are used to show the relief. In the past they were made analogously whereas nowadays they can be generated by various software tools. For less varied relief, modelling results are acceptable, but often unsuitable for modelling demanding karst relief. We have found the optimal choice of the elevation model and compared the results of the above-mentioned tools. Among the latter we have chosen the one that most closely resembles the relief on the selected topographic map. The aim was to improve it by using the chosen programming language in order to get as close as possible to the course of the lines shown on the national topographic maps. The developed algorithm was tested in four selected areas.

Tema magistrskega dela je povezana z vzpostavitvijo večnamenskega katastra, predvsem z vidika nadgradnje katastrskih vsebin s podatki pravnih režimov na zemljiščih. Na temelju smernic iz tujine ter posebnosti zemljiškega katastra in ostalih prostorskih podatkov v Sloveniji, smo razvili metodo povezovanja in usklajevanja podatkov grafičnega podsistema zemljiškega katastra s podatki pravnih režimov. Metodo smo preverili na izbranih študijskih območjih s tako imenovanim numeričnim katastrom (k. o. 31 Kramarovci in k. o. 108 Nemčavci), kjer smo najprej analizirali kakovost zveznega grafičnega podatkovnega sloja zemljiškega katastra, nato pa grafični podatkovni sloj zemljiškega katastra povezali z grafičnim podatkovnim slojem namenske rabe prostora ter atributno povezali oba sloja na ravni zemljiške parcele in ZK-točk. Kot rezultat smo prikazali podatke namenske rabe prostora neposredno v zemljiškem katastru ter rezultat primerjali s smernicami večnamenskega katastra iz tujine. V sklepnih ugotovitvah smo analizirali nadaljnje možnosti razvoja predlagane metode povezovanja grafičnih in opisnih podatkov o zemljiščih različnih podatkovnih virov. The topic of the master's thesis is related to the establishment of a multi-purpose cadastre, especially in terms of upgrading cadastral contents with the data on legal regimes on land. Based on the guidelines from abroad, as well as the specifics of the land cadastre and other spatial data in Slovenia, we have developed a method of linking and harmonising the data of the graphical subsystem of the land cadastre with the data about legal regimes on land. The method was tested in selected study areas with the so-called numerical cadastre (cadastral community 31 Kramarovci and cadastral community 108 Nemčavci), where the quality of the common graphical data layer of the land cadastre was first analysed, and then the graphical data layer of the land cadastre was linked to the graphical data layer on land use. Both data layers were joined by attributes at the level of the land parcel and boundary points of land parcels. As a result, we have shown the layer on land use directly in the land cadastre and compared the result with the international guidelines on a multi-purpose cadastre. In the conclusions, we analysed the possibilities of further development of the proposed method of linking graphical and attribute data on land from various data sources.

V magistrskem delu je predstavljen postopek izdelave digitalnega trirazsežnega modela gradu Mokrice in njegove okolice z uporabo sodobnih računalniških programov. Naloga je sestavljena iz dveh delov, teoretičnega in praktičnega. V teoretičnem delu so predstavljeni 3D modeli in njihova uporaba, predstavljeno je območje obdelave, opisani so prostorski podatki in računalniški programi, ki so uporabljeni v nalogi. V praktičnem delu so podani koraki izdelave modela gradu Mokrice v vseh uporabljenih programih ter predstavljene upodobitve modela. Model je izdelan na osnovi zbranih razpoložljivih prostorskih podatkov. Zaradi zagotovitve popolnosti prikazov so bile izvedene še potrebne dodatne terenske meritve, prav tako so bile s fotoaparatom zajete tudi podobe posameznih objektov. Po izdelavi modela objekta smo uredili okolico z dodajanjem 3D modelov drevja, s čimer smo ustvarili realističen prikaz. Končna rezultata naloge sta 3D-model gradu Mokrice z okolico in animacije s preletom. The procedure of making digital 3D-model of the castle Mokrice and its surrounding with usage of modern computer programs is presented in the masters' thesis. The thesis consists of two parts, a theoretical and a practical part. The theoretical part presents 3D-models and their use, presents the modelling area, describes the spatial data and computer programs used in the task. In the practical part, the steps of creating the model of castle Mokrice through all the used programs are givenand the models of objects are presented. The model is based on the all available spatial data. To ensure the completeness of the representation additional field measurements were taken, images of individual objects were captured with the camera as well. After creating a model of object, we completed the surroundings by adding 3D tree models and thus creating a realistic view. The final results are a 3D-model of castle Mokrice with surroundings and animations over the area.