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1905. je bila čudesna godina, godina u kojoj je Einstein izdao nekoliko revolucionarnih radova, među kojima je bio i začetak Specijalne Teorije Relativnosti (STR). U svome posljednjem objavljenom radu 1905., Einstein je došao do svoje slavne jednadžbe 𝐸0=𝑚𝑐2. Osim Einsteina, veliki doprinos razvoju STR dali su Max Planck i Herman Minkowski. Planck je izveo relativistički izraz za količinu gibanja, dok je Minkowski ujedinio prostor i vrijeme u jedan entitet, kojeg je on nazvao svijet, a mi ga danas znamo pod drugim imenom – prostorvijeme, što je dovelo do stvaranja četverodimenzionalnog formalizma STR. U tom formalizmu može se pokazati kako je masa invarijantna veličina – veličina čija vrijednost ne ovisi o izboru referentnog sustava. Međutim, neispravno tumačenje slavne jednadžbe neizbježno dovodi do koncepta relativističke mase (RM) - mase čija vrijednost ovisi o izboru referentnog sustava, tj. brzini. Iako je znanstvena zajednica danas odustala od koncepta RM, ona i danas dalje prevladava u knjigama popularne znanosti jer zajedno s formulom 𝐸=𝑚𝑐2 autori nastoje privući pozornost, te na taj način drže na životu koncept koji se je davno trebao prestati upotrebljavati. 1905. was a marvelous year, year in which Einstein published several revolutionary works, among which was beginning of Special Theory of Relativity (STR). In his last published work, in 1905., Einstein came up with his famous equation 𝐸_0=𝑚𝑐2. Besides Einstein, great contribution to development of STR gave Max Planck and Herman Minkowski. Planck derived relativistic expression for momentum, while Minkowski united space and time in one entity he called the world, which we today know by a different name - spacetime, thus led to development of fourdimensional formalism of STR. In that formalism we can show that mass is invariant quantity – quantity whose value does not depend on the chosen reference frame. However, invalid use of the famous equation inevitably leads to a concept of relativistic mass (RM) – mass whose values does depend on the chosen reference frame, i.e. speed. Although the science community did abandon a concept of RM, it still prevails in popular science books, because together with equation 𝐸=𝑚𝑐2, authors seek to attract the attention of the reader, keeping alive a concept which was supposed to be abanded long time ago.

ilustraciones El objetivo de esta investigación fue diseñar un proyecto de aula como estrategia didáctica que contribuya al desarrollo de los conceptos de unidades de longitud, masa y volumen en el grado quinto de la Institución Educativa Fe y Alegría José María Velaz (Medellín -Colombia), guiado por cuatro objetivos específicos como son diagnosticar, analizarlos e interpretarlos los conocimientos previos para diseñar una propuesta que mejore esos conocimientos y por ultimo evaluar la propuesta; con un enfoque cualitativo, de metodología investigación acción por el docente, aplicando una secuencia didáctica a una población de 900 estudiantes, de los cuales se usó como muestra del grado quinto C a 24 estudiantes. Obteniendo unos resultados satisfactorios de un promedio del 90% en la apropiación de los conceptos de unidades de longitud, masa y volumen, concluyendo. Se alcanzaron las metas propuestas en este trabajo debido a que los estudiantes identificaron plenamente el concepto de longitud, partiendo desde la medición de objetos de la cotidianidad, mediante el uso de la regla y el metro, aprendieron y desaprendieron conceptos relacionados con la masa y que generaban confusión con el peso, mediante la utilización de la balanza en el cálculo de la masa de objetos, construyeron el concepto de volumen e identificaron su derivación de la longitud de las dimensiones de los objetos. (texto tomado de la fuente) The objective of this research was to design a classroom project as a didactic strategy that contributes to the development of the concepts of units of length, mass and volume in the fifth grade of the Institución Educativa Fe y Alegría José María Velaz (Medellín -Colombia), guided by four specific objectives such as diagnosing, analyzing and interpreting the previous knowledge to design a proposal that improves that knowledge and finally evaluating the proposal; with a qualitative approach, of action research methodology by the teacher, applying a didactic sequence to a population of 900 students, of which 24 students were used as a sample of the fifth grade C. Obtaining satisfactory results of an average of 90% in the appropriation of the concepts of units of length, mass and volume, concluding. The goals proposed in this work were achieved because the students fully identified the concept of length, starting from the measurement of everyday objects, through the use of the ruler and the meter, they learned and unlearned concepts related to mass and that generated confusion with weight, through the use of the balance in the calculation of the mass of objects, they built the concept of volume and identified its derivation from the length of the dimensions of objects. Maestría Magíster en Enseñanza de las Ciencias Exactas y Naturales

La Colección Working Papers USTA TUNJA es un órgano de difusión de la División de Ciencias de Arquitectura e Ingenierías de la Universidad Santo Tomás, Seccional Tunja, que muestra los productos de investigación, proyectos de grado, proyectos finales de asignaturas y revisión bibliográficas, generados a partir de diferentes avances científicos y tecnológicos, dirigida al público en general. The USTA TUNJA Working Papers Collection is an organ of dissemination of the Division of Architecture and Engineering Sciences of the Santo Tomás University, Tunja Section, which shows the research products, degree projects, final subject projects and bibliographic review, generated through from different scientific and technological advances, aimed at the general public.

ilustraciones, fotografías a color, gráficas Se diseñó y construyó una balanza de Kibble, utilizando piezas de Lego® para formar la estructura, y elementos no ferromagnéticos para las partes móviles. Haciendo uso de un multímetro calibrado de 51/2 dígitos, un giroscopio y un sensor de ultrasonido, se determinó la masa de cargas de prueba de 1 𝑔, 2 𝑔, 5 𝑔, 10 𝑔 y 20 𝑔, pertenecientes a un juego de masas clase OIML E2, lo que permitió hallar una diferencia en masa menor al 1,5 % del valor nominal. La incertidumbre expandida obtenida fue hasta cuatro (4) órdenes de magnitud superior a la de la clase OIML E2, con lo cual se pudo identificar la velocidad como la magnitud de influencia dominante en el presupuesto de incertidumbre. (Texto tomado de la fuente) A Kibble Balance was designed and built, using Lego pieces to form the structure with non-ferromagnetic elements for the moving parts. A 51/2-digit calibrated multimeter, a gyroscope and an ultrasound sensor were used. The mass of test loads of 1 𝑔, 2 𝑔, 5 𝑔, 10 𝑔 and 20 𝑔 belonging to a set of OIML E2 class masses was determined. Thus, finding a difference in mass less than 1,5% of the nominal value. The expanded uncertainty obtained was up to four (4) orders of magnitude higher than that of the OIML E2 class, identifying speed as the magnitude of dominant influence on the uncertainty budget Maestría Master en ciencias - física

U ovom radu je opisana motociklistička spojka za pogon trkaćeg automobila, kao i njene izvedbe sa različitim materijalima od kojih je sačinjen paket lamela. Opisane su spojke sa čeličnim paketom lamela i čeličnim oblogama, bakrenim oblogama i čeličnim paketom lamela, te karbonskim paketom lamela. Za trkaći automobil je najprihvatljivija kombinacija koja ima najmanju masu kako bi se smanjila inercija sustava koliko je god moguće, zatim koeficijent trenja između kontaktnih površina kojim se omogućuje blagi prijelaz brzina i blaga karakteristika kontakta između tarnih površina pri uključivanju spojke kako bi se vozaču omogućila udobna i efikasna vožnja, pogotovo ako su u pitanju dugotrajne utrke. Dimenzije spojke su određene unaprijed po uzoru na spojku motocikla Yamaha R6, te je za konvencionalnu izvedbu bilo potrebno samo provjeriti njezinu funkcionalnost, a kasnije u odnosu na nju odrediti ostale izvedbe namijenjene za trkaći automobil. Za konstruiranje svih izvedbi su korišteni inženjerski programi Autodesk Inventor i AutoCAD ., In this paper is described a motorcycle clutch for the racing car drive, as well as its designs with different materials from which the clutch pack is made. Steel clutch plates and steel linings, cooper linings and steel clutch plates and carbon clutch pack are described. For the race car, the most acceptable combination is the one with the lowest mass to reduce the inertia of the system as much as possible, then the coefficient of friction between the contact surfaces which enables a slight gear change and a smooth engagement which also enables efficient driving, especially when it comes to long races. The dimensions of the clutch are determined in advance according to the pattern of the Yamaha R6 motorcycle, and for the conventional version only the check of functionality is needed, and later according to it determine other versions intended for the race car. Autodesk Inventor and AutoCAD engineering programs were used to construct all designs.

[ES] Entre 1934 y 1935 Guiuseppe Terragni proyecta el monumento a Roberto Sarfatti. Esta obra es uno de sus monumentos funerarios de los que más documentación original se conservan: dos soluciones preliminares esbozadas y dos soluciones totalmente definidas; construyéndose una de ellas. El análisis de estas soluciones permite indagar en el proceso proyectual de Terragni y descifrar algunas de las claves de su arquitectura. El estudio de la Tumba Sarfatti se realiza a partir de la ejecución de las maquetas de las distintas soluciones. Esta investigación gráfica nos muestra con mayor claridad la evolución de la obra y sus parámetros compositivos., [EN] Between 1934 and 1935 Giuseppe Terragni designs the monument to Roberto Sarfatti. This work is one of his funerary monuments from which more original documentation is preserved: two sketched preliminary solutions and two fully defined solutions; one of them being built. The analysis of all these solutions allows to look into Terragni’s designing process and to work out some of the keys of his architecture. The study of the Sarfatti Tomb is carried out based on the realisation of the mock-ups of the different solutions. This graphic investigation shows us with great clarity the evolution and the compositional parameters of the project.

«La obra de arte en la época de su reproductibilidad técnica» de Walter Benjamin se presenta, a primera vista, como un ensayo sobre historia del arte. Este estudio analiza una pequeña revolución en el régimen colectivo de la percepción estética: ya no nos abismamos en la obra, sino que ella se lanza hacia nosotros como un proyectil. Sin embargo, el texto parece ir más allá: introduce también, mediante una dialéctica del juego y la apariencia, una antropología de la técnica y, como sospechaba Horkheimer, un «credo político». El cambio de régimen de percepción radica en el paso de una «primera técnica» a una «segunda técnica». La primera remite a la época de los sacrificios humanos, las danzas primitivas y los ornamentos sagrados, allí donde el hombre se fundía colectivamente con las «semejanzas sensibles», imitando los movimientos de la naturaleza. Ella es mágica, seria y letal. La segunda es característica de la era industrial, del juego infantil, del mando a distancia y de la lectura solitaria: el hombre se sumerge en «semejanzas no-sensibles», más intelectuales, entre los signos y el mundo. Bajo condiciones sociales adecuadas, ella es profana, lúdica e inofensiva. Mediante un movimiento dialéctico, Benjamin quiere elevar la experiencia colectiva de la primera técnica al nivel lúdico de la segunda y esto solo es posible distendiendo la masa que contempla la obra de arte. En la obra de arte en el estadio de su reproductibilidad, Benjamin reconoce la segunda técnica en la medida que ella recupera una dimensión colectiva, pero considerando la obra de arte como un proyectil que rompe el tejido compacto formado por el público, disolviendo la oscuridad mítica que envolvía la obra-abismante. Así, la obra-proyectil permite liquidar toda magia, toda compacidad del público en la época moderna, sin separarnos de la fuente comunitaria de la creatividad propia de la «primera técnica», preservando dicha comunidad por medio de una relación de solidaridad entre los hombres y las mujeres reunidos, por ejemplo, en la sala oscura de cine. Esta liquidación es impulsada por escritores como Brecht y Scheerbart. Con Charlie Chaplin y Walt Disney, el cine representa la culminación (potencial) de esta liquidación: nos permite penetrar en el «inconsciente óptico» de la masa, capaz de movilizar sus sueños sin reducirlos a una figura fantasmática unificadora, ya sea a una estrella de cinema o a un dictador. Walter Benjamin’s «Work of Art at the Age of its Technical Reproducibility» presented itself, at first sight, as an essay on art history. This study analyzes a small revolution in the collective regime of aesthetic perception: we are not anymore immersed in the work of art; it is the work of art that is thrown at us like a projectile. However, the text is going further: it introduces, by the mean of a dialectics of play and appearance, an anthropology of technique and, as Horkheimer suspected it, a «political credo». The transformation of the regime of perception has its origin in the passage from a «first technique» to a «second technique». The first technique remits to the epoch of human sacrifices, to primitive dance and sacred ornaments, when humans merged into «sensitive similarities», imitating the movements of nature. This technique is magic, serious, and lethal. The second technique is a characteristic of the industrial era, of childish play, of the distant command and of lonely reading: the human being is overwhelmed in «non-sensitive similarities», more intellectuals than the sensitive one, between the signs and the world. Under adequate social conditions, it is profane, ludic, and inoffensive. By means of a dialectical movement, Benjamin wants to elevate the collective experience of the first technique to the playful level of the second technique, and that is possible only by loosening the mass, which is contemplating the work of art. In the work of art at the age of its technical reproducibility, Benjamin acknowledged the second technique as far as it recuperates a collective dimension, but considering the work of art as a projectile that breaks the compact tissue formed by the public, dissolving the mythic obscurity that surrounded the enveloping-work of art. Therefore, the projectile-work of art permits the liquidation of any magic, any compacity of the public at the modern era, without separation from the communitarian source of creativity proper to the «first technique», preserving such community by means of a relation of solidarity between men and women gathered, for example, in the black room of the movie theater. This liquidation is stimulated by writers like Berthold Brecht or Paul Scheerbart. With Charlie Chaplin and Walt Disney, the cinema represents the (potential) culmination of such liquidation: they help us penetrate into the «optic unconsciousness» of the mass and to mobilize its dreams without surrender them to a phantasmatic, unifying figure, be it the cinema star or the dictator.

Koncept mase kompleksan je pojam u fizici. Definicije mase mijenjale su se tijekom 19. i 20. stoljeća. Kako se mijenjala definicija mase, tako se popratno mijenjala i definicija relativističke mase. Mnogo fizičara se i danas zalaže za relativističku masu, iako je kao koncept odbačen početkom 20. stoljeća. Relativizam, kao novi koncept predstavljen u 20. stoljeću, bazira se na četverodimenzionalnom Minkowski prostorvremenu. Bezmasene čestice, kao što su fotoni, nemaju energiju mirovanja, stoga se gibaju brzinom svjetlosti (odatle i sam naziv brzina svjetlosti). Eddingtonov pokus mjerenja otklona zraka svjetlosti zvijezda zbog Sunca potvrdio je Einsteinovu opću teoriju relativnosti. The concept of mass is a complex topic in physics. Definitions of mass have been changed during 19. and 20. century. The definition of relativistic mass has also been a controversial topic. Many physicists, still use the relativistic mass even when the concept was rejected at the beginning of 20. century. Relativistic physics is a new approach introduced in 20. century, and is based on four-dimensional Minkowski spacetime. Massless particles, such as photons, don't have rest energy, so they travel at the speed of light (from there comes the name the speed of light). Eddington's experiment of measuring the deviation of the light rays because of the Sun confirmed Einstein's general theory of relativism.

El documento contiene el proyecto de grado titulado "El binde: fogón costeño donde cocinamos ideas Etnomatemáticas. Propuesta pedagógica". En este proyecto de investigación se realizó un estudio sobre la forma en la que muchas familias de los indígenas Zenú, en la región de Córdoba y Sucre (Colombia), usan el binde como materia prima en la construcción de fogones de leña, fortaleciendo el legado ancestral y artesanal de esta cultura. The document contains the degree project entitled "The binde: coastal stove where we cook Ethnomathematical ideas. Pedagogical proposal". In this research project, a study was carried out on the way in which many families of the Zenú indigenous people, in the region of Córdoba and Sucre (Colombia), use the binde as raw material in the construction of wood stoves, strengthening the legacy ancestral and artisan of this culture. Licenciado en Educación Básica con Énfasis en Matemáticas Pregrado

Paciente canino (Canis lupus familiaris) hembra esterilizada, de raza mestiza, de 8 años de edad, que fue atendido en el centro integral veterinario de la ciudad de Guayaquil, Ecuador, el primero de noviembre del año 2021 refiere cuadro clínico caracterizado por astenia, anorexia, temperatura evaluada en 39,5°C y disnea a medianos esfuerzos. Al examen físico se apreció mal estado general, decaída, piel pálida y seca, ruidos cardíacos hipofonéticos, abdomen distendido con signo de baloneo positivo. En la consulta se realizó un A-Fast (Focussed assessment with sonography in trauma) en el que se observó líquido libre en los 4 cuadrantes, al realizar una exploración ecográfica T-Fast (Thoraic Focussed assessment with sonography in trauma), se evidenció efusión pericárdica. En una consulta posterior, durante la pericardiocentesis a cargo del cardiólogo, quien extrajo 40 mililitros (mL) cuyo contenido fue analizado mediante citología, mostrando células monomórficas linfoblásticas con mitosis aberrantes que sugerían el diagnóstico de linfoma. En la ecocardiografía se halló una masa a nivel de la base del corazón (pared pericárdica visceral en contacto directo con el miocardio), la cual fue removida mediante cirugía y se envió muestra al laboratorio de patología, cuyo informe diagnóstico fue compatible con linfoma difuso de células intermedias grado II. Canine patient (Canis lupus familiaris) sterilized female, 8-year-old, mixed breed, who was treated at the Comprehensive Veterinary Center of the City of Guayaquil, Ecuador, on November 1, 2021, reports a clinical picture characterized by asthenia, anorexia, temperature evaluated at 39.5°C and dyspnea at medium exertion. Physical examination revealed poor general condition, pale and dry skin, hypophonetic heart sounds, distended abdomen with a positive ballooning sign. At clinic, an A-Fast (Focused assessment with sonography in trauma) was performed in which free fluid was observed in the 4 quadrants, when performing a T-Fast ultrasound examination (Thoraic Focussed assessment with sonography in trauma), pericardial effusion was observed. In a subsequent consultation, a pericardiocentesis was performed by the cardiologist who extracted 40 milliliters (mL) whose content was analyzed by cytology, which showed monomorphic lymphoblastic cells with aberrant mitoses that suggested a diagnosis of lymphoma. Echocardiography revealed a mass at the base of the heart (within the visceral pericardium and heart), which was removed by surgery and a sample was sent to the pathology laboratory, whose diagnostic report was compatible with grade II diffuse intermediate cell lymphoma. sebastian.brocell.98@est.ucacue.edu.ec

Specijalnu teoriju relativnosti je 1905. godine predstavio Albert Einstein. Važan doprinos teoriji dali su Max Planck koji je predstavio relativističku količinu gibanja i Hermann Minkowski koji je doprinio njenoj geometrijskoj formulaciji. U ovome radu je pokazano da je masa jednaka u svim referentnim sustavima i da ne ovisi o brzini opažača. Koncept relativističke mase koji se odnosi na masu koja se mijenja s brzinom je u neskladu s današnjom formulacijom specijalne teorije relativnosti koja je temeljena na geometrijskim svojstvima četverodimenzionalnog prostorvremena. Međutim, koncept relativističke mase još uvijek se koristi pri poučavanju specijalne teorije relativnosti u sklopu formalnog obrazovanja i u popularizaciji znanosti. Einstein nikada nije upotrebljavao relativističku masu iako se upravo njemu najčešće pripisuje. Einstein je u početku predstavio izraze za longitudinalnu i transverzalnu masu koji se mogu smatrati pretečama relativističke mase. Međutim, nakon što je Planck predstavio relativističku količinu gibanja, Einstein je u svim člancima i predavanjima o specijalnoj teoriji relativnosti naglasak stavljao na relativističke izraze za energiju i količinu gibanja. Iz izraza za relativističku količinu gibanja i ukupnu energiju, uz Lorentzove transformacije koje slijede iz geometrije prostorvremena proizlazi da je masa invarijantna veličina. In 1905 Albert Einstein introduced special relativity. Valuable contributions to the theory came from Max Planck who introduced the relativistic momentum. Hermann Minkowski introduced four-dimensional space-time, which is a key to the geometric formulation of special relativity. This thesis outlines the idea that mass is the same for all observers and independent of reference frame. The concept of relativistic mass refers to the mass of the object in motion that depends on its velocity. Today it is known that relativistic mass is at odds with the accepted kinematics that stems from the geometric formulation of special relativity. However, relativistic mass is still used, and many believe that consequently no harm is made. Widespread use of relativistic mass is found in education, both in schools and universities. Additionally, is used to a great extent for the popularization of science. The concept of relativistic mass is repeatedly ascribed to Einstein although he never established it. Initially, he did propose transverse and longitudinal mass which can be taken as the forerunners of relativistic mass. However, after Planck derived the expression for relativistic momentum, Einstein has forsaken those notions. In all of his future articles and lectures, Einstein put to the fore the relativistic expression for energy and momentum. Based on the relativistic expression for energy and momentum with the geometry of special relativity, mass is found to be Lorentz invariant i.e. the same in all reference frames for all observers.

V podjetju Domel, ki med drugim izdeluje tudi centrifuge, se je pojavila potreba po novem, lažjem rotorju za centrifugiranje, kar je posledica razvoja nove, manjše centrifuge po imenu Centric 220. Rotor je bil izdelan po metodi razvoja novih izdelkov znotraj podjetja. Lastni cilji, zahteve kupcev in pregled konkurence so začrtali želene specifikacije, ki smo jih smiselno ovrednotili in jih v čim večji meri želeli izpolniti pri zasnovi novega rotorja. Največji poudarek se je dalo na maso in funkcionalnost novega izdelka. Končni izdelek je rotor s kapaciteto dvanajst 5-mililitrskih epruvet, ki ima maso 943 gramov in ustreza večini zastavljenih ciljev. In Domel, a company producing centrifuges etc., a need for a new and lighter centrifuge rotor emerged, which was due to the development of a new, smaller centrifuge Centric 220. The rotor was produced according to the method of new product development in the company. The company’s aims, the customer demands and the examination of the competition set the desired specifications, which we evaluated thoroughly. In the design of the new rotor, we tried to fulfil the aims to the utmost extent. The main emphasis was put on the mass and the functionality of the new product. The final product is a rotor with the capacity of twelve 5-millilitre test tubes with a mass of 943 grammes, which fulfils the majority of the established aims.

Zadatak ovog završnog rada je bio izrada mobilne aplikacije koja izračunava masu i cijenu čeličnih proizvoda. Prvo je opisana tehnologija koja se koristila za izradu aplikacije, operacijski sustav Android te Android Studio, Java programski jezik i XML kod. Zatim je izražen volumen određenih geometrijskih oblika čije su se formule koristile za računanje volumena konkretnih proizvoda. Poslije slijedi dio u kojem se opisuje izgled sučelja i programsko rješenje, odnosno kod. Na kraju je opisano testiranje aplikacije. The main goal of this final paper was to develop a mobile application which calculates mass and price of steel products. The technology used to build applications, the Android operating system and Android Studio, the Java programming language and XML code is first described. Then it is expressed the volume of certain geometric shapes whose formulas were used to calculate the volume of specific products. Next is a section where user interface is described and what was software solution for application. Finally, the function of the application are presented.

[ES] El presente documento describe el desarrollo de un sistema integral para la optimización del proceso de entrega de los productos de una farmacia a través de la reducción de los tiempos de búsqueda de estos. El proyecto desarrollado inicia con el diseño del mobiliario de almacenaje adecuado para farmacias, a partir de él, se diseña la instalación electroneumática que opera el mobiliario y que es controlada a través de una tarjeta Arduino., [EN] This document describes the development of an integral system for the optimization of the delivery process of a pharmacy's products, by reducing search times for these. The developed project begins with the design of suitable storage furniture for pharmacies, from it, the electropneumatic installation that operates the furniture is designed and which is controlled through an Arduino card., [CA] El present document descriu el desenvolupament d'un sistema integral per a l'optimització del procés de lliurament dels productes d'una farmàcia, a través de la reducció dels temps de cerca d'aquests. El projecte desenvolupat inicia amb el disseny del mobiliari de magatzematge adequat per a farmàcies, a partir d'ell, es dissenya la instal·lació electropneumàtica que opera el mobiliari i que és controlada a través d'una targeta Arduino. Paraules clau: electropneumàtica, fàrmac, farmacèutic, farmàcia, magatzem, plançó, dada, cilindre, calaix, compressor, vàlvula distribuïdora, sensor, corredissa, frontissa, pes, solenoide, càlcul, massa, canonada, font d'alimentació.

The manufacture of ceramic materials, as an industrial activity, was due to the growth of large civil constructions. The manufacture of these materials comprises the stages of extraction, processing, homogenization, conformation, drying and firing. Drying is a thermodynamic process that precedes firing, in which, due to the supply of thermal energy, the water that was added to the solid during its formation evaporated. It’s a process that involves complex phenomena of heat and mass transfer and, therefore, requires the generation of mathematical models that describe the process with great physical realism. The existence of mathematical models occurs, above all, with the aim of describing certain phenomena, seeking to understand and solve irregularities that exist during the process. Parameter estimation is a technique that makes it possible to obtain process control variables and accurately describe the drying phenomenon. In this context, the present study aimed, through mathematical modeling and numerical simulation, to analyze the thermal and gravimetric behavior of industrial ceramic bricks during the drying process and to estimate the process parameters. For this, mathematical models based on the concentrated analysis method were proposed and adjusted to experimental data obtained in the literature, via Statistica® software. Results regarding the behavior of ceramic bricks during the drying process were exposed and analyzed. It was possible to conclude that the proposed mathematical model adequately adjusted to the collected experimental data, with a coefficient of determination greater than 0.9 and that, through parameter estimation, it was possible to define the process control variables and obtain the convective transfer coefficients of heat and mass. La fabricación de materiales cerámicos, como actividad industrial, se debió al crecimiento de las grandes construcciones civiles. La fabricación de estos materiales comprende las etapas de extracción, procesamiento, homogeneización, conformación, secado y quemado. El secado es un proceso termodinámico que precede a la combustión, en el cual, debido al aporte de energía térmica, el agua que se agregó al sólido durante su formación se evapora. Es un proceso que involucra fenómenos complejos de transferencia de calor y masa y, por tanto, requiere la generación de modelos matemáticos que describan el proceso con gran realismo físico. La existencia de modelos matemáticos se da, sobre todo, con el objetivo de describir determinados fenómenos, buscando compreender y solucionar las irregularidades que existen durante el proceso. La estimación de parámetros es una técnica que permite obtener variables de control del proceso y describir com precisión el fenómeno de secado. En este contexto, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo, a través de la modelización matemática y la simulación numérica, analizar el comportamiento térmico y gravimétrico de los ladrillos cerámicos industriales durante el proceso de secado y estimar los parámetros del processo. Para ello, se propusieron modelos matemáticos basados en el método de análisis concentrado y se ajustaron a los datos experimentales obtenidos em la literatura, a través del software Statistica®. Se expusieron y analizaron resultados sobre el comportamiento de los ladrillos cerámicos durante el proceso de secado. Se pudo concluir que el modelo matemático propuesto se ajustó adecuadamente a los datos experimentales recolectados, con un coeficiente de determinación mayor a 0.9 y que, a través de la estimación de parámetros, fue posible definir las variables de control del proceso y obtener los coeficientes de transferencia convectiva de calor y masa. A fabricação dos materiais cerâmicos, como atividade industrial, se deu em função do crescimento das grandes construções civis. A manufatura desses materiais compreende as etapas de extração, beneficiamento, homogeneização, conformação, secagem e queima. A secagem é um processo termodinâmico que antecede a queima, na qual, em função do fornecimento de energia térmica, ocorre a evaporação da água que foi adicionada ao sólido durante a sua conformação. É um processo que envolve fenômenos complexos de transferência de calor e massa e, por isso requer a geração de modelos matemáticos que descrevam o processo com grande realismo físico. A existência dos modelos matemáticos se dá, sobretudo, com o intuito de descrever determinados fenômenos, buscando entender e solucionar irregularidades existentes durante o processo. A estimação de parâmetros é uma técnica que possibilita a obtenção das variáveis de controle de processo e a descrição do fenômeno de secagem com precisão. Neste contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo, através da modelagem matemática e simulação numérica, analisar o comportamento térmico e gravimétrico de tijolos cerâmicos industriais durante o processo de secagem e estimar os parâmetros de processo. Para isso, modelos matemáticos baseados no método de análise concentrada foram propostos e ajustados aos dados experimentais obtidos na literatura, via software Statistica®. Resultados referentes ao comportamento dos tijolos cerâmicos durante o processo de secagem, foram expostos e analisados. Foi possível concluir que o modelo matemático proposto ajustou-se adequadamente aos dados experimentais coletados, com coeficiente de determinação superior à 0.9 e que, através da estimação de parâmetros, foi possível definir as variáveis de controle do processo, e obter os coeficientes convectivos de transferência de calor e massa.

El presente texto tiene el objetivo de analizar el impacto de la fuerza pública en las movilizaciones sociales presentadas en el año 2019. Dado que las protestas sociales se convirtieron en el componente para tramitar exigencias al gobierno el cumplimiento de sus principios constitucionales. Frente a este fenómeno emerge la respuesta de la autoridad encargada de regularlo, y a la par surge la controversia por el actuar y en general el papel de la fuerza pública en la actualidad en un país tan garantista en una sociedad que poco le gusta conocer sus deberes. El cuestionamiento de la fuerza pública en las movilizaciones presentadas en el 2019, se enfoca en el proceder de grupos especializados para el manejo de multitudes, como es el ESMAD - Escuadrón Móvil Antidisturbios. Sin duda alguna la masa, ese conjunto transitorio de individuos similares y anónimos, el cual expresa ideas y emociones espontáneas están en la capacidad de generar conductas violentas que transgreden la norma penal y por esto se ve en la obligación de proceder la fuerza pública. This text has the objective of analyzing the impact of the public force on the social mobilizations presented in 2019. Since social protests became the component to process demands on the government to comply with its constitutional principles. Faced with this phenomenon, the response of the authority in charge of regulating it emerges, and at the same time the controversy arises over the actions and in general the role of the public force today in a country so guaranteeing in a society that little likes to know its duties. The questioning of the public force in the mobilizations presented in 2019 focuses on the procedure of specialized groups for crowd management, such as the ESMAD Mobile Anti-Riot Squad. Undoubtedly, the mass, that transitory group of similar and anonymous individuals, which expresses spontaneous ideas and emotions, are capable of generating violent behaviors that transgress the criminal law and for this reason the public force is obliged to proceed. Especialización

This article focuses on the elitism of José Ortega y Gasset (1883-1955), paying attention especially to its philosophical foundations. According to Ortega, nobility as vigorous life is reached by the individual making a great effort. It is not about something inherited. Ortega is against vulgar life or mediocrity as if it was a dangerous illness which is being expanded along society nowadays. His thought about this matter is seen through his complete works. We can find many dimensions in relation with his thought about nobles and masses, but, as I said earlier, we will pay special attention to the philosophical dimension of his aristocratic thought and from his idealistic and neokantian youth to his maturity, when Ortega develops a philosophical scheme which deals with human life as a radical reality and an individual one. We firmly believe that is vital to understand the changes in his philosophy in order to see the changes in his elitist thought. Las siguientes páginas versan sobre el elitismo en el pensamiento filosófico de José Ortega y Gasset (1883-1955). La reflexión del filósofo sobre la nobleza como vida esforzada y también como condición que el individuo alcanza y que no hereda, frente a la vida vulgar que Ortega vincula al imperio de la mediocridad que se expande socialmente como una peligrosa enfermedad, recorre sus páginas, desde sus inicios hasta el final de su producción intelectual. Son múltiples las lecturas que Ortega nos ofrece en relación con la dialéctica entre nobles (élites o minorías) y masas. Nos ocuparemos de la dimensión filosófica de estos dos conceptos desde su mocedad idealista neokantiana hasta su madurez raciovitalista, cuando Ortega diseña un esquema filosófico propio que se concreta en su teoría de la vida humana como realidad radical, primera y primordial. Justificamos la elaboración de este trabajo en el hecho de que resulta fundamental comprender los cambios que se producen en su filosofía para lograr entender los cambios que experimenta su pensamiento elitista.

Persona y democracia represents the core of María Zambrano’s political vision. In particular, this brief observation focuses our attention on the key concepts of “mass” and “people”, essential to the confrontation between the ideas of democracy and demagogy. Linguistic simplification, the need for homogenisation, and fear of the different are some of the constitutive elements of mass. They are distant from the idea of person, which is instead the basis of democracy. In other words, the central point of this paper is a relational politics, grounded in hope and openness, based on an analysis of its opposites. Persona y democracia constituye el fondo de la visión política de María Zambrano. En particular, en esta breve reflexión se quiere centrar la atención sobre los conceptos clave de masa y pueblo, una comparación indispensable para confrontar la idea de democracia con la de demagogia. La simplificación del lenguaje, la necesidad de homologación y el temor a lo diferente representan algunos de los aspectos constitutivos de las masas, que se alejan de la idea de persona, núcleo de la democracia. En otras palabras, se mira a una concepción política relacional, de esperanza y apertura a la alteridad, a partir del análisis de sus contrarios.