94 results on '"masons"'
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2. MASONIC MOVEMENT IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN UKRAINE IN THE 19TH CENTURY: LOSS OF HOPES FOR EMANCIPATION.
- Author
-
Savchenko, Viktor and Kudlach, Vira
- Abstract
The epoch of world revolutions, the epoch of the formation of world ideas (the first half of the 19th century) gave rise to global projects of nationalism and the nation state, socialism and anarchism, emancipation, and public enlightenment, in the formation of which the Masonic 'rulers of thoughts' played an active role. The research paper uncovers the importance of the Masonic movement in the history of Ukraine and shows the contribution of the Masons to the formation of Ukrainian culture and the national idea, enlightenment, and self-organization of society. The purpose of the study is to find answers to the questions: why elite groups of Ukrainian gubernias gathered at the secret lodges in the 19th century, what global and intermediate tasks they set, and which of them they managed to achieve. And most importantly, how the Masonic 'building of the Temple' influenced the processes of formation of the Ukrainian nation. To address this purpose, the authors use a synthetic approach combining the research capabilities of social philosophy, history, and political science. The scientific novelty of the paper. A comprehensive study of the Masonic movement in the territory of Ukrainian gubernias of the Russian Empire has been conducted, extracting the Masonic movement from the historical context imposed by Russian-Soviet historiography. The authors mention Ukrainian Masons in Ukrainian history as 'builders' and 'awakeners' of a new society, where the democratic and national features of Ukraine were taken into account. Conclusions. In the first quarter of the 19th century in Central and Southern Ukraine, the Masons managed to form four centers (Kharkiv, Poltava, Kyiv, and Odesa) in which they not only organized the liberal-minded local elite as an independent 'horizontal structure', but also began 'Masonic creation' - upbringing a new person, a supporter of social progress. A special contribution of Masonic authors to the creation of Ukrainian literature and theater, the first historical studies of Ukrainian history, and Ukrainian autonomist projects took place. Of great interest are the activities of the Masons in Ukraine after their formal 'prohibition' in 1822, and the attempts of Masonic leaders to influence events in Ukrainian gubernias, being 'in the shadows', in the rigid system of barracks imperialism of the 'Nicholas era'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. S.N. Maksudi and Russian Masons at the beginning of the XX century
- Author
-
М. R. Gaynanova
- Subjects
russia ,masons ,liberalism ,the first russian revolution ,the state duma ,s.n. maksudi ,Special aspects of education ,LC8-6691 - Abstract
The article investigates little-known facts in the life of the famous Tatar and Turkish public figure S.N. Maksudi – a turkologist, an educator, a deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Empire and the Majlis of the Turkish Republic at different periods of his life. At the beginning of the XX century a graduate of the Sorbonne University, a young lawyer, Sadri Maksudi, found himself at the center of the political life of the Turkic-Muslim world of Russia. He lived in St. Petersburg and was actively engaged in political activities. Just then he met Russian Freemasons and became a participant in the Masonic movement.The attitude towards Masonry in the Russian history is characterized by different assessments, for example, they were credited with participation in conspiracies, possession of secret knowledge, etc. In fact, most Masons were liberals who advocated the introduction of a wide range of democratic freedoms in Russia, including expanding the rights of national minorities. This attracted one of the leaders of Russian Islam, who actively defended the ideas of equality and enlightenment of his people.The article presents the analysis of the history of the opening of Masonic lodges in St. Petersburg after the revolution of 1905-1907 and their activities during the inter-revolutionary period, in which S.N. Maksudi took part.The purpose of the study was to analyze the views of the Tatar politician S.N. Maksudi through the prism of his participation in Masonic organizations of the early XX century. For this purpose the author used biographical, historical-genetic and historical-comparative research methods, as well as general scientific and dialectical methods of analysis. As a result, we came to the conclusion that despite all the objective differences between the social movement of Muslims in Russia and the teachings of the Freemasons, there were common ideological ideas between them, which attracted the Tatar-Muslim leader Sadri Maksudi to the ranks of the masons, which was reflected in his political life.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. 'Like, or Better': Building Contracts and Late-Medieval Perceptions of Quality in Architecture.
- Author
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Robinson, Alfie
- Subjects
CONSTRUCTION contracts ,SYMBOLISM in politics ,MEDIEVAL architecture ,PATRONAGE - Abstract
This article uses building contracts to understand late-medieval perceptions of quality in architecture. The focus of the paper is value judgements based on existing buildings, which were to be emulated or 'bettered'. The contracts for Magdalen College, Oxford are the central case study. This paper argues that 'good' in these contracts refers to the function of the building and the specifics of its design, and that other English and continental contracts also focus on the visible particulars of a structure. Such contracts make no reference to religious or political symbolism, rhetoric or iconography. It seems that, when closely engaged in the practice of building, medieval patrons and craftspeople showed aesthetic preferences of a precision not found in other sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Veri in omiki. Predzgodovina in zidanje stare šole v Vipavi.
- Author
-
Premrl, Božidar
- Abstract
Copyright of School Chronicle / Šolska Kronika is the property of Slovenski Solski Muzej and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
6. Fyodor Dostoevsky’s Masonic Environment
- Author
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Nikolay N. Podosokorsky
- Subjects
dostoevsky ,apollon grigorev ,chermak’s boarding school ,masonry ,masons ,biography ,aleksey pleshcheev ,petrashevsky circle ,Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages ,PG1-9665 - Abstract
For the first time are here presented to Dostoevsky scholars new facts concerning the masonic environment of the writer, who starting from his education in Chermak’s boarding school in 1834-1837 cultivated close relations of friendship with masons, some of them initiated even in 1840s (Apollon Grigorev), when masonry in Russia was officially forbidden, but nevertheless underground meetings continued. Reasons are given in support to the hypothesis, expressed for the first time by Tatiana Kasatkina in the middle of 1990s, of the possibility for Dostoevsky to have been a mason during the 1840s. Whether or not, direct references to masons and masonic symbolic in Dostoevsky’s oeuvre are impossible to explain (Uncle’s Dream, The Humiliated and the Insulted, The Adolescent, The Brothers Karamazov) if one ignores his interest for masonic teaching.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. As siglas da igreja de Boelhe
- Author
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César Guedes
- Subjects
medieval architecture ,glyptography ,masons marks ,masons ,Archaeology ,CC1-960 - Abstract
In this essay we seek to analyse the masons’ marks from the church of S. Gens de Boelhe and answer some questions related to the construction of the monument and its builders. The systematic analysis of a building´s mason marks can provide informations related with the number of masons that worked in a particular building and the stages and rhythms of its construction. A systematic gliptographic survey may also allow to foresee regional or national movement of groups of masons
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Relationship of Knowledge on Respiratory Disorders with Lung Function in Masons in East Surabaya
- Author
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Amelia Lorensia, Rivan Virlando Suryadinata, and Wilma Adib Gardiawan
- Subjects
knowledge ,lung function ,masons ,respiratory disorders ,Pharmacy and materia medica ,RS1-441 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Masons are regularly exposed to air pollution in the workplace The pollution exposure received by them is a risk factor for respiratory problems. Most of the masons had insufficient knowledge that is very important for the management of a person's illness. The purpose of this study was to determine relationship of knowledge on respiratory disorders with lung function in masons in east surabaya. This research was an observational study with a cross-sectional design with a purposive method.The research was conducted from April to July 2019 in the East Surabaya area. The variables that will be observed in this study are the level of knowledge of risk factors, symptoms, and treatment and therapy regarding respiratory disorders. In this study, there were 158 respondents consisting of 79 groups with impaired lung function and 79 groups without lung function disorders. Most of the level of knowledge of both groups was good in risk factors and treatment of respiratory disease, but instead on the symptoms regarding respiratory disease. The research showed that there was a relationship between the level of knowledge about risk factors for respiratory disease (p(0.223)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Semantic Field 'Freemasonry' in the Language of A. F. Pisemsky
- Author
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Shuneyko Alexander A. and Chibisova Olga V.
- Subjects
a.f. pisemsky ,language of fiction ,semantic field ,freemasonry ,novel ,masons ,Education (General) ,L7-991 ,Language and Literature - Abstract
The subject of consideration in this article is the work of the famous Russian writer of the XIX century A.F. Pisemsky. It analyzes his novel “Masons”, an uncommon phenomenon in the history of the artistic texts language. The depth of fixing the real state of society and its language is combined in this work with non-trivial attempts to understand important social issues. The purpose of the research is to determine how the theme of Freemasonry, that is relevant to the Russian culture of the last three centuries, is implemented in the novel. The authors use a number of interrelated formal and meaningful procedures, which include the advantages of semantic, contextual and functional analysis. This allows identifying the specific of A.F. Pisemsky’s usage of vocabulary included in the semantic field “Freemasonry”. It is found that the system relationships within the field are defined by two types of interaction: the relationship between the core and the periphery and the relationship between the thematic parts, consisting of vocabulary with a common component – a symbol, name, and gesture. The ways of including and interpreting the components of the semantic field in the novel are determined by Pisemsky’s ideas about his readers as people uninitiated into the secrets of Freemasonry. Separate vocabulary and whole thematic complexes come into close interaction with the figurative, character and event plans of the novel, thus performing a nominative, indicative and aesthetic function. In addition, the speech of characters contains more different nominations and descriptions of objects associated with Freemasonry than the author’s, which indicates his desire for an objective depiction of a reality segment related to the semantic field under analysis. At the same time, the language means of irony used by the author are not characteristic of Freemasonry itself, but of specific characters
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Alvarez de Toledo y Dubois, José
- Author
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Kanellos, Nicolás
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Analysis of the Limits of Automated Rule-Based Ergonomic Assessment in Bricklaying.
- Author
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Ryu, JuHyeong, Diraneyya, Mohsen M., Haas, Carl T., and Abdel-Rahman, Eihab
- Subjects
- *
LIFTING & carrying (Human mechanics) , *CONCRETE masonry , *MATERIALS handling , *RISK assessment , *GOAL (Psychology) , *DATA analysis - Abstract
Physically demanding and repetitive tasks expose workers to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). Over the last few decades, various rule-based postural assessment systems have been developed and widely used to facilitate the measurement and evaluation of risks related to WMSDs in many industries. However, the applicability of rule-based assessment to tasks involving heavy material handling has not yet been examined. This study investigated the applicability of three rule-based assessment systems (RULA, REBA, and OWAS) to a bricklaying task. To achieve this goal, an automated assessment tool was developed to implement those systems on whole-body data sets consisting of static postures captured by wearable inertial measurement unit suits. The study demonstrates the use of this tool in assessing risk levels (grand scores) encountered by 43 masons during the laying of 16.6-kg concrete masonry units (CMUs) in a standard wall. Furthermore, the biomechanical analysis of the same data set was carried out and utilized as ground truth to evaluate those results. It was found that rule-based assessment may lead to erroneously inflated risk evaluation in heavy manual handling tasks. In contrast, biomechanical analysis provided sensitive risk evaluations that distinguish the different degrees of risk arising from different motion patterns while participants performed the same tasks. These findings suggest using biomechanical analysis as an objective and robust method to evaluate risks encountered in tasks involving heavy material handling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. LAS ELECCIONES DE 1821, PRIMER ENSAYO DE COMPETICIÓN DE "PARTIDOS" EN EL CONSTITUCIONALISMO LIBERAL ESPAÑOL.
- Author
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Carantoña Álvarez, Francisco
- Subjects
POLITICAL parties ,SECRET societies ,LEGISLATORS ,HISTORIANS - Abstract
Copyright of Historia Constitucional is the property of Revista Historia Constitucional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Proportional Systems in the Design of the Cathedral of St. George of the Greeks, Cyprus
- Author
-
Cawthorne, Douglas, Irodotou, Romylos, Hutchison, David, Editorial Board Member, Kanade, Takeo, Editorial Board Member, Kittler, Josef, Editorial Board Member, Kleinberg, Jon M., Editorial Board Member, Mattern, Friedemann, Editorial Board Member, Mitchell, John C., Editorial Board Member, Naor, Moni, Editorial Board Member, Pandu Rangan, C., Editorial Board Member, Steffen, Bernhard, Editorial Board Member, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Editorial Board Member, Tygar, Doug, Editorial Board Member, Weikum, Gerhard, Series Editor, Goos, Gerhard, Founding Editor, Hartmanis, Juris, Founding Editor, Bertino, Elisa, Editorial Board Member, Gao, Wen, Editorial Board Member, Woeginger, Gerhard, Editorial Board Member, Yung, Moti, Editorial Board Member, Ioannides, Marinos, editor, Fink, Eleanor, editor, Moropoulou, Antonia, editor, Hagedorn-Saupe, Monika, editor, Fresa, Antonella, editor, Liestøl, Gunnar, editor, Rajcic, Vlatka, editor, and Grussenmeyer, Pierre, editor
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Freemasonry’s Sacred Space in America
- Author
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Mackintosh, Phillip Gordon
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Влияние личности Артура Конан Дойля на развитие спиритуализма
- Subjects
медиум ,наука ,психология ,medium ,psychology ,история ,масоны ,Masons ,spiritualism ,Артур Конан Дойль ,Arthur Conan Doyle ,history ,science ,спиритуализм - Abstract
В статье рассмотрена личность известного английского писателя Артура Конан Дойля. Приведены данные о его жизненном пути. Основная цель работы – изучение вклада Артура Конан Дойля в развитие спиритуализма как религиозно-философского движения в мире. На основании изучения литературных источников о жизни писателя была собрана ценная информация, которая доказывает, что Артур Конан Дойль оказал огромное влияние на развитие спиритуализма в начале XX века. Работая на протяжении тридцати лет в обществе психических исследований, где проводились различные изучения спиритуализма с целью его объяснения с научной точки зрения, Артур Конан Дойль собрал обширный материал по данному религиозно-философскому феномену. Полученная и проанализированная им информация по спиритуализму, а также вера в существование потустороннего мира сподвигла писателя ездить и читать лекции по этой теме на всех континентах перед многочисленной публикой., The article examines the personality of the famous English writer Arthur Conan Doyle. Data about his life path is given. The main objective of the work is to study the contribution of Arthur Conan Doyle to the development of spiritualism as a religious and philosophical movement in the world. On the basis of the study of literary sources about the life of the writer, valuable information has been collected, which proves that Arthur Conan Doyle had a great influence on the development of spiritualism in the early twentieth century. Working for thirty years at the Society for Psychical Research, where various studies of spiritualism were undertaken to explain it scientifically, Arthur Conan Doyle collected extensive material on this religious and philosophical phenomenon. The information he received and analysed on spiritualism, as well as his belief in the existence of a beyond, encouraged him to travel and lecture on the subject to large audiences on every continent., Международный научно-исследовательский журнал, Выпуск 5 (131) 2023
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Building Early Modern Edinburgh: A Social History of Craftwork and Incorporation
- Author
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Allen, Aaron, author and Allen, Aaron
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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17. ПЕЧАЛБАРИТЕ В РАЙОНА НА ЗАПАДНА СТАРА ПЛАНИНА
- Author
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Любенов, Горица
- Subjects
SOCIAL change ,CULTURAL property ,ECONOMIC change ,VERNACULAR architecture ,MASONRY ,ADAPTIVE reuse of buildings - Abstract
The pechalbarstvo as a typical complementary economic branch of Stara planina region (the District of Pirot, Republic of Serbia) occurred around the late 18
th century. The poor mountain population practiced various forms of pechalbarstvo among which the masonry was the most widespread. Each year, thousands of people used to set off on gurbet for Sofia, Zagora, Wallachia or Serbia. This led to significant changes in the social and economic development of these regions. The process continued until the 1930s, although after World War I some of the activities of the pechalbars were practiced only within the region of Visok. In the late 19th and the early 20th century, those people had already created a significant part of the national building heritage. The specimens of the activity of the pechalbar-masons preserved on both sides of the border bear record of the routes of this transfer as well as of the transformations in the life of the Stara planina villages caused by this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
18. AS SIGLAS DA IGREJA DE BOELHE.
- Author
-
Guedes, César
- Abstract
In this essay we seek to analyse the masons' marks from the church of S. Gens de Boelhe and answer some questions related to the construction of the monument and its builders. The systematic analysis of a building's mason marks can provide informations related with the number of masons that worked in a particular building and the stages and rhythms of its construction. A systematic gliptographic survey may also allow to foresee regional or national movement of groups of masons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. The masons and building works of Durham priory, 1339-1539
- Author
-
Cambridge, Eric
- Subjects
930.1 ,Monks ,Masons ,Religious ,Cathedral ,Church ,Cell - Abstract
The building activities of the Durham monks in the two centuries before the Dissolution are analysed using the evidence of the surviving remains, early depictions of works since destroyed, and the extensive contemporary archives. Besides the cathedral-priory itself, the buildings of the monastery's six northern cells (Coldingham, Holy Island, Fame Island, Finchale, Jarrow, and Monkwearmouth), and those of the thirty appropriated churches north of Humber still surviving, are also considered. The analysis examines the date, cost, and stylistic context of the building works, providing a comprehensive assessment of the priory’s architectural output. The existence of long-term variations in the selectivity and quantity of information about building in the priory's financial documents is demonstrated; an understanding of these is deemed indispensable in assessing the evidential value of the documents in interpreting changes in the material record. The pattern of building activity is related to the economic background and other claims on the priory's resources. Particular attention is paid to the years c. 1350-75, the only period of across-the-board renewal, when the chronology of works and distribution of common stylistic features suggest a co-ordinated building policy, probably reflecting the supervision of a single master mason, John Lewyn. The priory's treatment of its appropriated churches, and its interaction with parishioners in maintaining and altering these, is also evaluated. The role of episcopal and secular patrons m determining the frequent use of high- status masons from outside Durham as consultants is contrasted with the generally more limited calibre of masons employed on the monks' own initiative. It is argued that the priory’s employment of masons can only be understood in the context of this pattern of patronage and of the underlying pattern of building activity. The career of the best-known, Lewyn, is singled out for detailed reassessment.
- Published
- 1992
20. Prayer in stone: symbols cosmatesque in the Basilica of Santa-Maria-Maggiore in Rome
- Author
-
Tsykunov I.V.
- Subjects
intercultural communication ,semiotics ,semantics ,cosmatesque ,Cosmati master ,mosaic ,mosaicists ,masons ,medieval Italy ,Rome ,Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore ,Christianity ,Catholicism ,religion ,symbolism ,history of art ,Philology. Linguistics ,P1-1091 - Abstract
All the architectural elements of a medieval temple, like itself, are common symbolic space where all details represent the idea of God and face either the faithful or to the Creator himself. And in this system are not the masters of mosaic floors Cosmati alien element - in fact, it is nothing like prayer, created in stone, but the prayer of living presented in the complex language of mosaic figures of Christian imagery. In the article on the example of the Roman basilica of Santa-Maria-Maggiore are considered rich semiotic cosmatesque opportunity to express ideas and concepts of his age. Author restores the value style characters, based on the texts of the era and the reconstruction of views of the Middle Ages made by historians of art and religion.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Safety voice for ergonomics (SAVE) project: protocol for a workplace cluster-randomized controlled trial to reduce musculoskeletal disorders in masonry apprentices
- Author
-
Laurel D. Kincl, Dan Anton, Jennifer A. Hess, and Douglas L. Weeks
- Subjects
Ergonomics ,Safety voice ,Construction industry ,Masons ,Apprenticeship training, Injury prevention ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract Background Masons have the highest rate of overexertion injuries among all construction trades and rank second for occupational back injuries in the United States. Identified ergonomic solutions are the primary method of reducing exposure to risk factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders. However, many construction workers lack knowledge about these solutions, as well as basic ergonomic principles. Construction apprentices, as they embark on their careers, are greatly in need of ergonomics training to minimize the cumulative exposure that leads to musculoskeletal disorders. Apprentices receive safety training; however, ergonomics training is often limited or non-existent. In addition, apprenticeship programs often lack “soft skills” training on how to appropriately respond to work environments and practices that are unsafe. The SAVE program – SAfety Voice for Ergonomics – strives to integrate evidence-based health and safety training strategies into masonry apprenticeship skills training to teach ergonomics, problem solving, and speaking up to communicate solutions that reduce musculoskeletal injury risk. The central hypothesis is that the combination of ergonomics training and safety voice promotion will be more effective than no training or either ergonomics training alone or safety voice training alone. Methods/design Following the development and pilot testing of the SAVE intervention, SAVE will be evaluated in a cluster-randomized controlled trial at 12 masonry training centers across the U.S. Clusters of apprentices within centers will be assigned at random to one of four intervention groups (n = 24 per group): (1) ergonomics training only, (2) safety voice training only, (3) combined ergonomics and safety voice training, or (4) control group with no additional training intervention. Outcomes assessed at baseline, at the conclusion of training, and then at six and 12 months post training will include: musculoskeletal symptoms, general health perceptions, knowledge of ergonomic and safety voice principles, and perception and attitudes about ergonomic and safety voice issues. Discussion Masons continue to have a high rate of musculoskeletal disorders. The trade has an expected increase of 40 % in the number of workers by 2020. Therefore, a vetted intervention for apprentices entering the trade, such as SAVE, could reduce the burden of musculoskeletal disorders currently plaguing the trade. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02676635 , 2 February 2016
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. HAZARD ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL RISK WITH STONE WORKS IN CONSTRUCTION
- Author
-
F F Arslanbekova, M A Kalitina, and A V Kazmina
- Subjects
construction ,injuries ,hazards ,risk assessment ,factors of production ,labor conditions ,masons ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
The main dangerous and harmful factors of production in construction with stone work were analyzed, taking into account the features of this kind of economic activity. The occupational risk in the performance of stone works was evaluated.
- Published
- 2015
23. Слободнозидарска библиотека Савеза Уједињених Великих ложа Србије
- Author
-
Траиловић, Горан
- Abstract
The Masonic Library of The Alliance of United Grand Lodges of Serbia collects publications related to Freemasonry and topics related to its spiritual values as well as the works of writers belonging to this secular fraternity. As far as it is known, it is the fi rst and only (registered) Masonic library in the region. The library is located in the Temple of The Alliance of United Grand Lodges of Serbia in Belgrade. It is a special library of general type. The library is a part of the unified library-information system of the Republic of Serbia and the international association of Masonic Libraries and Museums (Masonic Library and Museum Association - MLMA). The library fund has not yet been inventoried or processed. It can be used by the members of the Lodge, and under certain conditions, by interested researchers. Based on reliable sources and personal insights, the author gives information about the library fund, its organization and work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. MASONI I MASONSKA LOŽA U ZADRU (18. i 19. stoljeće).
- Author
-
DUNDOVIĆ, Zdenko
- Abstract
Copyright of Croatica Christina Periodica is the property of Croatica Christiana Periodica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2018
25. Safety voice for ergonomics (SAVE) project: protocol for a workplace cluster-randomized controlled trial to reduce musculoskeletal disorders in masonry apprentices.
- Author
-
Kincl, Laurel D., Anton, Dan, Hess, Jennifer A., and Weeks, Douglas L.
- Subjects
- *
MUSCULOSKELETAL system diseases , *ERGONOMICS , *INDUSTRIAL safety , *MASONRY , *MEDICAL protocols , *RANDOMIZED controlled trials , *PREVENTION , *OCCUPATIONAL disease prevention , *PREVENTION of injury , *COMPARATIVE studies , *CONSTRUCTION industry , *EMPLOYEE orientation , *EXPERIMENTAL design , *HEALTH attitudes , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *RESEARCH , *RESEARCH funding , *SAFETY , *STATISTICAL sampling , *WORK , *WORK environment , *OCCUPATIONAL hazards , *ENVIRONMENTAL exposure , *EVALUATION research - Abstract
Background: Masons have the highest rate of overexertion injuries among all construction trades and rank second for occupational back injuries in the United States. Identified ergonomic solutions are the primary method of reducing exposure to risk factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders. However, many construction workers lack knowledge about these solutions, as well as basic ergonomic principles. Construction apprentices, as they embark on their careers, are greatly in need of ergonomics training to minimize the cumulative exposure that leads to musculoskeletal disorders. Apprentices receive safety training; however, ergonomics training is often limited or non-existent. In addition, apprenticeship programs often lack "soft skills" training on how to appropriately respond to work environments and practices that are unsafe. The SAVE program - SAfety Voice for Ergonomics - strives to integrate evidence-based health and safety training strategies into masonry apprenticeship skills training to teach ergonomics, problem solving, and speaking up to communicate solutions that reduce musculoskeletal injury risk. The central hypothesis is that the combination of ergonomics training and safety voice promotion will be more effective than no training or either ergonomics training alone or safety voice training alone.Methods/design: Following the development and pilot testing of the SAVE intervention, SAVE will be evaluated in a cluster-randomized controlled trial at 12 masonry training centers across the U.S. Clusters of apprentices within centers will be assigned at random to one of four intervention groups (n = 24 per group): (1) ergonomics training only, (2) safety voice training only, (3) combined ergonomics and safety voice training, or (4) control group with no additional training intervention. Outcomes assessed at baseline, at the conclusion of training, and then at six and 12 months post training will include: musculoskeletal symptoms, general health perceptions, knowledge of ergonomic and safety voice principles, and perception and attitudes about ergonomic and safety voice issues.Discussion: Masons continue to have a high rate of musculoskeletal disorders. The trade has an expected increase of 40 % in the number of workers by 2020. Therefore, a vetted intervention for apprentices entering the trade, such as SAVE, could reduce the burden of musculoskeletal disorders currently plaguing the trade.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02676635 , 2 February 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. MIHAI DIMITRIE STURDZA: RUŞII, MASONII, MAREŞALUL ŞI ALTE RĂSPÂNTII ALE ISTORIOGRAFIEI ROMÂNEŞTI.
- Author
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NEAGU BASARAB, Mihai
- Abstract
The Russians, the Masons, the Marshal and other Crossroads of Romanian Historiography by Mihai Dimitrie Sturdza is one of the most important books about Romanian modern and contemporary historiography, because it is based on documents to which no other Romanian historian had access, including the telegrams of the ambassador of France in Romania addressed to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of France during the years after the end of WWII. With validation supplied by several reliable sources, the Romanian history of the last 200 years is set in a new perspective, changing the image which even important historians had about King Michael I, about the Germans and the Russians during WWI, about some aspects of the history of Bucovina during the Austrian domination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
27. Spiritual'nyj put' v poèzii V.I. Majkova
- Author
-
Adam Drozdek
- Subjects
Maikov ,masons ,theology ,eschatology ,Philology. Linguistics ,P1-1091 - Abstract
In the first period of Maikov's life, spiritual elements are used in his poetry in primarily an ironic, a satiric, and even a burlesque manner, particularly in The player of ombre and Elisei. Theological references made in odes praising Catherine are more about Catherine as the chosen of God than about the nature of God. After Maikov joined masonry, his poetry became more reflective, meditative, more concerned about spirituality. However, while yearning for spiritual fulfillment, he was satisfied with a somewhat generic religion that included a monotheistic belief in providential God with an unclear role of Christ in personal salvation.
- Published
- 2014
28. LA PARTICIPACIÓN DE LOS OFICIOS DE LA CONSTRUCCIÓN EN LAS GERMANÍAS DE MALLORCA.
- Author
-
CERDÀ GARRIGA, MAGDALENA and VICENS, ANTÒNIA JUAN
- Abstract
The aim of this paper is to analyse the role played by construction workers, that is to say carpenters and masons, throughout the Germanías (brotherhood) conflict. This revolt took place in Majorca between 1521 and 1523 and it is used as a milestone that ends the Late Middle Ages. It also marked a turning point in the political and social evolution of the island. This article deals with the extent of the involvement of construction workers in the conflict, taking into account the subversive actions they committed, as well as the positions held by them during the revolt. Our work focuses on how these craftsmen dedicated their expertise and professional services to the Germanian cause, in order to demonstrate not only the varied building activity there was, but also how this activity managed to adapt to a time of crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Building a Racial State: Images of the Jew in the Illustrated Fascist Magazine, La Difesa della Razza, 1938–1943.
- Abstract
In the context of the Fascist racial press campaign (1937–43), one of the regime's most intense efforts took the form of the publication and distribution of a new illustrated magazine devoted entirely to the pursuit of a new racial consciousness among the Italian populace. La Difesa della Razza, published biweekly from August 5, 1938, to June 20, 1943, had a very large print run and was distributed extensively throughout Italy. Its foundation was closely linked with the publication of the so-called Manifesto of Racist Scientists, the chief goal of which was to establish a biological approach – as opposed to a political approach – to the “Jewish question” in Italy. The text of the Manifesto appeared for the first time in an unsigned article (“Fascism and the Race Problems”) in Il Giornale d'Italia on July 15, 1938, and was subsequently cited or reprinted by all the national newspapers. Ten days later, a Comunicato (Communiqué) of the National Fascist Party dated July 25, 1938, provided a version of how it had come about and listed the names of its supposed authors: ten scientists, for the most part young assistant lecturers. Both the version supplied in the Comunicato and the reconstruction attempted by De Felice, however, should now be revised because of information provided by a document that has since surfaced about which De Felice knew nothing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. The Double Bind of Italian Jews: Acceptance and Assimilation.
- Abstract
The study of Italian Jews has significantly progressed since the mid-1980s when the subject began to attract more serious attention. In the United States, interest in the Italian Jews received an important stimulus by the publication in the mid-1980s of the works of Primo Levi, starting with the Periodic Table (1984) and If Not Now, When? (1985). At the time, the initial response was enthusiastic but somewhat naïve, typified by the remark made by one of the characters in Levi's novel If Not Now, When? who, on meeting Italian Jews for the first time, expresses surprise and disbelief, “Italian Jews? How can that be?” he said, thinking that all Italians were Catholic. At early conferences dedicated to the Italian Jews, one often heard remarks like that and the fact that they continued to get a laugh was an indication of the paucity of general knowledge as well as historical work done on the subject. At the time, there were a few good books on the Italian Jews, but many of them were already quite dated. On the subject of the Jews during Fascism, there were the works of Renzo De Felice and Meir Michaelis, which were mostly concerned with documenting the relations between Mussolini's Fascist regime and the leadership of Italy's Jewish community. Vast areas of Italian Jewish life and thousands of important individual stories remained undocumented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Italian Jewish Identity from the Risorgimento to Fascism, 1848–1938.
- Abstract
Examining the question of Italian Jewish identity from the Risorgimento to Fascism entails a number of steps. We must identify and document dates, crucial junctures, transitions, and solutions offered by Italian Jews to the problems created by emancipation. We must identify and clearly describe the various external and internal components that influenced Italian Jewry in its process of modernization. We must also attempt to address the question of whether it is proper to speak of the experience of emancipated Judaism in Italy as unique in Europe, one accompanied by a specific cultural and political program that in turn engendered a particular identity possessing distinct characteristics that set it apart from other Western European experiences of the Diaspora. We must further establish links and relationships between this collective historical identity and the manifold individual accounts and identities that characterized the historical experience of so small a minority, small at least in strictly numerical terms. The Jewish population in Italy is estimated at 34,000 in 1800, out of a total Italian population of more than 18 million, and about 48,000 in 1938, out of more than 43 million Italians. Yet Italian Jewry constitutes a minority with a rich and multifaceted history extending back into antiquity. In this chapter I attempt to provide some answers to the questions posed above by offering hypotheses and interpretations of recent historiographic debates, by summarizing the results of research I have previously conducted, and by drawing attention to topics still awaiting investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Zidarii Meşterului Manole.
- Author
-
Bâgiu, Lucian Vasile
- Subjects
- *
STONEMASONS , *CHURCH - Abstract
The builders imagine through their sensitive responses a generic humanity. They are masons by spiritual vocation, actually emissaries of the anonymous crowd. Manole's journeymen stay for the dramatic swing between the ideal and egotism, which precedes the collective creation of a miracle, if committed in the name of humanity. The third mason, while explaining the work of art, metamorphoses it from an aesthetic to a religious asset. The sixth mason is the most outlined of all builders for he carries out a separate part that is to constantly gainsay Manole, to incite to insubordination and rebellion. The eighth mason is fully aware of the outstanding artistic accomplishment of all builders, their edifice about to become a cultural and even political symbol of the nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
33. REHMLAC
- Subjects
freemasonry ,masons ,history ,mysticism ,catholic church ,anti-freemasonry ,Societies: secret, benevolent, etc. ,HS1-3371 ,Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 - Published
- 2011
34. Accidents in masonry construction: The contribution of production activities to accidents, and the effect on different worker groups.
- Author
-
Memarian, Babak and Mitropoulos, Panagiotis
- Subjects
- *
CONSTRUCTION accidents , *ARCHITECTURE , *WORKING class , *MASONRY , *ACCIDENTS , *WORK environment , *INDUSTRIAL arts - Abstract
Highlights: [•] This study analyzes 141 recordable incidents that occurred over a period of 3years in a large masonry company. [•] Overexertions were the most frequent incidents. Slips/trips/falls at same level resulted in the most days away from work. [•] Laying block, material handling and scaffold erection/dismantling were the activities with the most incidents. [•] Incidents during scaffold erection/dismantling and material handling resulted in the most days away from work. [•] The laborers of the masonry crews had significantly higher incident rates than the masons. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Personaje secundare în Mesterul Manole, de Lucian Blaga: Mira, Gaman.
- Author
-
BÂGIU, Lucian Vasile
- Subjects
- *
MANOLE, Master (Legendary character) , *LITERARY characters , *HERESY , *CHURCH , *CREATION , *SACRIFICE , *EARTH (Planet) - Abstract
Mira is the perfect purity where the demonic of the master mason has no access. The craftsman's wife is the embodiment of innocence, the heavenly depiction of mankind as opposed to demonic Manole. "Serenity" and "light" are words that repeatedly occur in her monologue thus suggesting the plenitudine of being she is about to conceive when she would be raising into the light her perfect precious, the church. Gaman is the embodiment and the expression of the dark, ancient faith of the earth's powers. The very appearance of the character in the story of the play seems to be part of a different logic, the fabulosity, the heresy, "fairy-tale like figure". He utters the words dissonantly and links the sentences into texts that have seemingly no logic for he professes a magic ritual, usually unconsciously, while falling into a trance, ecstatically, mediated by sleeping commonly. Through this ritual he enables the connection with another world, that of the powers of the earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
36. Conflicts over gender and status in early nineteenth-century Russian literature: the case of Anna Bunina and her poem Padenie Faetona.
- Abstract
As Judith Vowles has recently observed, the history of the ‘feminization’ of Russian language and literature has been written almost entirely on the basis of what men wrote, and women's perception of their own relation to language and literature has received scant attention. The purpose of the present article is to illustrate the part of Vowles's argument dealing with women's resistance to the literary roles prescribed for them, by reference to Padenie Faetona (1811), the principal work of Anna Bunina, whom Vowles rightly identifies as one of the least conformist women writers of the period. Bunina frequently discusses gender issues and women's status in the literary process, but since space precludes extensive analysis of her accommodations and challenges to current ideas, I here focus on the poem which aroused most controversy amongst contemporary readers and aim to show how the views about women and writing discussed by Vowles manifested themselves in actual behaviour in one (of the few) documentable case(s). Early nineteenth-century Russia was a particularly status-conscious society, in which the place of women was explicitly defined, and I shall describe the latter in some detail. At this point the events of the French revolution and the part played in it by politically active females had discredited women's emancipation in Russia. Social stability was a prime concern, and few disputed that women's place was in the family. The Sentimentalist definition of gender developed in the 1790s was based on Rousseau's view that women were naturally radically different from men, and that their function was as ornaments to men's existence, and instruments to men's well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. The Brotherhood at work.
- Author
-
Larkin, Maurice
- Abstract
If the government sought to create a civil service that was loyal to the Republic, there was no shortage of outside bodies ready to advise it. Prominent among these were the Freemasons, particularly the Grand Orient. Freemasonry in France is often portrayed as a surrogate secular church of the French Radical tradition – an image that was strengthened by its vocabulary. It described non-Masons as ‘les profanes’; and it explained the decline of Masonic influence on government during the Esprit Nouveau as symptomatic of ‘the spread of scepticism’ – a curious semantic reversal of roles, turning the Enlightenment on its head. Masonry in fact was a form of solidarity for men who shared a number of broad democratic and secular assumptions. Its ideology was accepted, because its basic content corresponded with what most Radical freethinkers already believed. And not only Radicals, for by 1905 a third of the Grand Orient's ateliers were Socialist. Its ritual and language were not taken very seriously. In practice Masons were active members of their lodges for only about five years on average – generally at the point of their career when they were most in need of professional or political advancement. Masonry in France was nevertheless on the increase. Its total membership grew from some 24,000 in 1903 to 32,000 five years later. It was believed, moreover, that well over a third of the new Chamber of Deputies of 1902 were Masons – as were a third to a half of the Senate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Wages in money and kind.
- Author
-
Gibson, J.S. and Smout, C.
- Abstract
Introduction to the sources Wages were highly complex in early modern society, in Scotland as elsewhere. They might be paid entirely in money or entirely in kind, or in a mixture of both. They might be paid differently to the same person for different kinds of work (money with food at harvest, money alone for other day labour). They might be paid at a higher rate in summer than in winter. They would certainly be paid higher to some categories of worker than to others. The jobs might be described by age and sex as well as by skill and task (‘herd lass’, ‘journeyman wright’), but what was understood by certain critical terms (‘master mason’, ‘agricultural servant’) might vary nevertheless from one period to another or from one locality to another. Any attempt at the objective measurement of change through time is clearly going to be fraught with difficulties. In our investigation we have used four kinds of evidence; wages from accounts extracted from the account books and papers of employers (tables 8.1–8.7); assessed wages, statements of maximum wage rates set down by town councils and justices of the peace (tables 8.8–8.10); estimated wages as reported retrospectively by the ministers and others in the Statistical account of the 1790s (tables 8.11–8.16), and poll-tax wages (tables 8.17–8.18) as declared to the authorities who levied a percentage tax on wages in the 1690s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Real wages.
- Author
-
Gibson, J.S. and Smout, C.
- Abstract
The problems of investigating the standard of living in Scotland at any point before the mid twentieth century are enormous, as they must be for any country before government begins to collect modern statistical data on income, prices and employment. These problems are of two kinds: conceptual, concerning the nature and meaning of a ‘standard of living’, and practical, concerning the accumulation of appropriate evidence. The first kind we shall for the moment side step, defining for our purposes the standard of living as what contributes to real income, whether in money or in kind: that is to say, we assume the standard to be rising if wages rise faster than prices and if employment opportunities for an individual or family remain the same or, better, improve. This admittedly dodges very real problems of having to weight benefits and costs, if higher incomes are accompanied (as no doubt they often were) by more laborious toil or a deteriorating environment for life at home and work. The second problem is the evidential one. What sort of data are relevant to the exploration of the standard of living? They may be both qualitative and quantitative, but those on which Scottish historians have chiefly relied for their judgements before 1800 have hitherto mainly been qualitative – i.e., the broad opinions of contemporaries concerning what was happening in the world about them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Early Scottish and English freemasonry.
- Author
-
Stevenson, David
- Abstract
Freemasonry in seventeenth-century Scotland There is evidence that 25 masonic lodges had come into existence in Scotland by 1710 – though it is possible that a few of those which can only be traced through isolated seventeenth-century references were no longer active in 1710. The fact that some lodges (Linlithgow; Canongate Kilwinning; Canongate and Leith) are only known through single surviving references makes it likely that there were other lodges that have left no trace of their existence. How many of these there were is impossible to say, but probably their numbers were limited and they were mainly located in the smaller royal burghs. A 1705 tax roll shows 14 burghs paying over 1 per cent of the total tax imposed on the burghs, and these may be taken to be the largest population centres in the country. Pre-1710 lodges are known in 11 of these 14 burghs, and in 1 of the 3 exceptions, Ayr, it is known that the local masons attended Kilwinning Lodge. This leaves the masons of Kirkcaldy and Montrose without known lodges, but the former at least may well have had a lodge: in 1758 the Grand Lodge of Scotland, usually cautious about accepting extravagant claims to antiquity, accepted that the Lodge of Kirkcaldy had existed for over a century. But not all royal burghs can be assumed to have had lodges before 1710. The Lodge of Peebles was not founded until 1716, and the Lodge of Brechin's possession of laws dated 1714 may suggest that it was then being organised for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1988
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Tables.
- Author
-
Bonney, Margaret
- Abstract
Table 1. The income of the bursar from Durham rents, 1270–1539 Table 2. The growth of the hostillar's estate in Durham, c. 1300–1480: income received from the farms of Old and New Elvet [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. DURHAM'S MEDIEVAL BUILDINGS.
- Author
-
Bonney, Margaret
- Abstract
Although it is the buildings on the peninsula which give Durham its distinctive appearance today, as they did in the medieval period, they were entirely untypical of the character of the medieval town which lay beyond the castle and cathedral walls. The greatest feats of medieval architecture and engineering were devoted to improving Durham's defences against the Scots and to glorifying God in the magnificence of the cathedral. However, the majority of Durham's inhabitants lived and worked in a less elevated sphere in the small and undistinguished market town huddling below the castle walls which is the subject of this study. There were few houses or public buildings of any character in medieval Durham. Most were single-storied, small, wooden and thatched. They were places of work as well as family homes, overcrowded and completely lacking in privacy, a prey to fire damage or flooding. It is these buildings which are surveyed in this chapter. Such a general survey of Durham's domestic buildings reveals graphically the parts of the urban area which were most popular with tenants and thus heavily populated. Some streets – for example, Crossgate, Clayport, Fleshewergate, Sadlergate and New Elvet – seem to have had a continuous line of housing along both sides of the road throughout the medieval period. These streets, it can be argued, were those where frontages were most valuable and where, on commercial grounds, those with trading or manufacturing interests wanted to live. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. TRADES AND OCCUPATIONS.
- Author
-
Bonney, Margaret
- Abstract
The economic success of a medieval town naturally depended, to a great extent, on the variety of industries and trades it offered to the surrounding countryside and on the market it provided for the exchange of goods. A prosperous town acted as a magnet upon its immediate area, drawing a supply of labour and produce from the country and giving in return goods which were unobtainable in village communities and services which were dependent on the town's craftsmen. To anticipate the conclusions of the following survey, late medieval Durham emerges as a comparatively small market town with a limited range of trades. These trades or occupations were geared to the servicing of the urban community as a whole, and the two great ecclesiastical households of the bishop and the prior on the peninsula in particular, as well as to the needs of the agricultural communities nearby. Durham was still small enough to retain several characteristics of an agricultural community well into the sixteenth century: many open spaces, orchards and closes were to be found in the outer boroughs; and probably a significant proportion of the town's inhabitants were employed as seasonal agricultural labourers, working, for example, on the priory hostillar's manor of Elvethall. Durham was closely bound to its immediate hinterland and to a purely local market; it thus bears close comparison with a town such as fourteenth-century Colchester, where local trade predominated and agrarian-based occupations were important in the town's economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Seasonal fluctuations.
- Author
-
Schwarz, L. D.
- Abstract
The pattern of seasonality The long-term trend – even the cycle – was of far less importance to the daily lives of Londoners than were seasonal fluctuations in employment. Such fluctuations were inevitable. A mass market was insufficiently developed; the means of production and of transport were geared closely to the weather. Ships depended on the winds, while their cargoes might depend on the harvests of other countries; the food processing industries awaited the harvests, the sugar refineries awaited the West India fleet, the luxury trade and a host of services awaited the London Season. The effects of these fluctuations, although less widely felt in towns than in the countryside, were more marked than in the late nineteenth century, when a mass market was more developed, and production and transport depended less on the weather or the vagaries of upper-class demand. However, as late as 1909 the maximum difference between the numbers employed in the building trades during the busiest and slackest months was 20 per cent, even though in the winter the men were only working a 44-hour week instead of the 50-hour week of summer. Stedman Jones has found variations of a similar extent in the 1880s. In the eighteenth century, fluctuations were much more severe. House painters, according to Campbell in 1747, were idle for four or five months in the year, though they were an extreme case as ‘there is not Bread for one Third of them’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. The defences of the inferior artisans.
- Author
-
Schwarz, L. D.
- Abstract
The equilibrium that was referred to in the previous chapter could also be interpreted as meaning the maintenance of some autonomous areas for labour. There are of course always such areas, and, as frequently said, their survival depends on many factors – and these include suitable legal and political institutions. The eighteenth-century London artisan found himself with a range of institutions which had been created in an earlier age. He – it was only men to whom this applied – tried to use them to maintain his areas of autonomy and his standard of living. Improvements were desirable, but maintenance was essential. The artisans, and many of the smaller masters to whom they were so akin, were engaged in a ceaseless quest for stability. This meant the stability between contending forces, the temporary stability that could be wrested from the balance of economic forces and opportunities. From time to time the balance changed, and the position of the artisans changed with it. Always they were aware of the threat of the less skilled – which meant the threat of penury as well as of loss of status. As the nineteenth century would make clear, basic economic trends could not be opposed in the long run. But such trends could hardly be foreseen during the eighteenth century. The journeymen knew that from instability they would probably emerge the losers, but they also knew that the balance of stability needed to be constantly redefined. They used the institutions they inherited. None of these were ideal for maintaining stability – in a society as dynamic as that of eighteenth-century England this would hardly be expected – but some were of service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Manufacturing, services and the London bourgeoisie.
- Author
-
Schwarz, L. D.
- Abstract
Manufacturing and services in London Despite the stress on the importance of services in the previous chapter, it would be a great mistake to underestimate the role of London as a manufacturing town. With over 370,000 of its inhabitants in 1851 employed in the manufacturing sector, London was the largest manufacturing town in the country and in Europe. This section will not seek to describe all of London's manufactures, or their geography, but will enquire into the nature of manufacturing in London, why it took place there at all, and the effects that the salient characteristics of manufacturing in London had on the nature of London's workforce. Naturally, those who chose to manufacture goods in London needed to adapt themselves to the advantages and drawbacks of operating in the nation's capital. There were three large drawbacks. In the first place, land cost more, so rents were higher than elsewhere. Secondly, labour cost more, and had a disconcerting tendency to organise itself into trade unions. Thirdly, coal cost more than it did on or near coalfields. On the other hand, there were three large advantages. Proximity to the largest and most concentrated market in the country meant both low transport costs for the finished product and a good observation point for consumers' tastes. The labour may have cost more, but there was a great deal of it, and it came in almost any degree of skill required. Thirdly, London was not only the largest consumer centre in the country; it was also the country's largest port, and for many trades involved in international commerce it was useful to be in London. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Μινωικοί αρχιτεχνίτες; Μια διαχρονική µελέτη της αρχιτεκτονικής µε πήλινες πλίνθους στο ανάκτορο των Μαλίων της εποχής του Χαλκού (Κρήτη)
- Author
-
Maud Devolder, Marta Lorenzon, UCL - SSH/INCA - Institut des civilisations, arts et lettres, Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), École française d'Athènes (EfA), and University of Helsinki
- Subjects
010506 paleontology ,Archeology ,Mudbrick ,01 natural sciences ,[SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences ,Earthen architecture ,Craftsmanship ,Mudbricks ,Bronze Age ,Masons ,0601 history and archaeology ,Specialised builders ,Classics ,Architecture ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,060102 archaeology ,Geoarchaeology ,History and Archaeology ,Aegean architecture ,06 humanities and the arts ,Archaeology ,Minoan architecture ,Geography ,Minoan builders ,Brick - Abstract
This paper investigates sun-dried mudbrick architecture in the Minoan Palace at Malia on the north coast of Crete, excavated and studied by the French School at Athens since the beginning of the 20th century. Macroscopic study of the standing architectural remains is combined with geochemical (pXRF and XRD) and petrographic analyses of a selection of mudbrick samples in order to explore patterns and variations in bricklaying, mudbrick recipes, manufacturing practices and mudbrick performance throughout the Pre-, Proto- and Neopalatial periods. The microscopic composition of the mudbricks highlights the consistent procurement of local raw materials, despite marked differences in macroscopic composition related to varying manufacturing processes that impacted mudbrick performance. This diversity is important enough to indicate the completion of the Neopalatial building project by separate teams of builders, whose skills seem to have varied markedly. The participation in the Neopalatial building project of specialised mudbrick ‘master’ builders is attested but the workforce was also drawn from the site’s inhabitants who had the requisite knowledge to produce standing, though significantly less-well performing, mudbrick walls. Maîtres-artisans minoens ? Une étude diachronique de l’architecture en brique dans le palais de l’Âge du Bronze à Malia (Crète) Cet article envisage l’architecture en briques crues du palais minoen de Malia, sur la côte nord de l’île de Crète (Grèce), un édifice fouillé et étudié par l’École française d’Athènes depuis le début du 20e siècle. L’étude macroscopique des vestiges architecturaux est combinée à des analyses géochimiques (pXRF et XRD) et pétrographiques d’une sélection d’échantillons de briques afin d’explorer les tendances et variations concernant la mise en place des éléments dans la maçonnerie, la composition, les techniques de fabrication et la qualité des briques utilisées dans l’édifice au cours des périodes pré-, proto- et néopalatiales (2450-1430 av. J.-C.). La composition microscopique des briques met en évidence l’approvisionnement continu en matériaux locaux, et ce malgré des différences prononcées en ce qui concerne leur composition macroscopique, liée à des processus de fabrication variables et qui ont eu un impact direct sur la qualité des différents types de briques. Cette variété est suffisamment marquée pour avancer l’hypothèse qu’au Néopalatial le projet architectural du palais fut réalisé par différentes équipes de bâtisseurs, dont les compétences en matière de construction semblent avoir notablement varié. Si la participation au projet néopalatial de ‘maîtres’ artisans spécialisés dans la construction en briques est ainsi démontrée, il semble donc qu’une partie de la main-d’oeuvre fut également mobilisée parmi les habitants du site qui disposaient des connaissances suffisantes pour ériger des murs en briques certes durables, mais de moindre qualité.
- Published
- 2019
48. Controversias y litigios en torno al uso de la piedra en Jerez de la Frontera
- Author
-
Fernando Aroca Vicenti
- Subjects
Jerez de la Frontera ,Piedra ,Architecture ,Masons ,Stone ,Masonry ,Cantería ,Canteros ,Arquitectura - Abstract
La piedra constituye el material por excelencia en las edificaciones y el paisaje urbano de Jerez de la Frontera. Su empleo no estuvo exento de conflictos con El Puerto de Santa María, propietaria de la mayoría de canteras de la Sierra de San Cristóbal, de donde se extraía principalmente el material utilizado para las obras. La cal y el yeso que producía Jerez actuaron en parte como moneda de cambio ante la presión de la vecina ciudad portuense. The stone is the material par excellence in the buildings and the urban landscape of Jerez de la Frontera. His employment was not without conflict with El Puerto de Santa María, owner of the majority of quarries in the Sierra de San Cristóbal, where was extracted mainly from the material used for the works. Lime and plaster producing Jerez acted partly as a bargaining under the pressure of the neighboring city of El Puerto de Santa María.
- Published
- 2019
49. Heinrich Theodor von Schön: relations with Masons
- Author
-
Rekašiūtė, Kotryna
- Subjects
Eastern Prussia ,Lietuva (Lithuania) ,Lithuanistic activity ,Heinrich Theodor von Schön ,Lituanistinė veikla ,Masons ,Heinrichas Theodoras von Schönas ,Rytų Prūsija [East Prussia ,Masonai - Abstract
This text draws attention to the so-called Freemasonry movement, which intensified and expanded in Europe in the 18th century. Characterised by freedom of thought and culture, as well as an abundance of ideas, the Age of Enlightenment influenced the mentality of educated intellectuals in the 18th and 19th centuries. Therefore, it is only natural that a large number of intellectuals were members of different Masonic organisations. By promoting the moral development of people, Masons regarded education as one of their main goals. Among them was Fieinrich Theodor von Schön (1773-1856), a prominent politician, Prussian statesman, and well-known figure in education and culture, as well as President of the Gumbinnen district in East Prussia and later Oberpresident (the Chief President) of East and West Prussia. Under his administration, many important reforms related to East Prussia were carried out. Schön became a member of the Masonic Society at the age of 20 (1795). Schön's Masonry is undoubtedly an important element in a careful examination of his activities related to Prussia. Possible reasons behind his decision to became a member of the Freemasonry were the encouragement he received from his father Johann Theodor Schön (1744-1796), who was also a member of a few Masonic lodges, or due to the fact that other professors at the University of Königsberg also belonged or were closely related to the Masonic Society (Christian Jakob Kraus, 1753-1807; Friedrich Leopold von Schrötter, 1743-1815; Theodor Anton Heinrich von Schmalz, 1760-1831 and others). The lecturers who influenced Schön's worldview might also have had an impact on his decision to belong to a Masonic Society. It is important to mention that throughout Schön's activities, he maintained a huge network of contacts and relationships with well-known and important Prussian figures, who were members of different Masonic lodges at that time. Masonic echoes are found in Schön's corres He communicated and corresponded with many well-known personalities who also belonged to various lodges in Prussia (Johann Gottfried Frey, 1762- 1831; Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt, 1769-1859; Karl August Fürst von Hardenberg, 1750-1822 and many others). Schön pursued an education policy favourable to East Prussia. He founded new elementary schools, worked to improve teaching, founded a teaching seminary in Karalene (1811) and contributed to the founding of the Society for Child Care (1827). Schön also founded a newspaper in Gumbinnen to create a connection with the people of East Prussia. These transformations put in motion by Schön are closely linked to the values declared by the Masons - the promotion of education, the improvement of society and the pursuit of philanthropic activities.
- Published
- 2019
50. Non-egocentricity as a characteristic of Masonic texts
- Author
-
Shuneyko, А. А. and Chibisova, O. V.
- Subjects
masonic texts ,non-egocentricity ,linguistics ,masons ,masonic picture of the world ,english - Abstract
The aim of the research is to detect and explicate specific features of the Masonic texts, which characterize the specificity of their perception of the Masonic doctrines
- Published
- 2019
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