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Copyright of Turkish Studies - Economics, Finance, Politics is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Masonic organizations preserve a set of cultural assets that make it possible to understand the institution and its historical trajectory. Some of these spaces are home to museums, with masonic collections preserved in historical museums in general. However, such collections and museums lack studies that analyze their history and representation. This work presents a survey of Brazilian cultural institutions that preserve objects and collections related to Freemasonry. The exploratory study is developed from bibliographical and documentary surveys, associated with research in databases on museums and museological collections, in addition to consultations with the museological documentation sectors. In general, the study presents a contextualization of Freemasonry, observing conceptual and historical aspects; a characterization of the Masonic collections and, finally, a survey of the main institutions that hold masonic collections at the national and international levels. It is observed, therefore, that the historical collections related to Freemasonry are preserved in institutions managed by Freemasonry, and there are also collections present in museums institutions of history in general, such as the national museums and that this is a field of investigation yet to be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to conduct a review of the "Social Question" in Concepción, this article seeks to analyze the link between Lorenzo Arenas Olivos and the Mutual Relief Society of Workers of Concepción, in the period of the "turn of the century". As one of the essential characteristics of the mutualist melting pot in Concepción, the performative expressions of masonic values are shared as a form of sociability to which Lorenzo Arenas belonged. There is a clear relationship between the forms of Masonic sociability and mutualism, in whose culture a vision of a society that is divorced from the religious is expressed, and with a view to "progress", "modernity" and universal morality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through three capital questions, this short essay tries to offer a general panorama and a better understanding of the proteiform complex body or Masonry. Through by a multi-level hermeneutic, this study get the ambition to be comprehensible both to Readers who are not used to this kind of literature and to the ones advanced and skilled in symbolic thought. The main important conclusion owes the quality of the symbolic level, which is the property to refuse a single interpretation: notwithstanding, this does not prevent from a clear historical and political evaluation of the phenomena under analysis, according the methodologies of social sciences. This political evaluability drives to the main valuable output of the essay, which concerns the anthropological statement that the logical label of Masonry, with this name or many others, it exists since always. Under the category of initiatory institution, we may consider the step between individual and society, and a society inside a larger one. Evolving from the needs of the individuals to the ones of social groups, the matter joins to the land of political sciences. The sociological meaning can be posed under analytic view in reason of the functionalist meaning emerging from the alternative couples status-quo/emancipation and conservatism/progressivism. Through by this perspective, anyway the theme seems not to reveal much more, because this “proteiform complex body” manifest itself as something too much complex in its inner core to be considered in a way or in another. What remains is strictly symbolic, with some theological and eschatological points that refuse to be posed under restrain.

THIS PAPER AIMS TO DISCUSS A SERIES OF SYMBOLS AND CONCEPTS ABOUT MAN AND LIFE THAT SADOVEANU INSERTS IN HIS NOVEL, NUNTA DOMNIȚEI RUXANDA. THE ROMANIAN WRITER EXPERIENCED A FUNDAMENTAL CHANGED ONCE HE ENTERED THE FREEMASONRY. ALTHOUGH THEY MAKE UP AN EXTREMELY INTERESTING UNIVERSE, THESE CHANGES HAVE BEEN SYSTEMATICALLY FORGOTTEN UNDER THE VEIL OF SILENCE. THE NOVEL NUNTA DOMNIȚEI RUXANDA HAS NOT BEEN DISCUSSED SO FAR THROUGH THE LENS PROVIDED BY THE MASONIC TEACHINGS WHOSE CORE, AS SADOVEANU TELLS US, RESIDES IN ESOTERICISM, THEIR DEEP MEANING THUS REMAINING HIDDEN. THIS PAPER AIMS TO HIGHLIGHT EXACTLY THOSE ELEMENTS THAT HAVE BEEN OVERLOOKED OVER TIME. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is an impartial in-depth analysis of the relations between freemasons and the Russian Orthodox Church from the late 18 to the early 20 century. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, comprehensiveness and interdisciplinarity. The author uses a wide range of general scientific (analysis and synthesis, generalization) and specially-historical (critical analysis of sources, retrospective, historical-genetic, problem-chronological) methods. The scientific novelty. The paper is the first attempt to study the relations of Masonry and the Russian Orthodox Church in the late 18 - early 20 centuries. Only some of the aspects of this issue have been reflected in the academic literature. The authors introduces archival documents and fundamental works. Conclusions. The authors concludes that there were difficult relationships between Catholic Church and the Masons. The conflict arose, however, not on the basis of Masonic atheism, because Freemasonry considered religion as an important element of the ideological influence on the peoples, while not giving preference to any doctrine, arguing that all religions are equal, equally transient and imperfect. However, despite the serious differences in the ideologies, in the late 18 - early 19 centuries the Catholic Church and Polish Freemasonry went for a rapprochement for political reasons - to fight for the independence of the Commonwealth. The conflict between the Masons and the Orthodox clergy did not reach such a degree of acuteness that it had in Western European countries between the Catholic Church and the Masonic organization. To a large extent, this was the result of a more tolerant attitude of Orthodoxy to dissidence and the complete administrative dependence of this denomination on the state. Even during the reign of Catherine II, Paul I and especially Alexander I, highranking officials belonged to the Masonic organization. The indulgent attitude of the tsarist government to "Royal Art" ceased when it appeared that this organization was involved in political conspiracies against autocracy and national liberation movements. But, despite the strict measures taken by the imperial authorities against the Masonic organization, the lodges continued to exist, but they functioned more secretly. Freemasonry in the 18-19 centuries did not play a leading role in the public-political life of the Russian Empire, including the Right Bank Ukraine but it significantly influenced it. "Royal Art" apparently prepared society for the acceptance of constitutional and republican ideas, the abolition of serfdom and significantly affected the ideological growth of future generations of both the Russian and Ukrainian intelligentsia. In the early 20 century freemasons in Ukraine were much more active in political respect than in Russia. It is no coincidence that the Ukrainian freemasons put forward the idea to leave the former mystical nonsense and fully concentrate their efforts on the political struggle. Although political Freemasonry destroyed autocracy, it could not overcome its fractional disunity and eventually yielded to more organized and politically far-sighted Bolsheviks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Masonic Media: On Mediation of Secrets in Speech, Handwriting and Print within Eighteenth Century Freemasonry. This article deals with 18th century Freemasonry as a platform for mediation of secrets. First it discusses different theoretical aspects that can be applied when studying the phenomenon of initiatory orders with communication in focus. But it also uses different masonic sources in order to investigate some of the techniques used to mediate secrets, most notably ciphers and hieroglyphs. Aligning myself with Linda Simonis’ system theoretical view of masonry, I show that masonry depended on a distinction between secret and disclosure in order to make new candidates pass from profane to initiate. In order to distribute – but also in a sense create – secrets, the masons made use of several techniques such as vows of silence, locked archives, ciphers and hieroglyphs which were used either to enclose information (at the level of the medium) or encode it (at the level of meaning). Through use of such techniques the masonic organisations – with their sharp borders between inside and outside – can itself be conceived as mediums for the “secret of masonry”. This in turn put masonry into opposition to the transparency ideal of the Enlightenment.

Through three capital questions, this short essay tries to offer a general panorama and a better understanding of the proteiform complex body or Masonry. Through by a multi-level hermeneutic, this study get the ambition to be comprehensible both to Readers who are not used to this kind of literature and to the ones advanced and skilled in symbolic thought. The main important conclusion owes the quality of the symbolic level, which is the property to refuse a single interpretation: notwithstanding, this does not prevent from a clear historical and political evaluation of the phenomena under analysis, according the methodologies of social sciences. This political evaluability drives to the main valuable output of the essay, which concerns the anthropological statement that the logical label of Masonry, with this name or many others, it exists since always. Under the category of initiatory institution, we may consider the step between individual and society, and a society inside a larger one. Evolving from the needs of the individuals to the ones of social groups, the matter joins to the land of political sciences. The sociological meaning can be posed under analytic view in reason of the functionalist meaning emerging from the alternative couples status-quo/emancipation and conservatism/progressivism. Through by this perspective, anyway the theme seems not to reveal much more, because this "proteiform complex body" manifest itself as something too much complex in its inner core to be considered in a way or in another. What remains is strictly symbolic, with some theological and eschatological points that refuse to be posed under restrain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on mason Oswald Wirth who invited people to return to the neglected study of Masonic symbolism, and mentions his concern on international Masonic unity.

The canonical prohibition of Catholic membership of a Masonic Lodge or society was expressly articulated in canon 2335 of the 1917 Code of Canon Law, with attached a penalty of excommunication, latae sententiae. Further canonical effects explicitly linked to Masonry were contained six additional canons spread throughout the Code. The 1983 Code of Canon Law contains no explicit mention of Freemasonry. Canon 1374 provides for indeterminate penalties for those who joined societies which "plot against the Church", but there is no consensus of what the canonical definition of plotting (machinationem) means, nor which societies, if any, might be intended by the canon. This article traces the origins of the Church's opposition to Freemasonry, along with the canonical provisions made against it, through the formulation of both Codes of Canon Law, and establishes the existence, necessity, and justice of an enduring universal canonical prohibition of Catholic membership of the Freemasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on several degrees of masonry and Freemasonry in the 17th century or the century of Enlightenment which describes the complex links between religion and Freemasonry. Masonic degrees that were mentioned include the entered apprentice, the fellow craft, and the Knight Rose-Croix. Also mentioned are various masonic rituals in the 17th century such as the Rose-Croix rituals.

Copyright of Prohistoria is the property of Prohistoria Ediciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Textbook accounts of the 1872 revolt in Cavite generally see it as a mutiny of Filipino soldiers and arsenal workers over local grievances, often portraying it as instigated by the friars with the intention of eliminating the priests and lawyers agitating for reforms. This article, basing itself principally on the extensive account sent by Governor Izquierdo to the Overseas Minister, accepts his characterization of the revolt as a frustrated separatist revolution, while rejecting his conclusions as to the instigators of the revolt. Rather, it points to the real authors who escaped execution because of their Masonic ties to Izquierdo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Croatica Christina Periodica is the property of Croatica Christiana Periodica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Memorias is the property of Fundacion Universidad del Norte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historia y Sociedad (01218417) is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The figure of the Templar plays an important part in two of Lessing's later works, Ernst und Falk: Gesprache fur Freimaurer and Nathan der Weise. His references in the first of these to English freemasonry, and to the role of Sir Christopher Wren in making the lodges more accessible and thus preparing the ground for the constitution of the Grand Lodge of London in 1717, contrast sharply with his description of the corrupt practices of the Scottish Lodges in Germany which believed the Templars to have been their predecessors. This negative image of the Templars is complemented by the positive one of the 'Tempelherr' in Nathan, whose characterisation is drawn from the early years of their existence around 1118, almost thirty years before they too succumbed to the same kind of corruption as the Scottish Lodges. Ferdinand I, Duke of Braunschweig and Luneburg, Grand Master of the Scottish system throughout Germany, was the political force which brought about the reform of German freemasonry. As a result, the Wilhelmsbad Convention of freemasons, which met in 1782, approved a decision to abolish the Scottish Lodges. This article examines Lessing's treatment of the Templar image as an integral part of his contribution to the process of masonic reform in Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information related to female masonry or Freemasonry in the eighteenth-century. Topics discussed include the use of Rosicrucian Grade system to identify the relationship between the religious domain and Freemasonry, the use of Freemasonry as a practical and ideological tool to unite communities and encourage them in living together despite of differences, and the connection between the world of modern art and freemasonry in Paris in 1990.