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The architecture, formation, and modification of oceanic plates are fundamental to our understanding of key geologic processes of the Earth. Geophysical surveys were conducted around a site near the Hawaiian Islands (northeastern Hawaiian North Arch region; Hawaiian North Arch hereafter), which is one of three potential sites for an International Ocean Discovery Program mantle drilling proposal for the Pacific plate that was submitted in 2012. The Hawaiian North Arch site is located in 78–81 Ma Cretaceous crust, which had an estimated full spreading rate of 7–8 cm yr−1. This site fills a major gap in our understanding of oceanic crust. Previously drilling has been skewed to young or older crust ( or >110 Ma) and slow-spread crust. P-wave velocity structure in the uppermost mantle of the Hawaiian North Arch shows a strong azimuthal anisotropy, whereas Moho reflections below the basement are variable: strong and continuous, weak, diffuse, or unclear. We assume that the strength of the Moho reflection is related to the aging of the oceanic plate. The Hawaiian volcanic chain (200 km to the southwest of the proposed drill site) and the nearby North Arch magmatism on the proposed Hawaiian North Arch sites might also have affected recognition of the Moho via deformation and/or magma intrusion into the lower crust of the uppermost mantle. This workshop report describes scientific targets for 2 km deep-ocean drilling in the Hawaiian North Arch region in order to provide information about the lower crust from unrecovered age and spreading rate gaps from previous ocean drillings. Other scientific objectives to be achieved by drilling cores before reaching the target depth of the project are also described in this report.

The lithophile elements and isotopic compositions of oceanic basalts suggest they derive from different mantle components. We present new analytical results of un-degassed deep-marine basaltic glasses from various regions, and we find strong linear correlations of R2 ≥ 0.997 between H2O and F as well as H2O and Ce, for which we propose mantle trends. The mantle trends represent global variations of mantle components, ranging from a depleted dry peridotite of mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) (DMM, depleted MORB source mantle: H2O = 100 ppm; H2O/Ce = 200; H2O/F = 10) to a hydrous peridotite of Hawaiian ocean island basalt (OIB) of deep mantle origin (FOZO, focal zone: H2O = 750 ppm; H2O/Ce = 200; H2O/F = 18.5). Accordingly, we defined the correlation as a volatile DMM–FOZO trend. Based on our findings, we report novel H2O–F–Ce systematics to discriminate the degree of water depletion in the source mantle and the rehydration of the mantle with recycled surface water through oceanic plate subduction. Using this method, most OIBs are distinguished clearly from the DMM–FOZO trend, and we find that the water in their sources originates from recycled water derived from the hydrated oceanic crust and sediment after various degrees of dehydration (75–95%) in subduction zones.

Although slab-derived fluid significantly affects melt generation and dynamics within subduction zones, its amount and distribution are not sufficiently constrained at present. Herein, we use isotopic systematics of arc volcanic rocks, subducting materials, and intrinsic mantle components prior to metasomatism, to quantify the contribution of the slab-derived fluid that metasomatizes the overlying mantle wedge beneath the entire area of Japan arcs. Simultaneous application of several multivariate statistical analyses (clustering analysis and principal/independent component analyses) to the isotopic data set allows Japan arcs to be broadly divided into eastern and western parts at the first order. Moreover, a clear higher-order inter-arc segmentation is observed, together with some intra-arc variations that possibly correspond to the heterogeneity of incoming plates. Inter-arc segmentation is shown to be primarily controlled by the geometrical parameters of the slab and the arc (e.g., subduction of a single plate or double plates beneath either oceanic or continental crust), which results in differences between mantle wedge and slab thermal conditions. Accordingly, the Kuril and Izu arcs, which have thin arc crusts (~20 km), exhibit the lowest extent of slab-derived fluid addition (0.1 wt%) to the mantle wedge, while the NE Japan arc, with a thicker arc crust (up to 36 km), features a higher value of 0.2 wt%, although the slab thermal parameters for these three arcs are essentially the same. The Central Japan arc shows the highest extent of slab-derived fluid addition (>1.0 wt%) because of the overlapping subduction of Pacific and Philippine Sea slabs, while the SW Japan and Ryukyu arcs feature moderate values of ~0.5 wt%. Moreover, a clear exotic plume zone and spots are observed in SW Japan and the Japan Sea. In addition to the variability of slab-derived fluid composition, the intrinsic mantle composition (before slab-derived fluid–induced metasomatism) shows a clear along-arc variation that is possibly caused by a large-scale mantle flow from the continental side. Thus, slab-derived fluid addition and mantle composition variability equally contribute to inter-arc segmentation, which highlights the importance of both local and regional thermal flow structures of slab-mantle systems.

Serpentinites and serpentinized mantle peridotites with various tectonic origins occur in the Franciscan Complex of the Northern California Cordillera, USA. Boron isotopes of serpentinites differentiate with fluid-mediated processes, and have great potential for key geologic markers in convergent margins. To understand boron isotope behavior within the Franciscan subduction zone system, we apply a newly developed ablation volume correction (AVC) method for in-situ isotope/elemental analyses using a laser-ablation multiple collector inductively-coupled-plasma mass spectrometry (LA-MC-ICPMS) on seventeen different Franciscan serpentinites (sensu lato) collected from eight separate areas. Boron abundances and isotope compositions of the studied serpentinites show large variations B = 1.6–239 μg·g−1, δ11B = −12.0 to +24.4‰, which allow to discriminate the serpentinites into two groups: (1) a lighter δ11B of −12.0 to +8.8‰ with a lesser B ~2 GPa. Preferential partitioning of 11B into fluids released from the subducted slab at shallow leaves lighter δ11B in the slab resulting in lighter δ11B in the deep slab fluids. In contrast, the blueschist-absent serpentinites with heavier δ11B may have formed at a shallow environment where shallow slab or hydrothermal fluids with heavier 11B were present. Lesser versus greater amounts of B in the deep versus shallow serpentinites are also consistent with the dehydration profile of B from a slab. Our results show the versatility of boron isotopes and composition for identification of the origin of serpentinite in Pacific-type orogenic belts.

Fully characterising the exchange of volatile elements between the Earth’s interior and surface layers has been a longstanding challenge. Volatiles scavenged from seawater by hydrothermally altered oceanic crust have been transferred to the upper mantle during subduction of the oceanic crust, but whether these volatiles are carried deeper into the lower mantle is poorly understood. Here we present evidence of the deep-mantle Cl cycle recorded in melt inclusions in olivine crystals in ocean island basalts sourced from the lower mantle. We show that Cl-rich melt inclusions are associated with radiogenic Pb isotopes, indicating ancient subducted oceanic crust in basalt sources, together with lithophile elements characteristic of melts from a carbonated source. These signatures collectively indicate that seawater-altered and carbonated oceanic crust conveyed surface Cl downward to the lower mantle, forming a Cl-rich reservoir that accounts for 13–26% or an even greater proportion of the total Cl in the mantle., Volatile exchange between the Earth’s interior and surface layers is one of the central issues in mantle geochemistry. Here the authors present evidence that chlorine is transferred from the surface to the deep mantle by subducted oceanic crust, forming a chlorine-rich mantle reservoir.

How new subduction zones form is an ongoing scientific question with key implications for our understanding of how this process influences the behavior of the overriding plate. Here we focus on the effects of a Late Cretaceous subduction-initiation (SI) event in Iran and show how SI caused enough extension to open a back-arc basin in NE Iran. The Late Cretaceous Torbat-e-Heydarieh ophiolite (THO) is well exposed as part of the Sabzevar-Torbat-e-Heydarieh ophiolite belt. It is dominated by mantle peridotite, with a thin crustal sequence. The THO mantle sequence consists of harzburgite, clinopyroxene-harzburgite, plagioclase lherzolite, impregnated lherzolite, and dunite. Spinel in THO mantle peridotites show variable Cr# (10–63), similar to both abyssal and fore-arc peridotites. The igneous rocks (gabbros and dikes intruding mantle peridotite, pillowed and massive lavas, amphibole gabbros, plagiogranites and associated diorites, and diabase dikes) display rare earth element patterns similar to MORB, arc tholeiite and back-arc basin basalt. Zircons from six samples, including plagiogranites and dikes within mantle peridotite, yield U-Pb ages of ca. 99–92 Ma, indicating that the THO formed during the Late Cretaceous and was magmatically active for ∼7 m.y. THO igneous rocks have variable εNd(t) of +5.7 to +8.2 and εHf(t) ranging from +14.9 to +21.5; zircons have εHf(t) of +8.1 to +18.5. These isotopic compositions indicate that the THO rocks were derived from an isotopically depleted mantle source similar to that of the Indian Ocean, which was slightly affected by the recycling of subducted sediments. We conclude that the THO and other Sabzevar-Torbat-e-Heydarieh ophiolites formed in a back-arc basin well to the north of the Late Cretaceous fore-arc, now represented by the Zagros ophiolites, testifying that a broad region of Iran was affected by upper-plate extension accompanying Late Cretaceous subduction initiation.

In subduction zones, fluids rise from the slab to the mantle, causing metasomatism and flux melting of the mantle to produce arc magmas. The transfer of material from slab to mantle and, in turn, to arc crust is an important control on the long-term chemical evolution of the mantle and continental crust. In this study, we investigate the transport of K in subduction zones by exploring the systematics of K stable-isotope variations in lavas of the Izu arc. We find that the Izu lavas have isotopically heavy K relative to estimates for midocean ridge basalt (MORB)-source upper mantle. Moreover, the δ 41 K values of the lavas are clearly heavier than those of subducting sediments and are probably heavier than subducting altered ocean crust. An across-arc decrease in δ 41 K values is apparent. Arc-front lavas are heavier than the mantle by about 0.22‰ (median), whereas rear-arc lavas are heavier by only about 0.08‰ (median). The heavy K-isotope compositions of the arc lavas may arise from isotopic fractionation during slab dehydration, where light K is preferentially retained in phases such as phengite in the slab. The across-arc decrease in δ 41 K values may be due to progressive breakdown of these phases, and to associated depletion of the slab in heavy K. Variations in the relative contributions of different source materials—igneous ocean crust, sediment, and mantle peridotite—may also play a role. In particular, we explore a possibility, motivated by radiogenic-isotope studies, that the slab signal in K isotopes may be attenuated in the rear arc as a result of extensive fluid-mantle interaction. If K isotopes do track slab dehydration, then K isotopes provide insight into the transfer of K and similarly mobile elements out of the slab and into the upper mantle and arc crust. Lastly, we observe extreme isotopic variations in some of the lavas, which we interpret to result from crustal-level or Earth-surface processes that affect only a subset of the lavas.

Santorini volcano sits ~145 km above the Aegean Wadati-Benioff zone, where the African plate subducts northward beneath Eurasia. There are only a few localities in the whole Aegean where basaltic lavas primitive enough to constrain mantle processes beneath the Aegean arc can be found; in this work we analyzed one such locality, a basalt lava from the southern part of Santorini. We apply a suite of petrological tools (PRIMACALC2 and ABS5) in sequence to estimate magma chamber conditions, primary magma composition, mantle melting conditions, and slab dehydration conditions. Back-calculation modeling based on major-element chemistry yields shallow magma chamber conditions of P = 0.02 GPa, fO 2 = QFM + 2, and ~1 wt% H 2 O in the primary magma. The estimated major element composition of this primary magma then leads to estimated mantle melting conditions of 2.1 GPa, 1353 °C, and F = 8%; whereas a more precise estimate derived from trace element modeling implies 1.7 GPa, 1323 °C, and F = 18%. Furthermore, the trace element model implies a slab flux derived from 4.6 GPa (~150 km slab depth). The estimated slab depth, magma segregation conditions, and magma chamber depth are all consistent with seismic observations, supporting slab dehydration in the seismically imaged steep slab interval and flux melting in a relatively hot mantle wedge.

The extreme Sr, Nd, Hf, and Pb isotopic compositions found in Pitcairn Island basalts have been labeled enriched mantle 1 (EM1), characterizing them as one of the isotopic mantle end members. The EM1 origin has been vigorously debated for over 25 years, with interpretations ranging from delaminated subcontinental lithosphere, to recycled lower continental crust, to recycled oceanic crust carrying ancient pelagic sediments, all of which may potentially generate the requisite radiogenic isotopic composition. Here we find that δ(26)Mg ratios in Pitcairn EM1 basalts are significantly lower than in normal mantle and are the lowest values so far recorded in oceanic basalts. A global survey of Mg isotopic compositions of potentially recycled components shows that marine carbonates constitute the most common and typical reservoir invariably characterized by extremely low δ(26)Mg values. We therefore infer that the subnormal δ(26)Mg of the Pitcairn EM1 component originates from subducted marine carbonates. This, combined with previously published evidence showing exceptionally unradiogenic Pb as well as sulfur isotopes affected by mass-independent fractionation, suggests that the Pitcairn EM1 component is most likely derived from late Archean subducted carbonate-bearing sediments. However, the low Ca/Al ratios of Pitcairn lavas are inconsistent with experimental evidence showing high Ca/Al ratios in melts derived from carbonate-bearing mantle sources. We suggest that carbonate–silicate reactions in the late Archean subducted sediments exhausted the carbonates, but the isotopically light magnesium of the carbonate was incorporated in the silicates, which then entered the lower mantle and ultimately became the Pitcairn plume source.

Sr isotope analysis of plutonic rocks is an important method for deriving the provenance and age of ancient magmatic episodes, and the petrogenetic processes operating during intrusive activity. We determined the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr isotopic compositions of fresh and variably altered feldspars from the 1.14 Ga gabbroic Great Abitibi Dyke, Ontario, Canada, through the use of Laser Ablation Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICPMS). The data show an alteration trend between fresh, low-Rb plagioclase with 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios of 0.7045 and high-Rb alkali feldspar with 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios of 0.7059, which may be used to constrain the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio of the mantle source. This trend is incompatible with simple mixing and instead has age significance. As post-intrusive alteration through hydrothermal circulation starts immediately following emplacement, LA-ICPMS analysis allows rapid estimation of initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios and intrusive age, suitable for sample screening and selection for more precise dating. For the Great Abitibi Dyke, the Rb-Sr age estimate of emplacement of 1.10 ± 0.23 Ga (2σ) is concordant with the precise U-Pb emplacement age of the dyke (1140.6 ± 2.0 Ma). The most altered high-Rb alkali feldspars return younger ages, suggesting that post-intrusive alteration lasted several hundred million years. This study highlights the need for microanalysis to differentiate between alteration and magmatic processes on basis of Sr isotopic signatures, and outlines a rapid method to determine initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios and to estimate Rb-Sr ages of plutonic rocks in terranes with long histories of multiple intrusive magmatic episodes.

We investigated the Sr–Nd–Hf–Pb isotope compositions of clinopyroxene separates and strongly leached bulk rock powders from the basalt lavas on Raivavae Island in the South Pacific. These data allowed us to explore the magma chamber processes of the two basalt groups: the high-μ-type (μ = 238 U/204Pb, HIMU) Rairua basalts erupted at ~ 9 Ma, and the depleted mantle (DM)-type Anatonu basalts erupted at ~ 6 Ma. We assessed different analytical techniques for clinopyroxene sample treatment, including leaching, sample digestion, chemical separation, and determination of parent/daughter ratios for use in age corrections. The age-corrected initial Sr–Nd–Hf isotope compositions of clinopyroxene samples solely overlap on the bulk rock compositions of each basalt type. The initial Pb isotope compositions show significant differences between the clinopyroxenes and bulk rock samples in both the Rairua and Anatonu basalts. The clinopyroxenes have less radiogenic Pb than their hosts, reflecting the magma chamber processes. The overall variations in the bulk rock Pb isotopes are explained by mixing of melts from the HIMU- and DM-type sources in the plume. In detail, early stage Rairua magma was more influenced by DM melts from which Rairua clinopyroxene was crystallized. Subsequent supply of dominant HIMU melts drove the bulk rock magma chemistry more HIMU-like. The Anatonu DM magma was largely from depleted mantle that differs from the Pacific MORB source. Subordinate contribution of a Pacific alkali-basalt-like component is suggested from the clinopyroxene chemistry of Anatonu perhaps from impregnated pyroxenite in the lithospheric mantle.

Intra-plate basalts of ~ 35–0 Ma in East Eurasia formed in a broad backarc region above the stagnant Pacific Plate slab in the mantle transition zone. These basalts show regional-scale variations in Nd-Hf isotopes. The basalts with the most radiogenic Nd-Hf center on the Shandong Peninsula with intermediate Nd-Hf at Hainan and Datong. The least radiogenic basalts occur in the perimeters underlain by the thick continental lithosphere. Shandong basalts possess isotopic signatures of the young igneous oceanic crust of the subducted Pacific Plate. Hainan and Datong basalts have isotopic signatures of recycled subduction materials with billions of years of storage in the mantle. The perimeter basalts have isotopic signatures similar to pyroxenite xenoliths from the subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath East Eurasia. Hainan basalts exhibit the highest mantle potential temperature (Tp), while the Shandong basalts have the lowest Tp. We infer that a deep high-Tp plume interacted with the subducted Pacific Plate slab in the mantle transition zone to form a local low-Tp plume by entraining colder igneous oceanic lithosphere. We infer that the subducted Izanagi Plate slab, once a part of the Pacific Plate mosaic, broke off from the Pacific Plate slab at ~ 35 Ma to sink into the lower mantle. The sinking Izanagi slab triggered the plume that interacted with the stagnant Pacific slab and caused subcontinental lithospheric melting. This coincided with formation of the western Pacific backarc marginal basins due to Pacific Plate slab rollback and stagnation.

Many seamounts on the Ontong Java Plateau (OJP) occur near the Stewart Arch, a topographic high that extends parallel to the North Solomon Trench along the southern margins of the plateau. Despite the thick sediment cover, several volcanic cones with strong acoustic reflection were discovered on the submarine flank of the Nuugurigia Seamount. From such volcanic cones, basalts were successfully sampled by dredging. Radiometric dating of basalts and ferromanganese encrustation indicate eruption age of 20–25 Ma, significantly younger than the ~ 122 Ma main OJP plateau and post-plateau basalts. The age range coincides with the collision of the OJP with the Solomon Arc. The Nuugurigia basalts geochemically differ from any other rocks sampled on the OJP so far. They are alkali basalts with elevated Sr, low Zr and Hf, and Enriched Mantle-I (EMI)-like isotopic composition. Parental magmas of these alkali basalts may have formed by small-degree melting of peridotitic mantle impregnated with recycled pyroxenite material having enriched geochemical composition in the OJP's mantle root. We conclude that small-volume alkali basalts from the enriched mantle root migrated through faults or fractures caused by the collision along the Stewart Arch to form the seamount. Our results suggest that the collision of the OJP with the Solomon arc played an important role in the origin of similar post-plateau seamounts along the Stewart Arch.

International audience; A new olivine reference material – MongOL Sh11‐2 – for in situ analysis has been prepared from the central portion of a large (20 × 20 × 10 cm) mantle peridotite xenolith from a ~ 0.5 My old basaltic breccia at Shavaryn‐Tsaram, Tariat region, central Mongolia. The xenolith is a fertile mantle lherzolite with minimal signs of alteration. Approximately 10 g of 0.5–2 mm gem quality olivine fragments were separated under binocular microscope and analysed by EPMA, LA‐ICP‐MS, SIMS and bulk analytical methods (ID‐ICP‐MS for Mg and Fe, XRF, ICP‐MS) for major, minor and trace elements at six institutions world‐wide. The results show that the olivine fragments are sufficiently homogeneous with respect to major (Mg, Fe, Si), minor and trace elements. Significant inhomogeneity was revealed only for phosphorus (homogeneity index of 12.4), whereas Li, Na, Al, Sc, Ti and Cr show minor inhomogeneity (homogeneity index of 1–2). The presence of some mineral and fluid‐melt micro‐inclusions may be responsible for the inconsistency in mass fractions obtained by in situ and bulk analytical methods for Al, Cu, Sr, Zr, Ga, Dy and Ho. Here we report reference and information values for twenty‐seven major, minor and trace elements.

Magmatism at some intraplate volcanoes and large igneous provinces (LIPs) in continental areas may originate from hydrous mantle upwelling (i.e. a plume) from the mantle transition zone (MTZ) at 410–660 km depths in the Earth’s deep interior. However, the ultimate origin of the magmatism, i.e. why mantle plumes could have been generated at the MTZ, remains unclear. Here, we study the buoyancy of a plume by investigating basalts from the Changbaishan volcano, beneath which a mantle plume from the hydrous MTZ is observed via seismology. Based on carefully determined water contents of the basalts, the potential temperature of the source mantle is estimated to be 1310–1400 °C, which is within the range of the normal upper mantle temperature. This observation suggests that the mantle plume did not have a significant excess heat, and that the plume upwelled because of buoyancy resulting from water supplied from the Pacific slab in the MTZ. Such a hydrous mantle plume can account for the formation of extremely hydrous LIP magmatism. The water was originally sourced from a stagnant slab and stored in the MTZ, and then upwelled irrespective of the presence or absence of a deep thermal plume.

Many groups or chains of seamounts border, or are associated with, oceanic plateaus but their origin and relationship with plateau volcanism are debated. An example is Ojin Rise Seamounts, a group of ~80 seamounts located northeast of the 147–134 Ma Shatsky Rise, an oceanic plateau that was formed along the trace of a triple junction in the northwest Pacific Ocean. A notable topographic feature of Ojin Rise Seamounts is that they are distributed in such a way that they appear to be connected to another oceanic plateau in the east, the ~100 Ma Hess Rise. Many seamounts are arranged in a NW–SE direction (almost in the same absolute plate motion direction) and some are organized into seamount chains consisting of several volcanic cones connected by a common platform, reflecting a complex volcanic history. Here we report petrography as well as major and trace element, Sr, Nd, Pb, and Hf isotope, and 40Ar-39Ar age data for basalts dredged from five seamounts in the western part of Ojin Rise Seamounts. We found that the 40Ar-39Ar ages of the cones (123.7–120.7 Ma) are distinctly younger than the magnetic lineation age (M9-M7; 134–132 Ma) around the chain. The younger age suggests either a protracted development for the seamount chain, previously proposed to have formed near-ridge, or age difference between the platform and cones. The morphological and age differences are supported by petrography and geochemistry: platform basalts are aphyric, whereas cone basalts are slightly to highly plagioclase-phyric (up to 48 vol%); platform basalts are depleted in trace element and isotope composition, but cone basalts are enriched with high Nb/Ti and 87Sr/86Sr, and low 143Nd/144Nd and 176Hf/177Hf ratios. The depleted signature of the platform basalts is similar to that of the abundant normal type basalts of Shatsky Rise with an isotope composition that overlaps with that of normal mid-ocean ridge basalts (N-MORB), whereas trace elements are enriched (e.g., higher Nb/Zr and Nb/Ti than N-MORB). However, slight geochemical differences between the Ojin platform basalts and Shatsky normal type basalts exist and are expressed in higher 208Pb/204Pb isotope ratios of the former. The depleted signature implies shallow mantle dilution of the (enriched) Shatsky plume tail near a ridge. In contrast, the enriched signature of the cone basalts indicates little contribution from N-MORB source mantle as (enriched) plume volcanism moved away from the ridge. The enriched features (Nb/Zr and 176Hf/177Hf) of the Ojin Rise cone basalts increase with increasing distance from Shatsky Rise and conform with a geochemical evolution model that involves increasing contribution from a highly enriched Hess Rise source component with time.

Tungsten is strongly incompatible during magmatic processes and is fluid mobile in subduction zones. Here we show that W isotope fractionation in arc lavas provide a powerful new tool for tracing slab dehydration and melting in subduction zones. Geochemically well characterized, representative arc-lavas from three subduction zones were chosen for this study to evaluate W isotope fractionation under different sub-arc conditions. Arc-lavas from SW Japan are produced by subducting a young, hot slab, and lavas from the volcanic front and rear arc of the Sangihe and Izu arcs are produced during subduction of a cold slab. The heaviest W isotope compositions ( δ 184 W ∼ 0.06 ‰ ) are observed in fluid-rich samples from the volcanic fronts of the Sangihe and Izu arcs. With increasing distance from the volcanic front, more melt-rich samples are characterized by progressively lighter W isotope compositions. Enriched alkali basalts from SW Japan, thought to be the product of mantle melting at a slab tear, and adjacent shoshonites have the lightest W isotope compositions ( δ 184 W ∼ 0 ‰ ). The correlation of W isotope fractionation with various indices of fluid release (e.g., Ce/Pb, Ba/Th) suggests that the heavy W isotope signatures record fluid recycling near the volcanic front due to dehydration of the subducted slab. Upon release of the heavy W, the residual slab preferentially retains isotopically light W, which is released during subsequent melting of drier lithologies in hot subduction zones, such as SW Japan. These data suggest that W isotopes can be used as a tracer of slab dehydration, potentially helping to determine the onset of cold subduction zone magmatism and hence, modern-style plate tectonics.

The source mantle of the basaltic ocean crust on the western half of the Pacific Plate was examined using Pb–Nd–Hf isotopes. The results showed that the subducted Izanagi–Pacific Ridge (IPR) formed from both Pacific (180–∼80 Ma) and Indian (∼80–70 Ma) mantles. The western Pacific Plate becomes younger westward and is thought to have formed from the IPR. The ridge was subducted along the Kurile–Japan–Nankai–Ryukyu (KJNR) Trench at 60–55 Ma and leading edge of the Pacific Plate is currently stagnated in the mantle transition zone. Conversely, the entire eastern half of the Pacific Plate, formed from isotopically distinct Pacific mantle along the East Pacific Rise and the Juan de Fuca Ridge, largely remains on the seafloor. The subducted IPR is inaccessible; therefore, questions regarding which mantle might be responsible for the formation of the western half of the Pacific Plate remain controversial. Knowing the source of the IPR basalts provides insight into the Indian–Pacific mantle boundary before the Cenozoic. Isotopic compositions of the basalts from borehole cores (165–130 Ma) in the western Pacific show that the surface oceanic crust is of Pacific mantle origin. However, the accreted ocean floor basalts (∼80–70 Ma) in the accretionary prism along the KJNR Trench have Indian mantle signatures. This indicates the younger western Pacific Plate of IPR origin formed partly from Indian mantle and that the Indian–Pacific mantle boundary has been stationary in the western Pacific at least since the Cretaceous.

Dacitic to rhyolitic glass shards from 80 widespread tephras erupted during the past 5 Mys from calderas in Kyushu, and SW, central, and NE Japan were analyzed. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to determine 10 major and 33 trace elements and 207Pb/206Pb-208Pb/206Pb isotope ratios. The tephras were classified into three major geochemical types and their source rocks were identified as plutonic, sedimentary, and intermediate amphibolite rocks in the upper crust. A few tephras from SW Japan were identified as adakite and alkali rhyolite and were regarded to have originated from slab melt and mantle melt, respectively. The Pb isotope ratios of the tephras are comparable to those of the intermediate lavas in the source areas but are different from the basalts in these areas. The crustal assimilants for the intermediate lavas were largely from crustal melts and are represented by the rhyolitic tephras. A large heat source is required for forming large volumes of felsic crustal melts and is usually supplied by the mantle via basalt. Hydrous arc basalt formed by cold slab subduction is voluminous, and its heat transfer with high water content may have melted crustal rocks leading to effective felsic magma production. Coincidence of basalt and felsic magma activities shown by this study suggests caldera-forming eruptions are ultimately the effect of a mantle-driven cause.

The Yamato Basin in the Japan Sea is a back-arc basin characterized by basaltic oceanic crust that is twice as thick as typical oceanic crust. Two types of ocean floor basalts, formed during the opening of the Japan Sea in the Middle Miocene, were recovered from the Yamato Basin during Ocean Drilling Program Legs 127/128. These can be considered as depleted (D-type) and enriched (E-type) basalts based on their incompatible trace element and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopic compositions. Both types of basalts plot along a common mixing array drawn between depleted mantle and slab sediment represented by a sand-rich turbidite on the Pacific Plate in the NE Japan fore arc. The depleted nature of the D-type basalts suggests that the slab sediment component is nil to minor relative to the dominant mantle component, whereas the enrichment of all incompatible elements in the E-type basalts was likely caused by a large contribution of bulk slab sediment in the source. The results of forward model calculations using adiabatic melting of a hydrous mantle with sediment flux indicate that the melting conditions of the source mantle for the D-type basalts are deeper and hotter than those for the E-type basalts, which appear to have formed under conditions hotter than those of normal mid-oceanic ridge basalts (MORB). These results suggest that the thicker oceanic crust was formed by greater degrees of melting of a hydrous metasomatized mantle source at unusually high mantle potential temperature during the opening of the Japan Sea.

We present a new numerical trace element mass balance model for adiabatic melting of a pyroxenite-bearing peridotite for estimating mantle potential temperature, depth of melting column, and pyroxenite fraction in the source mantle for a primary ocean basalt/picrite. The Ocean Basalt Simulator version 1 (OBS1) uses a thermodynamic model of adiabatic melting of a pyroxenite-bearing peridotite with experimentally/thermodynamically parameterized liquidus-solidus intervals and source mineralogy. OBS1 can be used to calculate a sequence of adiabatic melting with two melting models, including (1) melting of peridotite and pyroxenite sources with simple mixing of their fractional melts (melt-melt mixing model), and (2) pyroxenite melting, melt metasomatism in the host peridotite, and melting of the metasomatized peridotite (source-metasomatism model). OBS1 can be used to explore (1) the fractions of peridotite and pyroxenite, (2) mantle potential temperature, (3) pressure of termination of melting, (4) degree of melting, and (5) residual mode of the sources. In order to constrain these parameters, the model calculates a mass balance for 26 incompatible trace elements in the sources and in the generated basalt/picrite. OBS1 is coded in an Excel spreadsheet and runs with VBA macros. Using OBS1, we examine the source compositions and conditions of the mid-oceanic ridge basalts, Loihi-Koolau basalts in the Hawaiian hot spot, and Jurassic Shatsky Rise and Mikabu oceanic plateau basalts and picrites. The OBS1 model shows the physical conditions, chemical mass balance, and amount of pyroxenite in the source peridotite, which are keys to global mantle recycling.

We estimate the three-dimensional (3-D) P wave attenuation structure beneath Kyushu, Japan, using a large number of high-quality waveform data. Our results show that the mantle wedge is characterized by high-attenuation regions in the fore-arc corner and in the back-arc beneath volcanoes, with the two regions separated by a low-attenuation area. The volcanic gap in central Kyushu is underlain by low attenuation below the Moho. High attenuation in the fore arc is probably associated with serpentinized peridotite, while that in the back arc is interpreted as an upwelling flow that is the source of arc magmas. The presence of low-attenuation mantle that separates the high-attenuation hydrated, fore-arc, and back-arc mantle regions suggests that fluids are supplied from two depth levels of the slab by different mechanisms. Low attenuation beneath the volcanic gap probably results from intricate 3-D mantle flow that is caused by tectonic processes such as back-arc extension and ridge collision.

HIMU (high- μ ; 238 U/ 204 Pb) is a mantle reservoir that has been thought to form by subduction and subsequent storage of ancient oceanic crust and lithosphere in the mantle. In order to constrain the processes that acted on subducted materials over several billion years, we present precise Pb–Sr–Nd–Hf–He isotopic data together with 40 Ar/ 39 Ar and K/Ar ages of HIMU lavas from St. Helena in the Atlantic. Clinopyroxene separates were analyzed together with whole-rock samples to better describe the geochemical characteristics of the HIMU component. Although isotopic variations are small in the St. Helena lavas (20.6–21.0 for 206 Pb/ 204 Pb) between 12 and 8 Ma, the younger lavas have more HIMU-like isotopic compositions than the older lavas. The mixing arrays defined by these lavas are remarkably similar to those observed in HIMU lavas from Austral Islands in the Pacific, suggesting that the two HIMU reservoirs located in different mantle domains are characterized by similar isotopic compositions with radiogenic 206 Pb/ 204 Pb and 208 Pb/ 204 Pb, enriched Nd and Hf isotopes, depleted Sr isotopes, and radiogenic 3 He/ 4 He. However, there is a significant difference between the St. Helena and Austral Islands lavas in 207 Pb/ 204 Pb. The St. Helena lavas show systematically higher 207 Pb/ 204 Pb for a given 206 Pb/ 204 Pb. Lead isotope evolution models suggest that both HIMU reservoirs formed around 2 Ga; however, the HIMU reservoir for St. Helena is about 0.3 Ga older than that for Austral Islands. The relation between 206 Pb/ 204 Pb and 208 Pb/ 204 Pb could reflect the time-integrated κ ( 232 Th/ 238 U) in the components. The HIMU components for St. Helena and Austral Islands have κ values between 3.3 and 3.7, which are intermediate between the present-day fresh mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB; 2.6–3.2) and the chondritic silicate Earth (∼4). This is consistent with the model that the HIMU precursor is subducted oceanic crust created around 2 Ga from depleted upper mantle, in which κ monotonously decreased from the chondritic to the present-day values since late Archean or early Proterozoic, because of enhanced U recycling from the Earth’s surface back to the mantle in response to the increasing oxygen levels in the hydrosphere. Moreover, the fact that the HIMU components have much higher κ than the present-day hydrothermally altered MORB (0.2–2) suggests that either the HIMU precursor was an unaltered ancient oceanic crust, or more likely, an altered oceanic crust with minimal U enrichment by hydrothermal fluids in the less oxic marine environment of the late Archean or early Proterozoic. The unradiogenic 87 Sr/ 86 Sr of the HIMU components also suggests formation of ancient oceanic crust altered with hydrothermal fluids having much lower 87 Sr/ 86 Sr in that eon than at present, followed by removal of Rb from it by subduction dehydration.

A numerical mass balance calculation model for the adiabatic melting of a dry to hydrous peridotite has been programmed in order to simulate the trace element compositions of basalts from mid-ocean ridges, back-arc basins, ocean islands, and large igneous provinces. The Excel spreadsheet-based calculator, Hydrous Adiabatic Mantle Melting Simulator version 1 (HAMMS1) uses (1) a thermodynamic model of fractional adiabatic melting of mantle peridotite, with (2) the parameterized experimental melting relationships of primitive to depleted mantle sources in terms of pressure, temperature, water content, and degree of partial melting. The trace element composition of the model basalt is calculated from the accumulated incremental melts within the adiabatic melting regime, with consideration for source depletion. The mineralogic mode in the primitive to depleted source mantle in adiabat is calculated using parameterized experimental results. Partition coefficients of the trace elements of mantle minerals are parameterized to melt temperature mostly from a lattice strain model and are tested using the latest compilations of experimental results. The parameters that control the composition of trace elements in the model are as follows: (1) mantle potential temperature, (2) water content in the source mantle, (3) depth of termination of adiabatic melting, and (4) source mantle depletion. HAMMS1 enables us to obtain the above controlling parameters using Monte Carlo fitting calculations and by comparing the calculated basalt compositions to primary basalt compositions. Additionally, HAMMS1 compares melting parameters with a major element model, which uses petrogenetic grids formulated from experimental results, thus providing better constraints on the source conditions.

We present a new method for estimating the composition of water-bearing primary arc basalt and its source mantle conditions. The PRIMACALC2 model uses a thermodynamic fractional crystallization model COMAGMAT3.72 and runs with an Excel macro to examine the mantle equilibrium and trace element calculations of a primary basalt. COMAGMAT3.72 calculates magma fractionation in 0–10 kb at various compositions, pressure, oxygen fugacity, and water content, but is only applicable for forward calculations. PRIMACALC2 first calculates the provisional composition of a primary basalt from an observed magma. The basalt composition is then calculated by COMAGMAT3.72 for crystallization. Differences in elemental concentrations between observed and the closest-match calculated magmas are then adjusted in the primary basalt. Further iteration continues until the calculated magma composition converges with the observed magma, resulting in the primary basalt composition. Once the fitting is satisfied, back calculations of trace elements are made using stepwise addition of fractionated minerals. Mantle equilibrium of the primary basalt is tested using the Fo-NiO relationship of olivine in equilibrium with the primary basalt, and thus with the source mantle. Source mantle pressure, temperature, and degree of melting are estimated using petrogenetic grids based on experimental data obtained in anhydrous systems. Mantle melting temperature in a hydrous system is computed by adjusting T with a parameterization for a water-bearing system. PRIMACALC2 can be used either in dry or water-bearing arc magmas and is also applicable to mid-ocean ridge basalts and nonalkalic ocean island basalts.

Major and trace element and Sr^Nd^Pb isotope data for wholerocks and major element data for minerals within basalt samples from the Chugaryeong volcano, an intra-plate back-arc volcanic centre in the central part of the Korean Peninsula, are used to address the process of magma genesis in the deep back-arc region of eastern Asia.There are two lava flow units at Chugaryeong volcano: the Chongok (0·50Ma) and the Chatan (0·15Ma) basalts. These basalts have similar MgO (9·1^10·4 wt %) but exhibit differences in their major and trace element and isotope compositions. The Chongok basalt has higher TiO2, Al2O3, Na2O, K2O, P2O5, Cr2O3, large ion lithophile elements (LILE), high field strength elements (HFSE), and rare earth elements (REE), and lower FeO*, SiO2, and CaO than the Chatan basalt. In addition, the Chongok basalt has more radiogenic Nd/Nd and Pb/Pb, and less radiogenic Sr/Sr and Pb/Pb than the Chatan basalt. Chi-square tests for the major elements indicate that crystal fractionation can explain the chemical variations within each basalt suite; intra-crustal processes, including crystal fractionation and assimilation of continental crust, cannot result in the formation of one basalt suite from the other. The Sr^ Nd^Pb isotopic compositions of the Chongok and Chatan basalts plot on mixing hyperbolae between peridotite mantle xenoliths from the area and a fluid flux derived from a mixture of ancient and recent sediments. The trace element compositions of the estimated primary melts for the two basalt suites suggest different degrees of partial melting of a common enriched mantle source that was metasomatized by a Ba-, K-, Pb-, and Sr-rich fluid. The estimated degree of melting increased with time from 7·5% for the Chongok basalt to 10% for the Chatan basalt. The source mantle for the Chatan basalt is more enriched in Ba and Pb, indicating a greater fluid flux than for the Chongok basalt. This suggests that melting of the source mantle increased with time, sustained by an increased sediment-derived fluid flux from the deeper upper mantle.

DEPARTMENT OF RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, WASEDA UNIVERSITY, TOKYO 169-8555, JAPAN FUKADA GEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, TOKYO 113-0021, JAPAN CENTER FOR NORTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES, TOHOKU UNIVERSITY, SENDAI 980-8576, JAPAN DEPARTMENT OF EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE, TOKYO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, TOKYO 152-8551, JAPAN GUANGZHOU INSTITUE OF GEOCHEMISTRY, CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, GUANGZHOU 510640, CHINA KOCHI INSTITUTE FOR CORE SAMPLE RESEACH, JAPAN AGENCY FOR MARINE^EARTH SCIENCE AND

The origin of historic potassic basalts (from the 1719 to 1721 AD eruption) from the Wudalianchi volcanic field, northeast China, is investigated. The samples examined in this study are aphyric, and contain ~ 5 vol.% olivine microphenocrysts. Geochemical analyses of the samples, along with published data for material from the 1719 to 1721 AD eruption, show that the basalts exhibit linear compositional trends in whole-rock variation diagrams, and are characterized by K2O enrichment (> 4 wt.%) and an EM1-like isotopic signature. Using thermodynamic calculations and the observed petrological features of the basalts, the temperature of the magmas shortly before eruption is estimated to have been ~ 1250 °C, and the water content of the magma at depth is estimated to have been > ~ 1.1 wt.%. Because the estimated temperatures are significantly higher than the projected maximum temperature of the lithospheric mantle beneath the Wudalianchi volcanic field, the magmas were likely derived from the asthenospheric mantle. We suggest that both the potassic- and EM1-like natures of the basalts originated from the mantle transition zone, metasomatized by K-rich sediment fluids ~ 1.5 Ga ago through a stagnation of an ancient slab. The linear whole-rock compositional trends of the basalts primarily reflect the geochemical heterogeneity in the mantle transition zone, with variable but coupled contributions of ~ 1.5 Ga sediments in the ancient stagnant slab, and recent sediments and peridotites in the stagnant Pacific slab. We infer that the Wudalianchi magmatism was caused by an upwelling of a hydrous mantle plume from the mantle transition zone, which was hydrated through the stagnation of the ancient subducted slab and the recent Pacific slab.

International audience; Magmas play a key role in the genesis of epithermal and porphyry ore deposits, notably by providing the bulk of ore metals to the hydrothermal fluid phase. It has been long shown that the formation of major deposits requires a multi-stage process, including the concentration of metals in silicate melts at depth and their transfer into the exsolved ore fluid in more superficial environments. Both aspects have been intensively studied for most of noble metals in subsurface conditions, whereas the effect of pressure on the concentration (i.e., solubility) of those metals in magmas ascending from the sublithospheric mantle to the shallow arc crust has been quite neglected. Here, we present new experimental data aiming to constrain the processes of gold (Au) dissolution in subduction-linked magmas along a range of depth. We have conducted hydrous melting experiments on two dacitic/adakitic magmas at 0.9 and 1.4 GPa and ∼1000°C in an end-loaded piston cylinder apparatus, under fO2 conditions close to NNO as measured by solid Co-Pd-O sensors. Experimental charges were carried out in pure Au containers, the latter serving as the source of gold, in presence of variable amounts of H2O and, for half of the charges, with elemental sulfur (S) so as to reach sulfide saturation. Au concentrations in melt quenched to glass were determined by LA-ICPMS. When compared to previous data obtained at lower pressures and variable redox conditions, our results show that in both S-free and sulfide-saturated systems pressure has no direct, detectable effect on melt Au solubility. Nevertheless, pressure has a strong, negative effect on sulfur solubility. Since gold dissolution is closely related to the behaviour of sulfur in reducing and moderately oxidizing conditions, pressure has therefore a significant but indirect effect on Au solubility. The present study confirms that Au dissolution is mainly controlled by fO2 in S-free melts and by a complex interplay of fO2 and melt S2- concentration in sulfide-saturated melts, at given temperature. In addition, we propose that the transition from sulfide (S2-) to sulfate (S6+) species in melt is shifted towards more oxidizing conditions when pressure and the degree of melt polymerization increase. If this is true, this may have important consequences during mantle melting and magma ascent. In particular, if mantle melting occurred in moderately oxidizing conditions, a small degree of partial melting would allow the primary melts to become Au-enriched but the relatively high pressure would move the sulfide-sulfate transition to more oxidizing conditions, making the primary melts saturated with sulfide phases that would sequester gold from the melt. During magma ascent, the decreasing pressure would favour the destabilization of sulfides and the release of gold to the silicate melt. However, at shallow levels, decreasing pressure, magma evolution, and varying redox conditions would be continuously competing to concentrate or fractionate gold.

The Sorachi-Yezo belt, central Hokkaido, Japan, is composed of voluminous tholeiitic basaltic volcanics, and has been thought to be accreted fragments of an oceanic plateau formed in the Late Jurassic Pacific Ocean. Picrites have been reported as pillow lava and hyaloclastite from the Sorachi-Yezo belt. These picrites are characterized by very magnesian olivine phenocrysts (up to Fo [=100* Mg/(Mg+Fe)] = 94.1), which indicate that the primary magma was unusually Mg rich. The estimated MgO of the primary magma and the mantle potential temperature are as high as 29 wt% and 1700 °C, respectively, comparable to those of the Neoarchean komatiites, and higher than those of the Gorgona komatiites and picrites. The rare earth element patterns of the Sorachi-Yezo picrites are divided into two groups that are chemically akin to the Neoarchean komatiites and Gorgona komatiites and picrites, indicating different melting regimes in an extremely hot mantle plume. The Sorachi-Yezo picrites provide evidence for extremely high temperature magmatism, like that of Archean komatiite, caused by melting of the hottest mantle plume among the Phanerozoic oceanic large igneous provinces.

New data on the Hf, Pb, and Nd isotopes of the mafic rocks of various ages from Kunashir Island were used to address the nature of the subarc mantle of the southern segment of the Kuril island arc. At least since Late Cenozoic, its isotopic characteristics have been the MORBtype mantle of the Indian Ocean. Its boundary with the mantle reservoir of the Pacific MORBtype coincided probably with the Kuril-Kam� chatka Trench.

The northern Kyushu-Palau Ridge (KPR), remnant conjugate arc of the Izu-Ogasawara (Bonin)-Mariana (IBM) active arc, is dominated by basalt-andesite except for the Komahashi-Daini Seamount where acidic plutonic rocks of 38 Ma were recovered. These mafic to intermediate volcanics are produced by the rifting volcanism in the proto-IBM arc associated with spreading of the Shikoku Basin. The HFSE and HREE contents and ratios of these volcanics indicate enriched source mantle composition compared to recent volcanic front. The LILE ratios exhibit similar characteristics to reararc volcanism of the recent Izu arc, and some enriched volcanics exhibit high abundance of sediment melt inputs. Based on these observations and compilations of the published data set, the replacement event of the wedge mantle under the IBM arc occurred two times. The first event occurred between 45 and 38 Ma, with Pacific type mantle being replaced by depleted Indian type mantle. The second event occurred between 36 and 25 Ma, enriched mantle flowed from reararc side. The slab component during the proto-IBM arc rifting was a similar characteristic to recent reararc volcanism of the Izu arc, and sediment melt added in a local area.

We present a new set of He–Ne–Ar isotopic compositions for HIMU and EM1 lavas from the Cook–Austral Islands in the south Pacific. 3He/4He of the HIMU lavas are lower than MORB values, as previously demonstrated, but a coherent variation in 3He/4He with Pb isotopes indicates two-component mixing to form the lavas. One component is the HIMU reservoir with 3He/4He of 6 Ra or lower, and the other is the local lithosphere, which is commonly involved in EM1 lavas. Relative abundances of radiogenic and nucleogenic 4He, 21Ne and 40Ar show systematic variations. In 4He/40Ar*–4He/21Ne* space, the HIMU lavas define a trend that is parallel to, but offset from the trend previously observed for other OIBs. Using 4He/21Ne* as a monitor of elemental fractionation of noble gasses, fractionation-corrected 4He/40Ar* is higher than the 4He/40Ar* production ratio in the mantle, reflecting a HIMU reservoir with a lower K/U (approximately 3000) than canonical mantle value (13000). Radiogenic 3He/4He and the low K/U are best explained by a model where the HIMU reservoir was formed by direct accumulation of, or deep mantle metasomatism with, ancient subducted oceanic crust modified by hydrothermal alteration and dehydration during its subduction. If the subducted oceanic crust with fractionated K/U forms a large isolated reservoir in the mantle, previous estimates of K/U and K concentrations for the bulk silicate Earth, that did not take this reservoir into consideration, will be too high. Moreover, the mass balance calculation indicates that the subducted oceanic crust may make a significant contribution to the U mantle budget, requiring there to be less in the primitive mantle. However, a contribution from the primitive mantle is not ruled out entirely, unless the subducted oceanic crust had a relatively high U concentration and low K/U over geologic time and was totally preserved in a convecting mantle.

Mantle xenoliths in ∼83 Ma basanites from south-central Texas provide a rare opportunity to examine the lithospheric mantle beneath southern Laurentia. These peridotites represent lithosphere at the boundary between Mesoproterozoic continental lithosphere and transitional Gulf of Mexico passive margin. Here we report petrographic, mineral, and major element data for 29 spinel peridotite xenoliths from Knippa and use these to characterize the lithospheric mantle beneath south central Texas. The xenoliths comprise spinel-bearing lherzolites and harzburgites with coarse, equigranular textures. Some peridotites contain veins of lizardite. There are no pyroxenites or eclogites. The peridotites contain olivine (Fo89-92), orthopyroxene (En89-92), clinopyroxene (Wo40-45En45-49Fs3-5), and spinel. Spinel Cr# (Cr/(Cr+Al)) distinguishes lherzolites (Cr# = 0.14–0.21) and harzburgites (Cr# = 0.25–0.36). Mineral and major element compositions indicate that the lherzolites are residues after

We present major element, trace element, and petrographic data on alkali basalts from St. Helena, and examine the geochemical characteristics of a recycled component involved in the source of HIMU (Pb/ Pb420·5) ocean island basalts. Petrographic and compositional variations in the St. Helena basalts are best explained by the combined effect of fractional crystallization and accumulation of phenocrysts. Primary melt compositions are estimated by correcting for the effects of crystal^liquid differentiation by reconstructing the order of crystallization and the relative amount of fractionated phases.This calculation indicates that the St. Helena alkali basalts are derived from a common primary magma with 14^20 wt % MgO. Simple partial melting of fertile mantle peridotite, depleted mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB)-source mantle, or garnet pyroxenite fails to produce the St. Helena primary melt. Instead, this primary melt can be reproduced if there are contributions from ancient recycled oceanic crust and depleted peridotite [(Rb/ Nb)PM1⁄4 0·38^0·80]. Subducted sediment can be excluded to explain the low (Rb, Ba, U)/Nb and Ce/Pb of St. Helena basalts. Geochemical modeling using major and trace element abundances, together with Sr, Nd, Pb, and Hf isotope ratios, indicates that the St. Helena primary melt can be formed by 1^2% melting of a peridotitic source that was refertilized by a small amount (8^18%) of melt derived from recycled oceanic crust. This source has a similar trace element pattern to modern normal (N)-MORB, but element abundances are 0·1^0·2 times N-MORB values. The calculated recycled crust has a wide range of present-day Pb isotopic ratios (Pb/ Pb of 21·7^79·3 and Pb/ Pb of 40·8^89·3), Sr/ Sr of 0·7018^0·7028, Nd/Nd of 0·51274^0·51285, and Hf/Hf of 0·28262^0·28293 after a residence time of 1·2^2·8 Gyr. Rb, Ba, Pb, Sr, and light rare earth element abundances in the recycled crust are depleted compared with modern N-MORB, whereasTh, U, Sm, and Nd abundances fall within the range of compositional variations in modern N-MORB. The trace element compositions of the recycled oceanic crust can be explained by element behavior during seafloor alteration and subduction zone dehydration of oceanic crust. Therefore, recycling of ancient subducted oceanic crust is a potential process for producing the St. Helena HIMU basalts.

Newly obtained precise analytical data on trace elements and radiogenic Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopes testify to anomalous geochemical characteristics of mafic and intermediate Quaternary lavas in Paramushir (in the north of the Kuril arc), Kunashir and Iturup (in the south) islands, which are the largest three islands of the Kuril island arc. The high K and LREE concentrations in the volcanic products in Paramushir Island resulted from the southward expansion of the mantle thermal anomaly of the Kamchatka Peninsula and the involvement of melts related to the melting of oceanic sediments in magma generation. The depleted characteristics of the mafic volcanics are explained by the relatively young tectono-magmatic events during the opening of the Kuril backarc basin. The Kuril island-arc system developed on a heterogeneous basement. The northern islands are a continuation of the volcanic structures of southern Kamchatka, which were formed above an isotopically depleted and hot lithospheric mantle domain of composition close to that of the Pacific MORB type. The southern islands were produced above an isotopically enriched and cold lithospheric domain of the Indian-Ocean MORB type, which was modified in relation to relatively young backarc tectono-magmatic processes. Although issues related to the genesis of the transverse geochemical zoning were beyond the originally formulated scope of our research, the homogeneous enough isotopic composition of the rear-arc lavas in the absence of any mineralogical and geochemical lines of evidence of crustal contamination suggests an independent magmatic source.

Tertiary and Quaternary lavas from the West Java arc, Indonesia, have been analyzed to identify their major and trace elements and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope compositions. The analyzed samples are basaltic to andesitic in composition and are representative of the across-arc setting in both the Tertiary (Miocene) and Quaternary periods. The results indicate that the major and incompatible trace elements are enriched in the rear arc (RA) lavas compared to the volcanic front (VF) lavas. The Nd isotope composition is systematically more radiogenic in the VF lavas, although Pb and Sr isotope compositions in the VF and RA lavas are virtually identical. The incompatible element variation can be simply explained by the differing degree of partial melting in the mantle source, i.e., the melting is greater in the VF and lesser in the RA. The contrast in the Nd isotope composition originates from the different flux rates of the slab fluid relative to the mantle partial melts; these rates are higher in the RA and lower in the VF. The total fluid addition to the mantle mass is greater in the VF; however, a greater degree of melting in the VF dilutes the contribution of radiogenic Nd from the sediment fluid (Sendjaja et al., 2009). The across-arc geochemical variation between the Tertiary and Quaternary lavas does not differ. This implies that the West Java arc has been in a “steady state” over the past 10 million years, with continuous subduction input from the Indian Ocean sediments and continuous upwelling and replenishment of the depleted mantle source from the back arc.

The mechanisms of continental intraplate magmatism were investigated with respect to Cenozoic basaltic shield lavas from the Changbaishan area, northeast China, using a comprehensive data set of major and trace elements, Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic compositions, and K–Ar ages. The shield lavas show a significant variation in TiO 2 content (1–4 wt.%), which exhibits a positive covariance with K 2 O and a negative covariance with SiO 2 for most samples. The compositional variation of the lavas cannot be explained solely by magma chamber processes, such as fractional crystallization and crustal assimilation, and may in part be attributed to processes in the magmatic source region. The variation in TiO 2 is considered to mainly reflect variations in the degree of partial melting of the source mantle, and the negative covariance of SiO 2 and TiO 2 suggests that lower-degree melts were produced at greater depths. On the basis of the observed negative covariance of TiO 2 with K–Ar ages in the main lavas, it would appear that magmas segregated at progressively greater depths with time, since at least 4.2 Ma. This feature cannot be explained in terms of temporal changes in the mantle potential temperature and/or bulk source composition. Instead, it appears likely that the rate of asthenosphere upwelling beneath the Changbaishan area decreased with time, whereby the melting depth gradually increased, resulting from a reduction in the heat flux from the upwelling mantle to the overlying lithosphere. The inferred deceleration of the asthenospheric mantle is considered to have been related to a change from an extensional to compressive tectonic stress regime during the late Pliocene. Our study suggests that long-term volcanic activity in the Changbaishan area will continue to decrease unless there is an increase in the upwelling rate of the asthenospheric mantle.

We report Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic data of young alkaline basalt lava from a new type of volcano (petit-spot) on the northwestern Pacific Plate. Petit-spot lavas show Dupal, or extremely EM-1-like, Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions. The data cannot be explained by contamination of pelagic sediment, in spite of the prediction on the basis of geological observation. We thus consider that the geochemistry of petit-spot lava indicates the existence of recycled fertile plate materials, not only the Dupal isotopic signature, in the northern hemisphere Pacific upper mantle unrelated to one or more active plumes. In consideration of published experimental results for fertile plate materials, selective melting of recycled material is a process critical in generating petit-spot lava. Moreover, the small volume of the volcano and low degree of melting in the mantle source needed to form strongly alkalic lavas suggest that petit-spot volcanism is originated from small-scale heterogeneities of recycled material. This idea consistently explains the geochemistry and noble gas isotopic composition of petit-spot lava, and also suggests small-scale heterogeneity widespread in the upper mantle of the Pacific Ocean. Together with a revised view of upper mantle heterogeneity, we propose that gross upper mantle composition is controlled by abundances and scales of regions of recycled material that correspond to differences in the relative position to the Pangea supercontinent, suggesting the link to the tectonic origin of the global scale heterogeneity.

The Sunda Arc of Indonesia developed along the convergent margin between the Eurasian and the Australian Plates. More than 100 Quaternary volcanic centers occur along the arc. The West Java Arc is a segment of the Sunda Arc in which more than 10 volcanic centers are located, corresponding to the 120 to 200 km depth contours of the Wadati–Benioff zone. The geochemistry of 207 Quaternary lavas from six centers across the arc was investigated. The lavas range from basalt to dacite. Incompatible element abundances increase from the volcanic front to the rear-arc in response to a change from low-K to high-K suites. Nd–Sr isotope compositions of the basalts scatter between mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) source mantle and Indian Ocean sediment (SED) compositions, with volcanic front low-K basalts having more radiogenic Nd than the rear-arc basalts. It is suggested that mixing between slab-derived fluids mainly from the SED and melt from MORB source mantle played a significant role in determining the geochemistry of the West Java basalts. Incompatible element patterns in primitive mantle normalized multi-element plots are almost identical across the arc, except for greater inclination and weaker positive Sr spikes in the rear-arc basalts. This suggests a lower degree of partial melting in the rear-arc mantle, accompanied by change in SED fluid composition between the volcanic front and the rear-arc. The latter is confirmed by fluid-fluxed melting model calculations using multiple trace elements and Nd and Sr isotopes. All the West Java Arc lavas require deficit of Sr from the slab SED. This may occur due to selective breakdown of Sr-rich hydrous silicate minerals, such as zoisite, at shallower depths before the SED component reaches the depth of dehydration effective for magma genesis. The rear-arc basalts need further Sr deficits along with lesser fluid. These features are commonly observed in many arc basalts, and are likely attributable to the same mechanism.

Analysis of middle and upper Eocene rocks from the IBM forearc, including the Ogasawara and Mariana Islands, help illuminate early arc volcanism of the proto-IBM arc. Dredged volcanic rocks from the forearc are two-pyroxene basalt to andesite, and may be divided into two groups, tholeiite and calc-alkaline, on the basis of mineralogy, petrography, and bulk chemistry. Tholeiites are characterized by high HFSE contents, high crystallization temperatures, and low water contents. In contrast, the calc-alkaline rocks are characterized by low HFSE contents, low crystallization temperatures, and higher water contents. These characteristics indicate that magma genesis for the two series differed. The tholeiites resulted from high degrees of partial melting of slightly depleted mantle under anhydrous conditions, whereas the calc-alkaline rocks were generated by low degrees of melting of depleted mantle under hydrous conditions. We believe that differences in mantle depletion arose from compositional layering and fluid zonations caused by MORB volcanism and slab dehydration, respectively.

Adakitic plutons dominate the Early Cretaceous igneous suite of the Kitakami Mountains of northeast Japan. The zoned plutons typically consist of adakitic granite in their centers (central facies) surrounded by adakitic to non-adakitic granites in their margins (marginal facies). The exposure of the adakitic plutons is divided into two zones: from the eastern part of the north Kitakami belt to the eastern margin of the south Kitakami belt (E zone: Hashikami, Tanohata, Miyako, and Kinkasan plutons), and the inner part of the South Kitakami belt (W zone: Tono, Senmaya, and Hitokabe plutons). The central facies granites are characterized by low Y and high Sr concentrations and fractionated LREE/HREE patterns, characteristics common to Archean TTG and modern adakite. Chemical compositions of the central facies granites can be explained by the “slab melting” model. In addition, from the trace element and isotopic characteristics, the contribution from sediments to slab melting is estimated to be 7 to 20%. The marginal facies granites are characterized by slightly lower Sr/Y ratios, less fractionated REE patterns, and weak negative Eu anomalies. The marginal facies magma is considered to be derived from the reaction of slab melts with mantle peridotite and lower crustal amphibolite. Central facies granites in the W zone may have slightly interacted with mantle wedge peridotite during their ascent, while those in the E zone show little or no evidence for mantle contamination. The difference in the degrees of mantle contamination in the adakitic granites may be related to the crust–mantle structure beneath the accretionary complex (E zone) and the microcontinental block (W zone).

Quaternary lavas from the NE Japan arc show geochemical evidence of mixing between mantle-derived basalts and crustal melts at the magmatic front, whereas significant crustal signals are not detected in the rear-arc lavas. The along-arc chemical variations in lavas from the magmatic front are attributable almost entirely to geochemical variations in the crustal melts that were mixed with a common mantle-derived basalt. The mantle-derived basalts have slightly enriched Sr–Pb and depleted Nd isotopic compositions relative to the rear-arc lavas, but the variation is less pronounced if crustal contributions are eliminated. Therefore, the source mantle compositions and slab-derived fluxes are relatively uniform, both across and along the arc. Despite this, incompatible element concentrations are significantly higher in the rear-arc basalts. We examine an open-system, fluid-fluxed melting model, assuming that depleted mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB)-source mantle melted by the addition of fluids derived from subducted oceanic crust (MORB) and sediment (SED) hybrids at mixing proportions of 7% and 3% SED in the frontal- and rear-arc sources, respectively. The results reproduce the chemical variations found across the NE Japan arc with the conditions: 0.2% fluid flux with degree of melting F ¼ 3% at 2 GPa in the garnet peridotite field for the rear arc, and 0.7% fluid flux with F ¼ 20% at 1 GPa in the spinel peridotite field beneath the magmatic front. The chemical process operating in the mantle wedge requires: (1) various SED–MORB hybrid slab fluid sources; (2) variable amounts of fluid; (3) a common depleted mantle source; (4) different melting parameters to explain across-arc chemical variations.

東北本州弧の後期新生代火山岩類の地質学的・岩石学的研究により,火成活動の時間的発展が詳細に明らかになってきた.この時間的発展は,島弧の構造地質学的発展と密接に関連している.火山活動には明らかに3つのステージが識別され,それらは大陸縁辺ステージ,背弧海盆ステージ,そして島弧ステージに区分される.おのおののステージの火山岩類は,それぞれ特徴的な島弧横断方向の化学組成変化を示す.これは,おそらく背弧海盆拡大期から島弧形成期にかけてのマントルの温度構造変化に伴って起こったものであろう.島弧ステージはさらに4つのサブステージに区分される.それらは海底火山活動期(13.5～8Ma),後期中新世カルデラ形成期(8～5Ma),鮮新世カルデラ形成期(5～1.7Ma),そして第四紀成層火山形成期(1.7～0Ma)である.火山噴火様式の変化は,地殻内応力場の変動によって起こったものと解釈され,それはプレート運動に規制されていると考えられる.近年の地震波トモグラフィーの発展によって,東北本州弧の地殻・マントル構造を,詳しく可視化することができるようになった.地質学と岩石学をあわせ考えると,地震波イメージは地殻・マントルの温度構造を明らかにするための有効な道具となる.地質学と岩石学に基づいて推定される現在のマントルウェッジの温度構造は,マントルウェッジの地震波速度構造とよく対応している.後期中新世～鮮新世カルデラの地下で起こったであろうマグマの貫入は,地殻内に大規模なマグマ溜りを形成し,地殻内温度構造に影響を与えたと考えられる.この温度構造擾乱の名残は,現在も地震学的に検出できる.東北本州弧の地殻・マントル温度構造は火成島弧の発展と関連して発達してきたものと考えられる.

Arc Basalt Simulator version 5 (ABS5) is a forward geochemical and petrological model that can be used to examine the element mass balance in primary arc magmas including the source and nature of slab materials and flux melting of the mantle-wedge peridotite. The inverse problem approach using ABS5 allows the estimation of intensive and extensive geophysical variables in arc magma genesis. The intensive variables are slab dehydration depth ( P SS ) and temperature ( T SS ) and mantle melting pressure ( P perid ) and temperature ( T perid ). The extensive variables are the amount of slab liquid added to the mantle ( F slab liq ) and the degree of melting of the mantle ( F perid ) along with the amounts of water in the slab liquid ( XH 2 O slab liq ), mantle ( XH 2 O perid ), and magma ( XH 2 O melt ). Subordinate geochemical variables that also can be estimated using ABS5 include the degree of chemical reaction between slab liquids and the solid slab ( %R ); slab liquid fractions derived from igneous oceanic crust [ F liq ( AOC )], sediment [ F liq ( SED )], and metasomatized mantle peridotite layers [ F liq ( DMM )]; and the degree of depletion of the mantle wedge ( %MORB ext ). The mass balances for 26 incompatible elements, six major elements including H 2 O and Sr, Nd, Hf, and Pb isotopes are calculated based on the same scheme. Monte Carlo calculations are used to estimate the aforementioned variables by fitting the calculated magma composition to observed values. This paper describes the ABS5 calculation scheme and presents examples of its successful use. The geophysical variables determined for these example cases are compared with those estimated by other methods. The spatial variations of the magma productivity and implications for the location of the volcanic front are also discussed.

The conditions under which rear-arc magmas are generated were estimated using primary basalts from the Sannome-gata volcano, located in the rear of the NE Japan arc. Scoriae from the volcano occur with abundant crustal and mantle xenoliths, suggesting that the magma ascended rapidly from the upper mantle. The scoriae show significant variations in their whole-rock compositions (7.9-11.1 wt% MgO). High-MgO scoriae (MgO (*9.5 wt%) have mostly homogeneous 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios (0.70318- 0.70320), whereas low-MgO scoriae (MgO \*9 wt%) have higher 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios ((0.70327); ratios tend to increase with decreasing MgO content. The high-MgO scoriae are aphyric, containing *5 vol% olivine micro- phenocrysts with Mg# (100 9 Mg/(Mg ? Fe 2? )) of up to 90. In contrast, the low-MgO scoriae have crustal xeno- crysts of plagioclase, alkali feldspar, and quartz, and the mineralogic modes correlate negatively with whole-rock MgO content. On the basis of these observations, it is inferred that the high-MgO scoriae represent primary or near-primary melts, while the low-MgO scoriae underwent considerable interaction with the crust. Using thermody- namic analysis of the observed petrological features of the high-MgO scoriae, the eruption temperature of the magmas was constrained to 1,160-1,220 C. Given that the source mantle was depleted MORB-source mantle, the primary magma was plausibly generated by *7 % melting of a garnet-bearing spinel peridotite; taking this into consider- ation, and considering the constraints of multi-component thermodynamics, we estimated that the primary Sannome- gata magma was generated in the source mantle with 0.5-0.6 wt% H2O at 1,220-1,230 C and at *1.8 GPa, and that the H2O content of the primary magma was 6-7 wt%. The rear-arc Sannome-gata magma was gener- ated by a lower degree of melting of the mantle at greater depths and lower temperatures than the frontal-arc magma from the Iwate volcano, which was also estimated to be generated by *15 % melting of the source mantle with 0.6-0.7 wt% H2 Oa t*1,250 C and at *1.3 GPa.