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Travellers prefer to rely on peers’ recommendations and review websites to look for reliable and unbiased information. Trustworthy communicators are more influential than the untrustworthy one. Trustworthy content is need of the hour in specific to post COVID19 travel. This research is analysing what propels a traveller towards destinations and empirically verify the valences of trustworthiness on TripAdvisor reviews. Content analysis of TripAdvisor reviews (153799 numbers) on South Asian destinations are captured, modelled, and analysed using Descriptive statistics, Regression Analysis and Structural Equation Modelling. Positive reviews are more trustworthy than the negative reviews and are helpful to potential tourist who seeks ‘real’ or ‘genuine’ reviews. There is no moderating effect of negative sentiments on Trustworthiness. Our research results find that valences of TripAdvisor review are useful to potential tourists for their travel planning and actions. Practitioners should listen to TripAdvisor review valences and keep up with the value chain, make the destinations more tourist friendly and evolve new themes. Tourism ecosystem should use modicum of digital opportunities emanating from sentiments and apply appropriate strategies to develop their destinations. This way, tourists will develop brand equity. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on polarity analysis in TripAdvisor reviews and investigated the relationship between positive and negative valences with trustworthiness.

The paper is empirical in the course of methodological contributions and policy implications. It studies the quantity of tourism infrastructure obtainable for destinations in the Kashmir Valley. For analysis, quantitative data were collected from the head offices of numerous departments facilitating infrastructure facilities. The Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir is widely famous for its tourism potentials. Nevertheless, it needs to catch up in tourism infrastructure. The low quantity is visible in components and needs a comprehensive measurement to identify lags. Subsequently, identifying the significant areas of weakness required a scientific mechanism and an approach to remove such bottlenecks. Therefore, measurement of Infrastructure based on scientific methods is indispensable to identify the areas of inadequate facilities and to remove obstructions. Subsequently, composite index based analyses were adopted to compare and rank the quantity of Infrastructure of five popular tourism destinations. Tourism Infrastructure Index exposed disparity by dimensions and among the destinations. It is revealed that a low amount of Infrastructure is evident for most destinations and, therefore, affects the development of tourist places. So, the provision of sufficient quantity is recommended and depends upon the geospatial characteristics, nature and necessities of the destinations.

This paper is a literature review, aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the collaboration between the hospitality higher educational sector and the industry to prepare work-ready graduates. A scoping review of 111 research papers published between April 2000 and September 2021 in reputable hospitality and tourism journals was conducted. Research revealed different perceptions between industry employers, educators, and students about competencies required of entry-level hospitality employees. Previous studies confirmed the positive impact of the industry-university collaboration on enhancing hospitality graduates’ employability. The work-integrated model has been widely implemented to develop hospitality students’ skill sets. Thus, hospitality higher education institutions need to adapt to the constantly changing business environment and present graduates with sufficient industry knowledge and skills. This study adds to the current literature on hospitality competencies expected from tertiary education graduates and highlights the appropriate methods to ensure effective industry-academia partnership. Generally, hospitality students and educators place more value on industry knowledge and technical skills. Hospitality tertiary educators should, thus, seek industry inputs more proactively to redesign their education programs, and industry professionals should engage and offer more support to higher education institutions to raise the quality of potential candidates.

The global cruise tourism industry has been significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, it is important to understand the factors that affect tourists' decision to purchase cruise holidays after the pandemic. To accomplish this, a conceptual model based on the perceived value theory and incorporating concepts such as destination image, perceived risk, and purchase intention is proposed. This framework can be utilized to investigate tourists' purchase intention for cruise holidays and assist the cruise tourism industry in devising appropriate policies and designing cruise tourism products. This study is the first to develop a model for tourists' purchase intentions for cruise holidays after the COVID-19 outbreak.

This research aims to analyze the influence and efforts of the implementation of Tri Hita Karana in increasing guest satisfaction at Movenpick Resort & Spa Jimbaran Bali. Data collection methods used are observation and questionnaires. The number of respondents in this study amounted to 75 samples of guests staying overnight and one key informant using the incidental sampling method. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis. Before the analysis, the validity and reliability tests were conducted on the questionnaires distributed to the respondents. Based on the results of the t-test that has been carried out, it is concluded that one independent variable partially has a negative influence and two independent variables have a positive influence in increasing guest satisfaction at Movenpick Resort & Spa Jimbaran Bali. The results of t-count evidence this> t-table, namely the Parahyangan variable of (-2.370) is greater than t-table (-1.667), the variable Pawongan of (4,242) is greater than t-table (1,667), and the Palemahan variable of (4,508) is greater than t-table (1,667). Based on the results of the F-test, the three independent variables simultaneously have a significant effect. It is evidenced by the significance value of F of 0.000

The study uses an indicator approach to assess the socioeconomic impact on tourism in developing countries, using Sri Lanka as a case. Tourism is a flourishing sector in Sri Lanka that was affected by different aspects such as pandemics, terrorism, and economic, social, and political instabilities. Though the effects of these events have been studied separately, studies done to assess the socio-economic impact of tourism in Sri Lanka using an indicator approach are scarce; hence the study aims to fill this prevailing knowledge gap. Based on data availability, the study uses secondary data from Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority and Central Bank reports of Sri Lanka from 2010 to 2019. The socio-economic impact of tourism is measured using integral indicators calculated using the coefficients and weights of the data collected. The study concludes that tourism in Sri Lanka has had a positive socioeconomic impact and has increased continuously since 2010 except in 2019, due to the aftermath of the Easter Sunday attacks in April 2019. This study indeed provides a stepping stone to study the Sri Lankan Tourism Sector which is currently going through political and economic turmoil.

Sector tourism is one of the sectors hardest hit by the Covid-19 pandemic. To accelerate recovery tourism, D.I. Yogyakarta stakeholder collaboration a series of innovations. From the supply side, D.I. Yogyakarta is trying to improve attractions and amenities, following the shifting in preferences of tourists. For increasing demand side, collaboration to intensified promotion healthy tourism. This study trying to measure how effective the innovation efforts to tourism recovery and identifying factors that affect them. Furthermore, efforts necessary to conduct could accelerate the satisfaction level of tourists and increase D.I. Yogyakarta tourism branding power, leading to an increase in the quantity and quality of visit travelers to the D.I. Yogyakarta territory. This study has a combined approach, both qualitative and quantitative. Primary data was obtained from Focus Group Discussions with tourism stakeholders. Secondary data mainly used is the unstructured data obtained from TripAdvisor, Twitter, and Instagram. Analysis tools are used based on sentiment analysis, deep learning, and social network analysis. Generally, the innovations made by D.I. Yogyakarta have an positive impact to the satisfaction traveler and strengthen the D.I. Yogyakarta tourism brand. Even in 2021, when the Covid case reach the peak, the rating even reach the highest rating value. Increasing of the satisfaction, as an impact from the improvement of service, comfort, and cleanliness objects and amenities. Meanwhile strengthening brand and image of D.I. Yogyakarta tourism also tends to increase except for some conditions.

The emerging concept in culture tourism is creative tourism, which allows visitors to grasp themselves in local traditions and culture. It is a way that can be utilized for the growth and development of communities. Creative Tourism can be seen as means of promoting prosperity and well-being in different countries. Although, (UNESCO, 2017) assessed the alteration of cultural tourism into creative tourism as it addresses more to the Sustainable Development Goals. The Structured Questionnaire was formed and a survey was conducted and 50 samples from each village were collected from for analysis and interpretation. To exert the influence, this research paper has been designed to pertain the scope of creative tourism resources and to understand community willingness, awareness, and perception of the development and growth of tourism in the prospect of creative tourism destination. It has been unearthed that three villages (Puja, Garode, and Kashpo) in Himachal Pradesh's Kinnaur region require consciousness for creative tourism implementation. The residents with high education qualifications have shown a positive approach. The state of Himachal Pradesh is well notable of its community hidden treasure and represents it as a creative place making although it doesn’t have any region that represents itself as a creative tourism destination.

Dünyayı kasıp kavuran COVID-19 pandemisi, tüm dünyanın eğitim sistemini sarmıştır. COVID-19 pandemisinden önce de üniversite hayatları boyunca tükenmişlik düzeylerini artıracak birçok faktörle karşı karşıya gelen öğrenciler COVID-19 pandemisi ile beraber daha fazla stresörle baş etmek durumunda kalmışlardır. Bu çalışma sağlık programında eğitim gören önlisans öğrencilerinin karantina ve uzaktan eğitim sürecinde tükenmişlik ve sosyal destek düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi değerlendirmek amacıyla planlanmıştır. Tanımlayıcı tarzda planlanan çalışmanın örneklemini 143 sağlık önlisans programı öğrencisi oluşturmuştur. Araştırmacılara, pandemi sürecini ve online eğitimi değerlendiren Tanımlayıcı Bilgi Formu, Tükenmişlik Envanteri- Öğrenci Formu ve Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği elektronik ortamda uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen veriler bilgisayar ortamında SPSS 22.0 istatistik programı aracılığıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma sonucuna göre; algılanan sosyal destek ile tükenme arasındaki neden sonuç ilişkisini belirlemek üzere yapılan regresyon analizi anlamlı bulunmuştur (p=0,0160.05) ve arkadaştan (p=0.513>0.05) algılanan sosyal destek tükenme düzeyini etkilemezken, özel insandan algılanan sosyal destek ise tükenme düzeyini azaltmaktadır. Bu çalışmada; önlisans sağlık programında eğitim gören öğrenci popülasyonuna yönelik COVID-19 pandemisinin ve karantina sürecinde uzaktan eğitimin etkileri ortaya koyulmuştur. Çalışmamızın karantina ve uzaktan eğitim sürecinde sağlık alanında eğitim gören öğrencilerin tükenmişlik ve sosyal destek düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi aydınlatacağı düşünülmektedir.

Geçtiğimiz yıllarda tüm dünyayı etkisi altına alan Covid-19 salgını insanların sağlığında olduğu gibi yaşam koşullarında da bazı değişikliğe sebep olmuştur. Salgınla mücadelede uygulanan karantina, sosyal izolasyon ve evde kal önlemleri sonucu birçok insan sedanter yaşama geçmiştir. Bu çalışma, Covid-19 pandemi döneminde evden çalışmaya geçen bireylerde sezgisel yeme davranışı, depresyon ve beden kütle indeksi (BKİ) arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek amacıyla yapıldı. Covid-19 pandemi döneminde evden çalışmaya geçen ve Türkiye’nin farklı illerinde yaşayan, yaşları 20-65 aralığında bulunan 158 gönüllü katılımcı ile gerçekleştirildi. Veriler anket yöntemiyle online ortamda, Temmuz 2021-Kasım 2021 tarihleri arasında toplandı. Ankette demografik sorular mevcut olup, sezgisel yeme durumu Sezgisel Yeme Ölçeği-2 (IES-2) ve depresyon durumu Beck Depresyon Envanteri (BDE) kullanılarak incelendi. Verilere ilişkin analizler IBM SPSS 25 programında gerçekleştirildi. Analizlerde tanımlayıcı istatistikler, Mann Whitney U Testi, Kruskal Testi ve Post Hoc Bonferroni Testi, Spearman korelasyonundan yararlanıldı. Ankete katılan bireylerin %70,3’ünün kadın %29,7’sinin erkek olduğu belirlendi. Sezgisel yeme ölçeği alt boyutlarından ‘açlık ve tokluk sinyallerine bağlı yemek’ ile katılımcıların BKİ değerleri arasında hesaplanan -0,248 korelasyon katsayısı ile istatistiksel olarak anlamlı, negatif yönlü bir ilişki bulundu (p0,05).

Metabolik sendrom çağımızın önemli bir sağlık sorunu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Hareketsiz bir yaşamın benimsenmesi, yüksek kalorili ve sağlıksız bir beslenme biçiminin uygulanması metabolik sendrom görülme olasılığını arttırmaktadır. Metabolik sendromun görülme yüzdeliği kentsel ve kırsal kesimlere göre değişiklik göstermektedir. Metabolik sendromu etkileyen ana unsur yaşam tarzının nasıl olduğudur. Metabolik sendrom tanısının koyulabilmesi için tanı kriterleri çeşitli kuruluşlar tarafından belirlenmiştir. Metabolik sendrom; diyabet, kardiyovasküler hastalıklar ve obezitenin birleşiminden oluşan bir rahatsızlıktır. Obezite, hipertansiyon, dislipidemi, insülin direnci veya tip 2 diyabet bu bileşenlerden sayılmaktadır. Fiziksel aktivite insülin aktivitesinin kontrolünün sağlanması, kardiyovasküler hastalık riskinin azalması ve kilo kontrolünün sağlanmasında oldukça önemlidir. Hastalıktan korunmanın ve tedavinin etkin yolu obez bireylerde kilo veriminin sağlanması, gerekli egzersiz ve diyet uygulamalarının yapılmasıdır. Uygun ve yeterli fiziksel aktivitelerin yapılması metabolik sendromun bileşenlerinin görülme ve tedavi edilmesinde olumlu sonuçlar verdiği çeşitli çalışmalarla kanıtlanmıştır.

Serebral Palsili çocuklarda gövde kasları ve buna bağlı olarak gövde kontrolü etkilenmektedir. Gövde kontrolü, üst ve alt ekstremite hareket becerisiyle ilişkilendirilebileceğinden; fonksiyonel kapasite ve fonksiyonel bağımsızlığı da etkileyebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, serebral palsili çocukların gövde kontrolünün, fonksiyonel kapasite ve fonksiyonel bağımsızlık ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gözlemsel tanımlayıcı tipte tasarlanan çalışmaya, yaşları 5-18 arasında değişen, Kaba Motor Fonksiyon Sınıflama Sistemi (KMFSS)’ne göre 1, 2 veya 3. seviyede olan toplam 25 spastik tip hemiparetik serebral palsili çocuk dahil edildi. Çocukların gövde kontrolü Gövde Etkilenim Ölçeği (GEÖ) ile, fonksiyonel kapasiteleri 6 dakika yürüme testi (6DYT) ile, fonksiyonel bağımsızlıkları ise Çocuklar için Fonksiyonel Bağımsızlık Ölçümü (WeeFIM) ile değerlendirildi. Yapılan istatistiksel analiz sonucunda, GEÖ ile 6DYT ve WeeFIM arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişkili bulundu (p

Economic activity is highly unevenly distributed within cities, as reflected in the concentration of economic functions in specific locations, such as finance in the Square Mile in London. The extent to which this concentration reflects natural advantages versus agglomeration forces is central to a range of public policy issues, including the impact of local taxation and transport infrastructure improvements. This paper reviews recent quantitative urban models, which incorporate both differences in natural advantages and agglomeration forces, and can be taken directly to observed data on cities. We show that these models can be used to estimate the strength of agglomeration forces and evaluate the impact of transportation infrastructure improvements on welfare and the spatial distribution of economic activity.

The event study model is a powerful econometric tool used for the purpose of estimating dynamic treatment effects. One of its most appealing features is that it provides a built-in graphical summary of results, which can reveal rich patterns of behavior. Another value of the picture is the estimated pre-event pseudo-“effects,” which provide a type of placebo test. In this essay I aim to provide a framework for a shared understanding of these models. There are several (sometimes subtle) decisions and choices faced by users of these models, and I offer guidance for these decisions.

We study changing trends in within-city sorting by education over the last 40 years. We show that neighborhoods closest to the centers of large US cities rose from having the lowest levels of college attainment in 1980 to the highest in 2017. We discuss the determinants of changes in sorting patterns, focusing on the role of transportation technology and income growth. We outline various consequences of the recent urbanization of college graduates on neighborhood amenities, house prices, and segregation. We highlight the tendency of college graduates to cluster into select central neighborhoods, likely limiting opportunities for interactions across educational lines.

We combine data from longitudinal surveys in seven low- and middle-income countries (plus the United States for comparison) to document that depressive symptoms among those aged 55 and above are prevalent in those countries and, unlike in the United States, increase sharply with age. Depressive symptoms in one survey wave are associated with a greater decline in ability to carry out basic daily activities and a higher probability of death in the next wave. Using additional data from a panel survey we conducted in Tamil Nadu with a focus on elderly living alone, we document that social isolation, poverty, and physical health challenges are strongly correlated with depression. We discuss potential policy interventions in these three domains, including some results from our randomized control trials in the Tamil Nadu sample.

The US urban population increased by almost 50 percent between 1980 and 2020, with this growth heavily concentrated in the Sun Belt and at the fringes of metropolitan areas. This paper considers the role of housing supply in shaping the growth of cities and neighborhoods. Housing supply constraints have meant that demand growth has increasingly manifested as price growth rather than as increases in housing units or population in larger and denser metropolitan areas and neighborhoods. New housing is provided at increasingly higher cost in areas that have higher intensity of existing development and more restrictive regulatory environments. Both forces have strengthened over time, making quantity supplied less responsive to growing demand, driving housing price growth in many areas, and pushing housing quantity growth further out into urban fringes. As a result of such pressures on the cost of new construction, the US has recently experienced more rapid price growth and a declining influence of new construction on the housing stock.

Governments in many low- and middle-income countries are developing health insurance products as a complement to tax-funded, subsidized provision of healthcare through publicly-operated facilities. We discuss two rationales for this transition. First, health insurance would boost fiscal revenues for healthcare, as post-treatment out-of-pocket payments to providers would be replaced by pre-treatment insurance premia to health ministries. Second, increased patient choice and carefully designed physician reimbursements would increase quality in the healthcare sector. Our essay shows that, at best, these objectives have only been partially met. Despite evidence that health insurance has provided financial protection, consumers are not willing to pay for unsubsidized premia. Health outcomes have not improved despite an increase in utilization. We argue that this is not because there was no room to improve the quality of care but because behavioral responses among healthcare providers have systematically undermined the objectives of these insurance schemes.

Mental illnesses affect roughly 20 percent of the US population. Like other health conditions, mental illnesses impose costs on individuals; they also generate costs that extend to family members and the larger society. Care for mental illnesses has evolved quite differently from the rest of health care sector. While medical care in general has seen major advances in the technology of treatment this has not been the case to the same extent for the treatment of mental illnesses. Relative to other illnesses, the cost of care for mental illnesses has grown more slowly and the social cost of illness has grown more rapidly. In this essay we offer evidence about the forces underpinning these patterns and emphasize the challenges stemming from the heterogeneity of mental illnesses. We examine institutions and rationing mechanisms that affect the ability to make appropriate matches between clinical problems and treatments. We conclude with a review of implications for policy and economic research.

Tourism has always acts as a catalyst to develop local economy, improve socio-cultural changes and life style of the people residing tourist destinations. To conduct this study 616 respondents were selected from Khulna, Jessore, Bagerhat, and Kushita. On the other hand, Socio-cultural condition are influencing for development of local destinations. This paper argues and figures out influential factors of Socio-cultural condition by its broader societal context for more effective policy making. The purpose of this study is to assess the critical factors for sustainable tourism and community development of the local tourism industry in Bangladesh, to identify the major challenges in the local tourism sector in Bangladesh , to provide necessary suggestions for ensuring the sustainable development of the local tourism sector in Bangladesh. For fulfillment of above stated objectives data has been collected from various stakeholders and selected statistical techniques, such as measurement models, discriminant validity, and hypothesis testing were employed to examine the data in the study to confirm the study's assumption through SPSS and AMOS. The study is particularly important from a practical standpoint since it outlines difficulties and methods for the development of Bangladesh's tourist industry, which should be a priority in the development process. These characteristics can be applied to the local and worldwide development of a tourist location.

El trabajo de investigación que se presenta es un acercamiento a tres grandes recursos gráficos de la sociedad post digital; hablamos de la fotografía, la ilustración y la tipografía. Entre los objetivos principales se muestra un recorrido histórico para entender la longevavida de estos medios, su pervivencia y continua adaptación a los tiempos. La enumeración de algunos de los grandes hitos nos sirve para explicar su continua adaptación a los medios, a la tecnología y a la sociedad en general en un mundo globalizado donde la imagen tiene un poder persuasivo exacerbado. Sin duda, las imágenes, la publicidad y los anuncios que se han ido generando en momentos determinados de la historia actual son muy ilustrativos del protagonismo de estos en el desarrollo de grandes acontecimientos, quedando pues, con el paso de los años, una imagen residual vinculada al hecho en sí. Mostraremos algunos ejemplos concretos que han superado la función inicial para la que fue creada la imagen, la ilustración o la tipografía. Como conclusión, se insiste en la relevancia de estos recursos en la cultura visual actual hasta la era post digital, explicando cómo se insertan y conviven en los soportes y medios de comunicación de nuestro presente inmediato.AbstractThe research work presented here is an approach to three major graphic resources of the post-digital society: photography, illustration, and typography. The main objectives include a historical journey to understand the long life of these media, their survival and continuous adaptation to the times. The enumeration of some of the major milestones explains their continuous adaptation to the media, technology, and society in general in a globalized world where the image has an exacerbated persuasive power. Undoubtedly, the images, publicity, and advertisements that have been generated at specific moments in history today are very illustrative of the leading role they have played in the development of major events, leaving, over the years, a residual image linked to the event itself. We will show some specific examples that have gone beyond the initial function for which the image, illustration, or typography was created. In conclusion, we will insist on the relevance of these resources in today's visual culture up to the post-digital era, explaining how they are inserted and coexist in the supports and media of our immediate present.

En este artículo se analiza la visión que el alumnado de la especialidad de Artes plásticas y visuales del Máster de Formación del Profesorado de ESO, Bachillerato, FP y Enseñanza de Idiomas de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid tienen sobre los conceptos de diseño, arte y artesanía. Desde el curso 2014/2015 se les pide que realicen un pictograma que represente cada uno de estos conceptos, dejando de manifiesto su visión de los mismos o la visión que creen que la sociedad tiene de estos. Además de poder analizar las posibles dificultades que el alumnado tiene para realizar un pictograma, este ejercicio sirve para profundizar en el modo en el que perciben el diseño, el arte y la artesanía, lo que tiene especial relevancia al tratarse de futuros docentes de esta área de conocimiento. Estos pictogramas se analizan a partir de las premisas dadas a cerca de las características que debe cumplir un buen pictograma y, además, en busca de los ámbitos de cada disciplina y los objetos más representados en cada uno de los conceptos, siendo estos los ordenadores para el diseño, las paletas y los pinceles para el arte y los jarrones para la artesanía. Como conclusiones, además de las relacionadas con la representación de los conceptos, se expone el buen funcionamiento de la actividad para introducir en el diseño de pictogramas.AbstractThis article analyzes the vision that the students of the Plastic and Visual Arts specialty of the master’s degree in Teacher Training for ESO, Baccalaureate, FP and Language Teaching at the Complutense University of Madrid have about the concepts of design, art and crafts. Since the 2014/2015 academic year, they are asked to make a pictogram that represents each of these concepts, revealing their vision of them or the vision they believe society has of them. In addition to being able to analyze the possible difficulties that students have in making a pictogram, this exercise serves to deepen the way in which they perceive design, art and crafts, which is especially relevant when dealing with future teachers in this area of knowledge.These pictograms are analyzed from the premises given about the characteristics that a good pictogram must meet and, in addition, in search of the areas of each discipline and the most represented objects in each of the concepts, these being the computers for design, palettes and brushes for art and vases for crafts. As conclusions, in addition to those related to the representation of concepts, the good functioning of the activity to introduce in the design of pictograms is exposed.

Semi-regulated, privately-operated public transport (PT) systems are common in low and middle-income countries of the Global South. Several cities are now planning or implementing formalized schemes intended to improve quality of service, safety, security of PT services and to reduce negative externalities, with limited success. Bogotá, which embarked on a progressive citywide PT reform process starting in 2009, replicates the negative experience of other large cities introducing citywide transit reforms. The new formalized scheme was implemented gradually between 2012 and 2021. As a result two types of services coexisted in the city for nine years: semiformal and formalized services. This resembled a natural experiment that provided a unique situation to evaluate the restructuring reform in Bogotá from the user’s perspective. This study analyzes passenger satisfaction surveys for both systems by means of ordered Probit models and Importance-Performance Analysis. Despite the good intentions behind the formalization process, results show that users provide better ratings to the traditional semi-regulated services than the new formalized system, mainly because bus frequency and fares are worse and expected improvements in road safety, personal security and comfort have not been delivered. The reform in Bogotá allowed the city to have resilience during the pandemic, though; and provided a framework for inclusion of zero and low-emission buses. The analysis suggests some recommendations for the improvement of transit reform processes: putting the focus on service quality, as well as assigning sufficient funding and developing institutional capacities to undertake the required changes.

В год 120‑летия открытия хроматографии М.С. Цветом о роли хроматографии и хромато-масс-спектрометрии в современной науке рассказывает Алексей Константинович Буряк, член-корреспондент Российской академии наук, доктор химических наук, директор Института физической химии и электрохимии им. А. Н. Фрумкина РАН

Ферросплавы являются одной из базовых составляющих в технологических процессах металлургической промышленности. Расширение номенклатуры ферросплавов, повышение требований к их качеству привели к необходимости совершенствования методов анализа этих материалов. Сложность анализа состоит в сочетании высокоточного и экспрессного определения, как легирующих элементов, так и сопутствующих компонентов и примесей. В существующих государственных стандартах на методы анализа ферросплавов регламентированы только химические и физико-­химические методы анализа: титриметрия, гравиметрия, атомно-­абсорбционная спектрометрия, спек-трофотометрия и др., которые не являются универсальными. В статье представлен обзор методической базы и современных методов анализа ферросплавов.

Разнообразие свойств высокодисперсных (нано) материалов обусловило перспективность их использования в неорганическом анализе, включая атомную спектрометрию (атомно-­абсорбционная спектрометрия, атомно-­эмиссионная и масс-спектрометрия с индуктивно связанной плазмой). Эти материалы применяются в качестве твердофазных экстра­гентов и матричных модификаторов, а также являются объектами анализа. В статье рассмотрены пути получения и характеризации наночастиц; приведены данные о структуре и свой­ствах магнитных наночастиц, предназначенных для решения аналитических и биоме­дицинских задач; показана возможность повышения чувствительности и селективности определения ряда элементов при использовании наночастиц в атомно-­абсорбционной спектрометрии с электротермической атомизацией и в методе холодного пара. Проанализированы новые возможности спектрометрических методов для биоаналитических приложений с участием наночастиц, включая масс-спектрометрию с индуктивно связанной плазмой в режиме единичных частиц.

Стандартные правила оценки показателей качества природной воды предусматривают проведение измерений с погрешностью, которая часто соизмерима с абсолютным значением контролируемой величины. Вследствие этого возникают риски ошибочной оценки соответствия/несоответствия природной воды установленным требованиям безопасности и качества. Предложена простая методика количе­ственного исследования такого риска. Показано, что его максимальный уровень ограничен 50%, когда управленческие решения прини­маются в условиях полной неопределенности. Предложен способ учета рассматриваемых рисков при разрешении спорных ситуаций на основе имеющихся доказательств.

В статье рассматривается ведение технических записей по обращению образца в лаборатории. Представлены примеры форм лабораторных журналов регистрации, контроля условий окружающей среды при хранении и кондиционировании, перемещения (передачи), возврата, хранения и списания (утилизации) образцов.

В работе приведены результаты исследований, посвященных вопросам получения полимерных пленок на основе гидрогелей поливинилового спирта, модифицированных 1-(2 пиридилазо)-2 нафтолом. Исследование направлено на поиск эффективного способа синтеза влагостойких полимерных пленок со стабильными оптическими свой­ствами. Оценены влагостойкость полученных материалов путем определения времени их деформации в водной среде, изучены спектры поглощения в диапазоне длин волн 190–800 нм. Установлено, что любой из выбранных способов синтеза приводит к увеличению влагостойкости пленок, но при этом может происходить существенное изменение их спектральных характеристик. Отмечена перспективность использования материалов, полученных воздействием высоких температур (100 °C) в течение 30 мин.