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A great deal of attention has been directed toward developing better options for palliative care and hospice, and improving euthanasia techniques in all species. Euthanasia of exotic pets is technically more difficult because of anatomic differences and small patient size. Traditional intravenous euthanasia techniques in conscious patients are stressful and should generally be avoided in exotic pets; simple intramuscular administration of high dosages of anesthetics followed by delivery of euthanasia solutions is preferred. Options for mammals, birds, and reptiles are presented., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Diseases of the urinary tract are reviewed, covering infectious (bacterial, viral, parasitic), degenerative, congenital, metabolic, nutritional, neoplastic, obstructive, and toxic causes. Some clinical presentations and diagnostic procedures are described for ferrets, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, mice, rats, chinchillas, hedgehogs, and sugar gliders, as well as therapies., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Unusual mammalian species such as the hedgehog, sugar glider, and miniature pig are encountered with increasing frequency in exotic companion medicine. Disease of the oral cavity can occur in any species; although occasionally encountered in exotic mammalian species, it is rarely described in the literature. Anatomy and dentition vary significantly; diagnosis and treatment are often extrapolated from that known in other species. The best-documented disease of the oral cavity in this group of species is oral neoplasia in the hedgehog., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The level of care for smaller companion mammals has increased significantly during the past few years. Today, exotic companion mammals are acknowledged as a specific area of zoologic medicine. Owner demands for a higher level of care is increasing dramatically. Because most of these patients are small (less than 2 kg), this represents a great challenge, in particular for the field of diagnostic imaging. This article reviews the 5 main diagnostic imaging modalities currently available for investigation of the respiratory system of exotic companion mammals: radiography, ultrasonography, endoscopy, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance., (Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus syndrome: A disease that mimics congenital toxoplasmosis or cytomegalovirus infection. Diseases of the central nervous system caused by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and other arenaviruses. Onsite investigation at a mail-order hatchery following a multistate salmonella illness outbreak linked to live poultry-United States, 2018. Salmonella illness outbreaks linked to backyard poultry purchasing during the COVID-19 pandemic: United States, 2020. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract: Vascular access is an important component of therapy of the critical patient, in particular for fluid resuscitation in cases of circulatory collapse, or during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Intravenous access is well described in companion animal medicine, but becomes increasingly more difficult with decreasing patient size. Intraosseous catheterization provides vascular access in these patients for which intravenous catheterization is difficult or impractical. Intraosseous catheterization can be accomplished in avian, exotic mammal, and some reptile patients. Reports of serious complications are rare. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]