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Background: The occurrence of root resorption (RR) is an unavoidable result of orthodontic treatment. Finding a straightforward approach to its prevention remains a challenge. It is a tragic occurrence when radiographically detected, even though it is rarely severe. The application of force starts a sequence of biological mechanisms. Although we are well aware of how and when it is provoked, we are unable to foresee what will happen in the end. In the past few years, clear aligner therapy has become very popular. Although not much data has been established describing RR after this treatment. Aim: The following review determines the effect of aligner therapy on the resorption of roots leading to the shortening of root length. Methods: Research publications were searched on search engines such as Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar using terms such as "RR," "risk factors of RR" and "effects of clear aligner therapy on RR." These publications were then collected. Results: For this review, 30 articles were collected and further used to formulate this review. Conclusion: (1) Most affected teeth were the maxillary central and lateral incisors post aligner therapy. (2) Multiple factors that influenced RR were gender, malocclusion, the severity of crowding, type of tooth movement, and close approximation of root toward the cortical plate (3) Clear aligner therapy is comparable to LightForce fixed orthodontics appliances but surpasses heavy-force orthodontic appliances in the terms of the risk associated with developing RR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this review article is to discuss the different type of retainers used to stabilize the treatment outcome in different malocclusions. Strategic and through search of the literature from different databases was undertaken using free text and MESH terms. Result: Extensive study of the literature suggests that the duration and type of retention varies for different malocclusion and should be planned at the start of orthodontic treatment, as it plays important role in stabilizing the treatment outcome. Conclusion: Irrespective of the type of appliance used for retention, the patient should be informed and prepared for the long term or indefinite use of retainers and its role in maintaining the treatment results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Class II skeletal malocclusions are frequently accompanied by a retruded chin. Treatment of such cases is very challenging for the orthodontists. Firstly, the underlying skeletal malocclusion has to be corrected with functional appliances in patients with growth potential followed by fixed appliance orthodontic treatment and Genioplasty to achieve a pleasing profile. Genioplasty procedures are most often performed in addition to orthodontic treatment to attain optimal esthetics.The following case was treated with Twin Block appliance therapy followed by fixed orthodontic appliances. However, this treatment alone did not result in optimal facial esthetics. Therefore, it was decided to perform Genioplasty to improve esthetics. This resulted in marked improvement in the facial appearance of the patient. It can therefore be emphasized that without Genioplasty optimal esthetics will be difficult to achieve in cases with retruded chin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]