Search

Background: This study aims to investigate the impact of neuromuscular training (NMT) on static and dynamic postural balance (PB) among high-level male runners with intellectual disability. Method: Twenty-seven runners were randomly assigned to a NMT group and a control group who maintained their conventional training. Static and dynamic PB were assessed using the centre of pressure (CoP) excursions (in bipedal and unipedal stances under open eyes (OE) and closed eyes (CE) conditions) and the star excursion balance test (SEBT), respectively, at pre-training and post-training. Results: The NMT group showed significantly (p < 0.05) decreased CoP values and increased SEBT scores at post-training compared to pre-training. The switch from OE to CE did not affect static PB in the bipedal stance, only in the NMT group. Conclusions: The NMT was effective in improving static and dynamic PB in runners with intellectual disability. The NMT could reduce visual dependency.

In this study, it was aimed to examine the effects of static and dynamic core exercises applied to football players aged 10-12 years on some physical fitness characteristics. The mean age of 12,4±0,4 years, average body weight of 43,2±0.31 kg, average height of 153,5±0.32 cm and average age of 4.32 years in sports, 32 male football players who regularly trained participated voluntarily. The athletes participating in the study were randomly divided into two groups as control and experimental groups. Different training programs were applied to these groups; Experimental group (EG) was given routine volleyball training (3 days/week) for 8 weeks, static and dynamic core exercises for 30 minutes total training time. The control group (CG) only did routine volleyball training. Before the studies, pre-test measurements (agility, (20m) speed, balance, strength and vertical jump) of both groups were carried out. At the end of 8 weeks, the last test measurements of the groups were taken. A t-test was used to compare the preliminary and final values of the groups (dependent sample). When the first and last test measurements of the groups were compared between the groups; According to the analysis of the data, a statistically significant difference was observed in the balance test value (p<0.05). In the comparison between the groups, no significant difference was found in the agility test, (20m) sprint test, strength test and vertical jump measurement values (p > 0.05). In addition to regular football training, dynamic and static core programs applied within the scope of conditioning hand exercises contributed positively to some measured physical fitness characteristics of the athletes.

This paper focuses on the effects of plyometric trainings on upper extremity anaerobic power and shotspeed in 20 volunteer male handball players, who are in the men's handball team at Süleyman Demirel University. Players were randomly divided into two groups as handball training group (HTG) and plyometric training group (PTG). While HTG continued routine handball training, plyometric trainings were applied to PTG additionally for 8 weeks, 3 days a week, at least 30 minutes a day. The upper extremity anaerobic power and shotspeed tests were applied to the groups in 1st and 8th weeks of the period (Inbar et al., 1996). Data analysis was made by using comparison tests. The study reveals that plyometric trainings have positive effects on shotspeed in handball. Considering that plyometric training provides maximum contraction in the shortest time possible, it can be said that applying plyometric training in pre-season and in-season training programming may be more effective.

This study, which included 50 young amateur male footballers aged between 16 and 18, aims to compare certain physical and performance parameters of young football players based on positions. Based on their positions, the footballers were divided into two groups as "central" and "wing" positioned players. The body composition, anaerobic power, speed and flexibility values have been determined using field tests. The data were analyzed using SPSS 22 statistics program. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine the normality distribution of the data. The independent t-test was used because of the normal distribution of the data. Confidence interval for statistical processes was considered to be p < 0.05. The average values and comparison results obtained from the physical parameters of the central and wing players have showed that there is a statistically significant difference between central and wing players in terms of height (cm), body weight (kg), fat mass (kg) and lean mass (kg) parameters (p < 0.05), whereas there is no statistically significant difference in age (years) and fat rate (%) parameters (p > 0.05). The average values and comparison results obtained from the physical parameters of the central and wing players have showed that there is a statistically significant difference between central and wing players in terms of vertical jump (cm), 30-m sprint (s) and anaerobic power (kgm/sec) parameters (p < 0.05), whereas there is no statistically significant difference in 10-m sprint (s) and flexibility (cm) parameters (p > 0.05). The results of this study showed that, in terms of physical parameters, the height, body weight, fat mass and lean mass values of the central players were statistically higher than the wing players. In terms of performance parameters, the vertical jump and 30-m sprint performance of the wing players were found to be statistically better than the central players, while the anaerobic power values of the central players were found to be statistically higher than the wing players.

This study aimed to research the effect of dry-land quickness training for 14-16 years old male swimmers on 50 m freestyle swimming performance. 30 volunteer male athletes and 10 volunteer males in the same age group who do not sport participated in this study. Athletes were grouped who took swimming training as experiment1 (E1), experiment2 (E2) who took swimming & quickness training and control (C) group who did not take an exercise. Zig-zag (ZZ), Square test (ST), Illinois test (IT), and T-test were applied for quickness skills; 50 m freestyle swimming degree was computed for the swimming performance before and after the training. Findings were discussed by applying paired sample T-test for in-group, independent samples T-test and One-Way ANOVA tests were applied for intergroup comparison. There are significant differences in all the measurement parameters based on pared sample T-test analysis results (p<0.05). Also, with reference to intergroup analysis that compared E1, E2, and C groups, there are significant differences in all the parameters (p<0.05) while there is no difference between E2 and C group in ZZ, ST, K, and IT measurement parameters (p>0.05). On the other hand, there is a significant difference at 50 m freestyle swimming degree. Exercise that were applied on dry-land as an addition to swimming training have an effect on quickness and swimming performance. It can be considered to be available method for swimmers to plan their training at the appropriate time.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact on health-related fitness resulting from COVID-19 lockdowns on male high school students in Melbourne, Australia. Method: A total of 146 students completed fitness testing in February and retesting in November following 7 months of remote learning. Fitness tests conducted were 20-m shuttle run (Beep Test), flexed arm hang, body mass index, push-ups, sit-ups, and sit and reach. Results: The mean fitness levels of this cohort decreased across the health-related fitness components. Decreases were varying in magnitude, body composition (d = 0.3), flexibility (d = 0.56), muscular strength (d = 0.64), muscular endurance (d = 0.39 and d = 0.26), and cardiovascular endurance (d = 0.96). Discussion: The impact on students' fitness levels was noteworthy, and the long-term impacts of this decrease are yet to be seen. This research brings focus to what can be done to maintain adolescent fitness when their usual exercise opportunities are not available.

This research was conducted to determine whether there are differences between the norm values used in the evaluation of children who train in different sports and physical education lessons according to the chronological age and biological age of the children. The research group consists of a total of 239 male students of 13 (n=116) and 14 (n=123) chronological years, who study in grades 7 and 8. In addition, the biological ages of the students who make up the research group are calculated and divided into 13(N=140) and 14 (n=86) biological age groups. Within the scope of the research, heights, body weights, body mass indexes and body fat percentages of students were determined as anthropometric variables. Hand grip, leg strength, flexibility, horizontal and vertical jump, medicine ball throwing, ball throwing and sprint running skills were measured as motoric performance variables. The differences of variables according to chronological age and biological age were calculated by the Independent-Samples t-test. According to age groups, the arithmetic mean (x) is shown as 10%. While establishing the norm, the ratings accepted as Canadian criteria were used. In our study, significant differences were found between body weights in 13 and 14 age groups according to both chronological age and biological age. While there is a similarity in 13 age group in terms of heights, difference in favor of biological age was calculated in 14 age group. Even if there is no difference in the comparisons made for the bio motor abilities that are the subject of our study, percentage differences were found in comparing norm values in 10% slices according to chronological age and biological age. Thanks to norm values generated according to both chronological and biological age, the physical condition of the children, strengths and weaknesses related to the level of students in physical education classes, according to the separation of the application groups of children directed to the appropriate sport or the athletes and the students about training programs that will be applied to the course content it is envisaged that the results of this research will provide guidance. In this way, it is thought that by dividing the chronological age and biological age in children, a possible loss of motivation will be prevented in both physical education and training and competitions.

Researches have revealed that most of the university age male individuals are not satisfied with their body image and prefer a more muscular body. This has revealed the accepted phenomena in mental illness classifications such as exercise dependence and eating disorder. In line with this information, the main purpose of the research is to examine the mediating effect of the use of sports supplements on the relationship between exercise addiction and eating disorder. 372 male university students participated in the research. Validity and reliability analyze were applied to the obtained data within the scope of the measurement model. The steps expressed by Baron and Kenny (1986) were followed in order to determine the mediation effect. As a result of the analysis, it has been empirically proved that the use of sports supplements mediates the relationship between exercise addiction and eating disorder. The results of the research have contributed significantly to the ongoing discussions as one of the leading researches in the literature. In addition, it provided clues to the researchers and practitioners who obtained the results in the detection and treatment of such important mental disorders.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between core stability and some performance parameters in 14-16 age group male long distance runners and football players. 15 male long distance runners and 15 male football players with an average whose height measured ranged from 172.400 ± 7.3513 cm participated in the study. Core stability was determined by plank test and performance values were measured by using tests such as; 30 m speed running, pro-agility, long jump and 60 s shuttle pull. Descriptive and paired-sample t tests were used to compare core stability and performance values. When it is analysed according to football and athletics branches, it is seen that there is no significant difference between the branches in terms of height, body weight, BMI (Body Mass Index), plank and shuttle numbers they can pull in 60 seconds (p < 0.05). However, it was found that 30 m speed running time, standing long jump distance and pro-agility test values showed a significant difference in favour of athletics (p < 0.01).

The fact that children have acquired the habit of physical activity therefore becoming physically and mentally healthy individuals has an important role in the formation of a healthy society. Physical activities during childhood and adolescence ensure that sports performance is at the highest level and also contributes to overall health values (Saygin, Karacabey, & Saygin, 2011). The aim of this study is to compare the physical fitness parameters of the male students who take the physical education course with an average age of 7,15 ± 36 years and who are trained in different sports branches. The first-grade students of the Private Yükselen College, who were in Pursaklar District of Ankara Province, participated in the study. For this purpose, physical fitness tests of 65 male students who took courses of physical education and received training in different sports branches were conducted. Significance values were taken as p <0.01 and p <0.05. As the results of the study showed that the speed, agility and muscular force parameters of the males showed faster development, it was observed that the values of the students who took education in different branches were better and a significant difference was observed between them.

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of wrestling education on some physical and motoric parameters in high school students. 42 volunteer men aged 15-17, who received regular wrestling training, participated in the study. In the study, after all, subjects were divided into 3 groups according to age groups, body weight, height, BMI, claw, back, leg strength, 10 and 30 m sprint, flexibility, anaerobic power, fat percentage, and body circumference measurements were taken. SPSS 20.0 program was used in the statistical analysis of the data obtained, the normality distribution of the data was determined by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Descriptive statistics, One Way ANOVA was used for normally distributed data and the level of significance was taken as p<0.05. When the findings were examined, there was a significant difference between the age variable and BMI, 30m sprint, anaerobic power, shoulder and chest circumference (p<0.05), while there were no significant differences in height, weight, claw, back, leg strength, 10m sprint, flexibility, fat percentage, waist, hip and femur values (p>0.05). In conclusion, besides the effect of growth in the adolescent period in different age groups, it can be said that wrestling education has positive effects on BMI, 30m sprint, anaerobic power, and some environmental measurements.

90-95% of vitamin D which has the supreme function of regulating many metabolisms in tissues and organs, is taken from the sunlight through skin. Since wrestling is performed in sun-protected sports halls, we think that a vitamin D replacement will improve the performance of wrestlers, especially as the limited exposure to sunlight is compared to outdoor sports branches. The aim of our study is to increase the strength and endurance of male wrestlers by applying 25-Hydroxy vitamin D replacement together with general and wrestling-specific trainings for 8 weeks. 36 wrestlers participated in the study and were divided into two groups as subject and control groups. Group A (n: 18) was the exercise-subject group with a 25-hydroxy vitamin D replacement and group B (n: 18) was the exercise-control group without the vitamin D replacement applied. In the subject group, Devit-3 oral ampoule 1 ml (300,000 I.U.) replacement was applied to the wrestlers whose 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels were below 20 ng/mL. Wrestlers were pre-tested one week before the replacement. After 8 weeks, they were post-tested and their vitamin D levels were measured again. Wrestlers in the control group were tested at the beginning and end of the 8-week training program without the vitamin D supplementation. In the analysis of the data, a Wilcoxon test and Mann Whitney test (one of the nonparametric tests) was used in accordance with the distribution width when the averages of the groups were evaluated in terms of significance with each other. The values that were p < 0.05 as the significance level of the data were accepted as statistically significant and the evaluations were made accordingly. When the results of the analysis were examined, it was seen that 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels of the wrestlers increased from 13.85 ng/ml to 26.28 ng/ml after the replacement applied to the wrestlers in the subject group. It was observed that while vitamin D levels of the group increased, their aerobic endurance decreased to 132.22 ± 9.69 from 150.33 ± 20.98 (p < 0.05). Thus, their aerobic endurance improved statistically significant. No statistically significant value was obtained in the test analysis of the wrestlers in the control group. The analysis results obtained from the study showed that the 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in athletes increased and their aerobic capacity also increased after vitamin D induction. It is possible to say that vitamin supplementation together with 8 weeks training program is more effective for athletes to improve their strength and endurance.

This study aims to analyze the effects of 6-week core training on certain biomotor abilities for footballers in the pubertal period. Accordingly, 30 male footballers who attend football courses regularly participated in the study. Footballers were divided into two groups; 15 of them were assigned to the Core Training Group (CTG) (age: 9.73 years; height: 139 cm; and body weight: 33.66 kg.) while 15 of them were assigned to the Conventional Training Group (CONTG) (age: 10.06 years; height: 139 cm; and body weight: 35.32 kg). While CONTG was applying the traditional training protocol, CTG additionally applied core strength exercises (two days a week for 10-15 min.). The selected biomotor tests were applied to both groups before and after the 6-week application. Between pre- and post-test values in the CTG, a statistically significant difference was found in flamingo balance, core stabilization balance, hand grip strength, 30 sec. abdominal crunch and 30 m sprint tests (p<0.05). In the CONTG, a statistically significant difference was found in 30-second push-up test values between pre- and post-tests (p<0.05). Comparing the pre-tests between groups, a statistically significant difference was found in flamingo balance and vertical jump tests (p<0.05). Also, comparing the post-tests, a statistically significant difference was found in core stabilization balance and vertical jump tests (p<0.05).

In the present study, the purpose was to examine the effects of some physical characteristics on the stroke speed in forehand and backhand techniques in tennis. The Study Group consisted of 10-12-year-old tennis players of Isparta Süleyman Demirel University Tennis Courts (mean age 10.15±0.37 (years), mean height 1.46±0.06 (m) mean body weight 38.77±6.67 (kg), mean sports age 4.76±1.16 (years)). Forehand and backhand strokes were performed in a closed tennis court to control the effect of the weather in measuring ball speed. The athletes warmed up until they reached maximal forehand and backhand speed levels. Three minutes after the athletes warmed up, the tests were started. They were asked to perform forehand and backhand strokes at 8 maximal speed. Sports Radar, Power Madd was used to measure the ball speed. The measurements of the radar used to measure the speed of the ball were taken at the time of the strokes and immediately after the strokes. The strokes were made in line with the rules of tennis, towards the court, and when the ball stroke the net or when it went outside the baseline (out), these strokes were not recorded. The feedbacks of the strokes were reported to the athletes to spend maximal effort. All strokes were directed towards the parallel point of the court. The coach behind the file sent the balls to the athletes for strokes, and all strokes were evaluated by two tennis coaches. The "Descriptive Statistics" and "Correlation Analysis" in the statistical package program to analyze the data. Significance level was taken as "p < 0.05". As a result, sports scientists and coaches must pay attention to technical development levels of athletes as well as their physical characteristics in the preparation of a training program for 10-12 year old male tennis players. It can be considered that strength development can be achieved with an accurate technique; and depending on this, the speed of the ball will increase. Since physical development is mostly at directly proportional to age, it is considered that ball speed will be affected as the age increases.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a post activation potential application response in sprinting and change of direction performance. Fifteen physically active, healthy men (age 23.5±2.0 years, height 175.0±7.6 cm, body weight 72.2±8.5 kg, body fat 15.7±2.9 %) voluntarily participated in this study. Cross sectional research design with a single group (n=15) and repeated tests was used and applicants participated in sprint and pro-agility tests 8 minutes after the pre-conditioning (PC) with weight wests that corresponded 5% and 10% of their body weights in different days without pre-conditioning. For PC, 8 minutes before for each 30m sprint and pro-agility tests, they did a resisted running with a weight vest corresponding 5% and 10% of their body weights. Analysis shows that, sprint after PC activity as resistance running with %5 and %10 of body weight (p<0.05) and agility (p<0.05) data showed statistically significant difference. According to the results of Bonferroni post-hoc correction, 30m sprint test times, which were performed 8 minutes after the PC which includes a 30m sprint with weight vests corresponding to 5% of their body weight, showed an increase from control test times, 4.34±0.23 seconds to 4.40±0.24 seconds respectively. This 0.07 second increase is statistically significant (p<0.05). In our study, PAP effect being observed as negative, might be related with the lower body weight percentages of resisted running exercise which was selected for PAP.

The aim of this study was to examine the changes in the body composition and motor characteristics of the students attending the wrestling lesson in one academic year (8 months). The study included 19 male wrestler students with an average age of 21.20±1.61 years. Body weights, body circumference measurements, regional muscle strengths, anaerobic strength skinfold thicknesses and body fat percentages were measured twice before the start of the wrestling training at the beginning of the academic year. SPSS 20.0 package program was used to analyze the data obtained at the beginning and end of the season. In the evaluation of pretest and posttest measurements, wrestler students' body weights, BMI, shoulder circumference, chest circumference, bicep circumference (ext), bicep circumference (flx), hip circumference, upper leg circumference, vertical jump distance, long jump distances, Anaerobic power capacities There was a statistically significant difference between the back force, leg strength, biceps, triceps and abdominal skin folds (p<0.05). As a result, it was determined that wrestling training taken by university students in a training process had a positive effect on muscle strength and anaerobic power levels and a positive effect on the development of body circumference measurements.

The aim of this study was to define anaerobic powers of sub-elite level racket and futsal players playing at university teams and to make comparison whether there was a difference between two groups or not. 12 racket (age: 19.83±1.02 yr) and 10 futsal players (age: 20.80±0.91 yr), 22 male players in total, voluntarily took part in this study. Body composition, Wingate anaerobic power test (WAnT), vertical jump, Illinois agility, handgrip strength and isokinetic leg strength measurements of the participants were carried out. SPSS 22.0 was used for data analysis and "Independent Samples T test" was used for comparing the data. Relative peak power (RPP) was as 12.04 W/kg, 11.41 W/kg in racket and futsal players respectively, at WAnT. And for the strength test, isokinetic extensor strength was measured as 220.61 Nm, and 217.40 Nm, isokinetic flexor strength as 134.82 Nm and 126.28 Nm. Dominant (D) and non-dominant (ND) handgrip strength measurements of the participants were detected as 51.51 kg/f and 49.58 kg/f in racket sports players, as 43.42 kg/f and 41.37 kg/f in futsal players respectively. The difference between these variables was found statistically significant only at D (p = 0.009) and ND (p = 0.004), handgrip strength parameters, the difference in other variables was not found significant. As a consequence, although WAnT, handgrip and isokinetic leg strength of racket sports players were found higher than futsal players, only the difference between handgrip strengths was statistically significant. This result showed us that there was no statistical difference between anaerobic strength parameters of racket and futsal players except for handgrip strengths.

The aim of the study is to evaluate the physical parameters of the futsal players before and after the season. In the study, the experimental group consisted of n = 10 male futsal players with an average age of 20.5±1.5 years, height 1.78±.03 cm, body weight 71.7±2.2 kg. The control group consisted of n = 10 male futsal players with an average age of 22.1±2.4 years, height 1.78±.03 cm, body weight 74.3±4.4 kg. Paired-T test was applied to pretest and posttest data for statistical analysis. There was no statistically significant difference in the weight, 30 m speed, 10 m speed, vertical jump, horizontal jump, anaerobic strength and shot velocity values of the experimental group. There was no statistically significant difference in the control group's weight, 30 m speed, 10 m speed, vertical jump, horizontal jump, anaerobic force, shot velocity values.

In previous studies, the acute effects of movement constraints on the countermovement jump performance are investigated; however, the longitudinal effects of implementing the constraint in a training regimen are not well studied. The purpose of this study was to examine the phenomenon of motor learning development due to application of task constraint in a training regimen following 6 weeks of training. Forty-five healthy adult males were randomly assigned to a control or one of two experimental constraint training groups (i.e., no arm swing or restricted knee flexion). Pre- and post-training jump height and kinematic variables of six maximum effort countermovement jumps were compared longitudinally within the groups, and also compared between the groups. The findings of this study indicated that jump height significantly increased in all the groups while in the unrestricted control group it was increased greater than the experimental conditions (21% compared with 12% and 5.5%). However, the applied task constraints significantly improved some of the contributors to jump performance, establishing specific adaptation of kinematic variables to the constraint training. Therefore, constraint training approach could be suggested in case of demanding specific adaptation of kinematic variables of countermovement jump in a training regimen.

The aim of this study is to determine the effects of both static and dynamic strength trainings on oxidative stress and DNA damage in elite boxers. 19 elite male boxers participated in the study. Boxers were instructed to perform strength exercises 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Blood samples were taken before exercises (resting), after the first exercise (acute) and after 8 weeks following the last exercise (chronic). MDA, SOD, GPx and 8-OHdG levels of blood were examined. Statistical analyses were carried out using the SPSS 22 for Windows. The data were found to not be distributed normally. Thus, Friedman, Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U tests were used. The results were evaluated using an alpha level of .05. In the dynamic strength exercise group, there was no significance at GPx, however MDA, SOD and 8-OHdG levels decreased in 8 weeks. In static strength exercise group, although there was no significance at SOD, GPx and 8-OHdG, MDA levels decreased both after a single session and in 8 weeks. In addition, significant difference was found between dynamic and static exercise groups at SOD, GPx and 8-OHdG levels in pre-exercise and at 8-OHdG levels after 8 weeks. Dynamic strength exercises with Thera-Band are effective on MDA, SOD and 8-OHdG chronically, static strength exercises are effective on MDA both acutely and chronically. Neither dynamic nor static strength exercises are not effective on GPx both acutely and chronically.

This study was carried out to determine the effect of lower extremity muscle fatigue on proprioceptive sense in soccer players. 26 male soccer players who play licensed soccer in the amateur soccer teams of the Agri province and who was not injured in the past year (Age 20,03±3,38, weight 65,69±10,66, height 176,61±8,72) participated in the study voluntarily. The lactic acid concentration of the participants at rest and their proprioceptive sense measurements were determined by standardized methods and materials. Then, Wingate test was applied to the participants. The lactic acid concentration and proprioceptive sense measurements were repeated at the end of the test. The analysis of the collected data was carried out through the SPSS 22 program. Shapiro-Wilks test was conducted for normality distribution. Independent-Samples t-test was carried out in the comparison of test and control groups and Paired-Samples t-Test was utilized in the comparison of differences between pretest and posttest means. It was concluded that lower extremity fatigue in soccer players has a negative effect on lower extremity proprioceptive sense (p<0.05).

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an 8 weeks neuromuscular training program (NTP) on motoric and selected basketball skills in pre-pubescent male basketball players. Twenty-four male basketball players were divided into two homogeneous groups according to pre-test results; an intervention group (n = 12, age = 10.6 ± 0.75 years) and a control group (n = 12, age = 10.8 ± 0.68 years). All players trained together as a team; however, the intervention group participated in an 8 weeks NTP two times per week, while the control group followed their regular basketball training system as guided by their coach. Motoric skills were assessed according to the results of an agility t-test, 20 meters sprint, and tests of back strength, vertical jump, standing long jump, sit and reach, and standing stork balance. Basketball skills were assessed according to shooting and dribbling tests. Significant differences were found only in vertical jump and flexibility in the control group (p<0.05), whereas significant differences were found in all motoric and shooting skills in the intervention group (p<0.05). In addition, according to pre-test and post-test analysis of variance (ANOVA) results of the motoric and basketball skill scores of the groups, significant differences revealed in favor of the intervention group in agility, back strength, long jump, flexibility, and balance (p<0.05). The present study demonstrated the significant effects of NTP, which focused on motoric and shooting skills in pre-pubescent male basketball players.

This study aimed to investigate the effects on the dynamic balance of two different resistance training in male basketball players. 25 male basketball players who were over 18 participated in the study voluntarily. Participants were divided into two groups by using random sampling method as VertiMax strength training group and traditional strength training group (VertiMax, n=13; classic, n=12). Both training programs were administered 3 times a day for 6 weeks. In standing position, the dynamic balance values recorded on the right and left foot for 60 seconds were assessed by using EasyTech Libra Oscillating balance board. The scores used in the assessments were IBP (index of balance precision), recovery time right (return time of the visual helix balance from right side), and recovery time left (return time of the visual helix balance from left side). All tests were performed with visual feedback. Statistical analysis used three-factor mixed ANOVA. At the end of the training period, IBP (index of balance precision), recovery time right (return time of the visual helix balance from right side), recovery time left (return time of the visual helix balance from left side) showed that dynamic balance scores were similar in the VertiMax and classic training groups for right and left feet. VertiMax group in dynamic balance, the changes in IBP and recovery time right scores were found to be better. In both training groups, when the recovery time right values of the right and left feet were compared at the end of the process, it was seen that the rotation time from the right side of the visual helix motion area of the left leg was shorter (p<0.05). The results show that the VertiMax strength training included in the pre-season exercises positively affects participants' balance performance.

The paper is devoted to the issues of improving the methods of physical training. Currently, the method of teaching and training schoolchildren is developed mainly with a focus on a child's age, which does not always correspond to his or her biological maturity. These reasons together with the growing phenomenon of child acceleration reinforce the relevance of the research topic. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the impact of speed-strength exercises on the physical development and speed-strength qualities of schoolchildren aged 11-12. The authors used the measurements of anthropometric and physiometric indicators, as well as the tests that determine the level of development of speed and speed-strength qualities. The results of the research show that the physical indicators of the test group tend to increase, and during the school year, many indicators significantly change.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of regular CrossFit training on some force and jump parameters. 32 healthy wrestling men participated in the study, 16 experimental and 16 control groups. For the experimental group, CrossFit training, known as Cindy, was practiced three times a week for 8 weeks. The training consisted of 5 bars, 10 push-ups and 15 squats for 20 minutes. The control group continued the classical wrestling practice. Myotest accelerometric system was used for measurements of participants' values. For the analysis of the data, repeated measure ANOVA was used. According to the results, as a result of CrossFit training, athletes' squat jump heights increased (Wilks' Lambda = 0.541, F (1,30) = 25, p = 0.00). The mean post-training leap values (33.778 ± 5.48) were higher than the pre-training leap values (32.169 ± 4.95) (p <0.05). It can be concluded that Cindy CrossFit studies improve jumping and strength ability.

Whole Body Vibration (WBV) is a type of exercise commonly applied as a modern exercise technique. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of WBV applied for 10-week on strength, flexibility and agility in taekwondo athletes. A total of 23 healthy young males participated in the present study. The athletes were separated randomly into two groups as the control group (n=11) and whole body vibration training group (n=12). The WBV training group did training 3 days a week for 10 weeks. The Control Group did not do any trainings. The hand grip strength test, vertical jump test, sit-reach test, agility t-test were applied to the WBV training group and control group before and after the 10-week WBV training. The comparisons between the groups were analyzed by using an independent sample t-test at a significance level of p<0.05. No statistically significant differences were detected between the pre-test hand grip strength, vertical jump test, sit-reach test and agility t-test results of the WBV training group and control group according to the Independent sample t test. In the post-test results, statistically significant differences were detected between the vertical jump test, sit-reach test, agility t-test however, no statistically significant differences were detected between the hand grip strength results. The intra-group comparisons were made according to the paired sample t test at a significance level of p<0.05. Although statistically significant differences were detected in the WBV training group between the pre-test-post-test, vertical jump test, sit-reach test, agility t-test values, no statistically significant differences were detected between the hand grip strength results. No statistically significant differences were detected between the hand grip strength, vertical jump, sit-reach, agility t-test pre-test and post-test results of the control group. Long-term whole body vibration training has positive strength, flexibility and agility values.

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of vibration applications on muscle strength and balance. As the subjects to the research, nineteen male sport science students (age: 21.45±2.16 years, height: 177.55±7.24 cm, body mass: 71.62±11.02 kg) voluntarily participated in the study. The students were exposed to vibration in squat exercise position before they were exposed to vibration at 25Hz, 50Hz frequency and control (no-vibration) on three different application days. Before and after the vibration exposure, jump tests and balance tests were administered right after the 5th, 10th and 15th min in the wake of the vibration. A statistically significant difference was found in active and squat jump heights administered following the 25Hz and 50 Hz frequency applications (p[less than or equal to]0.05). No significant differences were found in the jump heights in control group (p>0.05). While there was no significant difference found in balance tests performed after 25Hz and 50Hz vibration applications (p>0.05), a significant difference was found after the control application (p[less than or equal to]0.05). As a result, there was an increase in jump heights following the acute vibration application however, no change was seen in balance scores. Practicing acute vibration applications can be recommended to increase jump height especially before the competitions and applications.

The purpose of this research is to compare the elbow isokinetic strength applied at different angular velocities on the dominant and non-dominant side in elite male volleyball players. Fifteen elite volleyball players participated in the research. Isokinetic elbow flexion and extension strength were separately obtained on concentric/concentric dominant and non-dominant side as 5 repetitions at 60 degrees .s[superscript -1] angular velocity, 10 repetitions at 180 degrees .s[superscript -1] and 15 repetitions at 300 degrees .s[superscript -1]. In the research, the peak torque (PT), peak torque/body weight (PT/BW), flexion/extension ratio (B/T), angle of PT, work and power parameters were compared between the dominant and non-dominant elbows. No significant difference was found between the dominant and non-dominant side in the elbow isokinetic strength parameters of the subjects at three different velocities. A significant difference was found at three different velocities only in the angle of PT flexion (p < 0.05). It is thought that this difference may result from the muscle shortening that may occur on muscle length (longitudinal effect) as a result of the more concentric contraction of the muscle on the dominant side compared to the non-dominant muscle. Consequently, there is not any isokinetic strength difference between the dominant and non-dominant elbow in elite male volleyball players. Isokinetic elbow test can provide important information regarding the potential risk factors for elbow injuries. For this reason, it is recommended to include this test in the functional screening of volleyball players.

This study seeks to compare and contrast 12 to 14 years old male tennis players in terms of strength, heart rate, oxygen saturation and technical test values. A total of 15 tennis players took part in the study after filling in a parental consent form. The average age, height and weight of the male tennis players were found to be 13.1 ± 1.06 years, 154.07 ± 5.04 cm, 36.5 ± 3.85 kg respectively. In comparing of the values, the preliminary test was applied in the first week while the last test was applied in the eighth week, taking anatomical adaptation into consideration. During that period, the players were exposed to a 90-minute training three days a week. Both during the pretest and the last test, the players were exposed to 30 seconds push-up, sit-up, ropeskipping, AOS Technical Test, SpO2 tests and their heart rates were measured. The values obtained were compared using "paired t test" with a statistical software. The significance level was taken as "p < 0.05". Having compared the results of the first and last tests applied to the players, statistically significant differences were found between push-up, sit-up and ropeskipping rates; AOS technical test values, resting pulse, first set of heart rate values, second set of heart rate values (p < 0.05); however, there was significant difference between the first SpO2, first set of hear rate values, second set of heart rates and second set of SpO2 with regard to the pre- and post-test. It is possible to conclude that the technical trainings applied to the players improved the biomotoric and some of the physiological properties of the players, which, by extension, enhanced the performances.

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between strength, flexibility and balance parameters of male basketball players with performance dimension. Sixteen elite basketball players participated in the study voluntarily. Leg and back strength, flexibility and static and dynamic balance parameters of the participants were examined. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient method was used to determine the relationship between performance values obtained from strength, flexibility and balance parameters. As a result of the analysis of the data obtained; between LS and BS (r = 0.676 p < 0.01), SBRL and SBB (r = 0.787 p < 0.01), SBLL and SBB and SBRL (r = 0.688 p < 0.01, r = 0.791 p < 0.01), DBB and SBB and SBRL (r = 0.775 p < 0.01, r = 0.752 p < 0.01), DBRL and SBB, SBRL, SBLL and DBB (r = 0.800 p < 0.01, r = 0.694 p < 0.01, r = 0.707 p < 0.01, r = 0.874 p < 0.01), DBLL and SBB and SBRL (r = 0.765 p < 0.01, r = 0.652 p < 0.01) are high related. While there was a moderate relationship between DBB and SBLL(r = 0.610 p < 0.05), DBRL and SBRL, DBB and DBRL (r = 0.588 p < 0.05, r = 0.589 p < 0.05, r = 0.566 p < 0.05), there were no relationship between FLX and LS and BS(r = 0.430 p > 0.05, r = 0.155 p > 0.05), SDI SBB and LS, BS and FLX (r = 0.341 p > 0.05, r = 0.388 p > 0.05, r = 0.274 p > Z0.05), SDSA SBRL and LS, BS and FLX (r = 0.103 p > 0.05, r = 0.347 p > 0.05, r = 0.167 p > 0.05), SBLL and LS, BS ve FLX (r = -0.027 p > 0.05, r = 0.237 p > 0.05, r = 0.022 p > 0.05), DBB and LS, BS ve FLX (r = 0.211 p > 0.05, r = 0.306 p > 0.05, r = 0.268 p > 0.05), DBRL and LS, BS and FLX (r = 0.268 p > 0.05, r = 0.433 p > 0.05, r = 0.281 p > 0.05), DBLL and LS, BS and FLX (r = 0.136 p > 0.05, r = 0.137 p > 0.05, r = 0.164 p > 0.05). As a result, it is thought that the basketball players' performance will be increased by paying attention to the content of training programs due to the sudden direction change actions of basketball, which are related to strength, flexibility and balance parameters of male basketball players.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of CrossFit and resistance training on maximal strength, isometric strength and strength continuity in recreational student athletes. 28 healthy male volunteer students who were doing sport for recreational purposes participated in the study. After the participants were randomly divided into two groups, strength tests were performed and body composition measurements were taken before and after the 16-week training period. Bench press and squat were applied to determine maximal force; leg and handgrip strength were applied to determine isometric force; pull-up and push-up tests were applied to determine the continuity of strength. Body composition measurements were performed with electronic scales. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 21.0 program. Significance level was accepted as p <0.05. The CrossFit training program included consecutive 5 pull-ups, 10 push-ups and 15 squat exercises for 20 minutes (CrossFit-Cindy). Resistance training program consisted of 3 sets of bench press, lat pull down, leg press, biceps curl and triceps extension exercises with 3 minute intervals using 70% of the weights the participants could perform with pre-determined maximum 1 repetition. The results of the study showed that body fat percentages of both groups decreased significantly, performance variables increased significantly and body weight did not change significantly. In addition, the increase in push-up exercise was higher in the CrossFit group than in the resistance group. Thus, this study shows that although CrossFit training is short-termed, it can be used as an alternative to classical resistance training.

The purpose of this study was to compare some parameters of football players playing in 3rd League, BAL (Regional Amateur League) and SAL (Super Amateur League) according to the leagues they play in. Body height, body weight, body mass index, age, age of becoming a registered football player, vertical jump, anaerobic power, shuttle run, aerobic capacity (MaxVO[subscript 2]), leg strength, back strength, right-hand grip strength and left-hand grip strength parameters were measured in this study. ANOVA test, which is one of the parametric tests, were applied for the analysis of the data and significance level of p?0.05 was sought. In conclusion, significant differences among the leagues were found according to height, vertical jump, anaerobic power, shuttle run, aerobic capacity, leg strength and back strength. However, no significant differences were found on body mass index, age, and age of becoming a registered football player, right-hand grip strength and left-hand grip strength parameters.

In this study, it was aimed to investigate whether basic swimming training has effects on height, body weight, right and left hand grip strength, right and left hand lengths, shoulder width, chest circumference, standing long jump characteristics. The study is important in terms of making individuals in the growth period and investigating the physical development of major technical studies from force studies. It is known that regular sport has also developed physical features along with many other features. However, there is not a complete consensus about the sport, its violence, its frequency and duration. The study using the experimental research method included 114 individuals with a mean age of 11.03 ± 1.23 years. The study group, consisting of 58 subjects, received regular swimming lessons twice a week for two hours at a time over a period of 7 months. The sedentary control group included 56 subjects who received no sports instruction apart from their standard physical education classes. Prior to the start of the study, measurements were taken for height, body mass, right and left hand grip strength, right and left hand length, shoulder width, chest circumference, and standing long jump for both groups. The same measurements were taken again 7 months later, at the conclusion of the study. The differences between the initial and final measurements of both the study group and the control group were statistically compared within the group and between the groups. In this comparison, the General Linear Model method was used in the SPSS 21 Package program. As a result, it was found that the increase in height, body weight, right hand grip strength, right and left hand lengths, chest circumference and standing long jump mean values of swimming training subjects were found to be different at p <0.001 in the control group in seven months period. It was also found that the increase in the mean value of left hand grip strength in both groups was significantly different in favor of swimming training subjects (p <0.005). The increase in shoulder width mean values of the study group and the control group did not differ between the groups (p> 0,005).

Investigation of the relation between reaction time performances and core muscle strength and durability of the swimmers is aimed in the research. 21 elite male sportsmen with 21,92 ± 5,03 years of age average, 174,14± 4,27 cm of length average and 75,02 ±6,61 kg of body weight from College swimming team participate the research. Right-left hands audio and visual reaction times and plank and side plank performance values of the sportsmen are received. The data achieved provides minimum and maximum values, average and standard deviation values. Moreover Pearson correlation test is applied to determine the relation between the variants. According to the findings of the research, medium-level positive relation is detected between right hand visual reactions and plank measurement values, and poor-level positive relation is detected between right hand audio reactions of the swimmers (r=,692, p<,021; r=,277, p<,039). In conclusion, relation is detected between core muscle strength and durability and visual and audio right hand reaction time. It may be stated that development of core muscle strength and durability may improve reaction time.

A limited number of acute whole body vibration (WBV) studies have investigated the effects of WBV treatments which were applied with different vibration frequencies and amplitude combinations on lower extremity muscle activation of well-trained athletes from different sports branches. To compare the effects of WBV on lower extremity muscle activation via Surface Electromyography (sEMG) of well-trained athletes from different sports branches (soccer, basketball and swimming) during static and dynamic squat exercises. sEMG activities of Tibialis Anterior (TA), Gastrocnemius Medialis (GM), Vastus Medialis (VM), Rectus Femoris (RF), Vastus Lateralis (VL) and Biceps Femoris (BF) muscles of 7 male soccer players, 7 male basketball players, and 6 male swimmers were recorded during WBV applied in static squat and dynamic squat positions with different frequencies (30-35-40 Hz) and amplitude (2-4 mm) combinations separated from each other by 5 min passive rest periods. Each combination was applied for 30 sec. The highest muscle activation was determined in TA of the swimmers compared to soccer players during static squat with 4mm-30Hz WBV application (p=0.027). The lowest muscle activation was also determined in VL of the swimmers compared to soccer players during static squat with 2mm-40Hz WBV (p=0.049). During dynamic squat with 4mm-40Hz WBV, the highest muscle activity was determined in RF of the basketball players compared to swimmers (p=0.030). However, dynamic squat with 2mm-40Hz WBV application gave rise to the lowest muscle activation in VL of the basketball players compared to soccer players (p=0.042). Well-trained athletes from different sports branches demonstrated different neuromuscular responses to acute WBV treatments. WBV during dynamic squatting which was applied with 4mm-40 Hz may be more beneficial in enhancing neuromuscular performance acutely for well-trained male athletes since it resulted in higher levels of muscular activation responses according to the present study.

This study aims to analyze the relationship among somatotype structures, leg volume, leg mass, anaerobic strength and flexibility of elite male athletes in different branches. 90 male athletes who study at School of Physical Education and Sport at University of Kirsehir Ahi Evran and are active in wrestling (n = 15), gymnastics (15), football (15), handball (15), volleyball (15) and basketball (n = 15) voluntarily participated in this study. Somatotype structures, leg volumes and leg masses of the participants were determined using Heath-Carter, Frustum and Hanavan methods, respectively. Vertical jump test was used to measure anaerobic performance, while sit-and-reach test was used for flexibility performance. Spearman correlation analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0 package program for Windows, and the level of significance was taken as 0.05. As a result, a significant correlation was found between leg volume and mass and anaerobic performance values in football, volleyball, basketball, handball, wrestling and gymnastics, which indicates a decisive role in anaerobic performance. It was observed that athletes with a higher amount of leg volume and mass display a better anaerobic performance. The width of femur circumference and a high amount of muscle mass and fiber in the femur lead to a higher strength in muscles and maximizes the strength.

The aim of the study is to examine the relationship between isokinetic hamstring and quadriceps muscle strengths and agility and speed performance of elite male handball players. 15 male handball players participated in the study. The isokinetic leg forces of the handball players participating in the study were determined by isokinetic dynamometer, the agility performances by Ilionis and 505 agility test, and the speed performances by photocell. As a result of the analysis, there was no statistically significant relationship between isokinetic dominant and non-dominant leg hamstring and quadriceps peak torque forces and agility and speed performance at 60°s[superscript -1] and 400°s[superscript -1] angular speeds (p <0.05). As a result, it can be stated that there is no relation between hamstring and quadriceps muscle strength and speed and agility performances of handball players. This may be related to the requirements and physical characteristics of the handball branch (tall height, high weight, high BMI).

The purpose of this study is to determine and compare some biomotoric properties and anthropometric measurements of Antalya Muratpasa High School Boys' Basketball Team and Football Team. Thirty volunteering players from Antalya Muratpasa High School Boys' Basketball and Football Teams participated in the study. Fifteen of the participants were from the Basketball Team and 15 were from Football Team. The mean age of the Football Team was 16,3 ± 0,9 years; mean body weight was 65,6 ± 9,4 kg, mean height was 170,3 ± 6,7 cm; and the mean age of the Basketball Team was 15,5 ± 0,74 years, mean body weight was 64,8 ± 11,7 kg, mean height was 178,6 ± 6,1 cm. As well as the height, weight, age values of the 15 Basketballer and 15 Footballer Boys', the right and left grip force, back force, sprint tests, leg force, free vertical jump, subcutaneous fat measurements from 8 different points, and circumference measurements from 7 different points were taken. As a result of the comparison between some biomotoric properties, a significant difference was found between the vertical jump test values of the Basketball Team and Football Team (p<0, 05). When the Basketball and Football teams participating in the study were compared, it was determined that there was a statistically significant difference between the calf area sub-cutaneous fat measurement values (p<0, 05). No statistically significant differences were found in the measurements of shoulder, chest inspiration, chest expiration, arm, forearm, thigh circumference, calf circumference, hip circumferences of the Boys' Basketball and Football players who participated in our study (p<0,05). A statistically significant difference was found in the 10-m speed run tests of the Boys' Basketball Team and Football Team Players (p<0,05). The data of the study were analyzed in Independent Samples T Test (p<0,05) according to statistical significance levels. Nobody should doubt that positive science is affecting all sports disciplines in the light of technological developments in our present age and it will continue even more in the future with more efficient and faster use to serve sports and sportsmen. In this context, it was aimed in the present study to determine how young sportsmen are suitable for their branches, and also to determine the missing and full aspects of their present biomotoric and physical statuses, supplement the missing aspects, and improve the full ones.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of two different types of core training applied during the season on the strength performance and football technical skills of young footballers. A total of 18 footballers average age was 15 ± 0.8years voluntarily participated in the study. Two different core trainings were applied in addition to football technical skills. Before and after the study, the sit-up, standing long jump, push-up, dribbling, passing and shooting performances of players were observed. Data were assessed with the SPSS. In the dynamic group there were statistically significant improvements in all variables apart from shooting and passing, while the static group had statistically significant development of all variables apart from shooting. The control group only had statistically significant development for sit-up performance. While development sufficient to form significant differences between the variables observed in the experimental groups was not observed, there were significant differences for all variables when compared with the control group apart from shooting performance. In conclusion, footballers with eight-week dynamic and static core training added to in-season football training had similar levels of development in terms of strength and football technical skills, with significant development of strength, dribbling and passing skills when compared to a group without core training. In light of this data, eight-week dynamic and static strength training applied to footballers in the development period may be said to be an effective method to develop abdominal muscle strength and explosive strength performance and to develop dribbling and passing skills unique to football.

The main purpose of this study was prediction of elite male trampolines performance based on the selected physical capabilities in different age categories. To this aim, 45 male athletes (age 14.17 ± 2.86 yrs, athletic experience 7.22 ± 3.64 yrs and competitive experience 3.31 ± 2.44 yrs), who participated in the national trampoline team's preparation camps for participation at the 2014 Asian Games in four age categories included children (ages 11 and 12 yrs), juniors (ages 13 and 14 yrs), adolescents (ages 15 to 17 yrs), and seniors (ages 18 yrs <), were selected using targeted sampling. Variables of study included 20 physical fitness factors which were measured using standard procedures and instruments. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression models at the 0.05 significance level. Results of study showed that only the relationships of the shoulder belt muscle strength (r = 0.294), aerobic power (r = 0.351), relative minimum anaerobic power (r = 0.256), with performance are statistically significant and in other cases, observed relationships were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Findings of this study suggest that, in the high competitive level of trampoline, physical factors have predictive role in preparation programs of elite male trampolines.

Main purpose of this study was Prediction of the performance of elite male trampolines based on body composition indices. To this aim, 45 male athletes (age 14.17 ± 2.86 yrs, athletic experience 7.22 ± 3.64 yrs and competitive experience 3.31 ± 2.44 yrs), who participated in the national trampoline team's preparation camps for participation at the 2014 Asian Games in four age categories included Children (ages 11 and 12 yrs), Juniors (ages 13 and 14 yrs), Adolescents (ages 15 to 17 yrs) and Seniors (ages 18 yrs <) were selected using targeted sampling. Variables of study included 24 body composition indices which were measured using standard procedures and instruments. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression models at the 0.05 significance level. Results of study showed that, among all relationships between variables, only the relationships of the shoulder belt muscle strength (r = 0.294) with performance are statistically significant and in other cases, observed relationships were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Findings of this study suggest that, in the high competitive level of trampoline body composition indices have not predictive role in preparation programs of elite male trampolines.

The main purpose of this study was the effect of body composition and physical fitness factors on performance prediction of elite male trampolines. So, 45 male athletes, who participated in the national trampoline team's preparation camps for participation at the 2014 Asian Games in four age categories included Children, Juniors, Adolescents and Seniors were selected using targeted sampling as subjects. Variables of study included 24 body composition indices and 20 physical fitness factors which were measured using standard procedures and instruments. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression models at the 0.05 significance level. Results of study showed that, the relationships of the shoulder belt muscle strength (r = 0.294) with performance are statistically significant and in other cases, there was no significant relationships (p>0.05). Results of study showed the relationships of the shoulder belt muscle strength (r = 0.294), aerobic power (r = 0.351), relative minimum anaerobic power (r = 0.256), with performance are statistically significant.and in other cases, observed relationships were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Findings of this study suggest that, in the high competitive level of trampoline body composition indices do not have predictive role in preparation programs of elite male trampolines, but physical factors have predictive role in preparation programs of elite male trampolines.

As part of the Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program, we investigated how early morning physical activity affects elementary school students' physical fitness and sociality. Seventy-five boys in 6th grade of one elementary school located in G Metropolitan City, Korea comprised the experimental group that participated in early morning physical activity for 6 months. The control group did not perform said activities. Experimental design for this study adopted pre- and post-measurement and comparison methods between groups. Collected data were analyzed with analyses of covariance and Bonferroni post-hoc tests. The experimental group showed significant differences in the improvement of cardiorespiratory endurance and muscle strength among the sub-elements of physical fitness compared to controls. They also showed significant differences in the development of sociability, activity, autonomy, stability, and dominance among the sub-factors of sociality compared to controls. We elucidated the importance of early morning physical activity performed before school, which has implications for schools' physical education programs.

The aim of this study is to determine the differences between the somatotype profiles and inter-disciplinary somatotype profiles of the Turkish Bocce National Team players. In this study, the mean age of the Turkish Men's Bocce National Team (n-32) was determined as 21,75±2,35 (years), mean height was 177,62 ± 1,03 (cm), mean body weight was 70,75 ± 0,70 (kg), mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was 22,31 ± 1,06 kg/m[superscript 2] , mean body fat percentage was 16,05 ± 1%. The mean age of the Turkish Women's Bocce National Team (n-21) was 21,76 ± 2,12 (years), mean height was 165,33 ± 4,24 (cm), mean body weight 55,14 ± 6,36 (kg), mean BMI was 23,22 ± 1,06 kg/m2 mean body fat percentage was 16,05 ± 1%. The Heath-Carter method was used in determining the somatotype profiles of the players. the The statistical analyses in the study were made by using the SPSS 20.0 package program. Somatotype profile in men was determined endomorphic 3,21 ± 0,33; mesomorph 5,04 ± 1,11; ectomorphic 2,20 ± 0,18 as mesomorphic-endomorphic; in women, endomorphic 3,33 ± 1,42; mesomorph 5,08 ± 0,26; ectomorphic 2,07 ± 0,09 as mesomorphic-endomorphic. In this study, the somatotype profiles of the Turkish Bocce National Team players were determined, and a statistically significant difference was detected between the volo and petanque-raffa disciplines in men and women (p<0,05). It is believed that this difference stems from the physical performance requiring more muscular force in volo discipline than the petanque and raffa disciplines. In this study, the somatotype components are similar in tennis players in volo men group and the archers, judo players and Water polo players of the other groups (Men-women petanque and raffa group, Women volo group).

This study aimed to analyze whether judo experience, somatic maturation, growth, and physical capacities discriminate young judo athletes from different competitive levels (state and national). Sixty-six young male judo athletes (36 from state and 30 from national level) participated in this study, divided from the annual competitive season. The assessments were performed in two stages separated by 48 hours: anthropometric measurements and physical tests (standing long jump -- SLJ, medicine ball throw test-MBT, handgrip strength test -- HGS, Special Judo Fitness Test -- SJFT and Judogi Grip Isometric Strength Test--JGST). Judo athletes were asked for their date of birth and judo experience. T-test and discriminant analysis were used to compare and discriminate the variables between young judo athletes from state and national groups with the level of significance set at 5%. The main results showed that stature, judo experience, JGST, and SLJ performance were higher in the national group (p < 0.05) and could adequately discriminate competitive levels (structural coefficient >30, p < 0.001). It was concluded that young male judo athletes who compete at the national level are taller, more experienced, and present superior physical performance in tests related to strength and power than athletes from the state group of the same age.

The aim of this study is to evaluate physical and physiological characteristics of the Olympic Champion Turkish Deaf Men's National Handball Team. A total of 20 athletes participated in the study with age average of 27 ± 6.26 years, sports age average of 11.45±5.35 years, average height of 180.3±6.70 cm and an average body weight of 82.49±10.38 kg. In the evaluation of the data SPSS 19.0 program was used, frequency and distribution is observed, average standard deviation, maximum, and minimum values were taken. The average Body Mass Index (BMI) of the athletes were determined as 25.01±1.48 kg/m2, average Baseline Metabolic Rate (BMD) were 8643±924.06 (kJ), average Body Fat Percentage (%) were 12.86± .79%, average Fat Free Weight (FFM) were 71.59±7.37 kg, Visceral Fat Rating was 2.75±1.39, average right-left handgrip strength were 47.5±7.38-46.6±7.14 kg, average double foot jump with fixed-free hand values were 30.1±3.62 - 36.5±4.45 cm, average right-left hand visual reaction rate were 258.9±17.77 - 261.8±23.04 msec, average pro-agility agility test were 5.22±0.18 sec, and the average flexibility were 11.9±5.22 cm. As a result, physical and physiological characteristics of the Olympic Champion Turkish Deaf Men's National Handball Team is compared to the evaluated literature; While the height, body weight, BMI, reaction speed, agility and body fat ratio values is parallel to other handball players, the flexibility and jumping values were found to be lower than other hearing-impaired athletes and handball players. In particular, grip strength values are higher than other hearing-impaired athletes, and parallel to the values of handball players.

The aim of this study is to examine whether there was a relationship between digit ratio (2D:4D) with anaerobic power and athletic performance of young athletes. Two hundred and fifty well-trained young male athletes were recruited as participants. Anthropometric measurements (body height, weight, and digit length) vertical jump and athletic ability tests were performed on each participant, for data analysis, correlation analysis was used. Data analyses indicated that the means of 2D:4D ratio was not correlated with BMI, anaerobic power and athletic ability scores (p < 0.05). According to the findings of this study, the 2D:4D ratio does not seem to be an indicator parameter to predict the physical performance and athletic abilities of young athletes.

This study examined the characteristics, such as muscle power and agility, of top-level junior soft tennis players. 36 Japanese top-level junior (under-14) boys soft tennis players (age 13.4 ± 0.8 years, height 165.0 ± 9.7cm, and weight 53.9 ± 11.1 kg) with experience in international meet participation and 25 junior boys soft tennis players (age 13.1 ± 0.7 years, height 158.2 ± 9.5cm, weight 47.0 ± 8.2 kg) with experience in prefectural meet participation were the subjects of this study. Medicine ball (2 kg) throws to the right or left by trunk rotation and forward and backward by trunk extension (exercises recommended by Japan's soft tennis association) were selected to evaluate the muscle power of the subjects. Side step, spider, and front-back shuttle run tests (used by an American tennis association) were selected to test the agility of the subjects. The top-level athletes were significantly superior to the other junior players in the forward medicine ball throw, side step, and spider tests. These results suggest that muscle power in the forward direction and agility when moving to the right, left or diagonal direction are more developed in top-level soft tennis players than in other players.

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of explosive strength and shooting exercises, which were applied for eight weeks before the season in basketball sport branch, on shot percentage level of elite male basketball players. The study was conducted on 13 professional male basketball players (age average; 26.92 ± 3.04) who are actively playing in the Turkish Basketball Super League. The players were taken into pre-season camp for 12 weeks. At the end of the first four weeks, shooting tests (pre-tests) were applied to the players. Through the last eight weeks of the camp, condition improving practices were continued together with technique-tactic exercises. Through the last eight week of the camp explosive strength exercise program was applied covering 75-80 % of the condition exercise with a frequency of 4-6 times a week. After the explosive strength exercises, shooting exercises (a total of 100 shots in 5 sets, each set 20 shots) were conducted. At the end of the eight-week camp period, the pre-season tests were repeated (post-tests). The shooting tests of the players (pre-tests and post-tests) were conducted in two different numbers and under three different formats, which are, standing free throw, jump shot, and jump shot against defense (1x1). Each player was told to shoot 100 shots in the first test and 10 shots in the second. Totally 8580 shots were analyzed in pre-tests and post-tests. SPSS 18.0 program was used in the analysis of the data, and the significance level was accepted as p<0.01-0.05. In both shooting tests, it was determined that there was a statistically significant difference in p<0.01 level between the average values of pre-tests and post-tests under three formats (standing free throw, jump shot, and jump shot against (1x1) defense). According to the data obtained from the study, it can be concluded that eight-week explosive power exercises have a positive effect on shooting performances particularly at their positions in the game of elite male basketball players.

The purpose of this study is to examine whether motivational music selected by participants has an effect on maximal bench press strength and strength endurance (number of repetitions to failure with a 60% of 1-RM). 26 healthy male students with an average age of 23.92 ± 2.05, average weight of 73.57 ± 4.14 and average height of 178.57 ± 3.65 who were having at least three strength workouts a week participated in the study voluntarily. The participants were grouped in two as experimental group and control group. The measurements of the experimental group were taken in two different sessions as with music and without music with 1 repetition maximum and number of repetitions to failure with 60% of 1 repetition maximum. The two sessions of the control group were conducted without music. At the end of the study, it was found that in experimental group motivational music was not effective on maximal strength (1RM) (p>0.05), while it was found to increase strength endurance statistically by 3.9% (p<0.05). In the control group, no statistically significant difference was found in both sessions (p>0.05). As a conclusion, it is stated that listening to fast music creates an ergogenic acute effect and it is recommended to use music during strength workout to have a better strength endurance performance.