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Clean and safe water resources are essential for environmental safety and human health. Hydrogels and biomass polymers have attracted considerable attention in recent years, considering their nontoxicity, controllable performance, and high adsorption capacity. The interpenetrating network described here is a combination of a biomass polymer and a hydrogel adsorbent was established, the biomass polymer microspheres were first prepared with the combination of biomass monomer trans-anethole and maleic anhydride copolymer. A simple, environmentally friendly, and facile method of incorporating biomass polymer into sodium alginate biopolymer was developed by introducing the cross-linking agents calcium chloride and glutaraldehyde into the biomass polymer. Furthermore, the biomass polymer sodium alginate hydrogel (BP@SA/H) was characterized by FTIR, XPS, SEM, and XRD. In order to test materials' performance, the removal of pollutants and the adsorption study were also investigated after and before adsorption toward metals and dyes in water. We examined the factors influencing the materials, adsorption capability, such as initial concentration, time, absorbent amount, and pH. Moreover, the maximum adsorption values for Pb+2 and Cd+2 were 734.9 and 722 mg/g. While the adsorption toward RhB dye are 745 mg/g. In addition, the adsorption results were investigated using kinetic and isothermal models, demonstrating that biomass polymer hydrogel adsorption is chemisorption. Therefore, the as-developed biomass polymer sodium alginate hydrogel (BP@SA/H) is an exceptional multifunctional material that can be used to remove hazardous pollutants from wastewater. [Display omitted] • A novel combination of biomass polymer and hydrogel adsorbent materials were successfully fabricated. • BP@SA/H serves as a bioadsorbent with a wide range of potential applications. • The BP@SA/H exhibited significant adsorption capabilities toward dyes and metal ions. • Significant regeneration and recycling abilities were observed in BP@SA/H. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Biomass, trans -anethole-based magnetic hollow particles were prepared. • The particles serve as adsorbent for removing pollutants from wastewater. • The particles show high adsorbing capacity towards Cr3+, Pb2+ and Rhodamine B. • The particles demonstrate the desirable recycling ability. Abstract This article reports a novel type of biobased magnetic hollow particles (BMHPs) derived from a widely available biophenylpropene trans -anethole (ANE). To prepare BMHPs, ANE and maleic anhydride (MAH) underwent copolymerization in the presence of particulate templates to form core/shell particles. Sequential removing the cores and hydrolyzing processes provide biobased hydrolyzed hollow particles (BHHPs), which were then grafted with amino-modified Fe 3 O 4 NPs. The prepared BMHPs were characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, VSM, EDS and FT-IR techniques and further used as bioadsorbent to remove pollutants from wastewater. The maximum adsorption capacity towards Cr3+, Pb2+ and Rhodamine B is up to 44.5, 48.8 and 50.4 mg/g, respectively. Kinetic and isothermal studies show that the adsorption is best fitted with pseudo-second order model and Langmuir isothermal adsorption. BMHPs demonstrated remarkable magneticity and can be easily separated by external magnet. Recycling use study showed that the dye-adsorbed BMHPs can be easily restored in HCl/THF mixed solution. The advantages of the new adsorbents, namely, derivative from bio-resource, high adsorption capacity, much ease in separation and regeneration recyclability, render them with promising potentials in wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In the present study, naturally occurring ferulic acid (FA) is used for the first time as raw material to copolymerize with maleic anhydride (MAH) for fabricating bio-based hollow polymer particles (BHPs). After consecutive reaction with ethylenediamine and HCl, BHPs were transformed to ammonium-functionalized BHPs (BHP-NH 3 +) which were identified by SEM, TEM, FT-IR and XPS measurements. BHP-NH 3 + served as high-performance selective adsorbent for removal methyl orange (MO), a model anionic dye from water. Detailed adsorption studies reveal that the adsorption of MO onto BHP-NH 3 + better fits the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and the adsorption isotherm can be well-described by Langmuir isotherm model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 952 mg/g at pH 7. The removal of MO can maintain a high level in a wide pH range (from 5 to 10). Desorption tests demonstrate that the adsorbent after adsorbing MO can be facilely regenerated to recover both the dye and adsorbent with high efficiency (over 95%) in basic solution (pH 11). Moreover, the biobased adsorbent shows high reusability and stability over five adsorption/desorption cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Biomass-derived polymer (BHP@PDA/Ag) catalysts successfully fabricated. • BHP@PDA/Ag as a catalyst for degradation of dyes and antibacterial activates. • BHP@PDA/Ag inhibiting the biofilm of both bacteria strongly. • Maximum degradation rate of 89% and 93% for MB and AR, respectively. • BHP@PDA/Ag showing substantial regeneration and recycling capacity. Efficacious and convenient removal of pollutants from wastewater is a worldwide challenge and a significant threat to public health and all ecosystem. Here in the present work, we synthesized a novel type of biomass-derived hollow polymer functionalized with dopamine (DA) and silver, named as (BHP@PDA/Ag) hollow catalyst. The biomass-derived hollow polymer (BHPs) was first prepared by the precipitation polymerization of trans -anethole (ANE) and maleic anhydride (MAH). After obtaining the BHP, the microspheres were modified with dopamine to obtain BHP@PDA and further incorporated with the silver nanoaggregates on its surface. The prepared BHP@PDA/Ag materials were used as a catalyst for dyes and antibacterial activates. The antibacterial activities were conducted against E. coli with different concentrations of BHP@PDA/Ag and also with laser treatment which showed a tremendous antibacterial ability. Moreover, the biofilm activity was also performed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) and E. coli. The BHP@PDA/Ag inhibited the biofilm of both bacteria strongly after exposure to bacterial culture solution at 37 °C for 24 h. In addition, BHP@PDA/Ag was used as a catalyst with the reducing agent NaBH 4 and without the reducing agent for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye and acid red (AR) in wastewater, where an 89% degradation rate for MB and 93% for AR in 100 mg·L-1 solution with the reducing agent was achieved. While without the reducing agent, the degradation rate of 81% for MB and 78% for AR were achieved, respectively. The BHP@PDA/Ag catalyst exhibited high stability and recyclability. Kinetic studies revealed that the catalytic degradation of MB and AR proceeded according to a pseudo-first-order kinetics model. Overall, the remarkable performance of BHP@PDA/Ag catalyst makes them multifunctional materials for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel polymer was synthesized from the second-generation biomass furfural and maleic anhydride (MAH) via precipitation copolymerization. The biomass furfural was converted to furfuryl alcohol, which subsequently reacted with methacryloyl chloride to form furfuryl methacrylate (FMA). Copolymerization with MAH was conducted using 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile) as an initiator and divinylbenzene as a cross-linking agent. The resulting Poly[FMA- co -MAH] microspheres were modified via amination or hydrolyzation to convert the anhydride groups on the surface of microspheres to amino (Poly-[FMA- co -MAH]-NH 2) or carboxyl (Poly[FMA- co -MAH]-COOH) functional groups, respectively. The microspheres were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, BET surface area, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and atomic absorption spectrometry. Further, the microspheres were evaluated as an adsorbent for metals and dyes. The maximum adsorption of Congo red dye (pH = 2) using Poly-[FMA- co -MAH]-NH 2 and Poly[FMA- co -MAH]-COOH was 164 and 106 mg/g, respectively. Further, the adsorption occurred more readily in an acidic pH. The maximum adsorption of Pb(II) metal using Poly-[FMA- co -MAH]-NH 2 and Poly[FMA- co -MAH]-COOH was 177.3 and 194.4 mg/g, respectively. Langmuir modelling and a kinetic study were also performed to assess the adsorption behavior. The recycling and regeneration abilities of the microspheres were evaluated during continued adsorption/desorption cycling, which demonstrated the excellent regeneration ability of the material. The strategy proposed in this study to produce eco-friendly polymeric materials using biomass furfural shows promise for more advanced applications in the near future. [Display omitted] • Biomass furfural-derived green polymer microspheres are synthesized. • Surface amination and hydrolyzation were performed successfully. • The Poly[FMA- co -MAH] microspheres serve as bio-adsorbent with promising potential applications. • The modified green polymer demonstrates enhanced stability and excellent regeneration ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• SiO 2 grafted biobased hollow particles (SiO 2 -BHHPs) were successfully fabricated. • The SiO 2 -BHHPs serve as bio-adsorbent with favorable potential applications. • Maximum adsorption capacity towards methyl orange dye reached up to 701 mg/g. • Maximum adsorption capacity toward Bisphenol-A reached up to 411 mg/g. • The SiO 2 -BHHPs revealed significant regeneration and recycling capability. A special type of SiO 2 grafted biobased hollow polymeric particles was fabricated from biomass trans -anethole (ANE) monomers. The SiO 2 NPs were prepared through Stober method and then modified with APTES to generate amino functional groups. The (ANE) monomer and maleic anhydride (MAH) were copolymerized through precipitation polymerization to obtain hollow polymer particles, which were then functionalized with carboxyl groups via the hydrolyzation process. Finally, the biobased hydrolyzed hollow particles (BHHPs) were grafted with the amino-modified SiO 2 NPs to obtain SiO 2 -BHHPs. The SiO 2 -BHHPs were investigated through SEM, TEM, FT-IR, EDX and XPS techniques and used as a bioadsorbent. The maximum adsorption capacity toward methyl orange dye (MO) and bisphenol-A (BPA) reached up to 701 and 411 mg/g, with pH = 2 respectively. The adsorption isotherm and kinetic results indicated that the MO dye and BPA adsorption was best fitted with Langmuir and pseudo-second order models. Meanwhile, the adsorption ability of the prepared particles toward MO dye was checked with the different pH range from 2 to 12. The regeneration performance revealed that the SiO 2 -BHHPs can be easily recycled and reused. At last, the SiO 2 -BHHPs based materials may find significant applications as multifunctional adsorbents and can be used further for the separation of pollutants from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]