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beta-[2-(3'-Chloro-2'-oxo-4'-substituted aryl-1'-azetidinyl)-thiazol-4- yl]aminonaphthalenes 13-17 and beta-[2-(1',3'-disubstitutedphenyl-formazan-4'-yl)-thiazol-4-yl] aminonaphthalenes 8-12 were synthesized from beta-(2-arylideneamino-thiazol-4-yl)aminonaphthalenes 3-7 by diazotisation and by cycloaddition with monochloroacetyl chloride, respectively, on the azomethine group of the compounds 3-7. The newly synthesized compounds showed potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities and were less ulcerogenic than phenylbutazone.

2-Amino-5-(heteroarylmethylene)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles/thiadiazoles 7−10 were synthesized by cyclisation of 1-(heteroarylacetyl)semicarbazides/thiosemicarbazides 3−6. 5-(2’-Heteroarylmethylene-5’-aminomethylene-1’, 3’, 4’-oxadiazol-2’-yl/ thiadiazol-2’-yl)-2-oxo/thiobarbituric acids 11−18 were synthesized by condensation of compounds 7−10 at the 5th position of 2-oxo/thiobarbituric acids. The newly synthesized compounds showed anticonvulsant activity ranging from 50–90 % (seizures protection). Compound 18 (5-(2’-phenothiazinylmethylene-5’-aminomethylene-1’,3’,4’-thiadiazol-2’-yl)-2-thiobarbituric acid) showed maximum activity being more potent than the reference drug phenytoin sodium (CAS 630-93-3)

A 4-y-old boy presented with a history of episodes of gripping abdominal pain and intermittent shedding of segments of a worm in stool, which used to actively change in size and shape. On the basis of measurements of the segments and characteristic features of the eggs, the worm was identified as Bertiella studeri. The characteristic morphological details of the worm, the pitfalls in its identification and the zoonotic potential of this rare cestodal infection are discussed here.

3-Amino-[2'-substitutedaryl-3'-substitutedarylaminomethylene-2',3'- dihydro-1',5'-benzoxazepin-4'-yl]-2-methyl-quinazolin-4(3H)-ones 11-18 and 3-amino-[2'-substituted aryl-3'-substitutedaryl-azo-2',3'- dihydro-1',5'-benzoxazepin-4'-yl]-2-methyl-quinazolin-4(3H)-ones 19-26 were synthesized from 3-amino-[2'-substitutedaryl-2',3'-dihydro-1',5'- benzoxazepin-4'-yl]-2-methyl-quinazolin-4(3H)-ones 7-10 by Mannich's reaction and by diazotisation, respectively, on the 3rd position of the benzoxazepine ring of the compounds 7-10. The newly synthesized compounds showed potent antipsychotic and anticonvulsant activities.

l-(2’-Oxo/thiobarbiturinyl)-3-arylidenyl-chalcones (3–14) were synthesized by the condensation of different aromatic aldehydes with 5-acetyl-2-oxo/thiobarbituric acid ( 1 resp. 2) and various 1-acetyl-5-ar-ylidenyl-3- (2’-oxo/ thiobarbiturinyl) -2-pyrazolines (15–26) were synthesized by cyclisation of compounds 3–14 with hydrazine hydrate. The newly synthesized compounds showed anticonvulsant activ ity ranging from 40 % to 90 %. Compound 23 showed the maximum activity being more potent than the reference drug 1-acetyl-5-(P-methoxyphenyl)-3-(2’-thiobarbiturinyl) -2-pyrazoline.

Analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of newly synthesized spirobarbitunylphenothiazines viz 10-[7, 11-Di(4-4' dimethoxphenyl)-3-oxo-9-methylaminoimino-2, 4-diazaspiro [5.5] undecane 1, 5 dione] acetylphenothiazine (test drug A) and 10-[7, 11-Di (N.N-dimethylaminophenyl)-3-oxo-9-methylaminoimino-2, 4-diazaspiro [5, 5] undecane-1, 5 dione] acetylphenothiazine (test drug B) have been screened in Swiss mice and Wistar rats. The peripheral analgesic activity of test drugs A and B was investigated by acetic acid induced writhing test in Swiss mice while the central analgesic action was assessed by hot-wire (tail flick test) of the analgesiometer and tail-clip test in Wistar rats. Antipyretic activity was assessed on Brewer's yeast induced pyrexic model while antiinflammatory activity was seen on carrageenan induced hind paw oedema. Analgesic activity was found to be only of peripheral type as there was reduction of 66% in writhing responses by test drugs A and B in dose of 80 mg/kg in mice. No change in the tail flick responses was observed on analgesiometer or by tail clip by both the test drugs. Reduction of 1.5 to 2.0 degrees C in rectal temperature was observed in pyretic rats by test drugs A and B in dose of 80 mg/kg. 80% reduction in paw volume was noted in 80 mg/kg dose of both the test drugs which was comparable to the anti-inflammatory activity of 300 mg/kg, p.o. of phenylbutazone.

Two hundred and sixty seven patients of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria completed study in a multicentric phase III clinical trial of Arteether. Arteether was given intramuscularly in a dose of 150 mg daily for three consecutive days. Each patient was followed upto 28 days of alpha, beta arteether therapy. The cure rate was 97% with fever clearance time between 1-7 days (24-168 hours) and parasite clearance time between 1-3 days (24-72 hours). Parasite reappearance rate was found to be 3% and reported at only three of the centres. Following the treatment no adverse effect was observed on haematological, biochemical and vital clinical parameters.

Thirty patients of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria completed a clinical trial of arteether alpha/beta conducted in a malaria endemic tea garden of district Dibrugarh, Assam. Arteether was given intramuscularly in once a day dose of 150 mg for three consecutive days. The cure rate was 100 per cent with mean fever and parasite clearance time of 42.4 +/- 17.5 and 37.6 +/- 13.6 h respectively. Recrudescence/reinfection rate was 6.7 per cent. Palpable spleens of twenty out of twenty one cases on day 0 became non palpable within 28 days. Following the treatment, percentage of hemoglobin improved marginally with no remarkable change in total and differential leucocyte count. Arteether alpha/beta, besides being a potent and fast acting schizontocidal drug, also exhibited gametocytocidal action on P. falciparum.

Fourteen patients with injury to the anterior optic pathways have been presented and analysed. Their clinical profile, radiological data and problems involved therein have been discussed. Since an expectant policy has been the rule so far, an attempt has been made to define the role of surgery in such cases.

Correlation between the degree of protection and induced serum antibody response in hamsters immunized with somatic and excretory-secretory (ES) antigens of adult. A. ceylanicum was investigated. Hamsters were immunized with non purified and Sephadex G-200 fractions (F1, F2 and F3) of somatic and ES antigens. The degree of protection was assessed in terms of percent worm reduction compared to controls against challenge infection. Induced humoral antibody response was determined by ELISA. Both somatic and ES antigens had shown moderate to significant protection but the latter was found more immunogenic as highest level of protection (67.02%) was achieved by these antigens. Humoral antibody was found highly elevated in animals immunized with protective doses of somatic and ES antigens. The maximum serum antibody titer i.e. 1:3200 was noticed in animals immunized with high protective dose (64.59% protection) of fraction F1 of ES antigens. Antibody titer correspond to the degree of protection and a positive correlation between induced humoral antibodies and protection level was established.

Effects of prolonged lithium administration was seen on the action of various psychoactive drugs in animals. Apomorphine induced pecking in pigeons increased significantly by lithium treatment for 14 days, from 1445.3 +/- 202.5 in control to 2785.8 +/- 205.8 in Gp. B. Haloperidol-induced catalepsy score in albino rats increased significantly following chronic lithium treatment compared to control. Chlorpromazine-induced hypothermia in rabbits was immediate but transient, while in lithium treated rabbits induction of hypothermia was delayed, sustained and of greater magnitude. This action of lithium may be mediated by increasing the permeability of blood-brain barrier, or enhancing the sensitivity of alpha-adrenoceptors in brain.

In the present study, attempt has been made to study the spectrum of the iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in a sub Himalayan hyperendemic area. Iodine deficiency has been found to enhance the conditions like abortion, still birth, higher infant mortality, neonatal chemical hypothyroidism, congenital anomalies, retarded growth, hypothyroidism, endemic goitre and endemic cretinism.Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) affects approximately 200 million people worldwide. An estimated 150 million people in India are at risk of IDD. The authors studied the full spectrum of IDD in the Colonelganj community development block of Gonda district, an area in which the prevalence of goiter has been reported to be 60-80%. Findings are based upon interview and clinical examination findings for 500 subjects contacted in a door-to-door survey. Data were confirmed with auxiliary nurse midwife and primary health center records. IDD was found to enhance conditions such as abortion, still birth, infant mortality, neonatal chemical hyponyroidism, congenital anomalies, retarded growth, hypothyroidism, endemic goiter, and endemic cretinism.

Two cases from a Muslim family in upper Assam were found to pass trematode eggs morphologically similar to the members of the family Heterophyidae Odhner, 1914. The eggs characteristically yellowish brown in colour, ovoid, have a thick shell and are operculate. They measured 31.5 +/- 2.0 um SD x 22.4 +/- 1.9 um SD with well developed miracidium. This is the first record of human heterophyid infection from India.

Detection of IgG antibodies to Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37 Ra antigen in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), by ELISA test appears to be highly sensitive. In 90 per cent (18/20) of proven cases of tuberculous meningitis (TBM), antibodies were present in CSF; in 75 per cent (15/20) antibodies were also present in the sera. In the patients clinically suspected to have TBM, antibodies in CSF and sera were present in 87.5 per cent (42/48) and 70.8 per cent (34/48) respectively, whereas in the control group antibodies were present in only one serum sample and in none of the CSF samples. The results indicate that ELISA test using sonicated M. tuberculosis H37 Ra as antigen is a sensitive and specific test for diagnosis of TBM.

Neurocysticercosis is being recognised more often now, because of advances in radio-imaging. No treatment was available for this disease till about a decade back. Praziquantel has provided new hope. From India, there are very few published reports on experience with this drug. Nine cases of neurocysticercosis are being presented, where praziquantel therapy has been tried. Five patients with tumour syndrome and one patient with a meningoencephalitic syndrome have shown a favourable response. In 3 patients with epilepsy syndrome, it is difficult to assess the role of this drug in their management. The relevant data have been presented and analysed.

6,8-Disubstituted-2-methyl-3-[2-substituted-indol-3-yl-methyl(ene)imino] -quinazoline-4(3H)-ones (III), 6,8-disbustituted-2-methyl-3-[2-substituted-indol-3-yl methyl amino]-quinazoline-4(3H)-ones (IV), 6,8-disubstituted-2-methyl-2-[5-(2-substituted-indol-3-yl)-thiazolidine- 3- one]quinazoline-4(3H)-ones (V), propionic acid derivative of 6,8-disubstituted-2-methyl-3-[5-(2-substituted indol-3-yl)-thiazolidine-3-one]-quinazoline-4(3H)-ones (VI), 6,8-disubstituted-2-methyl-3-[5-(2-substituted-indol-3-yl)-2-substituted benzylidine-thiazolidine-3-one]-quinazoline 4(3H)-ones (VII), 6,8-disubstituted-2-methyl-3-[2-substituted-indol-3-yl-4- chloroazetidine-1-one]-quinazoline-4-(3H)-ones (VIII), and 6,8-disubstituted-2-methyl-3-[2-substituted-indol-3- yl-alpha-arylazo methylimino]-quinazoline-4(3H)-ones (IX) were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenin induced paw oedema. The compounds found potent were further tested for their anti-writhmogenic activity in albino mice. The compounds exhibiting significant anti-inflammatory activity also showed marked protection against aconitine induced writhing response. The low toxicity of the potent compounds was also reflected by their high approximate LD50 values.

The mean serum magnesium level in normal individual was found 1.967 +/- mgm/dl. No significant difference in serum magnesium level was found in various age groups. All diabetic patients, having normal renal function, exhibited hypomagnesemia. The hyperglycemia in these cases was inversely related to hypomagnesemia and its restoration towards normal by insulin therapy restored the normal serum magnesium concentration. These existed in inverse correlationship between serum magnesium and cholesterol (r = -0.56). The hypomagnesemia was the result and not the cause of alterations in the cholesterol metabolism. A positive correlation was observed between blood urea level and serum magnesium (r = +0.7) and it was significant. The magnesium correlated with major diabetic complications too, e.g. micro and macroangiopathies. Thus, serum magnesium can be used for prognostic assessment in diabetic individuals.

Supplementation of cyanate in rats caused a significant decrease in serum GSH and increase in calcium and phosphate level both in serum and lens. Consequently, these changes led to induce acidosis uremia in serum and hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia in lens which may be possible causing factor for cataract.

Five hundred and forty four cases of cerebral palsy were studied to find the etiology. Male to female ratio was 1.9∶1. Prenatal, natal and postnatal factors were found in 42 (7.72%), 238 (43.75%) and 142 (26.1%) cases respectively. Only 79 (14.52%) cases were found to have more than one factor which could have contributed to brain darnage. In 43 (7.9%) cases the prenatal, natal and postnatal history were normal and the cause was not known. Toxemia (1.29%) cases and microcephaly (1.84%) cases were the most common etiological factors in the prenatal category. Among the natal causes, birth anoxia was the most common etiological factor and was observed in 24.45% cases. Infections of the central nervous system comprised the major etiopathogenetic factors of the postnatal causes −11.95% cases had encephalitis, while 5.15% cases had meningitis. In cases where more than one etiology was present, the most frequent causes were a combination of prematurity or birth anoxia in association with toxemia, antepartum hemorrhage, prolonged labour, twins, forceps or caesarian delivery. Anoxia was consistently the most common etiological factor in those cases of monoplegia paraplegia, quadriplegia, diplegia, and ataxia, i.e. in 0.55%, 1.29%, 11.76%, 6.07% and 0.55% cases respectively. The present study reveals that majority of the cases were found to have natal or post natal etiology.

The clinical pattern and etiology of 544 cases of cerebral palsy were studied retrospectively. Of these cases, 354 (65.1%) were males. Four hundred and ninety seven (91.4%) cases were of spastic type. Hypotonic, ataxic and athetoid cerebral palsy were observed in 5.5, 1.5 and 1.3% cases, respectively. There was one case each of tremor and mixed type. In the spastic group, quadriplegia comprised the maximum number of cases (34.9%). Hemiplegia (28.7%) and diplegia (21.9) were also common. Mental retardation was found in 47.2%, while speech impairment was observed in 37% cases. Other handicaps included visual (9%), seizures (8.8%), and auditory handicap (2.9%). The etiological factors were prenatal in 7.7% cases, natal in 43.8% cases and postnatal in 26.1% cases. More than one etiological factor was observed in 14.5% cases, while in 7.9% cases, no apparent cause could be found.

3-Carboethyl coumarin (I) was converted to coumarin 3-acid hydrazide (II). This on reaction with appropriate aldehyde yielded 3-arylidino amino coumarin (III). Compound III on diazotisation and reaction with ferric chloride yielded the corresponding formazans viz. 3-substituted phenyl azoarylidino, amido coumarins (IVa1-a10) and oxadiazoles viz. 2-aryl-5-(3-coumarinyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles (Va1-a3), respectively. Simultaneously 3-carboethyl coumarin on hydrolysis gave 3-carboxy coumarin (VI) which on reaction with aryl amine in methylene chloride yielded 3-(N-aryl)amido coumarin (VIIa1-a3). The compounds were screened for their antidepressant activity against a tricyclic antidepressant (imipramine). Compounds IVa4, IVa5 and IVa9 exhibited activity better than imipramine with no toxicity (ALD50 greater than 1000 mg/kg) but IVa5 showed some side effects.

10-Hydrazino acetyl phenothiazine (II) has been converted to N-10-acetyl amino phenothiazine-N-phenyl thiourea (III) which have been converted to 3-aryl-1-(10-phenothiazine acetyl amino)-2,3-dihydro-2-thioxo-4,6-(1H,5H) pyrimidinones (IV) on condensation with aryl amines and aryl aldehydes yielded 3-aryl-1-(10-Phenothiazine acetyl amino)-5-(substituted phenyl amino methyl)-2,3-dihydro-2-thioxo-4,6-(1H, 5H) pyrimidinediones (Va-k) and 3-aryl-1-(10-phenothiazine acetyl amino)-5-(substituted phenylidine)-2,3-dihydro-2-thioxo-4,6-(1H, 5H) pyrimidinediones (vl-o). The compounds were screened for their antidepressant activity against a tricyclic antidepressant (imipramine). Compounds Va, Vf, Vm and Vi exhibited activity better than imipramine with no toxicity (ALD50 greater than 1000 mg/kg) but Vi showed some side effects.

Oral administration of petroleum ether extract of Allium sativum, Allium cepa and ethylacetate extract of Commiphora mukul in albino rats significantly prevented rise in serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride level, caused by atherogenic diet. All the three agents were also found to confer significant protection against atherogenic diet induced atherosclerosis.

Mannich bases and styryl derivatives of imidazolones were evaluated for their antiparkinsonian activity. Two compounds showed potent antiparkinsonian activity. These active compounds also showed binding with dopamine receptors in striatal membrane preparation of rat brain.

The study was designed to demonstrate the interaction between verapamil and glybenclamide on blood glucose in rabbits. Glybenclamide (0.05 mg/kg, po) induced hypoglycaemia was observed 1 h after treatment and persisted till 3 h. Verapamil (8 mg/kg, sc) per se produced hyperglycaemia which lasted for 2 1/2 hr. Concurrent administration of verapamil was found to impair significantly the hypoglycaemic response of glybenclamide.

Two hundred and ten female and two hundred and ten male children aged 1-2 years were identified using 30 cluster random sampling technique in the Nagar Palika of Sitapur. The immunization status was determined to assess differences, if any, in the coverage in accordance with the sex of the child. Except for measles, a significantly higher vaccination coverage was observed for male children as compared to females for every vaccine, this being 65.2 and 60.9%, respectively for DPT III and OPV III for males as compared to 51.9 and 49.5%, respectively for girls. The drop out rates for DPT and OPV were also found to be higher (p greater than 0.05) in female children. However, no difference was observed in the reasons for non-immunization between the female and male children.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin (CT)and calciferol (Vit. D3) operate synchronously to maintain a balance between calcium and phosphate levels in serum. An aberration of specific steps in the homeostatic process results in hypo/hyper phosphatemia. These aberrations may eventually lead to several diseased states. PTH and Vit. D3 induced hypercalcemia can, however, be significantly inhibited by calcitonin (CT). These findings have been correlated with the levels of calcium and phosphate obtained from human senile cataractous lenses of cortical and nuclear types. The comparison of the results indicate that amongst these three hormones PTH is most vulnerable in leading towards conditions for possible cataract formation in rat lens.

Verapamil in doses of 2, 4, 8 mg/kg produces hyperglycaemia of 1 to 2 hr duration and impairs glucose tolerance in rabbits. The probable mechanism of this hyperglycaemic response is discussed.

Two-stage coronary artery ligation in dogs consistently induced ventricular ectopics and raised plasma catecholamine and free fatty acid levels. Ether or pentobarbitone anaesthesia completely abolished the cardiac irregularities and lowered the plasma catecholamine and free fatty acid levels. Chloralose anaesthesia, on the other hand, did not affect the ventricular ectopics, plasma catecholamines and free fatty acids. Haemorrhagic hypotension did not alter the incidence of ventricular ectopics following coronary artery ligation. In chloralose anaesthetized dogs, the neural factors concerned in the genesis of cardiac arrhythmias following coronary artery ligation were analysed by surgical and pharmacological procedures. Bilateral vagotomy, mid-collicular or spinal (C1) transection did not significantly influence the incidence of ventricular ectopics. Spinal (C4-T6) cord destruction completely abolished ventricular ectopics, restored normal rhythm and lowered plasma catecholamine and free fatty acid levels. Spinal anacsthesia with xylocaine was also found to completely abolish ventricular ectopics. Cardiac sympathectomy or bilateral adrenalectomy significantly inhibited the ventricular ectopics and lowered plasma catecholamines and free fatty acids. Ganglionic blockade, adrenergic neurone blockade or β-adrenoceptor blockade restored normal sinus rhythm. The results implicate the prime importance of spinal autonomic loci in the integration of reflex cardiac arrhythmia arising from myocardial ischaemia. The afferent and efferent pathways of the reflex seem to be in the sympathetics.

33 cases of pyogenic meningitis seen at the children’s hospital medical college, Kanpur, have been reviewed. The highest incidence occurred in the months of January to February and September to October with a decline during the summer months. No age group was spared though the maximum incidence was noted in the age group between 5–10 years. In most of the cases (42.4%) it appeared to be a primary involvement of the leptomeninges, as no specific focus of infection elsewhere could be detected. The common offending organisms wereStrep. hemolyticus andStaph. aureus. Response to chemotherapy was excellent. Corticosteroids used intrathecally in 3 cases resulted in improvement in the C.S.F. No neurological complication occurred in any case. The mortality rate was 9.1%.

Infective larvae ofBunostomum trigonocephalumexposed to gamma-irradiation at 60 kr failed to develop in the lamb. At levels of 20 and 40 kr, the infectivity of the larvae was reduced and fewer worms developed with a predominating female population. The worms developing from the irradiated larvae were smaller and the sex organs were ill developed. The females developing from larave irradiated at 40kr were functionally sterile with atrophied uterus devoid of eggs.

Neurosecretory cells have been observed in all the ganglia of the ventral nerve cord of Poekilocerus pictus. In the suboesophageal ganglion they could be differentiated into 2 types on the basis of their staining reaction, but neurosecretory cells of all the other ganglia stain similarly. Effect of an organic insecticide BHC was observed on the neurosecretory cells of all the locations in the ventral nerve cord. Initially the insecticide acts to trigger the secretory activity but a prolonged action leads to a complete exhaustion of the secretory material which is also accompanied with many cytomorphological alterations such as loss of turgidity and compactness of the cells and appearance of undulations and sometimes complete rupture of the cell wall.

16 new compounds have been synthesised in the series of 3-aryl-2-(1'-aryl-piperazin-4'-yl-carboxamidomethyl)-mercapto-quinazolinones. The compounds showed interesting results in anticonvulsant, hypnotic and monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitory screenings and are non-toxic. SAR were evaluated.

The diagnostic value of the soluble antigen fluorescent antibody (SAFA) test in childhood tuberculosis was studied in 117 children in the age group 0-12 years; 79 cases belonged to the study group, 23 children were non-tuberculous controls and 15 were tuberculin-negative healthy controls. The SAFA test was positive in 35 of 44 children with only pulmonary tuberculous lesions (80%) and in 21 of 35 children with other types of tuberculosis (60%). In the 23 non-tuberculous and 15 healthy controls it was positive in 11 cases (48%) and 7 cases (47%), respectively. The sensitivity, specificity and predictivity of the test were found to be 71%, 53% and 72%, respectively. The diagnostic value of the SAFA test was thus found to be low in childhood tuberculosis, especially in disseminated disease and tuberculous meningitis.