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Metabolic syndrome comprises a group of disorders, including cardiac abnormalities. Ventricular arrhythmias observed in metabolic syndrome are due to the impaired ventricular repolarization. This study aims to determine the effects of melatonin on cardiac ventricular repolarization in metabolic syndrome rat model. Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into control (n = 8), melatonin (n = 8), metabolic syndrome (n = 8) and metabolic syndrome + melatonin (n = 8) groups. Fructose (200 g/lt/day) was added into the drinking water during 8 weeks of rats to induce metabolic syndrome model. In the last two weeks, melatonin (20 mg/kg/day) was administered via oral gavage. Blood pressure measurements and ECG recordings were taken at three different times. Blood and left ventricular tissue samples were harvested and the KCNQ1,3 and KCNH2 gene expressions were analysed by qRT-PCR method. We observed insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and higher systolic blood pressure in metabolic syndrome group (p

High mechanical load of muscles may induce muscular apoptosis on the one hand and adaptation to exercise on the other. This study aimed to explore whether changes of circulatory levels of inflammation, apoptosis and heat shock proteins (HSPs) messenger RNA (mRNA) following single bout of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) differs between physically active (PA) and inactive (PI) men. Nine PA and 9 PI (peak oxygen consumption: 2.6 ± 0.4 vs. 2.0 ± 0.2 L·min−1) healthy men (age: 28.7 ± 6.3 vs. 30.2 ± 4.5 years and body mass index: 2.6 ± 2.1 vs. 23.3 ± 2.8 kg·m−2) performed HIIE, comprising 4 repeats of a Wingate test (load: 0.050 kg·kg−1body weight). Blood samples were collected before exercise, 5 min after HIIE, and 24 h after HIIE for measuring mRNA of inflammation markers interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), apoptosis markers including Bcl-2, Bax, and HSP27, HSP60, HSP70, HSP90 using quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Post-HIIE IL-6, TNFα and HSP60 were higher in the PI than the PA group 5 min after exercise (p = 0.003, effect size (ES) = 1.59; p = 0.007, ES = 1.59 and p = 0.027, ES = 1.10 respectively). HSP70 acutely increased only in the PA group (p = 0.024, ES = 1.20). The increase in Bcl-2 (p = 0.047, ES = 1.08) and Bax (p = 0.024, ES = 1.20) levels were higher in the PI group 5 min after HIIE. The present study indicated that the response of inflammatory, apoptosis and HSP gene expressions to HIIE in blood of healthy male volunteers strongly depends on their level of regular physical activity.Novelty: Blood IL-6 and HSP60 mRNA levels following high intensity exercise may indicate metabolic stress. Increased blood HSP70 mRNA in physically active men may show an alternative apoptosis suppression pathway.

Objective Opioid use disorder (OpUD) is a biological and psychosocial disorder with limited treatment options. Addition of physical exercise to the pharmacological treatment has been proposed to be effective on reducing substance use and improving the quality of life. In this study we aimed to investigate the effects of a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program on the serum levels of cortisol, insulin-like growth factor1 (IGF-1), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin 17 (IL-17) and the clinical progress of inpatients with OpUD. Method Our study enrolled 22 male inpatients diagnosed with OpUD on the basis of the DSM-5 criteria. Two groups of 11 individuals were formed as the exercise (EG) and the control (CG) groups. The EG conducted 5 sessions of a HIIT. Participant data were collected with Sociodemographic Questionnaire, the Addiction Profile Index (API), and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). Also, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) and the Substance Craving Scale (SCS) were used before and after the treatment program in order to evaluate the clinical progress. Blood samples were collected on the 5th and the 21st days for estimation of the serum cortisol, IGF-1, IFN-γ and the IL-17 levels. Results Comparison of the pre- and the post- treatment performances of the two groups on the HAM-D, the HAM-A and the SCS indicated a significant drop in the respective scores of the EG. Also, a significant increase was observed in the post-treatment IGF-1 level of the EG as compared to the CG. No differences were observed between the cortisol, IFN-γ and IL-17 levels of the EG and the CG. Conclusion HIIT resulted in significant reduction in the symptoms of depression, anxiety and substance craving, and increased the serum IGF-1 levels. HIIT did not change serum cortisol, IFN-γ and IL-17 levels. We believe this research will contribute to the literature on the treatment of opioid depencence by emphasising the effects of HIIT on patients treated for OpUD.

High-protein (HP) diets are commonly consumed by athletes despite their potential health hazard, which is postulated to enforce a negative effect on bone and renal health. However, its effects on heart have not been known yet. Aquaporin-7 (AQP7) is an aquaglyceroporin that facilitates glycerol and water transport. Glycerol is an important cardiac energy production substrate, especially during exercise, in conjunction with fatty acids and glucose. Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) is an insulin-sensitive glucose transporter in heart. We aimed to investigate the effect of HPD on AQP7 and GLUT4 levels in the rat heart subjected to exercise. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into control (n = 12), exercise (E) training (n = 10), HPD (n = 12), and HPD-E training (n = 9) groups. The HPD groups were fed a 45 % protein-containing diet 5 weeks. The HPD-E and E groups were performed the treadmill exercise during the 5-week study period. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry techniques were used to determine the gene expression and localization of AQP7 and GLUT4 in heart tissue. Results of relative gene expression were calculated by the ‘Pfaffl’ mathematical method using the REST program. Differences in AQP7 and GLUT4 gene expression were expressed as fold change compared to the control group. Heart weight/tibia ratio and ventricular wall thickness were evaluated as markers of cardiac hypertrophy. Further, serum glucose, glycerol, and insulin levels were also measured. AQP7 gene expression was found to be increased in the E (3.47-fold, p

OBJECTIVE Amino-terminal propeptide of C-type natriuretic peptide (NTproCNP) is a synthesis product of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP). In this study, plasma levels of NTproCNP were compared before and after exercise in healthy young subjects who are physically active (PA) or not physically active (NPA). METHODS The study was carried on PA group (n=10) who defined the exercise duration more than 2.5 hours per week for at least one year and NPA group (n = 10) whose exercise duration was lower than 1.5 hours per week. The level of maximal oxygen consumption was determined. Wingate exercise test was applied on the following day. Plasma NTproCNP levels were measured before the exercise and at the 1st, 5th and 30th minute after the exercise. RESULTS Exercise duration of physically active group was reported as 11.3 ± 5.0 hours per week. Basal NTproCNP levels of the groups were found to be comparable. NTproCNP levels in the 5th minute (0.93 ± 0.23 pmol/L; p

Long-term effects of high protein diets (HPDs) on kidneys are still not sufficiently studied. Irisin which increases oxygen consumption and thermogenesis in white fat cells was shown in skeletal muscles and many tissues. Nitric oxide synthases (NOS) are a family of enzymes catalyzing the production of nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine. We aimed to investigate the effects of HPD, irisin and NO expression in kidney and relation of them with exercise and among themselves. Animals were grouped as control, exercise, HPD and exercise combined with HPD (exercise-HPD). Rats were kept on a HPD for 5 weeks and an exercise program was given them as 5 exercise and 2 rest days per week exercising on a treadmill with increasing speed and angle. In our study, while HPD group had similar total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels with control group, exercise and exercise-HPD groups had lower levels (p 0.05). Kidneys of exercising rats had no change in irisin or eNOS expression but their iNOS expression had increased (p 0.001). HPD-E group has not been observed to cause kidney damage and not have a significant effect on rat kidney irisin, eNOS, or iNOS expression. Localization of irisin, eNOS, and iNOS staining in kidney is highly selective and quite clear in this study. Effects of exercise and HPD on kidney should be evaluated with different exercise protocols and contents of the diet. İrisin, eNOS, and iNOS staining localizations should be supported with various research studies.

Objective: Cardiac uptake of fructose is thought to be mediated by glucose transporter 5 (GLUT5), whereas the uptake of glycerol is facilitated by aquaporin 7 (AQP7). We aimed to investigate the effect of a high-fructose diet (HFD) on GLUT5 and AQP7 levels in the rat heart subjected to exercise. Methods: Male Sprague–Dawley rats were allocated to control (C; n=11), exercise (E; n=10), HFD (n=12), and HFD plus exercise (HFD-E; n=12) groups. HFD was started 28 days before euthanasia. From day 24 to 27, rats were subjected to moderate exercise, followed by vigorous exercise on day 28 (groups E and HFD-E). Cardiac GLUT5 and AQP7 mRNA levels were determined using RT-PCR. The protein contents of GLUT5 and AQP7 were immunohistochemically assessed. Paired-t, ANOVA with Bonferroni, Kruskal–Wallis, and Bonferroni-corrected Mann–Whitney U tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: GLUT5 mRNA expression and protein content did not differ between the groups. AQP7 mRNA levels significantly increased (4.8-fold) in group E compared with in group C (p

Tissue levels of asymmetric dimetilarginine (ADMA) and symmetric dimetilarginine (SDMA) were investigated in cardiac ventricle and gastrocnemius muscles of guinea pigs treated with radioactive iodine (RAI) alone or in combination with L-carnitine (LC).Group 1 received no treatment (control group). Group 2 received a total dose of 30 mCi⁻¹kg⁻¹ body weight iodine-131 alone. Group 3 received 200 mg⁻¹kg⁻¹ of LC for 10 days alone. Group 4 received 200 mg⁻¹kg⁻¹ of LC plus RAI therapy. Free thyroid hormones, ADMA and SDMA concentrations were measured.Serum free thyroid hormone concentrations were found decreased in the RAI and LC-RAI groups after RAI application. A significant decrease in ADMA and SDMA concentration was observed in ventricle muscle following RAI application. The LC-RAI group had significantly decreased ADMA levels in ventricle muscle compared with those of the control group. Similarly, SDMA concentrations in ventricle and gastrocnemius muscles of the LC-RAI groups were significantly lower than those of the control groups.Our results indicated that RAI appears to exert an inhibitory effect on ADMA and SDMA levels of ventricular muscle. LC administration when given adjuvant to RAI therapy may cause a marked decrease in ADMA concentrations of both ventricular and gastrocnemius muscles.

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is known as a protective agent against ischemia-reperfusion injury for cardiomyocytes. We compared the hemodynamic effects of ANP and isatin, which is known as an ANP receptor blocker, in ischemia followed by reperfusion in exercised rat hearts with nonexercised ones. Materials and methods: Isolated hearts were perfused in 4 exercised (E) groups after a running protocol for 5 days and 4 nonexercised (NE) groups. In the first protocol, ANP was added to the perfusion solution before ischemia in an E and NE group. In the second protocol, different doses of isatin (0.1, 10, 100 µM/L) were added to the perfusion solution before ANP in 3 E and 3 NE groups. Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and maximum and minimum rates of change in left ventricular pressure (dP/dtmax and dP/dtmin) were recorded. Results: Higher LVDP and dP/dtmin values were observed in the E group than the NE group following addition of ANP before ischemia. Values of dP/dtmax were higher in the E group at the first minute of reperfusion period. Hemodynamic difference was not observed between groups given the same amount of isatin before ANP. Conclusion: This study indicated that higher ANP concentrations before ischemia were more effective on the left ventricle contractility and relaxation functions in the hearts that were exposed to exercise.

Background: Most physiological measurements of the pulmonary diffusing capacity use carbon monoxide (CO) as a tracer gas. Similar to CO, melatonin binds the hemoglobin in the blood. Objective: The present study was designed to assess the effect of exogenous melatonin administration on pulmonary functions including diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) in healthy subjects. Methods: The study was performed in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled manner. DLCO was measured in 22 healthy male volunteers (age 18–25 years) who were randomized to melatonin (n = 11) and placebo administration (n = 11). At baseline, DLCO, alveolar volume (VA) and other spirometric parameters such as forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow (PEF) and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) were measured. DLCO was then corrected for the hemoglobin concentration. Measurements were repeated in a double-blind fashion 60 min after the administration of melatonin (1 mg) or placebo. Results: DLCO was significantly decreased (39.31 ± 4.75 vs. 34.82 ± 6.18 ml/min/mm Hg) 60 min after the melatonin administration (p = 0.01), while FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, PEF and MVV values did not demonstrate significant differences. Placebo administration did not result in significant alteration in any of these parameters. Conclusions: In healthy subjects, oral administration of melatonin acutely influences the DLCO without affecting other pulmonary function test results. We conclude that melatonin may have a reducing effect on the DLCO in the lungs.

The effects of body mass index (BMI) on ventricular repolarization in young men have not been studied in detail. The QT and JT intervals are measured to estimate the duration of the ventricular repolarization. As new repolarization parameters, the time intervals between the J point to the apex of the T wave (JTa), the apex and the end of T wave (TaTe) may be associated with arrhythmogenesis in clinical conditions. The aim of this study was to compare ventricular repolarization parameters in overweight and normal weight healthy young men.Thirty-six overweight men (BMI--26.3+/-1.5 kg/m2, mean age--20.6+/-1.5 years) and 149 men within normal limits (BMI--21.9+/-1.5 kg/m2, mean age--20.4+/-1.4 yrs) were included in this cross-sectional controlled study. The body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2 was defined as overweight and scores of 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2 were accepted as normal. Ventricular repolarization parameters including QT, JT, JTa, TaTe, RR intervals duration and heart rate-corrected values of QT (QTc), JT (JTc), JTa (JTac), and TaTe (TaTec) intervals duration were obtained from lead V2 and considered to be representative of the ventricular repolarization process.We found similar ventricular repolarization parameters (QT, JT, JTa, TaTe, RR, QTc, JTc, JTac, and TaTec) in overweight and normal groups. Uncorrected and corrected ventricular repolarization parameters were not correlated with BMI.Ventricular repolarization features in young men who are overweight in terms of BMI seem to show no significant difference when compared to normal weight men.

Summary Background The present study was designed to assess how anaerobic exercise affects auditory brainstem response (ABR) parameters, and whether one night of sleep deprivation could alter these possible exercise-induced changes in ABRs. Methods Seven healthy, audiologically normal male students (mean age 22·4 ± 1·0 years) participated in the study. All subjects underwent anaerobic Wingate test for three times: (i) baseline, (ii) following a full-night of habitual sleep and (iii) following one night of sleep deprivation. ABR measurements were performed before and after the second and the third Wingate tests. Oral body temperatures were recorded at the beginning of all ABR measurements. Results The latencies of wave III and V significantly shortened by anaerobic loading performed in the day after habitual sleep (4·13 ± 0·10 versus 4·01 ± 0·17 ms, P