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The aim of the study was to analyze which maternal factors (depressive symptoms, effect of life events, maternal sensitivity and structuring) and infant characteristics (temperament, social withdrawal symptoms, interactive behavior, genotype, gender) contribute to shared pleasure (SP) in parent-infant interaction. Participants were 113 mother-infant dyads. The mothers filled in the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, the Infant Behavior Questionnaire, and the Life Events Questionnaire. The dyads were videotaped in a free-play situation, and the videos were analyzed using the Alarm Distress Baby Scale and the Emotional Availability Scales. The infants were genotyped for four genes involved in emotion regulation. The occurrence and duration of SP (SP-MD) in mother-infant interactions were analyzed from the videotapes. Higher maternal sensitivity and depressive symptoms, better infant responsiveness, and the infant having the GG variant of the gene tryptophan hydroxylase isoform 2 (TPH2) -307 were associated with the occurrence of SP. Lower level depressive symptoms, better maternal structuring, and greater infant involvement were associated with the longer duration of SP. Those dyads where the mother and infant were best able to read each other's positive cues and to respond to them were more likely to experience mutual positive affect, as seen in SP.El propósito de este estudio fue analizar cuáles factores maternos (síntomas depresivos, efectos de eventos vividos, sensibilidad y estructuración maternas) y características del infante (temperamento, síntomas de despego social, comportamiento interactivo, genotipo, género sexual) contribuyen al placer compartido (SP) en la interacción progenitor-infante. En el estudio participaron 113 díadas madre-infante. Las madres completaron la Escala de Depresión Postnatal de Edimburgo, el Cuestionario de Comportamiento del Infante y el Cuestionario de Eventos de Vida. A las díadas se les grabó en video durante una sesión de juego libre y los videos se analizaron usando la Escala de Alarma de la Angustia del Bebé y las Escalas de Disponibilidad Emocional. A los infantes se les determinó el genotipo en el caso de cuatro genes que tienen que ver con la regulación emocional. Con base en las videograbaciones, se analizó la incidencia y duración de SP (SP-MD) en las interacciones madre-infante. Una más alta sensibilidad materna y síntomas depresivos, mejor sensibilidad por parte del infante, y el hecho de que el infante tenía la variante GG del gen TPH2 -307 se asociaron con la incidencia de SP. Síntomas depresivos de bajo nivel, una mejor estructuración materna y una mayor participación del infante se asociaron con una más larga duración de SP. Aquellas díadas en que la madre y el infante eran más capaces de comprender las señales positivas de cada uno y de responder a las mismas, estaban en mejor condición de experimentar un mutuo afecto positivo, como el que se ve en SP.Le but de cette étude était d'analyser quels facteurs maternels (symptômes dépressifs, effet d’événements de la vie, sensibilité maternelle et structuration maternelle) et quelles caractéristiques du nourrisson (tempérament, symptômes de retrait social, comportement interactif, génotype, genre) contribuent au plaisir partagé (abrégé ici en français PP) dans l'interaction parent-nourrisson. Les participants ont consisté en 113 dyades mère-nourrisson. Les mères ont rempli l'Echelle de Dépression Postnatale d'Edinbourg, le Questionnaire du Comportement du Nourrisson, et le Questionnaire d'Evénements de la Vie. Les dyades ont été filmées à la vidéo pendant une situation de jeu libre et les vidéos ont été analysées en utilisant l'Echelle d'Alarme de Détresse du Bébé et les Echelles de Disponibilité Emotionnelle. Les nourrissons ont été génotypés pour quatre gènes impliqués dans la régulation de l’émotion. L'apparition et la durée du PP (en anglais SP-MD) dans les interactions mère-nourrisson ont été analysées à partir des vidéos. Une sensibilité maternelle plus élevée et des symptômes dépressifs, une meilleure réaction du nourrisson, le nourrisson ayant la variante GG du gène TPH2 -307 étaient liés à l'apparition du PP. Des niveaux plus bas de symptômes dépressifs, une meilleure structuration maternelle et un engagement plus important du nourrisson étaient liés à une durée plus longue du PP. Les dyades où la mère et le nourrisson étaient le plus capables de lire leurs signaux positifs réciproques et d'y répondre étaient moins à même de faire l'expérience d'une affect positif mutuel, comme on le voit dans le PP.Ziel der Studie war es, zu analysieren, welche mütterlichen Faktoren (depressive Symptome, Auswirkungen von Lebensereignissen, mütterliche Sensitivität und Strukturierung) und kindlichen Eigenschaften (Temperament, soziale Rückzugssymptome, interaktives Verhalten, Genotyp, Geschlecht) zur geteilten Freude (SP) in der Eltern-Kind-Interaktion beitragen. Die Teilnehmer waren 113 Mutter-Kind-Dyaden. Die Mütter füllten die Edinburgh-Postnatale-Depressions-Skala, den „Infant Behavior Questionnaire“ und den „Life Events Questionnaire“ aus. Die Dyaden wurden in einer freien Spielsituation per Video aufgenommen und anhand der „Alarm Distress Baby Scale“ und den „Emotional Availability Scales“ analysiert. Die Säuglinge wurden für vier Gene, die an der Emotionsregulation beteiligt sind, genotypisiert. Das Auftreten und die Dauer von SP (SP-MD) in den Mutter-Kind-Interaktionen wurden anhand der Videoaufnahmen analysiert. Höhere mütterliche Sensitivität und depressive Symptome, eine bessere Reaktionsfähigkeit des Säuglings und die GG-Variante des Gens TPH2 -307 beim Säugling waren mit dem Auftreten von SP assoziiert. Ein geringeres Ausmaß an depressiven Symptomen, eine bessere mütterliche Strukturierung und eine stärkere Beteiligung der Säuglinge waren mit einer längeren Dauer von SP assoziiert. Diejenigen Dyaden, bei denen die Mutter und der Säugling am besten in der Lage waren, die positiven Signale des anderen zu lesen und darauf zu reagieren, erlebten eher gemeinsame positive Affekte, wie sie in der SP zu sehen waren.二者の関わり合いにおいて分かち合う喜びに関連する母子の特性 本研究の目的は、どの母親の要因 （抑うつ症状、ライフイベントの影響、母親の感受性および行動様式） と乳児の特性 （気質、社会的引きこもり症状、相互作用的な行動、遺伝子型、性別） が親ー乳幼児の関わり合いにおいて、分かち合う喜び （SP） に寄与するかを分析することである。参加者は 113 組の母子であった。母親たちは、エジンバラ産後うつ病尺度、乳児行動アンケートとライフイベントアンケートに記入した。母子ペアは自由遊びの状況をビデオ録画され、そのビデオは Alarm Distress Baby Scale （乳児不安困難評価）とEmotional Availability Scale （感情適正評価） を使って分析された。乳幼児は、感情調節に関与する4つの遺伝子に遺伝子型を決定された。母子相互作用における分かち合う喜び （SP-MD） の発生と持続時間はビデオテープから分析された。より高い母親の感受性と抑うつ症状、より良い乳幼児の反応性、遺伝子 TPH2-307 の GG 変異体を持つ幼児は分かち合う喜び (SP) の発生と関連していた。低レベルの抑うつ症状、よりよい母親の行動様式と、より多くの乳児からの関与と、分かち合う喜び （SP） のより長い持続時間は関連していた。分かち合う喜び （SP） において見られるように、母親と乳幼児がお互いの肯定的な合図を読むことができ、それらに反応することが最もうまくできた母子は、相互に肯定的な感情を経験する可能性がより高かった。.母嬰特徵與二元互動中的共享愉悅有關 本研究的目的是分析那些母體因素 （抑鬱症狀丶生活事件的影響丶母親的敏感性和結構） 和嬰兒特徵 （氣質丶社會退縮症狀丶互動行為丶基因型丶性別） 有助於親子互動的共享愉悅感 （SP） 。參與者是 113 名母嬰二人組合。母親們填寫 “愛丁堡產後抑鬱量表” 丶 “嬰兒行為問卷” 和 “生活事件調查問卷” 。作者以自由遊戲， 對二人組合進行錄像， 並使用警報遇險嬰兒量表和情緒可用性量表， 對視頻進行分析。作者以嬰兒的四種基因， 對情緒調節的基因分型。從錄像帶分析母嬰相互作用中 SP （SP-MD） 的發生和持續時間。較高的母體敏感性和抑鬱症狀丶較好的嬰兒反應性及具有基因 TPH2-307 的 GG 變體的嬰兒與 SP 相關。較低的抑鬱症狀丶較好的母體結構和較大的嬰兒參與， 和較長的 SP 持續時間有關。如 SP 中所見， 那些母嬰能夠了解彼此的積極提示， 並對其作出反應， 更有可能經歷相互正面的影響。.سمات الأم والرضيع المرتبطة بالمتعة المشتركة في التفاعل الثنائي كان الهدف من الدراسة تحليل العوامل الاموميه (الاعراض الاكتئابية ، وتاثير احداث الحياة ، وحساسية الأمهات وهيكلتها) وخصائص الرضع (المزاج ، واعراض الانسحاب الاجتماعي ، والسلوك التفاعلي ، والنمط الجيني ، ونوع الجنس) لمعرفة العوامل التي تساهم في المتعة المشتركة (SP) أثناء التفاعل بين الوالدين والرضيع. اشترك في الدراسة 113 ثنائي من 113 الأمهات-الرضع. وقام الأمهات باستكمال مقياس أدنبرة لاكتئاب ما بعد الولادة ، واستبيان سلوك الرضع ، واستبيان أحداث الحياة. وتم تصوير الثنائيات بالفيديو في وضع اللعب الحر ، وتم تحليل تسجيلات الفيديو باستخدام مقياس إنذار الكآبة للأطفال ومقياس التوافر العاطفي. وتم تحليل أربعة جينات مسئولة عن تنظيم العاطفة. وتم تحليل حدوث ومده المتعة المشتركة في تفاعلات الام والرضيع من خلال التسجيلات . وارتبط ارتفاع حساسية الام واعراض الاكتئاب ، والاستجابة الأفضل للرضيع ، ووجود نمط GG من الجينات TPH2-307 بحدوث المتعة المشتركة SP. أما أعراض الاكتئاب من المستوي الأدنى ، وتحسين الهيكلة الأمومية ، والمشاركة الاكبر للرضع ارتبطت بمدة أطول من المتعة المشتركة SP. وفي الثنائيات التي كان فيها الام والرضيع أفضل قدرة علي قراءه الإشارات الايجابية من بعضهم البعض والاستجابة لها كانت أكثر عرضه للتاثير الإيجابي المتبادل ، كما اتضح ذلك في نتائج المتعة المشتركة SP.

To investigate how mother's recollections of birth experiences and first contact with the newborn relate to the child's behavioral and emotional problems at five to six years of age.The study included 28 mothers of preterm (birth weightor =2500 g) and 39 mothers of full-term children, born in Tampere University Hospital in 1998. When the children were five to six years old, maternal recollections of the birth experiences were assessed using the Clinical Interview for Parents of High-Risk Infants (CLIP) and children's behavioral and emotional problems were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL).Mothers of the preterm children still had more negative recollections of the labor (p0.001) and first contact with the newborn (p0.001) than mothers of the full-term children. These recollections related to the child's behavioral and emotional symptoms when the child was five to six years old in the preterm group but not in the full-term group.The impact of mother's birth experience seems to have long-lasting effects on the preterm child. This finding emphasizes the importance of early physical mother-infant contact and supporting the mothers of preterm infants, especially if they articulate negative or traumatic experiences related to the birth of their child.

Aim: To investigate visiting frequency of family members, including mother, father, siblings and grandparents and associated factors during hospitalisation of preterm infants. Methods: The study included all premature (< 37 weeks) infants born in Tampere University Hospital in 1997–1998 admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) with a birth weight less than 2500 g (n = 210). Maternal and infant data and visits made by family members were compiled from the infants' hospital records. Results: The length of the infants' hospitalisation varied from 2 to 133 days (median 26, quartiles 19, 45). Mothers visited the NICU on average 6.7 days/week; fathers 4.8 days/week. Mothers visited less frequently the lower the gestational age and the longer the distance between home and hospital. Fathers visited less frequently if distance from home to hospital was longer and if the infant had siblings. A total of 92% of siblings and 80% of grandparents visited the hospital. Conclusions: The results showed active visiting by the parents in the NICU. A lower gestational age was associated with lower visiting frequency for mothers. In contrast, more practical limitations such as geographical distance and other children to be taken care of had greater effect on the visiting frequency for fathers.

Shared pleasure (SP) was analyzed in fifty-eight 2-month-old infants and their mothers in face-to-face interaction (T1, at 2 months). The association of SP with child's emotional and behavioral outcome at 2 years (T2) was examined. SP as a possible protecting factor in the presence of parental psychopathology also was studied. Mean duration of SP moments (SP-MD) was related to subsequent socioemotional outcome of the child: Infants of dyads with longer SP-MD showed fewer internalizing and externalizing problems 2 years later. In hierarchical linear regressions, SP-MD uniquely and significantly contributed to internalizing problems after adjusting for infant and maternal factors and mother's interactive behavior. SP protected the child against the influence of parental psychopathology. Father's mental health problems during the follow-up increased the child's risk for higher externalizing and internalizing problems, but only among children with short SP-MD at T1. Internalizing symptoms at T2 increased when moving from the category "no mental health problems" to "mental health problems in one parent" and further to "mental health problems in both parents," but this increase was found only among those with short SP-MD at T1. SP in parent-child interaction is an important feature that fosters positive psychological development and moderates the health effects of other risks such as parental psychopathology.

Postnatal psychological symptoms have been studied less often in fathers than in mothers. However, recent research shows that fathers' psychopathology may have long-term effects on their children's emotional and behavioural development independently of maternal psychopathology. More research is needed on factors associated with paternal symptoms at the early stage of child development.The aim of the study was to examine the paternal, maternal, infant and family factors associated with the occurrence of depressive and anxiety symptoms in fathers of infants.As part of a study conducted in Tampere, Finland, on infants' social withdrawal symptoms, both parents of 4-, 8- and 18-month-old infants (n = 194) completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and general information questionnaires during routine check-ups of the infants in well-baby clinics. Parental depressive and anxiety symptoms were screened using the recommended cut-off points for this purpose (5/6 for fathers and 7/8 for mothers on the EPDS). The associations between the fathers' symptoms and paternal, maternal, infant and family factors were explored.Twenty-one per cent of the fathers and 24% of the mothers scored above the cut-off points for depressive and anxiety symptoms on the EPDS. Both paternal and maternal factors predicted high paternal symptom level in regression models. Infant factors were not statistically significantly associated with paternal symptoms.Father's psychological symptoms were associated with many facets of both parents' impaired well-being. The whole family system should be considered whenever there are concerns about either parent's psychological well-being.

Objective To investigate the effect of parental visits during neonatal intensive care on the behavioral and emotional development of the child at school age. Design All premature infants born in Tampere University Hospital in Tampere, Finland, in 1989 who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit and who lived in the Tampere region (N = 67; 31 boys and 36 girls) formed the study group. Data on parental visits were collected from the hospital records. Child behavior was evaluated according to the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist at the age of 7 to 8 years. A total of 48 (72%) of the mothers returned the questionnaires. Results The median number of visiting days per week was 6.2 for the mothers and 4.7 for the fathers. The children whose mothers visited daily had fewer behavioral and emotional problems at school age than those who had had fewer visits from their mothers ( P = .04). The visiting frequency of the fathers was not significantly associated with later behavioral and emotional problems of the child. In this study, infrequent visits by the mother were a stronger risk factor for later psychological development than the medical risks of the preterm infant. Conclusions Infrequent visits by mothers to the neonatal intensive care unit seem to be a marker for their children’s later behavioral and emotional problems. This emphasizes the significance of early parent-infant contact and the vulnerability in early interaction. Less frequent visits may also indicate factors influencing the parent-child relationship in a way that leads to subsequent behavioral problems.