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Background Optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) ultrasound is a noninvasive and repeatable tool to dynamically evaluate intracranial pressure with high diagnostic accuracy; however, data in neonates are scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the reference value of ONSD and potential influencing factors in healthy term neonates. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 250 full-term neonates who underwent cranial ultrasound as part of selective newborn screening over a 2-year period. Neonates with any of the following conditions were excluded: using mechanical ventilation, sedatives and/or vasopressors, or signs of infection which needed cerebrospinal fluid analysis and/or intracranial pathologies. Data on sex, gestational age, birth body weight, birth body height, birth head circumference, Apgar score and types of delivery were collected. The neurodevelopmental outcomes were reviewed. Results A total of 234 neonates (123 girls and 111 boys) were included. The mean ONSD value was 3.30 ± 0.27 mm in the right eye and 3.30 ± 0.23 mm in the left eye, with no significant difference between both eyes (p = 0.797). Male neonates had a larger ONSD than female neonates (3.34 ± 0.22 mm versus 3.26 ± 0.20 mm, p = 0.007), and ONSD was correlated with birth weight in the males. Otherwise, there were no statistically significant associations between ONSD and other birth characteristics in both sexes. Most (63%) cases were followed for at least 12 months, and 98% had normal neurodevelopment. Conclusion The reference value reported in this study may be used to evaluate the ONSD in healthy term neonates. Sex differences should be considered in this age group.

Objective Various studies have shown racial differences in adult cardiac chamber measurements by echocardiography. There is lack of any large scale data from India regarding the echocardiographic chamber measurements in cardiologically healthy individuals. In this study we present the normal reference values of echocardiographic chamber dimensions in young eastern Indian adults and compare it with the data in present guidelines and recent studies involving Indian subjects. Methods This study was performed on 1377 healthy adults aged 18–35 years. Standard transthoracic echocardiographies were performed to obtain basic measurements. All measurements were indexed to body surface area. Results The mean maximal aortic valve cusp separation (ACS) and indexed ACS were significantly more in females (p = 0.002, p = 0.03). Mean left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF) and LV fractional shortening were marginally higher in females. Upper normal reference limit of LV end diastolic dimension (LVEdD) is slightly more for males. Comparing to ASE data, LVEdD, LV end systolic dimension, LV end diastolic volume, indexed LV end systolic volume, left atrial anteroposterior dimension, aortic root dimension and right ventricle outflow diameter were significantly lower in study population while LVEF was significantly higher (p Conclusion The study reconfirms that Indian subjects have smaller cardiac chamber measurements compared to western population where as LVEF is higher in the Indian population and also demonstrates the wide variation of normal echocardiographic measurements within Indian subcontinent. No previous data from eastern India makes this research a singular experience.

BACKGROUND Consensus recommendations regarding the threshold levels of cardiac troponin elevations for the definition of perioperative myocardial infarction and clinically important periprocedural myocardial injury in patients undergoing cardiac surgery range widely (from >10 times to >= 70 times the upper reference limit for the assay). Limited evidence is available to support these recommendations. METHODS We undertook an international prospective cohort study involving patients 18 years of age or older who underwent cardiac surgery. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I measurements (upper reference limit, 26 ng per liter) were obtained 3 to 12 hours after surgery and on days 1, 2, and 3 after surgery. We performed Cox analyses using a regression spline that explored the relationship between peak troponin measurements and 30-day mortality, adjusting for scores on the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II (which estimates the risk of death after cardiac surgery on the basis of 18 variables, including age and sex). RESULTS Of 13,862 patients included in the study, 296 (2.1%) died within 30 days after surgery. Among patients who underwent isolated coronary-artery bypass grafting or aortic-valve replacement or repair, the threshold troponin level, measured within 1 day after surgery, that was associated with an adjusted hazard ratio of more than 1.00 for death within 30 days was 5670 ng per liter (95% confidence interval [CI], 1045 to 8260), a level 218 times the upper reference limit. Among patients who underwent other cardiac surgery, the corresponding threshold troponin level was 12,981 ng per liter (95% CI, 2673 to 16,591), a level 499 times the upper reference limit. CONCLUSIONS The levels of high-sensitivity troponin I after cardiac surgery that were associated with an increased risk of death within 30 days were substantially higher than levels currently recommended to define clinically important periprocedural myocardial injury. (Funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and others; VISION Cardiac Surgery ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01842568.)

Introduction: The aim of this study was to examine whether the Canadian Laboratory Initiative on Paediatric Reference Intervals (CALIPER) could be applied to Croatian children and adolescents. Materials and methods: A total of 295 outpatient healthy children and adolescents of age 1 to 18 were selected using the direct a posteriori sampling method. According to current guidelines, 20 samples were tested for each of a total of 51 reference intervals for ferritin, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, follicle stimulating hormone, lutein stimulating hormone, prolactin, progesterone, sex hormone binding globulin, thyroid stimulating hormone, total testosterone, total thyroxine and total triiodothyronine. Serum samples were analysed on the Beckman Coulter DxI600 immunoassay analyser by chemiluminescence immunoassay method. A reference interval was adopted if < 10% of the results fall outside CALIPER reference interval range. For analytes in which this criterion is not met in the first set of samples, a new set of 20 samples were collected. Results: After the first set of measurements, 96% of all tested reference intervals were adopted for use. The additional sets of 20 reference subjects were tested for only two reference intervals; follicle stimulating hormone for female aged 1 to 9 years, and irrespective of the gender, sex hormone binding globulin for children aged 8 to 11 years. All results of additional samples were within the specified interval limits. Conclusions: CALIPER reference intervals for ferritin and 11 hormones defined for Beckman Coulter DxI600 immunoassay analyser can be implemented into the Croatian laboratories and clinical practice.

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the usability and reliability of our new axis in a three-dimensional modelling work and demonstrate if it is a reproducible method for anteversion measurement that sufficiently correlates with other computed tomography (CT)-derived gold standards including transepicondylar axis (TEA) and posterior condylar axis (PCA). Patients and methods: Three-dimensional solid models were derived from left femoral CT data of 100 participants (50 males, 50 females; mean age 57 years: range, 21 to 86). The newly proposed popliteal surface axis (PSA) was compared with TEA and PCA in terms of anteversion measurement on these solid models. Results: Popliteal surface axis was found as a reproducible reference axis in our study as it could be measured in 99% of our sample. The mean value of PSA based anteversion was (-) 1.8 degrees which was 10.7 degrees and 4.4 degrees for PCA and TEA, respectively. Popliteal surface axis was perfectly correlated with PCA and TEA for anteversion measurements (p

There are limited data regarding intrinsic changes of the left (LV) and right ventricular (RV) deformation assessed layer-by-layer. We designed a prospective multi-centric study, using a new multi-layer 2D-speckle-tracking-echo (MSTE). We investigated the impact of different physiologic parameters on layer-specific LV/RV myocardial deformation and synchrony, in a large group of healty subjects. 151 subjects were feasible for MSTE, divided in 4 groups: 61 yrs. We found a significant higher LV dyssynchrony index with age. In all groups, an endo-epicardial gradient was present in longitudinal LV/RV and circumferential deformation, with higher values in endocardial layer (p

Background We aimed to develop the age- and sex-specific reference values for lipid profile of Iranian pediatric population. Methods Fasting lipid profiles of 3843 participants, aged 7 to 18 years, were extracted from a surveillance survey on Iranian children and adolescents living in 30 provinces across the country. Results The mean (SD) age of participants was 12.3(3.1) years, and 52.3% of them were boys. Significant differences were observed between genders comparing the levels of triglyceride (TG) (P = 0.04), total cholesterol (TC) (P = 0.02), low-density lipoprotein- cholesterol (LDL-C) (P = 0.01), and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) (P = 0.03). In both genders, TG levels increased with age in the 75th and higher percentiles. Among boys, TC showed a decreasing trend at all percentiles and all age groups. In girls, TC levels increased with age at all percentiles except for the 75th and 90th percentiles. Among boys, the levels of LDL-C and HDL-C decreased with age in all percentiles. However, LDL-C and HDL-C concentrations increased up to the 50th percentile in girls and then decreased with age. The non-HDL-C level decreased in the 50th and higher percentiles among boys and in the 90th and 95th percentiles among girls. The TG/HDL-C ratio increased with age at all percentiles in boys. In girls, TG/HDL-C ratio increased with age in the 50th and higher percentiles. Conclusions Based on the observed differences, it seems necessary to determine age- and sex-specific cut-off values for lipid parameters of children and adolescents in different populations.

Introduction: Measurement of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is essential in the investigation and management of calcium metabolism disorders. To assess the significance of any assay result when clinical decision making biological variation (BV) of the measurand must be taken into consideration. The aim of the present study is determining the BV parameters for serum PTH. Materials and methods: Blood samples were taken at weekly intervals from 20 healthy subjects for ten weeks in this prospective BV study. Serum “intact PTH” concentrations were measured with electrochemiluminescence method. Biological variation parameters were estimated using the approach proposed by Fraser. Results: The values of within-subject biological variation (CVI), between-subject biological variation (CVG), analytical variation (CVA), reference change value (RCV) and individuality index (II) for serum PTH were 21.1%, 24.9%, 3.8%, 59.4% and 0.8%, respectively. Within-subject biological variation and CVG were also determined according to gender separately; 18.5% and 24.0%; 26.2% and 18.6% for male and female, respectively. Calculated desirable precision and bias goals were < 10.6% and < 6.3%, respectively. Conclusion: This study may contribute to BV data on serum PTH as it includes a sufficient number of volunteers from both genders over an acceptable period of time. We do not recommend the usage of population-based reference intervals for serum PTH concentrations. Reference change value may be helpful for the evaluation of serial serum PTH results. Nonetheless, evaluation of data according to gender is necessary when setting analytical performance specifications. © 2019, Biochemia Medica, Editorial Office. All rights reserved.

Strain ratio measurements of tendons vary because of the reference tissue selection. The main purpose of this study is to highlight, in detail, the numeric variability attributable to the use of various reference materials on strain ratio measurements of patellar and Achilles tendons. Measurements were performed at the proximal, middle and distal thirds of the patellar and Achilles tendons on the dominant site of healthy volunteers. A total of 3 references were used: the Hoffa's fat pad for the patellar tendon, the Kager's fat pad for the Achilles tendon, subcutaneous tissue and Aquaflex gel pads (Parker Laboratories, Fairfield, NJ, USA) for both tendons. Although the same methods were used by the same physician for each tendon site on repeated measurements, strain ratio values had numeric variability with various reference materials in each measurement. Therefore, comparison of numeric strain ratio results of various studies with various reference materials could confuse the clinical interpretations of these numeric data, and, using a reference material with standard stiffness like Aquaflex ultrasound gel pads, should be considered by verifying these results with further studies. © 2019 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology

Background/aim: The 6-minute walk test (6MWT) is the most commonly used and well-established test to measure functional exercise capacity in research and clinical settings. Country-specific reference values are important to interpret the results of 6MWT. However, no reference values have been reported for healthy Turkish children aged between 6 and 12 years old. The aim of this study was to determine normal reference values for the 6MWT test of healthy Turkish children aged between 6 and 12 years old. Materials and methods: Two hundred and sixty-two healthy children aged between 6 and 12 years old were included in this cross-sectional study. Measures included height, weight, body mass index (BMI), leg length, and 6MWT distance (6MWD). Results: The mean 6MWD was 572.58 (SD = 117.72) m. There were significant correlations between 6MWD and age (r = 0.764, P < 0.001), height (r = 0.742, P < 0.001), weight (r = 0.605, P < 0.001), BMI (r = 0.234, P < 0.001), and lower extremity length (r = 0.708, P < 0.001). In the stepwise multiple linear regression model, age and height explained about 60% of the variability of the 6MWT distance for the total sample. Conclusion: Reference values and prediction equation for the 6MWT in healthy Turkish children aged 6?12 years old have been reported for the first time in this study. Researchers and clinicians can use them to interpret the effectiveness of a treatment and/or to compare the results of disabled children with healthy ones.

Background: The incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) is widely used in clinical and research settings. However, there are no reference equations to predict the walk distance achieved in the ISWT (ISWD) for healthy Japanese adults. We aimed to establish a reference equation for the ISWD prediction in Japanese adults. Methods: The sample comprised 590 healthy Japanese subjects (237 male). All subjects performed the ISWT twice, and their anthropometric and demographic data were collected, including gender, age, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI). Results: Subjects walked 640 [490?793] m in the ISWT. The ISWD correlated (p < 0.001 for all) with age (r = ? 0.51), gender (r = 0.56), weight (r = 0.39), and height (r = 0.62), but not with BMI (r = ? 0.01, p = 0.74). The stepwise multiple regression model showed that age, gender, and height were independent contributors to the ISWT in healthy subjects, explaining 50% of the variability. The reference equation for the ISWD was: ISWD(m) = ? 4.894 ? 4.107 × Age (years) + 131.115 × Gender + 4.895 × Height (cm), where male gender = 1. Conclusion: We have established a reference equation for the ISWD prediction in Japanese adults. The prediction accuracy was high (R2 = 50%), and a reference equation was established using anthropometric and demographic variables that can be easily assessed in clinical settings. The reference equation developed in this study will be useful for evaluating the magnitude of exercise intolerance in Japanese adults., Respiratory Investigation, 56(6), pp.497-502; 2018

Purpose: To establish a specific player profile on body-composition parameters and to provide a data set of bioelectric impedances values for male volleyball players. Methods: The study included 201 athletes (age 26.1 [5.4] y, height 191.9 [9.7] cm, weight 86.8 [10.8] kg) registered in the Italian volleyball divisions. The athletes were divided into 3 groups: The elite group comprised 75 players participating in the 1st (Super Lega) division, the subelite group included 65 athletes performing in the 2nd (Serie A2) division, and the low-level group included 61 players participating in the 3rd (Serie B) division. Bioelectric impedance, body weight, and height of the athletes were measured in the second half of the competitive season. In addition, bioelectrical impedance vector analysis was performed. Results: The elite group showed a greater amount of fat-free mass (FFM) and total body water (TBW) and a lower fat mass (FM) than the subelite group (P P P Conclusions: This study provides an original data set of body-composition and bioelectric impedance reference values of elite male volleyball players. The results might be useful for interpretation of individual bioimpedance vectors and for defining target regions for volleyball players.

This study aims to determine the intraocular pressure (IOP) of healthy Turkish Eastern Anatolian Red (EAR) cattle eyes using the iCare® Rebound Tonometer (RT). In addition, we aimed to evaluate whether there is a difference in the IOP values depending for the left or right eyes, time of day, gender, and age of animals. The research was carried out on 42 EAR cattle. The cattle were divided into 3 groups, group I (7 male, 7 female, n=14), group II (7 male, 7 female, n=14), and group III (7 male, 7 female, n=14) 6, 12, 24 months old, respectively. Measurements were performed, in the morning (6:00 a.m.), in the noon, and the evening (6:00 p.m.). The average IOP values for groups I, II and III was 24.51±0.91 mm Hg (P=0.520), 24.23±0.87 mm Hg (P=0.621) and 23.98±0.82 mmHg (P=0.772). According to the findings of this research for the values, the IOP of EAR cattle using the RT no statistically significant differences between right and left eyes, time of day, gender, and age were found for any of the results (P>0.05). In this study, the IOP reference value for EAR cattle was determined as 24.24±0.54 mm Hg using RT, regardless of any variable. In addition, this study is the first research article in which the intraocular pressure in Turkish Eastern Anatolian Red cattle was measured by the iCare® Rebound Tonometer. © 2021, Israel Veterinary Medical Association. All rights reserved., This study was presented at the 4th International Conference on Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 19-22 June 2019, Ağrı, Turkey.

Left atrial (LA) speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) provides indices of LA deformation such as strain and strain rate. These variables offer useful clinical information in human and canine patients with cardiac disease. At present, reference ranges for LA STE variables in dogs are scarcely established and, due to variability among centers, they cannot be accepted worldwide. The present study aimed to provide normal ranges for LA strain and strain rate variables in clinically healthy dogs, and to evaluate the effect of clinical parameters such as bodyweight. Eighty clinically healthy dogs served as the study population. Left atrial STE was feasible in all dogs and agreement within and between observers was clinically acceptable for most of the variables, in particular strain variables. Age, sex, and heart rate did not affect LA STE. Bodyweight was negatively correlated with strain variables and positively correlated with diastolic strain rate variables and the relationship was allometric. Bodyweight-based vendor-dependent prediction intervals for LA STE variables in clinically healthy dogs could aid the evaluation of LA function in clinical practice.

Laboratory-controlled physiological data for the multimammate rat (Mastomys natalensis) are scarce, despite this species being a known reservoir and vector for zoonotic viruses, including the highly pathogenic Lassa virus, as well as other arenaviruses and many species of bacteria. For this reason, M. natalensis is an important rodent for the study of host-virus interactions within laboratory settings. Herein, we provide basic blood parameters for age- and sex-distributed animals in regards to blood counts, cell phenotypes and serum chemistry of a specific-pathogen-monitored M. natalensis breeding colony, to facilitate scientific insight into this important and widespread rodent species.

Purpose: Japan is one of few countries with a male life expectancy over 80 years. The gap between the healthy life span and the total life expectancy is large, highlighting the importance of maintaining physical performance. The present study aims to establish reference values for multiple physical performance measures among high-functioning oldest-old Japanese men and to investigate the correlations among these measurements to understand how these variables are related. Methods: This study was conducted with 120 Japanese males aged 80 years or older who were able to walk independently. Seven measures of physical performance were assessed: handgrip strength, quadriceps strength, static balance ability (one-legged stance), dynamic balance ability (Functional Reach Test, FRT), walking ability (5-m walking time test), combined movement ability (Timed Up &amp, Go test), and bone quality. Cognitive function was also measured (Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE). Results: Specific reference values are reported for each physical performance measurement explored in this study. Only six participants were classified as cognitively impaired, and 16 had mild cognitive impairment. There were significant correlations of varying levels among all of the measures of physical performance. Age was significantly correlated with all performance measures except FRT, and there was no correlation between age and MMSE. MMSE was weakly correlated with FRT and unrelated to the other performance measures. Conclusions: The reference ranges can be used by older men who have not yet reached 80 years and their health care providers as physical performance targets to facilitate the maintenance of independent mobility in later life.

Background Troponin levels are frequently obtained in pediatric patients, but the benefit remains unclear. Methods and Results This retrospective study included 1993 patients aged 0 to 21 years without history of cardiac disease in whom troponin levels were obtained during clinical evaluation of cardiac and noncardiac presentations. Troponin was elevated (≥0.1 ng/mL) in 182 patients (9%). A cardiac diagnosis was made in 109 (60%) of those with elevated troponin and in 208 (12%) of those without ( P Conclusions Troponin can be a useful adjunctive test in the evaluation of children when the differential diagnosis includes cardiac etiologies. Serial measurement was not helpful when troponin was elevated at presentation but may merit consideration when the initial level is not elevated and there is ongoing concern about cardiac involvement. Lower reference values may be appropriate when evaluating children in contrast to adults.

Reference intervals (RIs) and clinical decision limits (CDLs) are fundamental tools used by healthcare and laboratory professionals to interpret patient laboratory test results. The traditional method for establishing RIs, known as the direct approach, is based on collecting samples from members of a preselected reference population, making the measurements and then determining the intervals. For challenging groups such as pediatric and geriatric age groups, indirect methods are appointed for the derivation of RIs in the EP28-A3c guideline. However, there has been an increasing demand to use the indirect methods of deriving RIs by the use of routine laboratory data stored in the laboratory information system. International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC), Committee on Reference Intervals and Decision Limits (C-RIDL) is currently working on the study for the comparison of the conventional (direct) and alternative (indirect) approaches for the determination of reference intervals. As a matter of fact that, the process of developing RIs is often beyond the capabilities of an individual laboratory due to the complex, expensive and time-consuming process to develop them. Therefore, a laboratory can alternatively transfer and verify RIs established by an external source (i.e. manufacturers' package inserts, publications). IFCC, C-RIDL has focused primarily on RIs and has performed multicenter studies to obtain common RIs in recent years. However, as the broader responsibility of the Committee, from its name, includes "decision limits", the C-RIDL also emphasizes the importance of the correct use of both RIs and CDLs and to encourage laboratories to specify the appropriate information to clinicians as needed. Referans aralıkları (RI) ve klinik karar sınırları (CDL), sağlık ve laboratuvar profesyonelleri tarafından hasta laboratuvar test sonuçlarını yorumlamak için kullanılan temel araçlardır. Doğrudan yaklaşım olarak bilinen RI’lerin oluşturulmasına yönelik geleneksel yöntem, önceden seçilmiş bir referans popülasyonunun üyelerinden örneklerin toplanması, ölçümlerin yapılması ve daha sonra aralıkların belirlenmesine dayanmaktadır. Pediatrik ve geriatrik yaş grupları gibi zorlu gruplar için, EP28-A3c kılavuzunda RI’nin türetilmesi için dolaylı yöntemler atanır. Bununla birlikte, laboratuvar bilgi sisteminde depolanan rutin laboratuvar verilerinin kullanılmasıyla UR’nin türetilmesi için dolaylı yöntemlerin kullanılması yönünde artan bir talep vardır. Uluslararası Klinik Kimya Federasyonu (IFCC), Referans Aralıkları ve Karar Sınırları Komitesi (C-RIDL) şu anda referans aralıklarının belirlenmesi için geleneksel (doğrudan) ve alternatif (dolaylı) yaklaşımların karşılaştırılması için çalışma üzerinde çalışmaktadır. Nitekim, RI geliştirme süreci genellikle bunları geliştirmek için karmaşık, pahalı ve zaman alıcı bir süreç nedeniyle bireysel bir laboratuvarın yeteneklerinin ötesindedir. Bu nedenle, bir laboratuvar alternatif olarak harici bir kaynak (yani üreticilerin paket ekleri, yayınları) tarafından kurulan RI’leri aktarabilir ve doğrulayabilir. IFCC, C-RIDL öncelikle RI’lere odaklanmıştır ve son yıllarda ortak RI elde etmek için çok merkezli çalışmalar yapmıştır. Bununla birlikte, komitenin daha geniş sorumluluğu adına “karar sınırları” içerdiğinden, C-RIDL aynı zamanda hem RI’lerin, hem de CDL’lerin doğru kullanımının önemini vurgulamakta ve laboratuvarları gerektiğinde klinisyenlere uygun bilgileri belirtmeye teşvik etmek için teşvik etmektedir.

An increased calcitonin serum level is suggestive of a medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), but is not pathognomonic. The possibility of false positives or other calcitonin-secreting neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) should be considered. Serum calcitonin levels are generally assessed by immunoradiometric and chemiluminescent assays with high sensitivity and specificity; however, slightly moderately elevated levels could be attributable to various confounding factors. Calcitonin values >100 pg/mL are strongly suspicious of malignancy, whereas in patients with moderately elevated values (10–100 pg/mL) a stimulation test may be applied to improve diagnostic accuracy. Although the standard protocol and the best gender-specific cut-offs for calcium-stimulated calcitonin are still controversial, the fold of the calcitonin increase after stimulation seems to be more reliable. Patients with MTC show stimulated calcitonin values at least three to four times higher than the basal values, whereas calcitonin-secreting NENs can be distinguished from a C-cell disease by the absence of or

An increased calcitonin serum level is suggestive of a medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), but is not pathognomonic. The possibility of false positives or other calcitonin-secreting neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) should be considered. Serum calcitonin levels are generally assessed by immunoradiometric and chemiluminescent assays with high sensitivity and specificity; however, slightly moderately elevated levels could be attributable to various confounding factors. Calcitonin values >100 pg/mL are strongly suspicious of malignancy, whereas in patients with moderately elevated values (10-100 pg/mL) a stimulation test may be applied to improve diagnostic accuracy. Although the standard protocol and the best gender-specific cut-offs for calcium-stimulated calcitonin are still controversial, the fold of the calcitonin increase after stimulation seems to be more reliable. Patients with MTC show stimulated calcitonin values at least three to four times higher than the basal values, whereas calcitonin-secreting NENs can be distinguished from a C-cell disease by the absence of or

Introduction: Spirometry is the main pulmonary function test routinely employed in the occupational medicine practice. Its interpretation depends on the choice of the theoretical reference values. Therefore, our objective was to retrospectively evaluate the differences in the spirometric interpretation according to the reference values used. Methods: A total of 2462 spirometries performed during health surveillance programs were analyzed. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and FEV1/FVC ratio were compared according to three different reference values: the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) 1971, the European Respiratory Society (ERS) 1993, and the Global Lung Initiative (GLI) 2012. Results: The GLI 2012 provided significantly higher predicted mean FVC and FEV1 values compared to the ERS 1993 and significantly lower compared to the ECSC 1971. The GLI 2012 were able to detect all the obstructive deficits and mixed patterns diagnosed with ECSC 1971 and ERS 1993, in addition to others not diagnosed by these two latter reference values. The number of restrictive patterns identified through the GLI 2012 was significantly reduced and increased compared to those diagnosed using the ECSC 1971 and the ERS 1993, respectively. Discussion: In comparison to the GLI 2012, the ERS 1993 values significantly underestimated obstructive and restrictive alterations. Conversely, the ECSC 1971 significantly underestimated obstructive changes, while overestimated restrictive patterns, compared to GLI. Although the GLI reference values may provide a correct spirometric interpretation, their validation in an Italian worker population is necessary to confirm their possible use in routine occupational health programs.

Background Left ventricular (LV) volumes are basic parameters used to estimate ventricular size and function; however, normal values are not available in children. The aim of our study is to provide normal values for LV volumes (measured with the biplane Simpson method) in healthy children. Materials and methods We prospectively studied 1320 healthy Caucasian Italian children (age 0 days-17 years, 49.4% female). Echocardiographic measurements on LV volumes were performed. Age, heart rate (HR), and body surface area (BSA) were used as independent variables in different analyses to predict the mean values of each measurement. Results Models with exponential (ln[y] = a + b*ln[x]) equations resulted in the best fit for LV volumes. The association with BSA was found to be stronger than the association of HR and age. Thus BSA was used for normalization of our data. Predicted values and Z-score boundaries by BSA are provided. Conclusions We report normal values for 2D biplane LV volumes in a population of healthy children. These data cover a gap in current pediatric echocardiographic nomograms and may serve as baseline for evaluation of children with cardiac defects characterized by LV dilatation or hypoplasia.

Aims To obtain the normal range for 2D echocardiographic (2DE) measurements of left ventricular (LV) layer-specific strain from a large group of healthy volunteers of both genders over a wide range of ages. Methods and results A total of 287 (109 men, mean age: 46 ± 14 years) healthy subjects were enrolled at 22 collaborating institutions of the EACVI Normal Reference Ranges for Echocardiography (NORRE) study. Layer-specific strain was analysed from the apical two-, three-, and four-chamber views using 2DE software. The lowest values of layer-specific strain calculated as ±1.96 standard deviations from the mean were −15.0% in men and −15.6% in women for epicardial strain, −16.8% and −17.7% for mid-myocardial strain, and −18.7% and −19.9% for endocardial strain, respectively. Basal-epicardial and mid-myocardial strain decreased with age in women (epicardial; P = 0.008, mid-myocardial; P = 0.003) and correlated with age (epicardial; r = −0.20, P = 0.007, mid-myocardial; r = −0.21, P = 0.006, endocardial; r = −0.23, P = 0.002), whereas apical-epicardial, mid-myocardial strain increased with the age in women (epicardial; P = 0.006, mid-myocardial; P = 0.03) and correlated with age (epicardial; r = 0.16, P = 0.04). End/Epi ratio at the apex was higher than at the middle and basal levels of LV in men (apex; 1.6 ± 0.2, middle; 1.2 ± 0.1, base 1.1 ± 0.1) and women (apex; 1.6 ± 0.1, middle; 1.1 ± 0.1, base 1.2 ± 0.1). Conclusion The NORRE study provides useful 2DE reference ranges for novel indices of layer-specific strain.

Introduction In this study we collected reference values for the across-tarsal-tunnel conduction of the motor tibial nerve (mTN). Methods The mTN compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) from the abductor hallucis muscle were obtained by stimulating below/above the malleolus and the popliteal fossa. The effect of weight, height, body mass index (BMI), foot and leg length, sex, and age were evaluated using univariate and multivariate correlation analyses, and predictive equations for each mTN conduction parameter were developed. Results On the basis of data from 185 subjects, there were differences between women and men in all anthropometric parameters and for some nerve conduction values. Through multivariate analysis, age, but not sex, was found to have a significant impact. Height affected both distal and proximal conduction velocity. BMI affected CMAP amplitude. Discussion mTN conduction is influenced by various demographic and anthropometric factors. For all intrinsic factors, height demonstrated the greatest effect on mTN conduction across the tarsal tunnel.

Background Vitamin B12 deficiency is still an important nutritional problem worldwide. There is no consensus on the reference intervals (RIs) for vitamin B12. In order to establish vitamin B12 RIs, we used the database obtained from a primary healthcare organization and estimated region-specific intervals. Methods Vitamin B12 results were collected from our laboratory information system (LIS) between January 2014 and July 2014. We excluded the results of the individuals who had megaloblastic and microcytic anemia. After outlier detection and exclusion, we estimated the RIs of the “1–12, 13–18, 19–64 and 65 +” age groups according to the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) method. Statistical differences were examined between groups. Results The reference limits and 90% confidence intervals (CIs) (n = 14,748, 3790 male, age: 1–96; 10,958 female, age: 1–115) were estimated with 90% CIs as 106 (104–107)–393 (391–395) pmol/L. We also estimated the reference limits of the “1–12, 13–18, 19–64 and 65 +” age groups to be 127–459, 108–398, 106–384 and 104–426 pmol/L, respectively. There was no difference between genders in all age groups. Conclusions Both the lower and upper limits of the estimated RIs were found to be lower than the reference limits recommended by the manufacturer. Our findings revealed that the RIs of vitamin B12 should be given for the “1–12, 13–18, 19–64 and 65 +” age groups separately. The big data obtained from laboratories should be used for the determination of its population health status. As our population is composed of outpatients, the estimated vitamin B12 RIs may establish the basic information for the examination of our population for vitamin B12 deficiency.

Background Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a well-known independent prognostic factor in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and a sufficient criterion for lung transplant candidacy. Limited data are currently available on the hemodynamic and clinical effect of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors in patients with severe PH associated with COPD. This study assessed the effect of sildenafil on pulmonary hemodynamics and gas exchange in severe PH associated with COPD. Methods After screening, this multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind trial randomized patients to receive 20 mg sildenafil or placebo 3 times a day (ratio 2:1) for 16 weeks. The primary end point was the reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance. Secondary end points included BODE (body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity) index, 6-minute walk test, and quality of life questionnaire. Changes in the partial pressure of arterial oxygen were evaluated as a safety parameter. Results The final population included 28 patients, 18 in the sildenafil group and 10 in the placebo group. At 16 week, patients treated with sildenafil had a decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance (mean difference with placebo –1.4 WU; 95% confidence interval, ≤ –0.05; p = 0.04). Sildenafil also improved the BODE index, diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide percentage, and quality of life. Change from baseline in the partial pressure of arterial oxygen was not significantly different between the sildenafil and placebo groups. Conclusions This pilot study found that treatment with sildenafil reduced pulmonary vascular resistance and improved the BODE index and quality of life, without a significant effect on gas exchange.

Purpose: The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of nocturia and nocturnal polyuria (NP) and to define new cutoff values according to age and sex for both conditions. Methods: Data from a population-based prevalence survey conducted among a random sample of 2,128 adults were analyzed in this study. Participants were requested to fill out a questionnaire including the International Continence Society (ICS) definitions of lower urinary tract symptoms and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short Form. Additionally, a 1-day bladder diary was given to each individual. The participants were divided into 5 age groups. The prevalence of nocturia was calculated based on definitions of nocturia as ?1 voiding episodes, ?2 episodes, and ?3 episodes. NP was evaluated according to the ICS definition. The mean±standard errors and 95th percentile values were calculated in each group as new cutoff values for NP. Results: The prevalence of nocturia was estimated as 28.4%, 17.6%, and 8.9% for ?1, ?2, and ?3 voiding episodes each night, respectively. When nocturia was defined as 2 or more voiding episodes at night, the prevalence decreased significantly. The mean NP index was 29.4%±15.0% in men and 23.1%±11.8% in women. For the age groups of < 50 years, 50-59 years, and ?60 years, the new cutoff values for the diagnosis of NP were calculated as 48%, 69%, and 59% for men and 41%, 50%, and 42% for women, respectively. Conclusions: We found that the definition of nocturia was still controversial and that waking up once for voiding might be within the normal spectrum of behavior. The definition of NP should be modified, and new cutoff values should be defined using the data presented in our study and in other forthcoming studies. © 2016 Korean Continence Society.

Diurnal salivary cortisol profiles are valuable indicators of adrenocortical functioning in epidemiological research and clinical practice. However, normative reference values derived from a large number of participants and across a wide age range are still missing.To fill this gap, data were compiled from 15 independently conducted field studies with a total of 104,623 salivary cortisol samples obtained from 18,698 unselected individuals (mean age: 48.3 years, age range: 0.5-98.5 years, 39% females). Besides providing a descriptive analysis of the complete dataset, we also performed mixed-effects growth curve modeling of diurnal salivary cortisol (i.e., 1-16h after awakening). Cortisol decreased significantly across the day and was influenced by both, age and sex. Intriguingly, we also found a pronounced impact of sampling season with elevated diurnal cortisol in spring and decreased levels in autumn. However, the majority of variance was accounted for by between-participant and between-study variance components. Based on these analyses, reference ranges (LC/MS-MS calibrated) for cortisol concentrations in saliva were derived for different times across the day, with more specific reference ranges generated for males and females in different age categories. This integrative summary provides important reference values on salivary cortisol to aid basic scientists and clinicians in interpreting deviations from the normal diurnal cycle. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Objectives Evaluation of the reliability and the validity of the Italian version of the Bus Story Test (I-BST), providing normative data in Italian children. Methods A total of 552 normally developing children (278 males and 274 females) aged 3; 6 to 9; 0 years, were enrolled. Test-retest, intra- and inter-rater reliability were analysed on a sample of respectively 145, 178 and 178 children. Normative data were gathered from all the enrolled children and estimate centiles according to the CG-LMS method provided. The children were divided into 11 age classes of six months each; percentile scores and standard error measurement were analysed in children from age class 4; 0-4; 5 years to age class 8; 6-811 years. Age effects on I-BST were analysed. Results Results showed high test-retest, intra- and inter-rater reliability scores. A significant age effect on I-BST scores emerged from the ANOVA test analysis; in particular, as age increases, so do I-BST scores. Conclusion The I-BST is a reliable and valid tool. The availability of normative data for Italian speaking children may help clinicians during clinical assessment.

OBJECTIVES Non-invasive fibrosis scores are widely used to identify/exclude advanced fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, these scores were principally developed and validated in patients aged between 35 and 65 years of age. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of age on the performance of non-invasive fibrosis tests in NAFLD. METHODS Patients were recruited from European specialist hepatology clinics. The cohort was divided into five age-based groups: ≤35 (n=74), 36-45 (n=96), 46-55 (n=197), 56-64 (n=191), and ≥65 years (n=76), and the performance of the aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine transaminase (ALT) ratio, fibrosis 4 (FIB-4), and NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS) for advanced fibrosis (stage F3-F4) for each group was assessed using liver biopsy as the standard. RESULTS Six hundred and thirty-four patients were included. The diagnostic accuracy of the AST/ALT ratio was lower than NFS and FIB-4 in all the age groups. The AST/ALT ratio, NFS, and FIB-4 score performed poorly for a diagnosis of advanced fibrosis in those aged ≤35 years (area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs 0.52, 0.52, and 0.60, respectively). For all groups >35 years, AUROCs for advanced fibrosis were similar for the NFS and FIB-4 score (range 0.77-0.84). However, the specificity for advanced fibrosis using the FIB-4 and NFS declined with age, becoming unacceptably low in those aged ≥65 years (35% for FIB-4 and 20% for NFS). New cutoffs were derived (and validated) for those aged ≥65 years, which improved specificity to 70% without adversely affecting sensitivity (FIB-4 2.0, sensitivity 77%; NFS 0.12, sensitivity 80%). CONCLUSIONS The NFS and FIB-4 scores have similar accuracy for advanced fibrosis in patients aged >35 years. However, the specificity for advanced fibrosis is unacceptably low in patients aged ≥65 years, resulting in a high false positive rate. New thresholds for use in patients aged ≥65 years are proposed to address this issue.Am J Gastroenterol advance online publication, 11 October 2016; doi:10.1038/ajg.2016.453.

ObjectivesThis exploratory investigation aimed to measure blood lead levels and associated risk factors in exposed workers in Iran, and to derive appropriate reference values for blood lead in this population as a means of epidemiological comparison.DesignCross-sectional.SettingManufacturing plants with potential lead exposure in Southern Khorasan Province, Iran.ParticipantsThe study included 630 workers, selected through stratified random sampling.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary measures in this exploratory investigation were venous blood lead concentration (BLC) and associated risk factors of age, gender, work experience, cigarette smoking and history of opium use. The secondary measures were symptoms associated with lead toxicity. Data analyses were conducted using Student’s t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis test, Spearman correlation coefficient and regression analysis.ResultsMean and median BLCs were 6.5±8.1 μg/dL and 3.9 μg/dL (IQR: 2.9–5.8), respectively. Of the subjects, 85 (13.5%) had BLC ≥10 μg/dL. The derived reference BLC value in this study was 30 μg/dL for men and 14 μg/dL for women. Increasing work experience and age were associated with BLC >10 μg/dL. Radiator manufacturers were up to 12.9 times (95% CI 4.6 to 35, p10 μg/dL. Most subjects reported multiple symptoms.ConclusionsThe mean BLC was above the maximum recommended concentration. There was a significant relationship between higher BLC and age or working in a printing factory or radiator manufacturing. These findings can direct efforts towards reducing occupational lead exposure.

Background: We investigated population-based data on grip strength, analyzed for demographic factors, and proposed a formula to estimate grip strength that could be generalized to a population with different anthropometric and background characteristics. Methods: This study used a complex, stratified, multistage probability cluster survey with a representative sample of the population. Select household Korean participants (n = 6577) over age 10 who were able to perform daily tasks without issue were included. Grip strength was measured in both hands, alternately, three times using a digital grip strength dynamometer. Results: There was a curvilinear relationship between grip strength and age, and grip strength was higher in males than females (p = 0.001). Hand preference significantly affected grip strength (p = 0.001). Weight and height were positively correlated with strength in both hands (p = 0.001), but waist circumference was negatively correlated with strength in both hands (p = 0.001). The intensity of occupational labor did significantly affect grip strength in both hands (p = 0.001). The formulas for estimating grip strength of each hand are presented as main results. Conclusions: To determine normative data on grip strength, we may consider factors such as occupations with different physical demands, underlying medical conditions, anthropometric characteristics, and unmodifiable factors such as age and sex.

Atasay, Fatma Begum/0000-0002-9114-5293; AYGUN, CANAN/0000-0002-7955-5943; Okulu, Emel/0000-0002-1101-3355; ERDEVE, OMER/0000-0002-3193-0812 WOS: 000470854200027 PubMed: 31181092 Background To achieve gas exchange goals and mitigate lung injury, infants who fail with conventional ventilation (CV) are generally switched to high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV). Although preferred in many neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), research on this type of rescue HFOV has not been reported recently. Methods An online registry database for a multicenter, prospective study was set to evaluate factors affecting the response of newborn infants to rescue HFOV treatment. The study population consisted of 372 infants with CV failure after at least 4 hours of treatment in 23 participating NICUs. Patients were grouped according to their final outcome as survived (Group S) or as died or received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) (Group D/E). Patients' demographic characteristics and underlying diseases in addition to their ventilator settings, arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis results at 0, 1, 4, and 24 hours, type of device, ventilation duration, and complications were compared between groups. Results HFOV as rescue treatment was successful in 58.1% of patients. Demographic and treatment parameters were not different between groups, except that infants in Group D/E had lower birthweight (BW) (1655 +/- 1091 vs. 1858 +/- 1027 g, p = 0.006), a higher initial FiO2 setting (83% vs. 72%, p < 0.001), and a higher rate of nitric oxide exposure (21.8% vs. 11.1%, p = 0.004) in comparison to infants who survived (Group S). The initial cut-offs for a successful response on ABG were defined as pH > 7.065 (OR: 19.74, 95% CI 4.83-80.6, p < 0.001), HCO3 > 16.35 mmol/L (OR: 1.06, 95% CI 1.01-1.1, p = 0.006), and lactate level < 3.75 mmol/L (OR: 1.09% 95 CI 1.01-1.16, p = 0.006). Rescue HFOV duration was associated with retinopathy of prematurity (p = 0.005) and moderate or severe chronic lung disease (p < 0.001), but not with patent ductus arteriosus or intraventricular hemorrhage, in survivors (p > 0.05). Conclusion Rescue HFOV as defined for this population was successful in more than half of the patients with CV failure. Although the response was not associated with gestational age, underlying disease, device used, or initial MV settings, it seemed to be more effective in patients with higher BW and those not requiring nitric oxide. Initial pH, HCO3, and lactate levels on ABG may be used as predictors of a response to rescue HFOV. Turkish Neonatal Society [5-2016] This study was supported by the Turkish Neonatal Society, number 5-2016, received by OE. Turkish Neonatal Society funded the study's online registry system. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

International audience; Aims - To obtain the normal ranges for 2D echocardiographic (2DE) indices of myocardial work (MW) from a large group of healthy volunteers over a wide range of ages and gender. Methods and results - A total of 226 (85 men, mean age: 45 ± 13 years) healthy subjects were enrolled at 22 collaborating institutions of the Normal Reference Ranges for Echocardiography (NORRE) study. Global work index (GWI), global constructive work (GCW), global work waste (GWW), and global work efficiency (GWE) were estimated from left ventricle (LV) pressure-strain loops. Peak LV systolic pressure was non-invasively derived from brachial artery cuff pressure. The lowest values of MW indices in men and women were 1270 mmHg% and 1310 mmHg% for GWI, 1650 mmHg% and 1544 mmHg% for GCW, and 90% and 91% for GWE, respectively. The highest value for GWW was 238 mmHg% in men and 239 mmHg% in women. Men had significant lower values of GWE and higher values of GWW. GWI and GCW significantly increased with age in women. Conclusion - The NORRE study provides useful 2DE reference ranges for novel indices of non-invasive MW.

Assessment of the number of T-cell receptor excision circles (TREC) and kappa-deleting recombination excision circles (KREC) copies has been recently described as biomarkers of newly formed T and B cells respectively. In this study, we aimed to explore the effects of demographic variables including age, gender, weight, height and ethnicity on these two episomal DNA molecules. Second, for the first time in our country, we determined the reference values of TREC and KREC copy numbers in different age groups of Iranian healthy individuals as a threshold for identifying T cell and B cell lymphopenia. The TREC and KREC copy numbers were evaluated in 251 dried blood spot (DBS) samples from healthy volunteers (age range: 0-60 years). Six primary immunodeficiency (PID) patients were included as disease controls. TREC and KREC copies were markedly reduced with increasing age. Although the levels of TREC and KREC were higher in females than males, this difference did not reach statistical significance. These findings suggest that demographic variables including age should be considered for interpretation results of the TREC/KREC assay.

Background The Italian Society of Clinical Biochemistry (SIBioC) and the Italian Section of the European Ligand Assay Society (ELAS) have recently promoted a multicenter study (Italian hs-cTnI Study) with the aim to accurately evaluate analytical performances and reference values of the most popular cTnI methods commercially available in Italy. The aim of this article is to report the results of the Italian hs-cTnI Study concerning the evaluation of the 99th percentile URL and reference change (RCV) values around the 99th URL of the Access cTnI method. Materials and methods Heparinized plasma samples were collected from 1306 healthy adult volunteers by 8 Italian clinical centers. Every center collected from 50 to 150 plasma samples from healthy adult subjects. All volunteers denied the presence of chronic or acute diseases and had normal values of routine laboratory tests (including creatinine, electrolytes, glucose and blood counts). An older cohort of 457 adult subjects (mean age 63.0 years; SD 8.1 years, minimum 47 years, maximum 86 years) underwent also ECG and cardiac imaging analysis in order to exclude the presence of asymptomatic cardiac disease. Results and conclusions The results of the present study confirm that the Access hsTnI method using the DxI platform satisfies the two criteria required by international guidelines for high-sensitivity methods for cTn assay. Furthermore, the results of this study confirm that the calculation of the 99th percentile URL values are greatly affected not only by age and sex of the reference population, but also by the statistical approach used for calculation of cTnI distribution parameters.

Purpose: We aimed to compare the thickness of anterior sclera, corneal layers, and pre-ocular tear film between patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome and healthy individuals. Methods: Fifty-one patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome and 41 healthy control participants were recruited in this cross-sectional and comparative study. The thickness of the pre-ocular tear film, corneal epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, Descemet's membrane, and endothelium were measured on the corneal apex. Anterior scleral thickness was measured at distances of 1 mm and 3 mm from the limbus. The anterior segment module of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography was used to measure thicknesses of pre-ocular tear film, corneal layers, and anterior sclera. Results: Tear film thickness, Schirmer's test, and tear break up time values were significantly lower in the Sjögren's disease group than in the healthy controls (p < 0.05). The thickness measurements of corneal layers and sclera were similar between the groups. Tear film thickness was moderately correlated with the Schirmer's test results (r = 0.34, p = 0.001), but there was no correlation between the Schirmer's test results and tear break up time (r = 0.18, p = 0.09). Conclusions: Pre-ocular tear film, as measured by anterior segment optical coherence tomography, was thinner in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome than in the healthy controls. The thicknesses of corneal layers and anterior sclera were similar between the groups. © 2019, Conselho Brasileiro De Oftalmologia.

Background: Sarcopenia which is described as decreased muscle strength, skeletal muscle mass (SMM), and muscle function is related with poor clinical outcomes. The cut-offs for the diagnosis of low SMM based on computed tomography (CT) have been previously reported in several populations. However, in order to investigate the presence of sarcopenia, it is recommended to use normative data of the study population instead of other reference populations. There is lack of normative SMM data based on CT in Turkish population. Therefore, our aim was to define the sex-specific cut-off values of healthy Turkish population on CT. Methods: Skeletal muscle index (SMI) and psoas muscle mass index (PMI) in 270 healthy kidney donors (20-60 years old) were measured at L3 vertebrae level on CT. Sex-specific SMI-L3 and PMI-L3 distribution was assessed, and cut-off values using two standard deviations to define low SMM in both total study population and younger subjects aged 20-40 years were determined. Results: Sex-specific SMI-L3 cut-off values were calculated as 44.98 and 36.05 cm2/m2 for males and females, respectively in the 20-60 years old donor group. PMI-L3 cut-off values were calculated as 2.63 and 2.02 cm2/m2 for males and females, respectively. In the 20-40 years old subgroup data (88 subject), SMI-L3 cut-off values were 45.47 and 36.19 cm2/m2, and PMI-L3 cut-off values were 3.2 and 2.87 cm2/m2 for males and females, respectively. Conclusion: Our data established the sex-specific cut-off values of SMM in healthy Turkish population and that could be applicable for defining sarcopenia in Turkish population. Copyright © 2019, Taiwan Society of Geriatric Emergency & Critical Care Medicine.

Objectives The aim of the study was to describe the ultrasonographic and endoscopic appearance and characteristics of the caecum in asymptomatic cats, and to correlate these findings with histology. Methods Ex vivo ultrasonographic and histologic evaluations of a fresh caecum were initially performed. Then, 20 asymptomatic cats, privately owned or originating from a reproductive colony, were recruited. All cats had an ultrasonographic examination of the ileocaecocolic junction, where the thickness of the caecal wall, ileocolic lymph nodes and the echogenicity of the local fat were assessed. They all underwent a colonoscopy with a macroscopic assessment of the mucosa and biopsies for histology. Results An ultrasonographic hypoechoic nodular inner layer, which corresponded to the coalescence of multiple lymphoid follicles originating from the submucosa and protruding in the mucosa on histology, was visible in all parts of the caecum. The combined mucosa and submucosa was measured ultrasonographically and defined as the follicular layer. Although all cats were asymptomatic, 3/19 cats showed mild caecal inflammation on histology. The most discriminatory ultrasonographic parameter in assessing this subclinical inflammation was the thickness of the follicular layer at the entrance of the caecum, with a cut-off value of 2.0 mm. All cats (20/20) showed some degree of macroscopic ‘dimpling’ of the caecal mucosa on endoscopy. Conclusions and relevance Lymphoid follicles in the caecal mucosa and submucosa constitute a unique follicular layer on ultrasound. In asymptomatic cats, a subtle, non-clinically relevant inflammation may exist and this is correlated with an increased thickness of the follicular layer on ultrasound. On endoscopy, a ‘dimpled aspect’ to the caecal mucosa is a normal finding in the asymptomatic cat.

Neuroinflammation is associated with neurodegenerative disease. PET radioligands targeting the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) have been used as in vivo markers of neuroinflammation, but there is an urgent need for novel probes with improved signal-to-noise ratio. Flutriciclamide ((18)F-GE180) is a recently developed third-generation TSPO ligand. In this first study, we evaluated the optimum scan duration and kinetic modeling strategies for (18)F-GE180 PET in (older) healthy controls.METHODS: Ten healthy controls, 6 TSPO high-affinity binders, and 4 mixed-affinity binders were recruited. All subjects underwent detailed neuropsychologic tests, MRI, and a 210-min (18)F-GE180 dynamic PET/CT scan using metabolite-corrected arterial plasma input function. We evaluated 5 different kinetic models: irreversible and reversible 2-tissue-compartment models, a reversible 1-tissue model, and 2 models with an extra irreversible vascular compartment. The minimal scan duration was established using 210-min scan data. The feasibility of generating parametric maps was also investigated using graphical analysis.RESULTS: (18)F-GE180 concentration was higher in plasma than in whole blood during the entire scan duration. The volume of distribution (VT) was 0.17 in high-affinity binders and 0.12 in mixed-affinity binders using the kinetic model. The model that best represented brain (18)F-GE180 kinetics across regions was the reversible 2-tissue-compartment model (2TCM4k), and 90 min resulted as the optimum scan length required to obtain stable estimates. Logan graphical analysis with arterial input function gave a VT highly consistent with VT in the kinetic model, which could be used for voxelwise analysis.CONCLUSION: We report for the first time, to our knowledge, the kinetic properties of the novel third-generation TSPO PET ligand (18)F-GE180 in humans: 2TCM4k is the optimal method to quantify the brain uptake, 90 min is the optimal scan length, and the Logan approach could be used to generate parametric maps. Although these control subjects have shown relatively low VT, the methodology presented here forms the basis for quantification for future PET studies using (18)F-GE180 in different pathologies.

12 p., Background The measurement of handgrip strength (HGS) has prognostic value with respect to all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality and cardiovascular disease, and is an important part of the evaluation of frailty. Published reference ranges for HGS are mostly derived from Caucasian populations in high-income countries. There is a paucity of information on normative HGS values in non-Caucasian populations from low- or middle-income countries. The objective of this study was to develop reference HGS ranges for healthy adults from a broad range of ethnicities and socioeconomically diverse geographic regions. Methods HGS was measured using a Jamar dynamometer in 125,462 healthy adults aged 35-70 years from 21 countries in the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study. Results HGS values differed among individuals from different geographic regions. HGS values were highest among those from Europe/North America, lowest among those from South Asia, South East Asia and Africa, and intermediate among those from China, South America, and the Middle East. Reference ranges stratified by geographic region, age, and sex are presented. These ranges varied from a median (25th–75th percentile) 50 kg (43–56 kg) in men 60 years from South East Asia. Reference ranges by ethnicity and body-mass index are also reported. Conclusions Individual HGS measurements should be interpreted using region/ethnic-specific reference ranges.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of fetal sex on singleton pregnancy growth charts customized for parental characteristics, race, and parity Methods: In a multicentric cross-sectional study, 8070 ultrasonographic examinations from low-risk singleton pregnancies between 16 and 40 weeks of gestation were considered. The fetal measurements obtained were biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), and femur length (FL). Quantile regression was used to examine the impact of fetal sex across the biometric percentiles of the fetal measurements considered together with parents' height, weight, parity, and race. RESULTS: Fetal gender resulted to be a significant covariate for BDP, HC, and AC with higher values for male fetuses (p ≤ 0.0009). Minimal differences were found among sexes for FL. Parity, maternal race, paternal height and maternal height, and weight resulted significantly related to the fetal biometric parameters considered independently from fetal gender. CONCLUSION: In this study, we constructed customized biometric growth charts for fetal sex, parental, and obstetrical characteristics using quantile regression. The use of gender-specific charts offers the advantage to define individualized normal ranges of fetal biometric parameters at each specific centile. This approach may improve the antenatal identification of abnormal fetal growth.

Background/Objectives:Indices predictive of central obesity include waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). These data are lacking for Colombian adults. This study aims at establishing smoothed centile charts and LMS tables for WC and WHtR; appropriate cutoffs were selected using receiver-operating characteristic analysis based on data from the representative sample.Subjects/Methods:We used data from the cross-sectional, national representative nutrition survey (ENSIN, 2010). A total of 83 220 participants (aged 20-64) were enroled. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI), WC and WHtR were measured and percentiles calculated using the LMS method (L (curve Box-Cox), M (curve median), and S (curve coefficient of variation)). Receiver operating characteristics curve analyses were used to evaluate the optimal cutoff point of WC and WHtR for overweight and obesity based on WHO definitions.Results:Reference values for WC and WHtR are presented. Mean WC and WHtR increased with age for both genders. We found a strong positive correlation between WC and BMI (r=0.847, P less than 0.01) and WHtR and BMI (r=0.878, P less than 0.01). In obese men, the cutoff point value is 96.6 cm for the WC. In women, the cutoff point value is 91.0 cm for the WC. Receiver operating characteristic curve for WHtR was also obtained and the cutoff point value of 0.579 in men, and in women the cutoff point value was 0.587. A high sensitivity and specificity were obtained.Conclusions:This study presents first reference values of WC and WHtR for Colombians aged 20-64. Through LMS tables for adults, we hope to provide quantitative tools to study obesity and its complications.

Aims To explore the relationship between the mitral annular (MA) remodelling and dysfunction, mitral regurgitation (MR) severity, left ventricular (LV) and atrial (LA) size and function in patients with organic MR (OMR). Methods and results A total of 52 patients (57 ± 15 years, 31 men) with mild to severe OMR and 52 controls underwent 3D transthoracic echocardiography acquisitions of the mitral valve (MV), LA, and LV. MA geometry and dynamics, LV and LA volumes, LV ejection fraction (LVEF) and emptying fractions (LAEF) were assessed using dedicated software packages. LA and LV myocardial deformations were assessed using 2D speckle-tracking echocardiography. OMR patients presented larger and more spherical MA than controls during the entire systole ( P < 0.001). Although the MA non-planarity at early-systole was similar between OMR and controls (157 ± 13° vs. 153 ± 12°, P = NS), the MA became flatter from mid- to end-systole (153 ± 12 vs. 146 ± 10° and 157 ± 12 vs. 147 ± 8°, P < 0.01) in OMR. MA area fractional change was lower in patients with OMR (22 ± 5% vs. 28 ± 5%, P < 0.001), and correlated with the MR orifice and volume ( r = −0.52 and r = −0.55). MA fractional area change correlated with LA minimum and maximum volumes ( r = 0.77 and r = 0.70), total and active LAEF ( r = 0.72 and r = 0.76), and LA negative strain and strain rate ( r = 0.52 and r = 0.57), but not with the LVEF or LV global longitudinal strain. In a multivariate regression model using LAEF and LVEF, solely active LAEF correlated with the MA fractional area change ( β = 0.51, P = 0.005). Conclusion In patients with OMR, MA reduced function correlates with the MR severity and the LA size and function, but not with the LV function.