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Male green anoles (Anolis carolinensis) court females by extending a bright red throat fan, called a dewlap. The dewlap is larger in males than in females who do not display the structure in the context of courtship. The ceratohyoid muscle and second ceratobranchial cartilage which control dewlap extension are significantly larger in male than in female anoles. Neurons innervating the ceratohyoid muscle were retrogradely labeled by injecting the muscle with fast blue and were found to be located in the vagal portion of nucleus ambiguus (Amb X), as well as in the region containing the glossopharyngeal portion of nucleus ambiguus (Amb IX) and the ventral portion of the motor nucleus of the facial nerve (nVIImv). Cells in both areas were larger in males than in females. These parallels between structure and function provide the opportunity to study mechanisms of sexual differentiation of brain and behavior.

Male anoles extend a bright red throat fan, called a dewlap, during both courtship and aggressive encounters. Female anoles perform this behavior less often than males and only in aggression towards both sexes. The cartilage, muscle fibers, and motoneuron somata controlling the display are larger in males than females. In the present study, we used the Golgi technique in an effort to characterize more completely the morphology of these dewlap motoneurons, and to investigate whether the dendritic arborization is different between the sexes. In addition to describing the morphology, we report that the length of processes, and numbers of primary processes and branch points are comparable in males and females. This similarity in arborization represents an intriguing contrast to other sexually dimorphic neuromuscular systems.

Fifty children with fever, sore throat and red throat were submitted for throat culture in an office practice. Thirtyone children, 62 percent grew group ‘A’ Beta hemolytic Streptococci. The youngest in the study was 15 months, oldest was 17 years. 38.5 percent positive cases were below 5 years, 61.5 percent were above 5 years. Maximum incidence was in the month of June. It was observed that one can predict the positive Streptococcal infection clinically better with combination of signs than with an isolated sign.