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Exercise boosts the health of some brain parts, such as the hippocampus and hypothalamus. Several studies show that long-term exercise improves spatial learning and memory, enhances hypothalamic leptin sensitivity, and regulates energy balance. However, the effect of exercise on the hippocampus and hypothalamus is not fully understood. The study aimed to find epigenetic modifications or changes in gene expression of the hippocampus and hypothalamus due to exercise.Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into sedentary and exercise groups. All mice in the exercise group were subjected to treadmill exercise 5 days per week for 1 h each day. After the 12-week exercise intervention, the hippocampus and hypothalamus tissue were used for RNA-sequencing or molecular biology experiments.In both groups, numerous differentially expressed genes of the hippocampus (up-regulated: 53, down-regulated: 49) and hypothalamus (up-regulated: 24, down-regulated: 40) were observed. In the exercise group, increased level of N6-methyladenosine (mThe findings demonstrate that long-term exercise might elevates the levels of m

Background Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) is of high mortality and morbidity. SICH in the basal ganglia is usually attributed to chronic hypertension. Postoperative rehemorrhage is a severe complication, and it is relative to surgical techniques. Methods A retrospective survey was conducted on 123 patients with basal ganglia SICH who received surgery from January 2015 to January 2019. Postoperative rehemorrhage within 24 hours was recorded. Preoperative clinical parameters, surgeon experience ( 20 years), operation time, surgical approach, and hemostasis technique were recorded and analyzed. Results The total postoperative rehemorrhage rate was 12.2% (15/123). The univariable analysis showed general surgeons had a higher postoperative rehemorrhage rate than experienced surgeons (30.4% vs. 8.6%, respectively; P = 0.068). The operation time (minutes) in experienced surgeons was significantly longer (164.9 ± 53.5 vs. 137.7 ± 30.8, P = 0.016), but they had a higher chance to locate the responsible vessel (74.2% vs. 40.0%, P = 0.001), respectively. Logistic analysis indicated that experienced surgeons significantly reduced the risk of rehemorrhage (odds ratio [OR], 0.242; P = 0.021). Transsylvian approach was a protective factor for postoperative rehemorrhage (OR, 0.291; P = 0.045). Conclusions Surgeons' experience plays the most important role in postoperative rehemorrhage. Surgeons with rich experience were willing to spend more time to achieve definitive hemostasis in operation. The use of a transsylvian approach can significantly reduce the rehemorrhage rate. Packing hemostasis with gelatin sponge may increase complications.

Hydrocephalus is a common complication following decompressive craniectomy. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) is required for some patients before receiving a cranioplasty (CP). The presence of a VPS is regarded as a risk factor for overall CP complications.A retrospective survey was conducted on 176 patients with traumatic brain injury who underwent late (3 months) titanium CP (Ti-CP) in our hospital from April 2014 to July 2018. Thirteen patients (7.4%) had preoperative VPS. Propensity score matching was performed for these 13 patients with a ratio of 1:5. A total of 78 patients were selected. Preoperative clinical parameters and postoperative complications were analyzed. The period of postoperative follow-up ranged from 3 to 63 months (mean 21.3 ± 17.0 months).The overall complication rate was greater in the VPS group (P = 0.010). These patients were more likely to develop a sunken skin flap (P0.001). The rate of postoperative cerebral hemorrhage was greater in the VPS group. Logistic analysis showed that preoperative VPS was an independent risk factor for postoperative extradural collection (odds ratio 17.714, P0.001). VPS was not related to postoperative infection and seizure. Postoperative drainage duration longer than 2.5 days significantly increased the risk of postoperative infection (odds ratio 7.715, P = 0.023).The presence of a VPS significantly increased the risk of extradural collection in patients with traumatic brain injury who underwent late Ti-CP. It also was related to postoperative hemorrhage. The sunken skin flap in patients with VPS increased surgical difficulty and the likelihood of extradural accumulation. Preoperative VPS was not related to postoperative infection and seizure in Ti-CP.

In prior research, intrathecal tigecycline was successfully used to treat central nervous system infection by extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. However, little is known about its safe dose and adverse reactions. This study reports the case of a 28-year-old male patient who was diagnosed with central nervous system infection by extensively drug-resistant A. baumannii after the removal of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Intravenous and intrathecal tigecycline were administrated simultaneously. Spinal arachnoiditis was discovered after nine doses of intrathecal tigecycline. Spinal arachnoiditis was resolved after discontinuation of the antibiotic. This is the first report of an adverse reaction to intrathecal tigecycline. The case was complicated by spinal arachnoiditis, which obstructed the assessment of cerebrospinal fluid. The appropriate dose and administration schedule of intrathecal tigecycline remain to be determined.

Background Cranioplasty is a routine procedure, but it carries a significantly higher complication rate over standard clean cranial surgery. Surgical site infection is the most common but severe complication. Risk factors for surgical site infection are still debated. Methods A retrospective survey of 155 patients (≥16 years old) who exclusively underwent customized titanium cranioplasty from April 2014 to January 2017 was performed. Preoperative clinical parameters, surgeon's hemostasis technique, temporalis dissection, operative time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative catheter duration and drainage, postoperative hemorrhage and extradural fluid collection (EDFC), and prophylactic antibiotics were recorded and compared between patients with superficial surgical site infection (sSSI) and patients with non-sSSI. Results Overall sSSI rate was 10.3%. Binary logistic analysis showed excessive hemostasis on scalp (odds ratio = 10.302, P = 0.000), presence of postoperative EDFC (odds ratio = 12.740, P = 0.003), and postoperative drainage >277 mL (odds ratio = 10.302, P = 0.000) were independent risk factors for sSSI. Patients who received excessive hemostasis had a longer operative time (P = 0.000). A flaccid cranial defect was a protective factor for postoperative EDFC (odds ratio = 0.130, P = 0.044), whereas presence of ventriculoperitoneal shunt could induce EDFC formation (odds ratio = 9.598, P = 0.020). Postoperative subgaleal drainage was correlated to the size of cranial defect (standardized β = 0.347, P = 0.000). Timing of cranioplasty and use of prophylactic antibiotics were not related to sSSI. Conclusions Surgeons should lower the hemostasis standard for cranioplasty, as this would promote wound healing and reduce operative time, which subsequently decreases SSI rate.

To investigate the effect of xiaokeling concentration fluid on insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) mRNA expression in sciatic nerve of Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.Thirty diabetic rats were randomly divided into model group, mecobalamin tablets group, and xiaokeling concentration fluid group. The IGF-1 mRNA level in sciatic nerve of each group was determined after 8 weeks by relative quantity RT-PCR.The IGF-1 mRNA level in sciatic nerve of diabetic rats between xiaokeling concentration fluid group, mecobalamin tablets group and normal group showed no significant difference ( P = 0.213, P = 0.822, P = 0.304 ), while was significantly higher than that of the model group ( P0.05 ). IGF-1 mRNA level was negatively correlated with the level of blood sugar (P0.05).IGF-1 mRNA level decreased in sciatic nerve of diabetic rats. Xiaokeling concentration fluid can increase the IGF-1 mRNA level in sciatic nerve of diabetic rats. Xiaokeling concentration fluid is involved in the regulation of IGF-1 expression, and probably prevents diabetic peripheral neuropathy from deteriorating.