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Early administration of tranexamic acid (TXA) has been widely implemented for the treatment of presumed hyperfibrinolysis in hemorrhagic shock. We aimed to characterize the liberal use of TXA and whether unjustified administration was associated with increased venous thrombotic events (VTEs).We identified injured patients who received TXA between January 2016 and January 2018 by querying our Level 1 trauma center's registry. We retrospectively reviewed medical records and radiologic images to classify whether patients had a hemorrhagic injury that would have benefited from TXA (justified) or not (unjustified).Ninety-five patients received TXA for traumatic injuries, 42.1% were given by emergency medical services. TXA was considered unjustified in 35.8% of the patients retrospectively and in 52% of the patients when given by emergency medical services. Compared with unjustified administration, patients in the justified group were younger (47.6 versus 58.4; P = 0.02), more hypotensive in the field (systolic blood pressure: 107 ± 31 versus 137 ± 32 mm Hg; P 0.001) and in the emergency department (systolic blood pressure: 97 ± 27 versus 128 ± 27; P 0.001), and more tachycardic in emergency department (heart rate: 99 ± 29 versus 88 ± 19; P = 0.04). The justified group also had higher injury severity score (median 24 versus 11; P 0.001), was transfused more often (81.7% versus 20.6%; P 0.001), and had higher in-hospital mortality (39.3% versus 2.9%; P 0.001), but there was no difference in the rate of VTE (8.2% versus 5.9%).Our results highlight a high rate of unjustified administration, especially in the prehospital setting. Hypotension and tachycardia were indications of correct use. Although we did not observe a difference in VTE rates between the groups, though, our study was underpowered to detect a difference. Cautious implementation of TXA in resuscitation protocols is encouraged in the meantime. Nonetheless, adverse events associated with unjustified TXA administration should be further evaluated.

Introduction: While trauma prognostication and triage scores have been designed for use in lower-resourced healthcare settings specifically, the comparative clinical performance between trauma-specific and general triage scores for risk-stratifying injured patients in such settings is not well understood. This study evaluated the Kampala Trauma Score (KTS), Revised Trauma Score (RTS), and Triage Early Warning Score (TEWS) for accuracy in predicting mortality among injured patients seeking emergency department (ED) care at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kigali (CHUK) in Rwanda. Methods: A retrospective, randomly sampled cohort of ED patients presenting with injury was accrued from August 2015–July 2016. Primary outcome was 14-day mortality and secondary outcome was overall facility-based mortality. We evaluated summary statistics of the cohort. Bootstrap regression models were used to compare areas under receiver operating curves (AUC) with associated 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Among 617 cases, the median age was 32 years and 73.5% were male. The most frequent mechanism of injury was road traffic incident (56.2%). Predominant anatomical regions of injury were craniofacial (39.3%) and lower extremities (38.7%), and the most common injury types were fracture (46.0%) and contusion (12.0%). Fourteen-day mortality was 2.6% and overall facility-based mortality was 3.4%. For 14-day mortality, TEWS had the highest accuracy (AUC = 0.88, 95% CI, 0.76–1.00), followed by RTS (AUC = 0.73, 95% CI, 0.55–0.92), and then KTS (AUC = 0.65, 95% CI, 0.47–0.84). Similarly, for facility-based mortality, TEWS (AUC = 0.89, 95% CI, 0.79–0.98) had greater accuracy than RTS (AUC = 0.76, 95% CI, 0.61–0.91) and KTS (AUC = 0.68, 95% CI, 0.53–0.83). On pairwise comparisons, RTS had greater prognostic accuracy than KTS for 14-day mortality (P = 0.011) and TEWS had greater accuracy than KTS for overall (P = 0.007) mortality. However, TEWS and RTS accuracy were not significantly different for 14-day mortality (P = 0.864) or facility-based mortality (P = 0.101). Conclusion: In this cohort of emergently injured patients in Rwanda, the TEWS demonstrated the greatest accuracy for predicting mortality outcomes, with no significant discriminatory benefit found in the use of the trauma-specific RTS or KTS instruments, suggesting that the TEWS is the most clinically useful approach in the setting studied and likely in other similar ED environments.

Background: Rates of infections with multi-drug-resistant organisms (MDROs) are increasing among critically ill patients. Among non-surgical patients, MDROs increase directly the risk of adverse secondary events including death. However, similar effects do not appear to occur among surgical patients. Specifically, among critically injured trauma patients, it is unknown whether degree of injury versus the presence of an MDRO increases the risk of death. Methods: This is a retrospective chart review of admitted adult trauma patients. Data included demographics, medical comorbidities, injury severity score, infections, occurrence of pneumonia including microbiology sensitivity profile, hospital course, and outcomes. Results: Patients requiring adminission to the intensive care unit (ICU) were more severely injured with greater degree of thoracic and head trauma and had a greater burden of pre-trauma medical comorbidities. Among those admitted to the ICU, 93 patients developed pneumonia. Patients who developed pneumonia were younger and more severely injured, with higher rates of thoracic and head injuries and higher rates of smoking. Development of pneumonia was associated with worse outcomes. However, among patients with pneumonia, comparing MDRO to pan-sensitive (PanSens) infections, PanSens infection occurred earlier and were more likely associated with pre-trauma smoking status. There was no difference in injury patterns, medical comorbidities, or outcomes. Conclusion: The development of pneumonia among trauma patients reflects degree of injury and underlying medical status. However, development of MDRO versus PanSens pneumonia did not affect trauma-related outcomes further. This information will guide family discussions and critical care decisions better among vulnerable trauma patients.

Necrotizing soft tissue infection (NSTI) is a rapidly progressive infection characterized by tissue necrosis, septic shock, and is associated with a high risk of death. Key aspects of successful treatment include early recognition and emergent surgical source control. Necrotizing soft tissue infection may occur from a range of etiologies but may also occur rarely from gastrointestinal routes. We report a case of severe lumbar NSTI arising from an ileal pouch fistula in a patient with inflammatory bowel disease. We report a case of a 62-year-old male with a history of ulcerative colitis and restorative proctocolectomy who presented with a severe NSTI of the lumbar region.Our operative approach focused on debridement of infected necrotic tissue and abscess drainage to achieve source control. We elected to forego a transabdominal approach during the initial operation given that source control but not source elimination was deemed the initial priority.The patient subsequently underwent a diverting ileostomy and pouch salvage. After a prolonged hospital course, the patient recovered well.Fistulization from the gastrointestinal tract is a rare but potential source of NSTI. It is not necessary to address the fistula during the initial operation but should be done promptly after the patient stabilizes. Prompt surgical debridement of infected soft tissue as source control remains the cornerstone of the index operation.

Limited data exist on how to develop resident leadership and communication skills during actual trauma resuscitations.An evaluation tool was developed to grade senior resident performance as the team leader during full-trauma-team activations. Thirty actions that demonstrated the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education core competencies were graded on a Likert scale of 1 (poor) to 5 (exceptional). These actions were grouped by their respective core competencies on 5 × 7-inch index cards. In Phase 1, baseline performance scores were obtained. In Phase 2, trauma-focused communication in-services were conducted early in the academic year, and immediate, personalized feedback sessions were performed after resuscitations based on the evaluation tool. In Phase 3, residents received only evaluation-based feedback following resuscitations.In Phase 1 (October 2009 to April 2010), 27 evaluations were performed on 10 residents. In Phase 2 (April 2010 to October 2010), 28 evaluations were performed on nine residents. In Phase 3 (October 2010 to January 2012), 44 evaluations were performed on 13 residents. Total scores improved significantly between Phases 1 and 2 (p = 0.003) and remained elevated throughout Phase 3. When analyzing performance by competency, significant improvement between Phases 1 and 2 (p0.05) was seen in all competencies (patient care, knowledge, system-based practice, practice-based learning) with the exception of "communication and professionalism" (p = 0.56). Statistically similar scores were observed between Phases 2 and 3 in all competencies with the exception of "medical knowledge," which showed ongoing significant improvement (p = 0.003).Directed resident feedback sessions utilizing data from a real-time, competency-based evaluation tool have allowed us to improve our residents' abilities to lead trauma resuscitations over a 30-month period. Given pressures to maximize clinical educational opportunities among work-hour constraints, such a model may help decrease the need for costly simulation-based training.Therapeutic study, level III.

Many studies have described the detrimental effect of lack of health insurance on trauma-related outcomes. It is unclear, though, whether these effects are related to pre-injury health status, access to trauma centers, or differences in quality of care after presentation. The aim of this study was to determine if patient and insurance type affect outcomes after trauma surgery.We conducted a retrospective chart review of prospectively collected data at the American College of Surgeons level 1 trauma registry in Rhode Island. All blunt trauma patients aged 18-45 observed from 2004 to 2014 were included. Patients were divided into one of four groups on the basis of their type of insurance: Private/commercial, Medicare, Medicaid, and uninsured. Co-morbidities and infections were recorded. Analysis of variance or the Mann-Whitney U test, as appropriate, was used to analyze the data.A total of 8,018 patients were included. Uninsured patients were more likely to be male and younger, whereas the Medicare patient group had significantly fewer male patients. Rates of co-morbidities were highest in the Medicare group (28.1%) versus the private insurance (16.7%), Medicaid (19.9%), and uninsured (12.9%) groups (p 0.05). However, among patients with any co-morbidity, there was no difference in the average number of co-morbidities between insurance groups. The rate of infection was highest in Medicaid patients (7.7%) versus private (5.6%), Medicare (6.3%), and uninsured (4.3%) patients (p 0.05). Only Medicaid was associated with a significantly greater risk of developing a post-injury infection (odds ratio 1.6; 95% confidence interval 1.1-2.3).The presence of insurance, namely Medicaid, does not equate to diagnosis and management of conditions that affect trauma outcomes. Medicaid is associated with worse pre-trauma health maintenance and a greater risk of infection.

Recent studies have linked postoperative serum troponin elevation to mortality in a range of different clinical scenarios. To date, there has been no investigation into the significance of preoperative troponin elevation in emergency general surgery (EGS) patients. We define this as preoperative myocardial injury (PMI). We hypothesize that PMI seen in EGS patients may predict postoperative morbidity and mortality.Using the American College of Surgeons (ACS) National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database, we performed a retrospective review of all EGS cases between 2008 and 2014. Patients with preoperative troponin I drawn were compared.There were 464 EGS patients who had troponin I measurements preoperatively. Eighty-two (18%) had preoperative troponin elevations. Patients with PMI were more likely to have the following preoperative physiologic derangements: acute renal failure (18% vs 4%; p = 0.002) and septic shock (40% vs 13%; p0.001). Patient comorbidities associated with PMI included congestive heart failure (13% vs 3%; p = 0.007), dialysis dependence (16% vs 3%; p = 0.002), and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class ≥ 4 (52% vs 29%; p0.001). Compared with controls, patients with PMI had higher rates of postoperative events (77% vs 52%; p0.001) and mortality (34% vs 13%; p = 0.009). Univariate analysis showed that patients with PMI had an increased risk of postoperative events (odds ratio [OR] 3.02; 95% CI 1.74 to 5.25) and mortality (OR 3.53; 95% CI 1.66 to 7.47). Multivariate analysis revealed preoperative troponin I elevation was an independent predictor of mortality (OR 3.03; 95% CI 1.19 to 7.72, p = 0.020).Emergency general surgery patients with PMI are at increased risk for postoperative events and death. Preoperative myocardial injury is an independent predictor of mortality and has prognostic utility that can prepare surgical teams for adverse events so that they can be recognized, evaluated, and treated earlier.

Background The population of older adults is rapidly growing and more older patients are presenting with abdominal trauma. Outcomes have not been well defined for patients that require a damage control approach(DCL). Methods This was a retrospective study at a level one trauma center of patients age 65 years and older with abdominal trauma that required DCL. Outcomes reviewed included mortality, length of stay, discharge disposition. Presenting vital signs and laboratories were reviewed to identify predictors of mortality. Results 31 older patients(mean age 75.2 years) underwent DCL. Twenty-four of 31(77.4%) older patients died. Seven of 7 older DCL survivors were discharged to a rehabilitation center or nursing home. In comparisons of older DCL nonsurvivors and survivors there were not differences in presenting HR(90 versus 96; p = 0.56) or SBP in the emergency room(107 versus 116; p = 0.51). No differences in initial lactate or change in lactate concentration were found between nonsurvivors and survivors. Fifteen of 24 nonsurvivors died from multisystem organ failure. Conclusions/Implications The mortality rate of older patients that require damage control approach for is extremely high. Presenting vital signs and laboratory markers may not be useful in older patients to predict mortality.

OBJECTIVE To describe the natural history of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) admitted to skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) following hospitalizations. SETTING Between 2005 and 2014. PARTICIPANTS Adults who had incident admissions to skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) with a diagnosis of TBI. DESIGN Retrospective review of the Minimum Data Set. MAIN MEASURES Main variables were cognitive and physical function, length of stay, presence of feeding tube, terminal condition, and dementia. RESULTS Incident admissions to SNFs increased annually from 17 247 patients to 20 787 from 2005 to 2014. The percentage of patients with activities of daily living score 23 or more decreased from 25% to 14% (P < .05). The overall percentage of patients with severe cognitive impairment decreased from 18% to 10% (P < .05). More patients had a diagnosis of dementia in 2014 compared with previous years (P < .05), and the presence of a terminal condition increased from 1% to 1.5% over the 10-year period (P < .05). The percentage of patients who stayed fewer than 30 days was noted to increase steadily over the 10 years, starting with 48% in 2005 and ending with 53% in 2013 (P < .05). CONCLUSION Understanding past trends in TBI admissions to SNFs is necessary to guide appropriate discharge and predict future demand, as well as inform SNF policy and practice necessary to care for this subgroup of patients.

Failure to rescue (FTR) is a key metric of perioperative morbidity and mortality. We review perioperative medical comorbidities (MCMs) to determine what factors are associated with complications and rates of FTR.A retrospective review of a NSQIP database including general, vascular, and surgical subspecialty patients from a tertiary referral center between March 2008 and March 2013 was performed. Demographics, MCMs, complications, 30-day mortality, and risk of FTR associated with specific complications and MCM were evaluated.A total of 7,763 patients were included; 52.6% had MCMs and 14% (n = 1,099) experienced a complication. Patients with complications were older (64.9 vs 55 years; p0.001), more likely male (54% vs 44%; p0.001), and had more MCMs per patient (1.6 vs 1.4; p0.001). Complications were also associated with renal failure (odds ratio [OR] = 1.4; 95% CI, 1.0-2.0), steroid use (OR = 1.9; 95% CI, 1.4-2.5), CHF (OR = 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2-5.1), and ascites (OR = 9.1; 95% CI, 3.7-21.7), but not diabetes, hypertension, or COPD. There were 117 (11%) deaths among patients with complications. Adjusting for age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists class, and number of comorbidities, FTR was associated with postoperative respiratory failure, sepsis, and renal failure, as well as comorbid CHF, renal failure, ascites, and disseminated cancer.Specific comorbidities are associated with higher rates of complications and FTR. Preoperative CHF, renal failure, and ascites, which were associated with FTR, can reflect a physiologic inability to tolerate complication-induced fluid shifts. Postoperative mortality was associated with signs of end organ damage, including sepsis, respiratory failure, and renal failure. Earlier recognition of these complications in at-risk patients should improve rates of FTR.

Trauma remains a leading cause of death and long term-morbidity. We have shown that patients who sustain traumatic injuries are at increased risk for the development of infectious complications. Psychiatric illnesses (PIs) are also noted to occur frequently among the general population. The presence of a PI has been shown to be a risk factor for the development of infections. Despite the prevalence of both traumatic injuries and psychiatric diseases, there are little data relating the impact of PI on the outcome of patients with trauma. We hypothesize that the presence of a PI will be associated with an increased risk of an infection developing after injury.This is a five year retrospective chart review of all admitted patients with trauma age 18 years and older. Patients with and without a major psychiatric illness were compared. Demographic data, mechanism of injury and Injury Severity Score (ISS) were reviewed. Co-morbidities included diabetes mellitus, obesity, pre-injury steroid use, and International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition, based psychiatric illness. All infections were diagnosed by microbiologic criteria (urinary tract infection [UTI], ventilator-associated pneumonia) or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for clinically evident infections (surgical site infection).Of the 11,147 admitted trauma patients, 14.5% had a pre-injury PI diagnosis. The PI patients were older (61.5 ± 0.5 vs. 54.3; p 0.001), more often female (56% vs. 39.1%; p 0.001), and had no difference in blunt mechanism rates (88.4% vs. 89.9%; p = 0.06) or median ISS (9 vs. 9; p = 0.06). There was no difference between PI and non-PI patients in pre-injury diabetes mellitus (13.4% vs. 12.7%; p = 0.4), steroid use (2.5% vs. 1.9%; p = 0.1), but patients with PI were more likely to be obese (15.7% vs. 13.6%; p = 0.03). Patients with PI were more likely to have an infection develop (10.4% vs. 7.5%; p 0.001). The most common infection in both groups was UTI (6.9% vs. 4.2%; p 0.001). Compared with non-PI patients, adjusting for age, gender, ISS, diabetes mellitus, and obesity, patients with PI were more likely to have an infection develop (odds ratio 1.3, 95% confidence interval = 1.1-1.5) Conclusions: Patients with an underlying PI are at increased risk of having a UTI after traumatic injury. This study identifies a previously unknown independent risk factor for UTIs in patients with trauma. This stresses the need for increased awareness and attention to this vulnerable population.

Introduction Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) occurs in up to 25% of mechanically ventilated patients, with an associated mortality up to 50%. Early diagnosis and appropriate empiric antibiotic coverage of VAP are crucial. Given the multitude of noninfectious clinical and radiographic anomalies within trauma patients, microbiology from bronchioalveolar lavage (BAL) is often needed. Empiric antibiotics are administered while awaiting BAL culture data. Little is known about the effects of these empiric antibiotics on patients with negative BAL microbiology if a subsequent VAP occurs during the same hospital course. Methods This is a retrospective chart review of intubated trauma patients undergoing BAL for suspected pneumonia over a 3-y period at a Level 1 trauma center. All patients with suspected VAP undergoing a BAL receive empiric antibiotics. If microbiology data are negative at 72 h, all antibiotics are stopped; however, if the BAL returns with ≥10 5 colony-forming units per milliliter, the diagnosis of VAP is confirmed. We divided patients into three groups. Group 1 consisted of patients in whom the initial BAL was positive for VAP. Group 2 consisted of patients with an initial negative BAL, who subsequently developed VAP at a later point in the hospital course. Group 3 consisted of patients with negative BAL who did not develop a subsequent VAP. Results We obtained 499 BAL specimens in 185 patients over the 3-y period. A total of 14 patients with 23 BAL specimens initially negative for VAP subsequently developed VAP later during the same hospital stay. These patients did not have an increase in the hospital length of stay, intensive care unit days, ventilator days, or mortality compared with those who had a positive culture on the first suspicion of VAP. There was a significant increase in the percentage of Enterobacter (21% versus 8%) and Morganella (8% versus 0%) as the causative organism in these 14 patients when the VAP occurred. Furthermore, the profile of the top two organisms in each group changed. Enterobacter (21%) and Pseudomonas (17%) were the principal organisms in the initial BAL-negative group, whereas the two predominant strains in the initial positive BAL group were methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (21%) and Haemophilus influenza (11%). Interestingly, methicillin-resistant S. aureus remained the third most common organism in both groups. Empiric antibiotics also did not seem to induce the growth of multidrug-resistant organisms, and there was no increased rate of secondary infections such as Clostridium difficile . Conclusions Ventilator-associated pneumonia remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in mechanically ventilated trauma patients. The diagnosis and treatment of VAP continue to be challenging. Once clinically suspected, empiric coverage decreases morbidity and mortality. Our data demonstrate that patients who receive empiric coverage exhibit a significantly different microbiologic profile compared with those who had an initial positive BAL culture. Initial empiric antibiotics in BAL-negative patients were not associated with an increase in multidrug-resistant organisms, hospital, or intensive care unit length of stay, ventilator days, and mortality or secondary infections.

A proportion of trauma patients present for evaluation in a delayed fashion after injury, likely due to a variety of medical and nonmedical reasons. There has been little investigation into the characteristics and outcomes of trauma patients who present delayed. We hypothesize that trauma patients who present in a delayed fashion are a unique population at risk of increased trauma-related complications.This was a retrospective review from 2010-2015 at a Level I trauma center. Patients were termed delayed if they presented24 hours after injury. Patients admitted within 24 hours of their injury were the comparison group. Charts were reviewed for demographics, mechanism, comorbidities, complications and outcomes. A subgroup analysis was done on patients who suffered falls.During the 5-y period, 11,705 patients were admitted. A total of 588 patients (5%) presented24 h after their injury. Patients in the delayed group were older (65 versus 55 y, P 0.001) and more likely to have psychiatric comorbidities (33% vs. 24%, P = 0.0001) than the control group. They were also more likely to suffer substance withdrawal (8.9% vs. 4.1%, P 0.001) but had toxicology testing for drugs and alcohol done at significantly lower rates. Patients that presented delayed after falls were similar in age and injury severity score (ISS) but more likely to suffer substance withdrawal when compared to those with falls that presented within 24 hours. Patients with falls that presented delayed had toxicology testing at significantly lower rates than the comparison group.Trauma patients that present to the hospital in a delayed fashion have unique characteristics and are more likely to suffer negative outcomes including substance withdrawal. Future goals will include exploring strategies for early intervention, such as automatic withdrawal monitoring and social work referral for all patients who present in a delayed fashion.

BACKGROUND Trauma produces profound inflammatory and immune responses. A second hit such as an infection further disrupts the inflammatory cascade. Inflammatory responses, following traumatic injuries, infections, or both, are emerging as biologic mediators of cardiac disease including myocardial ischemia and infarction. Inflammation-induced and stress-related cardiac damage are increasingly recognized in patients with critical illness. It is believed that cardiac dysfunction is the result of alterations in the inflammatory and immune cascades. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) are associated with increased mortality in trauma patients. UTIs and VAPs induced inflammatory responses. We postulate that increased mortality seen in trauma patients with infections is caused by increased rates of cardiac injury. METHODS This is a retrospective review of prospectively collected data. All trauma patients admitted to the intensive care unit at our Level I trauma center during 5 years were included in the analysis. Proportional hazard regression analysis was performed to predict suspicion of cardiac injury (troponin ordered), any cardiac injury (troponin > 0.15 ng/mL), or severe cardiac injury (troponin > 1 ng/mL) using age, sex, Injury Severity Score (ISS), pulmonary disease (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, and the presence of a UTI or VAP. A similar proportion hazard regression was performed to predict mortality. RESULTS In the model to predict any cardiac injury, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (hazards ratio [HR], 1.9; p = 0.02), ISS (HR, 1.01; p = 0.04), VAP (HR, 5.6; p < 0.01), and UTI (HR, 2.4; p = 0.03) were significant. Neither VAP nor UTI predicted severe cardiac injury. In the model to predict death, any cardiac injury was not associated with mortality, but severe cardiac injury and UTI were associated with mortality as age increased. CONCLUSION Infectious complications have been associated with increased mortality in trauma patients. Our data demonstrate that development of VAP or UTI is associated with an increased risk of developing cardiac injury in trauma patients, which may contribute to subsequent increased mortality. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic/epidemiologic study, level III.

Radiation associated sarcoma is a significant consequence of cancer therapy. Incidence of radiation associated sarcoma correlates with overall radiotherapy exposure. Prognosis is generally poor with 5 year survival rates lower than that for spontaneously occurring sarcomas. Surgical management presents many challenges including having to work in irradiated tissue planes while trying to achieve negative margins. We present a patient with a rare radiation associated pelvic sarcoma whose course illustrates the complexity of this problem.

Lack of health care insurance has been correlated with increased mortality after trauma. Medical comorbidities significantly affect trauma outcomes. Access to health care and thereby being diagnosed with a pretrauma comorbidity is highly dependent on insurance status. The objective of this study was to determine whether rates of diagnosed or undiagnosed preexisting comorbidities significantly contribute to disparities in mortality rates observed between insured and uninsured trauma patients.Review of trauma patients admitted to a Level I trauma center during a 5-year period. Data extracted from the registry included age, sex, Injury Severity Score (ISS), comorbidities, mortality, and insurance status. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed using age, sex, and insurance status to predict comorbidities and age, sex, ISS, and insurance status to predict mortality.Insured patients were older (54 years vs. 38, p0.001) and more likely female (41.3% vs. 22.5%, p0.001). When adjusting for age and sex, insured patients were more likely to have a pretrauma diagnosis of coronary artery disease (odds ratio [OR], 2.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.54-2.83), diabetes mellitus (OR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.61-2.72), hypertension (OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.65-2.35), asthma/emphysema (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.32-2.04), neurologic problems (OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.31-2.44), and gastroesophageal reflux disease (OR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.33-3.11), compared with patients without insurance. In the analysis to predict mortality, having insurance was protective (OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.45-0.71). Among patients with no diagnosed comorbidities, insured patients had the lowest mortality risk (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.38-0.67). When analyzing only patients with diagnosed comorbidities, insurance status had no impact on mortality risk (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.53-1.22).Undiagnosed preexisting comorbidities play a crucial role in determining outcomes following trauma. Diagnosis of medical comorbidities may be a marker of access to health care and may be associated with treatment, which may explain the gap in mortality rates between insured and uninsured trauma patients.Prognostic/epidemiologic study, level III.