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Objective: Associations between dysphonia and paradoxical vocal fold motion (PVFM) have been previously reported in adults, but it is unclear whether similar associations exist for adolescents. The goals of this study were to identify the prevalence and severity of voice disorders in adolescent patients with PVFM, identify differences between those with and without clinician-identified dysphonia, and investigate what factors were associated with voice handicap in this population. Methods: A retrospective review of eligible adolescent patients diagnosed with PVFM over a 1-year period at a single institution was undertaken. Data collected from the medical record included demographic background, medical history and workup, patient- and family-reported symptoms, and findings from the laryngeal examination. The presence or absence of clinician-diagnosed dysphonia was used to subdivide the sample for analysis. Results: Forty-eight patients with PVFM were included. The sample was primarily female (73%) with a median age of 15 years. Few patients had voice complaints (5%), but clinician-diagnosed dysphonia was common (52%) and ranged from mild to moderate. Vocal hyperfunction was frequently observed (55%), but anatomic abnormalities associated with dysphonia were rare (6%). Adolescents with dysphonia were significantly older, more likely to have vocal hyperfunction on laryngoscopy, and more likely to return for therapy than those without dysphonia. No notable differences existed in the number of behavioral therapy sessions or in the likelihood of completing treatment between the two groups. The majority of participants (79%) had at least one “confounding factor” (i.e., were currently taking a medication for asthma, allergies, or reflux, or had a laryngeal abnormality) but this did not differ significantly between those with and without dysphonia. A minority of individuals (28%) had abnormal scores on the Voice Handicap Index (VHI). Age was positively correlated with dysphonia severity but no other significant associations were observed. Conclusion: Although voice complaints are rare, dysphonia among adolescents with PVFM is common and can occur in the absence of laryngeal abnormalities and medical comorbidities, typically as a result of vocal hyperfunction. Dysphonia does not appear to be a barrier to PVFM treatment and may be a useful target in therapy.

Purpose Social contact is known to be vital for older adults' mental and physical health but, because communication impairments often co-occur with other types of disability, it is difficult to generalize about the relative impact of a communication impairment on the social relationships of older adults. Specific aims of the study were to examine whether the severity of a communication impairment was associated with a range of social measures and to examine the association between these characteristics and psychological well-being. Method Community-dwelling older adults ranging in age from 65 to 94 were recruited for the study of Communication, Health, Aging, Relationship Types and Support. The sample included 240 participants with communication disorders arising from a variety of etiologies including hearing impairment, voice disorders, head and neck cancer, and neurologic disease, as well as older adults without a communication disorder. Results Communication impairment was a significant independent predictor for key characteristics of social relationships, including the number of friends in the social network, two types of social support, the frequency of social participation, and social self-efficacy. Communication impairment was also a significant predictor for higher levels of loneliness and depression. In addition, two distinct pathways between communication impairment and psychological well-being were identified, with social self-efficacy and reassurance of worth as mediators. Conclusions Even after controlling for age, gender, health, and disability, communication impairment is a significant independent predictor for key aspects of the social function of older adults and demonstrates two distinct pathways to loneliness and depression. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.7250282

Objectives: Expiratory muscle strength training (EMST) is a safe, effective intervention that can be performed at home and may be beneficial for individuals with voice and swallowing disorders. To date there have been few studies of EMST in the head and neck cancer population, and there are no previous reports of its use after supracricoid partial laryngectomy (SCPL). The current prospective clinical pilot study was undertaken to determine the safety and efficacy of a 4-week treatment program. Methods: Six participants were recruited who had previously undergone SCPL, were medically stable, and had no contraindications for use of the device. At baseline, objective respiratory measurements were collected, dietary status was recorded, and participants were asked to complete a series of validated self-report instruments relating to voice, swallowing, breathing, and cough. Following the completion of treatment, baseline measures were repeated, and participant feedback was solicited. Results: The majority of individuals found the device easy to use (83%) and beneficial (83%). The side effects of treatment were relatively minor and included dizziness, muscle inflammation, and vocal fatigue. There were improvements in 2 measures from before to after treatment, namely, an average 21% increase in peak cough flow (from 371.67 to 451.33 L/min) and a 38% decrease on the Dyspnea Index (from 6.17 to 3.83). Other measures showed inconsistent changes. Conclusions: EMST appeared to improve cough strength and reduce dyspnea symptoms after SCPL. Further study of the relative efficacy of EMST compared to other rehabilitation protocols after SCPL is needed.

Background Swallowing problems are common in Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and aspiration pneumonia is the leading cause of death. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery can successfully manage the motor symptoms of PD when pharmacological management begins to fail. Before DBS it is important to identify baseline dysfunction, but no consensus regarding swallowing screening exists. Objectives This study was undertaken to: 1) identify the prevalence of dysphagia prior to DBS; and 2) determine if screening measures or other characteristics were predictive for reduced airway protection. Methods A standardized protocol was performed for 137 consecutive patients with idiopathic PD and no confounding medical conditions, including those referred for work-up of dysphagia (n = 57) and those prior to DBS (n = 80). Three validated screening measures were completed before videofluoroscopic evaluation. Results On videofluoroscopy, there were significant differences in reduced airway protection by group (dysphagia group: 44 %; pre-DBS group: 21 %). Aspiration also differed by group (dysphagia group: 18 %; pre-DBS group: 8 %) although not significantly. Although there were significant between-group differences, none of the screening measures was predictive of reduced airway protection or aspiration in the sample overall. Male gender, previous videofluoroscopic evaluation, history of pneumonia, and previous DBS surgery were associated with increased aspiration-risk. Age also showed a modest correlation. Conclusions Dysphagia is not uncommon prior to DBS. No screening measure accurately predicted reduced airway protection on videofluoroscopy. Abnormal findings on clinical assessment prior to DBS, particularly in patients that are older, male, or have a history of pneumonia, may identify individuals requiring an objective dysphagia evaluation.

Objective: Paradoxical vocal fold motion (PVFM) is responsive to behavioral therapy, often resulting in a remission of symptoms, but little is known about whether treatment is beneficial with regard to PVFM-associated psychological symptoms or functional limitations. The goal of the study was to identify patient perceptions of the impact of treatment for PVFM and characteristics associated with treatment outcomes. Methods: A survey was conducted of all adults who had received at least 1 session of treatment for PVFM in our outpatient clinic over a 2-year period. Results: The 39 participants ranged in age from 18 to 82 and had received a median of 3 treatment sessions. At a median follow-up of 10 months following treatment, respondents reported improvements in a wide range of areas, including sports and leisure, daily activities, and social participation. The majority reported improvements in feelings of anxiety, helplessness, and control. Poorer outcomes were associated with more severe voice symptoms, fewer treatment sessions, and needing oral steroids for asthma control. Conclusion: There was a reduction in a wide range of activity limitations after treatment. Feelings of control were strongly associated with positive outcomes. The therapy appeared to be equally effective for adults with exercise-induced and environmental variants of PVFM.

Background The purpose of this study was to compare long-term functional and quality of life (QOL) outcomes after total laryngectomy with primary closure and those who underwent reconstruction with noncircumferential radial free forearm tissue transfer (RFFTT). Methods Sixty-seven patients were identified by chart review and underwent long-term follow-up using QOL surveys and standardized interviews. Results The RFFTT group had significantly higher rates of chemotherapy, gastric tube (G-tube) at surgery, and postoperative stricture. At follow-up, most patients (88%) had a tracheoesophageal prosthesis (TEP) and were using it as their primary communication method. Diet and swallowing outcomes were comparable and no one had a G-tube. Device life and TEP complications did not differ significantly. Only voice-related QOL differed significantly between the RFFTT group and those who had undergone total laryngectomy without adjuvant treatment. Conclusion Despite more extensive treatment, the reconstructed group achieved comparable outcomes to those who had undergone total laryngectomy with adjuvant treatment.

To determine whether the application of laser-assisted techniques for the treatment of Zenker's diverticulum would reduce the failure rate of endoscopic procedures without compromising safety or durability.Cohort study with long-term follow-up.We performed a single-institution review of 106 consecutive patients in whom endoscopic laser-assisted diverticulotomy (ELD) or endoscopic stapler-assisted diverticulotomy (ESD) was attempted. The Eating Assessment Tool was collected pre- and postoperatively. Long-term follow-up was conducted on average 2.4 years postoperatively.The decision to use either ELD or ESD was made intraoperatively. An endoscopic procedure was successfully completed in 103 of 106 patients (97.2%). Eighty-three patients underwent ELD, 20 underwent ESD, and only three required use of an open approach. No serious complications occurred. Postoperatively, there was a significant reduction in dysphagia symptoms. At follow-up, most individuals had dysphagia scores within the normal range (69%) and were eating a regular diet (73%). Fourteen patients (14%) required revision. Compared to historical data from our institution for ESD alone, the addition of ELD resulted in a reduction in the failure rate without an increase in serious complications. Recurrence rates and long-term outcomes were equivalent.Through careful patient selection, appropriate workup, and judicious use of techniques, it was possible to perform endoscopic surgery in a majority of patients without serious complications. Both approaches resulted in short- and long-term symptom management with high levels of satisfaction.4. Laryngoscope, 126:2705-2710, 2016.

Functional changes in voice production, including pitch elevation, may help male-to-female transsexuals assume a new gender identity. To date, there has been a paucity of objective data on the effectiveness of pitch-raising methods. Acoustic data were gathered with regard to preoperative and postoperative changes in pitch, pitch range, and perturbation in 20 patients after cricothyroid approximation. Subjective data were gathered by means of a mailed questionnaire. The mean follow-up time was 22 months. The speaking fundamental frequency was raised by half an octave without any significant changes in perturbation. The lower and upper limits of pitch range both increased by an average of 4 semitones. There was some decline over time of the lower pitch range toward preoperative levels, but the upper pitch range remained elevated. The majority of the patients were satisfied with the results of surgery and felt their voices to be more feminine.

Purpose The purpose of this article is to describe the characteristics and experiences of individuals who use technology to support telephone or face-to-face communication after total laryngectomy. Method An online questionnaire was used to identify potential participants. Seventeen individuals met inclusion criteria and participated in an in-depth survey. They were compared with a reference group matched for age, gender, and time postsurgery who did not use these technologies. Open-ended responses were summarized. Results Compared with the matched reference group, individuals who used technology to support verbal communication had undergone more aggressive cancer treatment and used more communication methods. They were less likely to use an alaryngeal speech method, had greater difficulty over the telephone, and used more repair strategies in face-to-face communication. The 2 groups did not differ significantly in the frequency or success of their communication, however. Open-ended responses revealed great variety with regard to their reasons, purposes, and timing of technology use. Conclusions There is a subset of individuals using technology to support verbal communication very successfully after laryngectomy. Usage was not limited to those who were unable to communicate verbally and often continued long after the initial postoperative period in many settings, for various purposes, and in combination with other methods of communication.

Background Supracricoid partial laryngectomy (SCPL) is an option for laryngeal cancer resection that preserves laryngeal function; however, little information exists regarding factors that are associated with functional outcomes. Methods A medical chart review was performed on patients that underwent SCPL at our institution between 2006 and 2011. Data were collected on surgical, voice, and swallowing outcomes. Results Eighteen patients were identified. Thirteen underwent cricohyoidoepiglottopexy (CHEP) and 5 had a cricohyoidopexy (CHP). Mean follow-up was 737 days. On average, decannulation occurred at 27.4 days and feeding tube removal at 87.9 days postoperatively. Sixty-seven percent of patients tolerated an unrestricted diet at follow-up. Increased age and a CHP procedure were associated with negative outcomes. Age may be a proxy for more extensive disease and prior treatments. Conclusion Patients who undergo an SCPL require extensive rehabilitation after surgery. Those who have undergone multiple cancer interventions and have more extensive surgery may be at risk for poorer outcomes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 35: 1397–1403, 2013

To investigate 1) whether the Provox ActiValve results in increased device-life in individuals with below average device-life, 2) whether it is cost-effective, and 3) whether it has any impact on voice-related quality of life.Prospective study.Individuals who experienced below-average tracheoesophageal prosthesis (TEP) life were studied.Individuals with persistent below-average TEP life were enrolled in the study and underwent periodic re-evaluation. The majority (73%) experienced significant improvement as a result of use of the device. Those who continued to wear the device were followed for an average of 30.45 months (range, 14.70-43.49 months) and wore a total of 31 devices over this time. They demonstrated an average increase in device-life of more than 500%, going from an average of 1.93 months with a traditional indwelling device to 10.30 months with the ActiValve. The majority of individuals found that voicing with the ActiValve was either the same or better than with their previous indwelling TEP. Voice-related quality of life was not significantly different from that of a group of controls. Overall satisfaction with the device was high, and the majority would have chosen the ActiValve in the future. Overall, there were estimated to be cost savings to third-party payers through use of the ActiValve in this population.The ActiValve is effective in increasing device-life in selected patients who have failed conservative measures. Our protocol for use of the device requires individuals to meet several usage criteria before initial placement and to return for periodic monitoring.

Objectives/Hypothesis: To determine whether patient outcomes after endoscopic staple-assisted diverticulectomy (ESD) were correlated with demographic or disease-specific patient characteristics. Study Design: Retrospective chart review with follow-up. Methods: A survey was sent to all eligible subjects who had undergone ESD from February 1995 to June 2004 to gather information about their postoperative weight, diet, dysphagia symptoms, distress, and overall satisfaction. Results: Thirty-five individuals responded (49% response rate) at a mean of 29 (range, 3–83) months postoperative. There was a significant reduction in the following symptoms: food avoidance, regurgitation, dysphagia for pills, choking, coughing, difficulty finishing a meal, heartburn/reflux, and halitosis. There was no significant difference for dysphonia. Swallow-related distress had decreased from a preoperative level of 7.86 to 2.23 at follow-up (P < .001). Overall satisfaction with the surgery was high. There were no significant differences in outcome by any demographic characteristic, duration of preoperative symptoms, presence of gastroesophageal reflux disease, Zenker's diverticulum size, time since surgery, or number of surgeries. Ninety-one percent of subjects reported improvement in their swallowing after surgery, but 22% reported some decline since that time. Symptomatic subjects reported significantly higher swallow-related distress and lower satisfaction (P < .01). Preoperative variables were not correlated with a return of symptoms. Individuals who underwent multiple procedures had similar levels of benefit and satisfaction as those who underwent a single ESD procedure. Conclusion: ESD results in high levels of patient satisfaction, significant reduction in postoperative symptoms, low levels of complications, and the opportunity to safely and successfully repeat the procedure if necessary.