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Paralomis mendagnai Macpherson, 2003 (Fig. 6) Paralomis mendagnai Macpherson, 2003: 414, figs 1-3. TYPE LOCALITY. — Solomon Islands, 9°06.9’S, 159°53.2’E, 869-912 m DISTRIBUTION. — Solomon Islands, 400-1200 m. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 6 ♀♀ (CL 7-49.9 mm), 6 šš (CL 11-59 mm). SPECIMENS FIGURED. — Solomon Islands, 896-1012 m, 25-26.IX.2001, 3 šš CL 11, 36, 58.8 mm (MNHN Pg-6408). REMARKS From an ovigerous female found 700-800 m in the Solomon Islands, this species is known to be reproductively mature by at least CL 50 mm. Paralomis mendagnai appears to be different from other South Pacific groups studied (Fig. 14) in the smoothly rounded tubercles of the adults, which have pits (possibly minute setae) on the apex (not in a circular pattern). Specimens in the CL 10-25 mm size class had conical, or spiniform tubercles, unlike anything found on specimens above CL 30 mm. The small paratype of P. mendagnai, (Fig. 6A, B) has a spiniform enlargement (Fig. 6B) of one of the conical tubercles of the mid-branchial region, whereas the surrounding tubercles are much smaller. In positions on the carapace where juveniles have such enlarged conical tubercles, specimens larger than CL 30 mm have only wide (> 3 mm diameter), flat or rounded tubercles (Fig. 4D, F)., Published as part of Hall, Sally & Thatje, Sven, 2010, King crabs up-close: ontogenetic changes in ornamentation in the family Lithodidae (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura), with a focus on the genus Paralomis, pp. 495-524 in Zoosystema 32 (3) on page 504, DOI: 10.5252/z2010n3a10, http://zenodo.org/record/5167458, {"references":["MACPHERSON E. 2003. - Some lithodid crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Lithodidae) from the Solomon Islands (SW Pacific Ocean), with the description of a new species. Scientia Marina 67 (4): 413 - 418."]}

Paralomis multispina (Benedict, 1894) (Fig. 7) Leptolithodes multispina Benedict, 1894: 484. — Rathbun 1904: 165. Paralomis multispina – Schmitt 1921: 159, pl. 23; pl. 30, figs 7, 8. — Makarov 1938: 257, fig. 102. — Sakai 1971: pl. 6, fig. 2; pl. 14, figs 1, 2. DISTRIBUTION. — North Pacific, particularly around Japan, approximately 500-1100 m. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 7 ♀♀ (CL 14-93 mm); 9 šš (CL 7-105 mm). SPECIMENS FIGURED. — Sea Lion rocks, WA, 1253 m, 1 ♀ CL 17 mm (USNM- 18591). — San Diego, CA, 1503 m, 1 ♀ CL 68 mm (USNM- 18589). REMARKS In P. multispina, the spines in the larger size classes (CL> 50 mm) are stout, sharp-tipped, and conical, flattened at an oblique (posterior facing) angle, and with a circumference of short setae around that face (Fig. 7E). Juveniles (CL 7-30 mm) of P. multispina have short, blunt, pedunculated tubercles, bearing a halo of short setae (Fig. 7B, C). In specimens of around CL 30 mm, there is evidence for the tubercles becoming longer and developing an acute tip, as in larger adults. In all specimens, one spine in the mid-gastric region is larger than the other spines or tubercles, and which has no setae, nor does it have a flattened region posteriorly: this spine appears to be particularly large in relation to the lower tubercles on small specimens., Published as part of Hall, Sally & Thatje, Sven, 2010, King crabs up-close: ontogenetic changes in ornamentation in the family Lithodidae (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura), with a focus on the genus Paralomis, pp. 495-524 in Zoosystema 32 (3) on page 504, DOI: 10.5252/z2010n3a10, http://zenodo.org/record/5167458, {"references":["BENEDICT J. E. 1894. - Scientific results of explorations by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross. No. XXXI. Descriptions of new genera and species of crabs of the family Lithodidae, with notes on the young of Lithodes camtschaticus and Lithodes brevipes. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 17: 479 - 488.","RATHBUN M. J. 1904. - Decapod crustaceans of the northwest coast of North America. Harriman Alaska Expedition Series 10, 210 p.","MAKAROV V. V. 1938. - [Crustacea], in [Fauna of U. S. S. R.] vol. 10, no. 3: 1 - 283 (in Russian, English translation published in 1962 by Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem).","SAKAI T. 1971. - Illustrations of 15 species of crabs of the family Lithodidae, two of which are new to science. Researches on Crustacea 4 - 5: 1 - 491."]}

Hall, Sally, Thatje, Sven (2010): King crabs up-close: ontogenetic changes in ornamentation in the family Lithodidae (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura), with a focus on the genus Paralomis. Zoosystema 32 (3): 495-524, DOI: 10.5252/z2010n3a10, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2010n3a10

Paralomis stella Macpherson, 1988 (Fig. 9) Paralomis stella Macpherson, 1988c: 118, fig. 1, pl. 1A-C. TYPE LOCALITY. — Réunion Island, 350- 937 m. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 6 ♀♀ (CL 39-49 mm), 7 šš (CL 17-86 mm). SPECIMENS FIGURED. — Réunion Island, 350-750 m, 28.VIII.1982, 1 šCL 24.5 mm (MNHN Pg-4257). — Réunion Islands, 450-937 m, 24.VIII.1982, 1 š CL 71.3 mm (MNHN Pg-4255). REMARKS Paralomis stella, from the south-eastern Indian Ocean, has a very similar adult spine morphotype, and a comparable ontogenetic progression to P.mendagnai. In both groups, the CL 10-25 mm size class have conical, spiniform tubercles, although in P. stella, none of the spines on the carapace are consistently enlarged in comparison to others on the same specimen. Adults larger than CL 30 mm have regular, rounded tubercles with pits (possibly minute setae) dispersed across the apex., Published as part of Hall, Sally & Thatje, Sven, 2010, King crabs up-close: ontogenetic changes in ornamentation in the family Lithodidae (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura), with a focus on the genus Paralomis, pp. 495-524 in Zoosystema 32 (3) on page 508, DOI: 10.5252/z2010n3a10, http://zenodo.org/record/5167458, {"references":["MACPHERSON E. 1988 c. - Lithodid crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Lithodidae) from Madagascar and La Reunion (SW Indian Ocean) with descriptions of two new species. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 4 e ser., section A, 10 (1): 117 - 133."]}

Lithodes galapagensis n. sp. (Figs 7, 8) Material examined. Galapagos Archipelago: Johnson Sea-Link II Cruise station 3101, Cabo Douglas, Fernandina Island, 00�� 17 ��� 30 ���S, 091�� 39 ��� 36 ���W, 17.07. 1998, 648m: male holotype, CL 114 mm; female paratype, CL 84 mm, Seymour Island, 00�� 21 ��� 42 ���S, 090�� 15 ���00���W, 25.07. 1998, 740 m (all USNM 1122586). Etymology. This species is named after its type locality, the Galapagos Islands. Description of the holotype. Carapace roughly pyriform in outline (Fig. 7 d); as wide as long when measured at maximal width of carapace. Dorsal regions well defined; covered uniformly with small spinules more or less acute at apex, without setae (Fig. 7 b). Gastric region convex and slightly more inflated than branchial and cardiac regions. One pair of slender spines 7 mm in length, emanating from the mid part of this region ��� level with hepatic spines on lateral margin. Spinules sparse on apex of gastric region and very few around base of prominent spines. Cardiac region depressed and separated from gastric region by smooth, wide, and saddle-shaped groove. Cardiac region depressed anteriorly, and more inflated posteriorly around single pair of long, slender spines in this region. A pair of acute spinules directly anterior to this pair. Triangular cardiac region separated from branchial regions by grooves which converge posteriorly, and then diverge close to the margin to describe posterior of branchial regions. Branchial regions each with single long, slender spine at apex; a few large, acute spinules posteriorly. A pair of conical spines in intestinal region almost on posterior margin. Exterior orbital spine just surpassing length of eyestalks; anterolateral spine about equal in length or slightly smaller. Hepatic spines slightly inflated at base, with long slender spine reaching 20 mm. Two spines on anterior portion of each branchial lateral margin, and several much smaller, conical spines interspersed between them and on posterolateral margins. Rostrum with long, straight median projection rising dorsally from surface of carapace and terminating in pair of spines. Mid way along length of median projection emanate a pair of dorsal lateral spines of about the same length as terminal bifurcation. Base of rostrum narrow, without granulation. Ventrally, with long, smooth spine curving gently upward, terminating approximately at level of corneae. Eyestalks prominent and without granulation, but with crenulation of dorsal edge of the corneal margin (Fig. 8 b). Second segment of antennal peduncle with long slender spine on exterior aspect. Antennal acicle reduced to very small conical process. Cheliped merus and carpus with several strong spines on terminal border and poorly defined rows of short spines on dorsal, interior and exterior surfaces. Palm with several poorly defined rows of short spines on dorsal border and two rows on exterior surface leading to articulation with movable finger. Fingers 0.4 �� total length of right hand, and 0.5 of left hand. Fingers bearing few tufts of short setae. Walking legs long and slender. Merus of pereiopod 3 about 0.8 �� length of carapace, and 0.2 �� as high as long. Covered densely with spinules on dorsal/posterior surface, and smooth on ventral surface (Fig. 7 c). Two or three rows of larger conical spines along length of merus and long spine on terminal border. Carpus of walking legs with spinulation on dorsal surfaces and smooth ventral surfaces, as well as two very long spines at proximal and distal ends of dorsal border. Propodus sparsely covered with irregular rows of spinules. Dactyli of walking legs over half length of merus and equal to length of carpus; very sharp, slender spines on dorsal border to tip; few or no spines on ventral border; no tufts of setae present. Abdomen of a form typical of Lithodes, with nodules in the medial portion of segments 3���5; separate marginal and lateral plates well-calcified (Fig. 8 f). Second abdominal segment with medial and lateral plates fused; marginal plates almost joined or with suture visible. Surface of abdominal plates with several warty tubercles on edges but no spines decorating surface. Variations. The female paratype of this species is slightly smaller than the male. It differs from the holotype in having less acute spinules on the dorsal surface, and the less prominent spines on the proximal and distal angles of the walking-leg carpi. Remarks. This species is distinguished from all other members of this genus, except Lithodes wiracocha Haig, from Peru, in that it has carapace and dorsal surface of the walking legs densely covered in spinules. This species differs from L. wiracocha in the following ways: The spines on the dorsal surface are less dense in L. galapagensis than in L. wiracocha. The walking legs of L. galapagensis have spinules only on the dorsal and not on the ventral surfaces of the walking-leg segments, whereas L. wiracocha has densely packed spinules covering the surface of all segments. In the holotype, and somewhat on the paratype of L. galapagensis, certain spines on the dorsal surface and on the walking legs are very long and slender, unlike the stout conical spines in L. wiracocha. The rostrum of L. galapagensis is very long and slender ��� similar in this respect to Lithodes megacantha Macpherson, 1991 from the central Pacific; however, the rostrum of L. wiraconcha is rather stout in comparison. There are no acute spinules on the dorsal base of the rostrum in L. galapagensis, whereas spines cover the proximal part of all of the lateral spines in L. wiracocha. No spines on the surface of the abdominal plates in L. galapagensis. Instead, plates are covered with low tubercles. Other species close to this location include Lithodes panamensis Faxon from Panama and Peru, and Lithodes santolla Macpherson (1988 b), from Patagonia, both of these are readily distinguishable from the present species because of the peculiar spination of Lithodes galapagensis in which a dense coverage of acute spinules are combined with the few very long spines and long rostrum. FIGURE 8. Lithodes galapagensis n. sp. a���h, male holotype, 114 mm CL (USNM 1122586), Galapagos Archipelago, Cabo Douglas, Fernandina Island, 00�� 17 ��� 30 ���S, 091�� 39 ��� 36 ���W, 648 m. (a) left chela, lateral. (b) ocular peduncle, frontal. (c) right chela, lateral. (d) anterior carapace, lateral. (e) second abdominal segment, posterior. (f) abdominal plates. (g) dactylus 3 rd walking leg, posterior. (h) rostral spines, dorsal. Scale bar = 10 mm for a, c���h; 1 mm for b., Published as part of Hall, Sally & Thatje, Sven, 2009, Four new species of the family Lithodidae (Decapoda: Anomura) from the collections of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, pp. 31-47 in Zootaxa 2302 on pages 42-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191756, {"references":["Macpherson, E. (1988 b) Revision of the Family Lithodidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura) in the Atlantic Ocean. Monografias de Zoologia Marina, 2, 9 - 153."]}

Lithodes galapagensis n. sp. (Figs 7, 8) Material examined. Galapagos Archipelago: Johnson Sea-Link II Cruise station 3101, Cabo Douglas, Fernandina Island, 00° 17 ’ 30 ”S, 091° 39 ’ 36 ”W, 17.07. 1998, 648m: male holotype, CL 114 mm; female paratype, CL 84 mm, Seymour Island, 00° 21 ’ 42 ”S, 090° 15 ’00”W, 25.07. 1998, 740 m (all USNM 1122586). Etymology. This species is named after its type locality, the Galapagos Islands. Description of the holotype. Carapace roughly pyriform in outline (Fig. 7 d); as wide as long when measured at maximal width of carapace. Dorsal regions well defined; covered uniformly with small spinules more or less acute at apex, without setae (Fig. 7 b). Gastric region convex and slightly more inflated than branchial and cardiac regions. One pair of slender spines 7 mm in length, emanating from the mid part of this region — level with hepatic spines on lateral margin. Spinules sparse on apex of gastric region and very few around base of prominent spines. Cardiac region depressed and separated from gastric region by smooth, wide, and saddle-shaped groove. Cardiac region depressed anteriorly, and more inflated posteriorly around single pair of long, slender spines in this region. A pair of acute spinules directly anterior to this pair. Triangular cardiac region separated from branchial regions by grooves which converge posteriorly, and then diverge close to the margin to describe posterior of branchial regions. Branchial regions each with single long, slender spine at apex; a few large, acute spinules posteriorly. A pair of conical spines in intestinal region almost on posterior margin. Exterior orbital spine just surpassing length of eyestalks; anterolateral spine about equal in length or slightly smaller. Hepatic spines slightly inflated at base, with long slender spine reaching 20 mm. Two spines on anterior portion of each branchial lateral margin, and several much smaller, conical spines interspersed between them and on posterolateral margins. Rostrum with long, straight median projection rising dorsally from surface of carapace and terminating in pair of spines. Mid way along length of median projection emanate a pair of dorsal lateral spines of about the same length as terminal bifurcation. Base of rostrum narrow, without granulation. Ventrally, with long, smooth spine curving gently upward, terminating approximately at level of corneae. Eyestalks prominent and without granulation, but with crenulation of dorsal edge of the corneal margin (Fig. 8 b). Second segment of antennal peduncle with long slender spine on exterior aspect. Antennal acicle reduced to very small conical process. Cheliped merus and carpus with several strong spines on terminal border and poorly defined rows of short spines on dorsal, interior and exterior surfaces. Palm with several poorly defined rows of short spines on dorsal border and two rows on exterior surface leading to articulation with movable finger. Fingers 0.4 × total length of right hand, and 0.5 of left hand. Fingers bearing few tufts of short setae. Walking legs long and slender. Merus of pereiopod 3 about 0.8 × length of carapace, and 0.2 × as high as long. Covered densely with spinules on dorsal/posterior surface, and smooth on ventral surface (Fig. 7 c). Two or three rows of larger conical spines along length of merus and long spine on terminal border. Carpus of walking legs with spinulation on dorsal surfaces and smooth ventral surfaces, as well as two very long spines at proximal and distal ends of dorsal border. Propodus sparsely covered with irregular rows of spinules. Dactyli of walking legs over half length of merus and equal to length of carpus; very sharp, slender spines on dorsal border to tip; few or no spines on ventral border; no tufts of setae present. Abdomen of a form typical of Lithodes, with nodules in the medial portion of segments 3–5; separate marginal and lateral plates well-calcified (Fig. 8 f). Second abdominal segment with medial and lateral plates fused; marginal plates almost joined or with suture visible. Surface of abdominal plates with several warty tubercles on edges but no spines decorating surface. Variations. The female paratype of this species is slightly smaller than the male. It differs from the holotype in having less acute spinules on the dorsal surface, and the less prominent spines on the proximal and distal angles of the walking-leg carpi. Remarks. This species is distinguished from all other members of this genus, except Lithodes wiracocha Haig, from Peru, in that it has carapace and dorsal surface of the walking legs densely covered in spinules. This species differs from L. wiracocha in the following ways: The spines on the dorsal surface are less dense in L. galapagensis than in L. wiracocha. The walking legs of L. galapagensis have spinules only on the dorsal and not on the ventral surfaces of the walking-leg segments, whereas L. wiracocha has densely packed spinules covering the surface of all segments. In the holotype, and somewhat on the paratype of L. galapagensis, certain spines on the dorsal surface and on the walking legs are very long and slender, unlike the stout conical spines in L. wiracocha. The rostrum of L. galapagensis is very long and slender — similar in this respect to Lithodes megacantha Macpherson, 1991 from the central Pacific; however, the rostrum of L. wiraconcha is rather stout in comparison. There are no acute spinules on the dorsal base of the rostrum in L. galapagensis, whereas spines cover the proximal part of all of the lateral spines in L. wiracocha. No spines on the surface of the abdominal plates in L. galapagensis. Instead, plates are covered with low tubercles. Other species close to this location include Lithodes panamensis Faxon from Panama and Peru, and Lithodes santolla Macpherson (1988 b), from Patagonia, both of these are readily distinguishable from the present species because of the peculiar spination of Lithodes galapagensis in which a dense coverage of acute spinules are combined with the few very long spines and long rostrum. FIGURE 8. Lithodes galapagensis n. sp. a–h, male holotype, 114 mm CL (USNM 1122586), Galapagos Archipelago, Cabo Douglas, Fernandina Island, 00° 17 ’ 30 ”S, 091° 39 ’ 36 ”W, 648 m. (a) left chela, lateral. (b) ocular peduncle, frontal. (c) right chela, lateral. (d) anterior carapace, lateral. (e) second abdominal segment, posterior. (f) abdominal plates. (g) dactylus 3 rd walking leg, posterior. (h) rostral spines, dorsal. Scale bar = 10 mm for a, c–h; 1 mm for b.

Hall, Sally, Thatje, Sven (2009): Four new species of the family Lithodidae (Decapoda: Anomura) from the collections of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Zootaxa 2302: 31-47, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191756

Paralomis nivosa n. sp. (Figs 5, 6) Material examined. Philippines: Palawan passage 10 �� 57 ��� 45 ���N, 118 �� 38 ��� 15 ���E, 27.12. 1908, 685 m: female holotype CL 30 mm, collected on the 1907���1908 ���Albatross��� expedition to the Philippines (USNM 1122581). Etymology. This species is named nivosa, which is the Latin for snow-like or snowy. The name alludes to the fact that the carapace is angular and resembles a snowflake in dorsal view. Description of holotype. Carapace angular in outline, with distinct angle at hepatic region (Fig. 6 a). Gastric and branchial regions of similar size and moderately convex; cardiac region slightly sunken in comparison. Inflated whelt towards posterior of branchial regions and at medial entrance to cervical groove. Intestinal region flattened to posterior margin. Surface of carapace covered in low, rounded tubercles, each with a thick ring of short setae around sides and rounded non-setose apex (Fig. 5 b). A few instances of clustered tubercles on gastric and cardiac regions. No spines or particularly prominent tubercles on dorsal surface. Lateral edges rounded and covered with similar ornamentation as dorsally. Five sharp spines on anterolateral portion of carapace: two on anterior margin; one on hepatic region, and two on anterior branchial margin. No spines on posterior or posterolateral branchial margin. Rostrum pedunculate and wide, almost covering eyestalks in dorsal view. Base of rostrum dorsally covered in tubercles, similar to rest of dorsal carapace. Two short, sharp spines at end of this rostral prominence, at level of corneae. Median spine of rostrum extending beyond corneae; slightly keeled ventrally, and strongly curved upward (Figs 6 b, d). Eyestalks with several dorsal spines, one very long and extending past cornea (Fig 6 e). Antennal acicle long, with one long medial spine, five long outer spines, and four short spines on internal surface. Several spinules on dorsal surface of acicle. All spines with uniform coverage of short setae along their length. Cheliped carpus with a series of 4 enlarged spines on internal angle and a few tubercles on other surfaces. Very few spinules on surface of chelae palms, none on fingers. Fingers with row of clusters of setae external to cutting surfaces, and several setae on mobile finger. Pereiopods uniformly covered with tubercles, with some prominent sharp spines as on lateral margins. Merus of pereiopod 4 about half carapace length and 1.5 times length of propodus, with rounded crosssection. Five prominent spines on dorsal anterior edge, and several sharp spinules on ventral posterior edge of walking leg meri. Sharp spinules covering carpus and propodus. Dactylus slightly shorter than propodus and compressed in cross-section. One or two spines in articulating region, but smooth surfaces elsewhere. With 5 short, black needle-like spines on ventral side of dactylus, as well as several tufts of setae. Abdomen of holotype female asymmetrical, although with very little ���right-hand skew��� ��� telson almost in line with body axis (Fig. 5 a). Mid portion of second abdominal segment prominent in dorsal view. Medial and paired lateral plates on each abdominal segment 3���5. Marginal plates on left side separate from lateral plates. Surface of abdominal plates with low tubercles similar to those found dorsally. Remarks. The dorsal ornamentation in Paralomis nivosa n.sp. is very similar to P. haigae Eldredge, 1976 (Fig 5 c), and P. d o f l e i n i Balss, 1911 and this feature allies these three species within Paralomis. This specimen is a small adult; 30 mm in carapace length. Direct comparison with similar sized specimens of P. haigae and P. dofleini have been made at the USNM and Mus��um National d���Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN). P. n i v o s a has several sharp spines on the lateral borders, dorsally on the rostrum, and on the legs. There is no indication of any spines laterally in P. haigae or P. dofleini, with the exception of one on the anterior margin. No specimens of P. haigae studied have spines dorsally on the rostrum. The outline of the carapace in P. n i v o s a is quite angular, whereas in P. h a i g a e, the carapace is more rounded. The rostrum in P. haigae and P. d o f l e i n i has a wide base, which ends in a blunt prominence above a short, straight ventral spine. In P. n i v o s a, the ventral spine is very prominent and curved upward., Published as part of Hall, Sally & Thatje, Sven, 2009, Four new species of the family Lithodidae (Decapoda: Anomura) from the collections of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, pp. 31-47 in Zootaxa 2302 on pages 39-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191756, {"references":["Eldredge, L. G. (1976) Two new species of lithodid crabs from Guam. Micronesica, 12, 309 - 315.","Balss, H. (1911) Neue Paguriden aus den Ausbeuten der Deutchen Tiefsee-Expedition ' Valdivia' und der Japanischen Expedition Prof. Dofleins. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 38, 1 - 9."]}

Paralomis makarovi n. sp. (Figs 3, 4) Material examined. Bering Sea: Bowers Bank, 54 �� 30 ���N, 179 �� 17 ���E, Albatross station 4772, 4.06. 1906, 629 m: male holotype, CL 23.8 mm; 3 male paratypes, CL 15���25 mm; 3 female paratypes. CL 12���23 mm (all USNM 1122582). Etymology. This new species is named after V.V. Makarov, the author of an influential 1938 monograph on lithodid biogeography. Description of the holotype. Carapace pear-shaped; rounded posteriorly, and longer than wide. Dorsal surface covered uniformly by conical spines, each with band of long setae half-way along length (Fig. 4 c) No spines dorsally or laterally notably longer than any other ��� no prominent spine at apex of gastric or branchial regions. Gastric region rounded and more prominent than branchial and cardiac regions, which are relatively sunken. Grooves only partially delimiting regions. Median spine of rostrum strongly curved upward, and without secondary spinules or tubercles on ventral surface; one pair of dorsal spines, and one pair of spinules at their base. Rostrum not pedunculated, such that dorsal spines do not surpass cornea in dorsal view (Figs 3 f, 4 f). Spines on the lateral margins of carapace of similar size to those on dorsal surface; spines on frontal margin subequal, much shorter than eyestalk; 10���13 spines on each side of anterolateral margin; hepatic spines barely enlarged relative to others. Ocular peduncles with long spine above cornea, and a few smaller spines along its length. Several setae above cornea (Fig. 3 c). Second peduncular segment of antenna with moderately-sized spine on outer angle, and small spine on inner angle. Antennal acicle longer than ocular peduncle, consisting of one central spine, with 2 or 3 long outer spines and 2 or 3 smaller inner spines; all spines with several setae (Fig. 3 g). Cheliped carpus with several spinules on medial face, without crest of large spines. Chelae with few spinules on dorsal border of palm, and several clusters of brush-like setae. Merus of pereiopods 2���4 with 4 or 5 ill-defined rows of spines of various sizes; each row with 6 spines of a similar size to those on carapace. Dactylus of pereiopods 2���4 unarmed dorsally except for one at articulation and row of dark needle-like spines ventrally. Claw of dactylus recurved, with several clumps of setae. Abdomen with marginal plates of segments 3���5 not separated from lateral plates, atypical of genus (Fig. 3 d); surface of plates without spines, but with low tubercles and several clusters of setae. Variations. With the exception of the abdominal asymmetry typical of this family, no notable differences are observed between the males and the females. All individuals agree closely with the holotype. Paralomis makarovi n. sp. (Figs 2, 3) Paralomis aspera Faxon Paralomis chilensis Andrade Carapace outline Pear-shaped; rounded posteriorly. Pentagonal; as broad as long. Pear shaped; broader than long. Longer than wide. Antennal acicle One central spine, with 2 or 3 long At least 7 fully developed Acicle with many spines above spinulation outer spines and 2 or 3 smaller inner spines, on inner and outer faces and below the plane. spines. All spines with several setae. of the acicle. Remarks. Several species of Paralomis have the dorsal part of their carapace covered in dense, uniform spines. Under magnification, however, the structure of the spines is similar only to P. aspera and P. chilensis from the coast of South America, both of which have conical spines with a band of long setae half way along the length. Diagnostic differences between these species are set out in Table 2. Paralomis makarovi has a geographic proximity to P. multispina and P. verrilli. A uniform coverage of spines on the carapace and on the pereiopods, with no dorsal spine more prominent than any other easily distinguishes P. m a k a ro v i from P. verrilli. Specimens of P. multispina of a similar size to the types of P. makarovi (Fig. 4 b) have been studied, and they are distinguished by the following features: No enlarged spine on the apex of the gastric region of P. m a k a ro v i, whereas a large spine is found in this position on all P. multispina, and is especially prominent in smaller specimens. Dorsal spines in P. m a k a ro v i conical, with a band of long setae half way down the spine. P. multispina has blunt spines with a single ring of short setae at the expanded apex (Figs 4 c, d). P. multispina also has several long lateral spines on the carapace, whereas P. makarovi has none particularly more prominent than any other. A pedunculation of the base of the rostrum is found in P. multispina, and not in P. m a k a ro v i. It is quite likely that specimens belonging to P. m a k a ro v i have been found previously, but misidentified as P. multispina. The equivalent growth stages of these two species are, however, substantially different (Figs 4 a, b). Juvenile P. histrix, from Japan, also has a carapace covered with spines, but its spines are very long and are without setae. Paralomis histrix also has long spines on the abdomen, whereas the abdomen of P. m a k a ro v i lacks spines. Paralomis bouvieri Hansen, 1908, from the Northern Atlantic seems quite close to this species, except that spines have long setae eminating in a cluster from the apex in similar sized specimens., Published as part of Hall, Sally & Thatje, Sven, 2009, Four new species of the family Lithodidae (Decapoda: Anomura) from the collections of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, pp. 31-47 in Zootaxa 2302 on pages 36-39, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191756, {"references":["Hansen, H. J. (1908) Crustacea Malacostraca I. Bianco Luno, Copenhagen. Translated by H. M. Kyle. The Danish Ingolf Expedition, 3, 1 - 120."]}

Paralomis alcockiana n. sp. (Figs 1, 2) Material examined. South Carolina: 31 �� 20 ���N, 79 ��05���W, 1995, 570 m: male holotype, CL 44 mm (USNM 269032), S. Carolina Department of Natural Resources. Etymology. This new species is named after Alfred W. Alcock, 19 th century British carcinologist, and Fellow of the Royal Society who reported on the findings of the HMS Investigator in the Indian Ocean. Description of holotype. Carapace about as long as broad; irregularly hexagonal and angular in outline (Fig. 1 a). Surface covered in smoothly elliptical, raised tubercles becoming somewhat more acute towards anterolateral margins; some tubercles enlarged and more acute, with clustered rings of smaller tubercles at base (Fig. 1 b). Gastric regions with five enlarged tubercles, largest in the centre of region. Cardiac region with four enlarged tubercles in a quadrilateral pattern. Branchial region with three enlarged tubercles. (Positions of enlarged tubercles corresponding to dorsal spines in other species of Paralomis such as P. f o r m o s a Henderson). Under magnification, all tubercles with irregular arrangements of very short setae, as seen in Paralomis cubensis (Fig. 1 d). No regions particularly inflated above dorsal surface, although gastric region slightly inflated in comparison to branchial and cardiac regions. Grooves delimit cardiac region, forming triangle in advance of posterior margin. Small anterior spine present on pterygostomian region, as typical of genus. Median rostral spine nearly straight, surpassing length of ocular peduncle; ventral surface deeply keeled, bearing several small denticulate spinules (Fig 2 a). Paired dorsal spines diverging at level of cornea; both spines much shorter than ventral spine (Figs 2 a, b). Dorsally, base of rostrum covered with more or less acute tubercles. Base of the rostrum wide, partially obscuring bases of ocular peduncles in dorsal view. External-orbital and anterolateral spine similar in size, shorter than ocular peduncle (Fig. 1 a). Several irregularly spaced spines (10 +) of varying size on lateral margins of anterior half of carapace. Posterior lateral margins with acute tubercles. Ocular peduncles covered with short spines, and one larger spine disto-dorsal near cornea (Fig. 1 c). Antennal acicle broad, with one large central spine, 4 or 5 long spines on outer border and 4 spines of similar length on inner border. Cheliped merus with numerous spiniform tubercles dorsally and on outer surface, larger distally, and one large spine distally on inner surface. Chela with numerous tufts of long yellow setae covering palm and fingers of both hands. Merus of pereiopod 3 a little over half carapace length, and about four times as long as high, rectangular in cross-section. Several rows of spines on dorsal anterior margin and ventral posterior margin. Posterior, dorsal and ventral surfaces of merus covered with acute tubercles. Two rows of spines on dorsal surface of carpus, larger on anterior row. Propodus with one row of dorsal spines and one row of ventral spines; covered in acute tubercles. Dactylus ventral margin with row of long black needle-like spines, and one black spine at tip; dorsal margins with a few spines near the articulation with propodus; with tufts of long yellow setae. Abdomen covered with tubercles smaller than on dorsal surface. Marginal plates expanded and fused on each of abdominal segments 3���5; marginal plates fused to lateral plates on segment 3 (Fig. 2 d). Remarks. Paralomis alcockiana n.sp. shares many characteristics with P. cubensis, which is found in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea (Chace 1939) at similar depths to the new species. Some differences are listed in Table 1. The most notable distinguishing feature is the presence, in P. alcockiana, of some enlarged conical tubercles surrounded by a ring of smaller rounded tubercles (Fig. 1 b). P. alcockiana n. sp. (Figs 1, 2). P. cubensis Chace, 1939 P. arethusa Macpherson, 1994 Carapace outline Irregularly hexagonal. Circular in juveniles. Pyriform in Hexagonal. adults. Paralomis alcockiana is similar in shape to P. arethusa from the Barbados accretionary prism, a species known only from a juvenile specimen of 18 mm CL. Although comparison is difficult between different growth stages (Ingle & Garrod 1987), some key diagnostic differences are listed in Table 1. Paralomis alcockiana is somewhat similar to P. i n c a Haig, 1974, from Peru, and P. grossmani Macpherson, 1988 b, from French Guiana, but under magnification, the setal coverage of the dorsal tubercles is very different. Paralomis alcockiana has rounded tubercles sparsely covered with a few short setae; P. i n c a has rounded or conical tubercles, densely covered with short setae on their apices; and P. grossmani has a distinct ring of longer setae around the apex of the tubercles on its dorsal surface. There are also differences in the shape of the carapace. P. grossmani is longer and thinner than P. alcockiana, especially in the anterior region, and has the gastric region inflated to a much greater level. P. i n c a has its posterior half very much expanded, in contrast to P. alcockiana which has a roughly hexagonal outline., Published as part of Hall, Sally & Thatje, Sven, 2009, Four new species of the family Lithodidae (Decapoda: Anomura) from the collections of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, pp. 31-47 in Zootaxa 2302 on pages 32-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191756, {"references":["Chace, F. A. J. (1939) Reports on the scientific results of the first Atlantis expedition to the West Indies, under the joint auspices of the University of Havana and Harvard. Preliminary descriptions of one new genus and seventeen new species of decapod and stomatopod crustaceans. Memorias de al sociedad cubana de historica Natural, 13, 31 - 54.","Macpherson, E. (1994) Occurrence of two lithodid crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Lithodidae) in the cold seep zone of the South Barbados accretionary prism. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 107, 465 - 468.","Ingle, R. W. & Garrod, C. (1987) Ornamentation Changes Associated with Growth of Falkland Island Populations of Paralomis granulosa (Jacquinot, 1842 - 1847) (Decapoda, Lithodidae). Crustaceana, 52, 220 - 224.","Haig, J. (1974) Observations on the lithodid crabs of Peru, with a description of two new species. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Science, 73, 152 - 164.","Macpherson, E. (1988 b) Revision of the Family Lithodidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura) in the Atlantic Ocean. Monografias de Zoologia Marina, 2, 9 - 153."]}