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Spin wave propagation along a ferrimagnetic strip with out-of-plane magnetization is studied by means of micromagnetic simulations. The ferrimagnetic material is considered to be formed by two antiferromagnetically coupled sub-lattices. Two critical temperatures can be defined for such systems: that of magnetization compensation and that of angular momentum compensation, both different due to distinct Landé factors for each sub-lattice. Spin waves in the strip are excited by a spin current injected at one of its edges. The obtained dispersion diagrams show exchange-dominated forward volume spin waves. For a given excitation frequency, the Néel vector describes highly eccentric orbits, the eccentricity depending on temperature, whose semi-major axis is oriented differently at distinct locations on the FiM strip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An upsurge of research activities is conducted to assess the magnetic properties of graphene nanoribbons with a keen focus on spintronic applications. The critical and compensation characteristics of mixed spin-3/2 and spin-1/2 Ising nanoribbons (Nrbs) with rectangular and hexagonal shapes under a transverse field are explored employing the finite cluster approximation. In the absence of transverse fields, only the rectangular Nrb, may exhibit one or two compensation points. This compensation persists under a transverse field Ωσ that exclusively affects the spin-1/2 of the σ-sublattice, where the order is destroyed at some Jσ-dependent critical transverse fields at T = 0. Interestingly, the insertion of a transverse field ΩS acting only on the S-sublattice, demonstrates that the order cannot be destroyed at low temperatures, with the possibility of reentrance as well as tricritical behaviors for rectangular Nrb. Finally, all these behaviors have been confirmed through an analysis of the magnetizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we shed light on the mechanism behind the complexity of the anomalous Hall effect (AHE) in the rare earth-transition metal (RE-TM) compound. To achieve a comprehensive picture, we first theoretically investigate the pure elemental metals and observe that the AHE of RE Gd is negative while that of TM Co is positive. We then investigate magnetic properties and AHE behavior for two typical cases of TM-rich and RE-rich compositions that correspond to GdCo5 and GdCo3 alloys, respectively. The observation that net magnetization is not a decisive factor in assessing the AHE value is consistent with recent claims. Besides, our investigations reveal a significant role of the Gd sublattice to the AHE. The reduction AHE signal under a high-applied field is attributed to the counteraction between the positive and negative AHC contributions when the TM and RE sub-moments are aligned parallel. On a bright note, our new findings can be successfully employed to unravel two types of aberrant humps of AHE signals near compensation temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perpendicularly magnetized Co-based Heusler alloys are promising candidates in high-performance spintronic devices. However, there is a contradiction between thermal stability and damping-like spin–orbit torque (SOT) efficiency in Co-based Heusler alloys with interface-induced perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA). Here, we present epitaxially grown perpendicularly magnetized Mn1+xCo2−xAl (MCA) Heusler alloys through tetragonal distortion. Ferrimagnetism and distortion-induced PMA are obtained in MCA Heusler alloys. A large effective spin Hall angle (θeff) up to 0.33 is experimentally demonstrated in Pt/MCA bilayers, markedly surpassing that in conventional Pt/FM bilayers. Consequently, SOT-induced efficient magnetization switching is realized in Pt/MCA bilayers, with a critical switching current density (Jc) as low as 4 × 107 A/cm2. The large θeff and high SOT efficiency would be attributed to the staggered magnetic exchange torques in the ferrimagnetic MCA Heusler alloys. These findings demonstrate that perpendicularly magnetized ferrimagnetic MCA Heusler alloys are highly promising for high-density SOT-magnetic random-access memory with superior thermal stability and low power consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prepared ultrafine MnCo 2 O 4 particles using a facile sol–gel autocombustion method. The structural and vibrational characterizations confirmed the formation of a pure cubic spinel phase in as-synthesized MnCo 2 O 4 particles. The surface morphology analyses revealed the porous structure with an average particle size of 5 nm and uniform distribution of manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), and oxygen (O) in the particles. We observed the presence of multiple valence states of Mn and Co, occupying both tetrahedral and octahedral sites, enhancing our insight into the material's electronic properties and structural configuration. Our magnetization studies unveiled a Curie Temperature (T C) of 185 K with ferrimagnetic ordering below T C , resulting in substantial magnetization (9.8 emu/g) and coercivity (3.46 kOe) at 2 K and weak magnetic behavior above T C. This is attributed to the finite size and surface effects. Furthermore, the incorporation of MnCo 2 O 4 nanoparticles and graphene oxide into a polyurethane foam matrix resulted in an excellent sound absorption coefficient of 90 % at 2000 Hz. This outstanding acoustic performance underscores the versatile applications of MnCo 2 O 4 nanoparticles in diverse noise mitigation applications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycrystalline [(0.5) Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-(0.5) LaFeO3] multiferroic composite is prepared by using the solid-state reaction method. The crystal structure of both phases is characterized by using the X-ray diffraction method (XRD) and confirms the presence of rhombohedral (i.e., bismuth sodium titanate) and orthorhombic (i.e., lanthanum ferrite) phases in the composite. The microstructure of the composite is analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The crystal structure is further studied with Raman spectroscopy. The present composite exhibits ferroelectric and ferrimagnetic-like properties, revealing its multiferroic behavior. Furthermore, the impedance analysis of the composite shows the negative temperature coefficient of resistance behavior. The present study describes the structural and physical properties of the possible lead-free multiferroic composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light transition metals have recently emerged as a sustainable material class for efficient spin–charge interconversion. We report measurements of current-induced spin–orbit torques generated by Ni1−xCux alloys in perpendicularly magnetized ferrimagnetic Gd/Fe multilayers. We show that the spin–orbit torque efficiency of Ni1−xCux increases with the Ni/Cu atomic ratio, reaching values comparable to those of Pt for Ni55Cu45. Furthermore, we demonstrate magnetization switching of a 20-nm-thick Gd/Fe multilayer with a threshold current that decreases with increasing Ni concentration, similar to the spin–orbit torque efficiency. Our findings show that Ni1−x Cu x − based magnetic heterostructures allow for efficient control of the magnetization by electric currents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetization dependences of CoxZn1 –xFe2O4 nanoparticles ( , 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) synthesized with the citrate precursor technique on an external magnetic field and temperature are presented. Ferrimagnetic order in nanoparticles with appeared at temperatures, T, exceeding room temperature, and in nanoparticles with and 0.1 at T near 100 K. The saturation magnetization, , remnant magnetization, , and the coercive force, , increase with x increase and the temperature decrease. reached very high value: of NPs with equals to 106.6 emu/g at 100 K while, according to the literature data, of stoichiometric bulk Co ferrite equals to 90 emu/g at 4.2 K. Correlations between concentration dependences of magnetic and electric properties has been revealed and explained qualitatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spin–orbit torques (SOTs) provide an efficient way to electrically manipulate the magnetic order in spintronic devices. Compared with conventional ferromagnetic materials, ferrimagnetic materials have the advantages of antiferromagnetically coupled sublattices and induced ultrafast spin dynamics. In this paper, we study the current-induced magnetization switching in the ferrimagnetic Ta/GdFeCo/MgO system. Robust SOT-induced magnetization switching can be achieved at the magnetic compensation temperature point of around 70 K, where the magnetization is nearly zero and the coercivity can reach almost 3 T. The temperature dependence of the SOT efficiency is quantified by the second harmonic method, and the enhanced SOT efficiency near the magnetic compensation temperature is attributed to the negative exchange coupling between the two sublattices of CoFe and Gd. This work demonstrates the SOT switching of the nearly compensated ferrimagnet, with great potential for future magnetic interaction-free and ultrafast ferrimagnetic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spintronic devices use spin instead of charge to process information and are widely considered as promising candidates for next-generation electronic devices. In past decades, the main motivation in spintronics has been to discover new mechanisms and novel material systems to improve both device performance and the application prospects of spintronics. Recently, researchers have found that ferrimagnetic materials—in which sublattices are coupled antiferromagnetically—offer an emerging platform for realizing high-density, high-speed, and low-power-consumption memory and logic functions. Within such a ferrimagnetic class, vanishing magnetization and ultrafast magnetic dynamics can be achieved by adjusting chemical composition and temperature, among other parameters. Meanwhile, unlike for antiferromagnets, conventional electrical read–write methods remain suitable for ferrimagnets, which is beneficial for applications. In this review, an abundant class of ferrimagnets including oxides and alloys is surveyed, and unique magnetic dynamics and effective methods for manipulating the magnetic states of ferrimagnets are discussed. Finally, novel storage and computing devices based on ferrimagnets are considered, as there are some challenges to be addressed in future applications of ferrimagnets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manipulation of exchange bias (EB) via spin-current-induced spin–orbit torque (SOT) is of great importance in developing full electric control spintronic devices. Here, we report on SOT-dominant manipulation of the interfacial antiferromagnetic spins and the related perpendicular EB (PEB) in the IrMn/Co1-xTbx (CoTb) bilayers with various Tb contents. No matter the magnetization of the ferrimagnetic CoTb layer is Co-dominant or Tb-dominant; all the samples were perpendicularly magnetized, and spontaneous PEB could be established during the isothermal crystallization of the IrMn layer. The SOT-induced EB switching could be accomplished with assistance of an in-plane or out-of-plane external magnetic field, associated with a monotonic reduction of the EB switching fraction by increasing x. This phenomenon is attributed to weakening of the interfacial exchange coupling between the CoTb and IrMn layers as x is increased. These findings provide a way to design high energy-efficient spintronic devices by employing the antiferromagnet/ferrimagnet bilayers, which may have weak stray field and strong robustness in contrast to commonly used heavy-metal/ferromagnet/antiferromagnet trilayers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have carried out joint theoretical and experimental investigations of three Heusler compounds CoMoFeAl, CoMo0.5Fe1.5Al, and Co1.5Mo0.5FeAl. Our first-principle calculations show that all three compounds show either ferro- or ferrimagnetic order with CoMoFeAl and CoMo0.5Fe1.5Al exhibiting high spin polarization of almost 80%. The investigated samples were prepared using arc melting and high vacuum annealing. All the samples show cubic crystal structure with disorder. The parent compound CoMoFeAl shows a small saturation magnetization of 12 emu/g, and a Curie temperature of 440 K. The other two compounds, namely, Co1.5Mo0.5FeAl and CoMo0.5Fe1.5Al, show much higher saturation magnetizations of 62 emu/g and 59 emu/g, and substantially higher Curie temperatures of 950 K and 780 K, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a simple semiclassical model to sustain that in europium chalcogenides (EuX), Faraday rotation (FR) in the transparency gap is proportional to the magnetization of the sample, irrespective of the material's magnetic phase, temperature, or applied magnetic field. The model is validated by FR and magnetization measurements in EuSe in the temperature interval 1.7–300 K, covering all EuSe magnetic phases (paramagnetic, antiferromagnetic type I or type II, ferrimagnetic, and ferromagnetic). Furthermore, by combining the semiclassical model with the explicit electronic energy structure of EuX, the proportionality coefficient between magnetization and FR is shown to be dependent only on the wavelength and the bandgap. Due to its simplicity, the model has didactic value; moreover, it provides a working tool for converting FR into magnetization in EuX. The possible extension of the model to other intrinsic magnetic semiconductors is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antiferromagnetic magnetization dynamics is more effective than ferromagnetic magnetization; however, it is extremely complex. Rare earth (RE) ferrimagnets, on the other hand, have tunable magnetization with associated negative exchange interaction in sublattices. Here, we study different RE-Fe ferrimagnets while changing the RE-content. We obtain various magnetic properties like saturation magnetization MS, coercivity HC, magnetic anisotropy energy constant Ku, exchange coupling constant λ, and compensation temperature Tcomp for different RE compositions. We suggest that along with MS and HC, λ is another important parameter that is easy to measure and has information that is similar to that in the spin-orbit torque effective field and the canting angle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural and magnetic properties of the spinel compound, Li0.5FeCr1.5O4, have been investigated using dc magnetization, neutron depolarization, and neutron diffraction techniques. DC magnetization measurement at 200 Oe has revealed a ferrimagnetic ordering at 417 K and a negative magnetization state between the two compensation temperatures (TComp) of 244 and 256 K. TComp varies with an applied magnetic field and two TComp merge at 256 K for magnetic fields ≥ 500 Oe. The existence of zero domain magnetization around TComp is evident from full recovery of the transmitted neutron beam polarization in a neutron depolarization study. The Rietveld refinement of the neutron diffraction pattern at 430 K reveals that the compound possesses a face centred cubic structure with Fe0.81Li0.19 and Cr1.5Li0.31Fe0.19 as cation distributions at the tetrahedral and octahedral sites, respectively. A temperature dependent neutron diffraction study reveals that the net magnetic moment changes sign near 265 K, across the spin compensation temperature. Both neutron diffraction and mean field calculation show that an asymmetric variation of the sublattice moments as a function of temperature yields a dominance of the ordered tetrahedral site moment over the octahedral site moment below TComp, and vice versa above TComp, and gives a microscopic understanding of the observed magnetization reversal phenomenon. The achieved understanding of magnetization compensation and the high coercivity near TComp have implications for possible use of such ferrimagnetic materials with finite spin polarization as effective spin polarizers/analyzers in spintronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-stoichiometric monoclinic 4C pyrrhotite (Fe7S8), a ferrimagnetic monosulfide that has been intensively used as a remanence carrier to infer the magnetization of the Earth’s crust and extraterrestrial materials, exhibits a characteristic low-temperature transition accompanied by complex modifications in anisotropy and magnetization. We demonstrate that the magnetic rotational symmetry of the 4C pyrrhotite is critically affected by the order of the defective Fe-sites, and this in turn is a key to decipher the physics behind the low-temperature transition. Our torque experiments and numerical simulations show an emergent four-fold rotational symmetry in the c-plane of the 4C pyrrhotite at T<30 K. This symmetry breaking associated with the transition is caused by the competitive interaction of two inherently hexagonal systems generated by two groups of Fesites with different local anisotropy fields that stem from the vacancy arrangement in the 4C stacking sequence, and it is triggered by changes in the spin orbit coupling due to the overlap of Fe-Fe electron orbitals at low-temperature. This mechanism provides a new explanation for the magnetic transition in 4C pyrrhotite at low temperature and could also cast light on non-trivial magnetic phenomena in defective systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using Monte Carlo simulations under the Metropolis algorithm, the magnetic properties of a Mixed Spins (3/2, 1) cubic lattice modeled by mixed spin Ising model have been investigated. First, we discuss the ground state phase diagrams at zero temperature corresponding to different parameters of the model. Then, by choosing ferrimagnetic phases found in the obtained phase diagrams, we analyze the magnetization and compensation behaviors in our system. Striking results have been found; especially, the competition between exchange coupling interactions generates a critical temperature T C and a compensation temperature T comp with T comp < T C . Moreover, the presence of crystal and external magnetic fields leads to the appearance of a second compensation temperature with T c o m p 1 < T c o m p 2 ≪ T C . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although all-optical magnetization switching with fs laser pulses has garnered much technological interest, the ultimate data rates achievable have scarcely been investigated. Recently, it has been shown that after a switching event in a GdCo alloy, a second laser pulse arriving 7 ps later can consistently switch the magnetization. However, it is as of yet unknown whether the same holds in layered ferrimagnetic systems, which hold much promise for applications. In this work, we investigate the minimum time delay required between two subsequent switching events in synthetic ferrimagnetic Co/Gd bilayers using two fs laser pulses. We experimentally demonstrate that the minimum time delay needed for consistent switching can be as low as 10 ps. Moreover, we demonstrate the importance of engineering heat diffusion away from the magnetic material as well as control over the laser pulse energy. This behavior is reproduced using modeling, where we find that the second switch can occur even when the magnetization is not fully recovered. We further confirm that heat diffusion is a critical factor in reducing the time delay for the second switch, while also confirming a critical dependence on laser energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Z-type hexagonal ferrites have recently received attention for their room-temperature magnetoelectric (ME), which is activated when the temperature at which the transverse-conical spin-state transitions to a ferrimagnetic state is increased. The changes in the magnetic domain structure at the transition have been well-documented; however, they are still not understood in detail. In the present study, Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis combined with an in situ heating experiment was conducted to demonstrate the shift in magnetic domain structure during the transition from the transverse-conical spin arrangement to a ferrimagnetic spin order. The dynamics of the magnetic domain structure changes with the increasing temperature were acquired in real-time. At 490 K, the magnetization transition from the transverse-conical spin state to the ferromagnetic state was demonstrated. Cross-tie domain walls formed during the magnetic transition process. The increased effect of the demagnetizing field applied to the 180° magnetic domains was caused by a lower magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MCA) at the easy axis of magnetization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single femtosecond-pulse toggle switching of ferrimagnetic alloys is an essential building block for ultrafast spintronics. It is believed that for switching to occur in these ferrimagnets, the individual sublattices must have very different (element-specific) demagnetization dynamics. This suggests that ferrimagnets composed of two different elements, such as rare-earth transition-metal alloys, are necessary for switching. However, experimental observations of toggle switching in the Heusler alloy Mn2RuxGa, which has two crystallographically nonequivalent Mn sublattices with antiparallel aligned moments, have questioned these assertions. To shed some light on this question, we present an atomistic spin model for the simulation of single pulse toggle switching of Mn2RuxGa. The magnetic parameters entering our model are extracted from previous experimental observations. We show that our model is able to quantitatively reproduce the experimentally measured magnetization dynamics of single pulse toggle switching. We demonstrate that toggle switching in Mn2RuxGa is possible even when both Mn sublattices demagnetize at very similar rates, in contradiction to the previous hypothesis about the importance of element-specific demagnetization rates in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report here the studies of structural and magnetic properties of two equiatomic quaternary Heusler alloys CoCrVZ (Z = Al, Ga). Both the alloys crystallize in LiMgPdSn type crystal structure (space group #216) with B2 (CoCrVAl) and A2 (CoCrVGa) type anti-site disorder between elemental sites. Intended stoichiometry was confirmed from the compositional analysis. The temperature dependence of dc magnetic susceptibility and the low temperature moment values show a nearly compensating ferrimagnetic behaviour at low temperatures for both the alloys. The inverse of dc magnetic susceptibility starts to deviate from the Curie–Weiss law below 220 K and 164 K for the alloys containing Al and Ga respectively. The Arrott plots confirms the absence of long range order down to 2 K. Further analysis of the dc and ac susceptibility shows that the observed behaviour is due to the presence of Griffiths like phase in these alloys. • Systematic study shows that CoCrVZ (Z = Al, Ga) Heusler alloys crystallize in LiMgPdSn type structure (space group #216) with 50% B2 (CoCrVAl) and 25% A2 (CoCrVGa) type anti-site disorders. • The presence of disorder leads to the reduction of magnetic moment and a nearly compensated ferrimagnetic behaviour at low temperatures. • The presence of Griffiths like phase is inferred for both the alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycrystalline samples of DyCo 9 Si 4 with the tetragonal LaFe 9 Si 4 -type structure have been synthesized by arc melting and high-temperature annealing. Results of the magnetization M and specific heat C p measurements show the existence of two magnetic anomalies at T C = 40 K and T m = 20 K. The transition at T C = 40 K is attributed to the ferromagnetic transition of the Co sublattice. The magnetic moments of Dy3+ appear to align gradually below T C , and almost fixed below T m , at which a broad maximum in C p has been observed. Field-dependent M at T = 2 K up to H = 7 T suggested that the magnetic moment of Dy3+ is coupled antiferromagnetically with those of Co, forming a ferrimagnetic structure. Magnetization measurements up to 50 T at low temperatures using a pulse magnet demonstrated a spin-flip transition around H = 20 T, above which the magnetic moments of Co and Dy are in parallel. The spin-flip transition becomes broad with increasing temperature but still remains at T C = 40 K, indicating a strong antiparallel coupling between Co and Dy moments even in the paramagnetic state. The magnetocaloric effect was evaluated from C p and M , and also from the sample-temperature variation in the quasi-adiabatic process with the pulsed magnetic field. The maximum entropy change for the field change from 5 to 0 T was observed at around T = T m with the value Δ S = 5 J/kg K. The maximum temperature of Δ S shifts to higher temperatures in high magnetic fields, resulting in the large value of Δ S = 24 J/kg K at T ∼ T C by the field change from 50 to 0 T. The present results demonstrate that the pulsed-field measurement is a powerful method to evaluate the magnetocaloric effect of materials. ● Physical properties of DyCo 9 Si 4 are reported for the first time. ● Step-like increase of the magnetization curve is observed at low temperature. ● Antiparallel coupling of Dy/Co magnetic moments remains in the paramagnetic state. ● Pulsed field measurement enables a quick and reliable magnetocaloric evaluation. ● Large magnetocaloric effect of 24 J/kg K is observed at T = 40 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A femtosecond laser pulse is able to switch the magnetic state of a 3d-4f ferrimagnetic material on a pico-second timescale. Devices based on this all-optical switching (AOS) mechanism are competitive candidates for ultrafast memory applications. However, a large portion of the light energy is lost by reflection from the metal thin film as well as transmission to the substrate. In this paper, we explore the use of dielectric coatings to increase the light absorption by the magnetic metal layer based on the principle of constructive interference. We experimentally show that the switching energy oscillates with the dielectric layer thickness following the light interference profile as obtained from theoretical calculations. Furthermore, the switching threshold fluence can be reduced by at least 80% to 0.6 mJ/cm2 using two dielectric SiO2 layers sandwiching the metal stack, which scales to 15 fJ of incident energy for a cell size of 502 nm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocomposites (NCs) comprising (1-x) BiFeO3 (BFO) and x SrFe12O19 (SRF) (x=0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4) have been prepared by a sol-gel route. Presence of pure phases of both BiFeO3 (BFO) and SrFe12O19 (SRF) in the NCs for x=0.3 and 0.4 has been confirmed by Rietveld analysis of XRD data though a minor impurity phase is observed in the case of x=0.1 and 0.2 NCs. Transmission electron micrographs of the NCs show that particles are mostly spherical with average size of 30 nm. M-H measurements at 300 and 10K indicate predominantly ferrimagnetic behavior of all the NCs with an increasing trend of saturation magnetization values with increasing content of SRF. Dielectric constant (εr) of the NCs at room temperature shows a dispersive behavior with frequency and attains a constant value at higher frequency. εr - T measurements reveal an increasing trend of dielectric constant of the NCs with increasing temperature and show an anomaly around the antiferromagnetic transition temperature of BFO, which indicates magnetoelectric coupling in the NCs. The variation of capacitance in the presence of magnetic field confirms the enhancement of magnetoelectric effect in the NCs. 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy results indicate the presence of only Fe3+ ions in usual crystallographic sites of BFO and SRF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have evaluated the spin-wave stiffness parameter in nanoparticulate powders of Mg1-xZnxFe2O4 ( 0.0≤x≤0.6 ) mixed ferrites from magnetization data obtained at two different ranges of temperature: 5-300?K and 300-750?K . At the lower temperature range the T-dependence of the saturation magnetization, Ms, data could be fitted to the Bloch's law with T3/2. The spin-wave stiffness parameters D were determined from the coefficient of T3/2; being ~132 and ~86?meVÅ for x?=?0.0 and 0.6, respectively, with the corresponding exchange constant JAB of ~1.10 and ~0.72?meV , respectively. The values of D determined from the experimental Curie temperature Tc were ~212 and ~163?meVÅ2 for x?=?0.0 and 0.6, respectively, with the corresponding exchange constant JAB of ~1.77 and ~1.30?meV . The difference in both JAB and D values obtained from the coefficient of T3/2 and from Tc may be attributed to the fact that the magnetic measurements were performed at a different range of temperatures. The results are discussed in terms of the cation distribution among A- and B-sites of occupation on these spinel ferrites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current-induced magnetization switching in compensated ferrimagnetic materials by the spin–orbit torque (SOT) effect is promising for the next generation information storage devices. In this work, we report the current-induced deterministic field-free magnetization switching of the perpendicular Tb-Co ferrimagnet layer in a Co/Ti/Tb-Co trilayers. We found that the switching proportion and polarity of the Tb-Co ferrimagnet depend on the magnetization direction of the in-plane Co layer. The switching process revealed by magneto-optical Kerr microscope imaging further confirmed the current-induced field-free switching of the Tb-Co layer. We also demonstrated the large SOT effective field and the perpendicular effective field acting on the Tb-Co layer, by utilizing the second harmonic voltage measurement and the current-induced loop shift method. The large interfacial SOT efficiency and deterministic field-free magnetization switching in the trilayers structure may accelerate the application of ferrimagnet in SOT memory devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic response of magnetically ordered materials to an ultrashort external stimulus depends on microscopic parameters, such as magnetic moment, exchange, and spin–orbit interactions. Whereas it is well established that, in multicomponent magnetic alloys and compounds, the speed of demagnetization and spin switching processes has an element‐specific character, the magnetization damping was assumed to be a universal parameter for all constituent magnetic elements irrespective of their different spin–orbit couplings and electronic structure. Herein, experimental and theoretical evidence for an element‐specific magnetic damping parameter is provided by investigating the ultrafast magnetization response of a high‐anisotropy ferrimagnetic DyCo5 alloy to femtosecond laser excitation. Strikingly different demagnetization and remagnetization dynamics of Dy and Co magnetic moments is revealed by employing femtosecond laser pump–X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism probe measurements combined with atomistic spin dynamics (ASD) simulations using ab initio calculated parameters. These observations, fully corroborated by the ASD simulations, are linked to the element‐specific spin–orbit coupling strengths of Dy and Co, which are incorporated in the phenomenological magnetization damping parameters. These findings can be used as a recipe for tuning the speed and magnitude of laser‐driven magnetic processes and consequently allow control over various dynamic functionalities in multicomponent magnetic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current-induced spin-orbit torques (SOTs) are of interest for fast and energy-efficient manipulation of magnetic order in spintronic devices. To be deterministic, however, switching of perpendicularly magnetized materials by SOT requires a mechanism for in-plane symmetry breaking. Existing methods to do so involve the application of an in-plane bias magnetic field, or incorporation of in-plane structural asymmetry in the device, both of which can be difficult to implement in practical applications. Here, we report bias-field-free SOT switching in a single perpendicular CoTb layer with an engineered vertical composition gradient. The vertical structural inversion asymmetry induces strong intrinsic SOTs and a gradient-driven Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (g-DMI), which breaks the in-plane symmetry during the switching process. Micromagnetic simulations are in agreement with experimental results, and elucidate the role of g-DMI in the deterministic switching processes. This bias-field-free switching scheme for perpendicular ferrimagnets with g-DMI provides a strategy for efficient and compact SOT device design. Switching of ferrimagnets by current-induced spin-orbit torque is promising for spintronics, due to their high-speed dynamics and small macroscopic magnetization. Switching of perpendicularly magnetized materials, however, requires a bias field for symmetry breaking. Here, Zheng et al demonstrate field-free current-induced switching of perpendicular ferrimagnets, using a compositional gradient-driven Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sr-hexaferrite samples were produced via the conventional ceramic method. X-ray diffractometry (XRD) patterns confirmed the single nanocrystal phase as Sr-hexaferrite (SHF) where any pattern peaks of unreacted Fe2O3 phase were not detected. The mean crystallite size values were determined to be 44 ± 3 nm and 41 ± 3 nm for SHF-O1 and SHF-O2, respectively. The chemical bonding peaks of our sample indicated that the structure of Sr-hexaferrite formation was confirmed by FTIR spectra result. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images indicated clearly observed porosity regions with relative densities as high as 94 % and 87 % for SHF-O1 and SHF-O2 samples. The vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) of each sample at 2K and under a magnetic field of 10 kOe yielded saturation magnetizations, Ms of 93.5 and 94.1 emu/g; remanence values, Mr of 76.4 and 67.8 emu/g for SHF-O1 and SHF-O2, respectively. The magnetization loops of both samples indicated a soft ferrimagnetic behaviour in which the saturation magnetizations were higher than those measured at room temperature in the previous studies. The coercivities, Hc were measured to be 150Oe for both samples. The squareness values, SQR (Mr/Ms) were measured to be high, approximately 0.82 and 0.72 for SHFO1 and SHF-O2, respectively. Depending on the adequate values of magnetization an coercivity along with small mean crystallite size and low porosity values of the obtained Sr-hexaferrite samples, we estimate that these samples are likely to be evaluated further for the potential use as thermoseeds in the field of clinical hyperthermia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anomalous Hall effect (AHE) has been studied for ferrimagnetic antiperovskite Mn4-xDyxN films grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. The introduction of Dy changes the AHE dramatically, even changes its sign, while the variations in magnetization are negligible. Two sign reversals of the AHE (negative-positive-negative) are ascribed to the variation of charge carriers as a result of Fermi surface reconstruction. We further demonstrate that the AHE current JAH is dissipationless (independent of the scattering rate), by confirming that anomalous Hall conductivity, σAH, is proportional to the carrier density n at 5K. Our study may provide a route to further utilize antiperovskite manganese nitrides in spintronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to investigate the magnetic properties and the hysteresis loops behavior of a ferrimagnetic cubic nanowire with mixed spins SA = 3/2 and SB = 2. Design/methodology/approach: We have used the Monte Carlo simulation to examine the influences of the exchange interaction JB, the crystal field ∆ and the temperature on the magnetic properties and hysteresis loops of the nanowire. More exactly, we have shown the temperature dependence of the sublattice magnetizations (mA and mB) and the total magnetization (M) for several values of the Hamiltonian parameters, as well as the corresponding phase diagrams. Finally, the effect of an external magnetic field is studied by plotting the hysteresis loops of the system for different values of exchange interaction, crystal field and temperature. Findings: The obtained results show the existence of second-order phase transitions, as well as the compensation behavior. Moreover, according to the values of the Hamiltonian parameters, the system can exhibit one, two or three hysteresis loops. Originality/value: The magnetic nanowires are of great interest in experimental works, but without theoretical explanations, the experimental results cannot be clarified in depth. For this, we contribute through this theoretical study to understand the nanowires, especially those with mixed spins (2, 3/2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferrimagnetic insulators promise low-power and high-speed spintronic applications, thanks to their insulating nature and fast dynamics near compensation points. In a ferrimagnetic insulator/heavy metal heterostructure, we investigate field- and current-induced magnetization switching at various temperatures and observe distinct magnetization switching behaviors owing to spin–orbit torque (SOT) and heating effect. We have realized SOT switching across the magnetization compensation temperature and discovered that the SOT switching is strongly heat-assisted: the temperature is always above the compensation temperature while the SOT switching happens in our case. Moreover, we show that the SOT efficiency is strongly magnetization-dependent by characterizing the current dependence of SOT efficiency and explaining the anomalous SOT switching back phenomena in the presence of a titled external field. Our results reveal the critical role of Joule heating on the dynamics of magnetic insulators and pave the way for the application of spintronic devices based on magnetic insulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The Ta/GdFeCo/Ta heterostructures are utilized to achieve a spin–orbit torque-driven multistate magnetization switching. • The switching ratio is up to 47.7% and the β DL and β FL are estimated as 85.64 Oe/(107 A/cm−2) and 35.05 Oe/(107 A/cm−2), respectively. • The findings establish that a stable four-resistor state exists, proofing multilevel memory behaviors and synaptic plasticity under current drive. • Neuromorphic computing built from this SOT device can perform unsupervised handwritten digit recognition with an accuracy of 92.25%. Neuromorphic computation of ferrimagnetic materials as artificial synapses is essential for the development of ultra-low power spintronic devices. Here, Ta/GdFeCo/Ta heterostructures are utilized to achieve a spin–orbit torque-driven multistate magnetization switching, complying with the requirements of neuromorphic computation. For Ta/GdFeCo/Ta device, the switching ratio is up to 47.7 % when the critical current density value is 1.26 × 107 A/cm2. Moreover, the β DL and β FL are estimated as 85.64 Oe/(107 A/cm−2) and 35.05 Oe/(107 A/cm−2), respectively. Subsequently, the findings establish that a stable four-resistor state exists, proofing multilevel memory behaviors and synaptic plasticity under current drive. It is further demonstrated that neuromorphic computing built from this SOT device can perform unsupervised handwritten digit recognition with an accuracy of 92.25 %. This research highlights the potential of SOT-driven multi-energy stabilized residual states for neuromorphic computing and multi-energy storage in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferrimagnetic materials (FiMs) represent a promising direction for the realization of spin-based devices since they can combine the ultrafast dynamics typical of antiferromagnets in an easier way to control the magnetic state typical of ferromagnets. In this work, we micromagnetically analyze the magnetization dynamics of a current-driving transition metal/rare earth ferrimagnet in a spin Hall geometry as a function of the uncompensation parameter of the angular moments of the two sublattices. We show that, for a uniaxial FiM, a self-oscillation is the only possible dynamical state at the angular momentum compensation point. We also find a finite discontinuity near the magnetization compensation point originated from the demagnetizing field, which controls the type of dynamics behind the switching. We finally show the effect of the interfacial Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction on both the switching time and the self-oscillation frequency and amplitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic stability of iron mineral phases is a key for their use as paleomagnetic information carrier and their applications in nanotechnology, and it critically depends on the size of the particles and their texture. Ferrimagnetic greigite (Fe3S4) in nature and synthesized in the laboratory forms almost exclusively polycrystalline particles. Textural effects of inter-grown, nano-sized crystallites on the macroscopic magnetization remain unresolved because their experimental detection is challenging. Here, we use ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectroscopy and static magnetization measurements in concert with micromagnetic simulations to detect and explain textural effects on the magnetic stability in synthetic, polycrystalline greigite flakes. We demonstrate that these effects stem from inter-grown crystallites with mean coherence length (MCL) of about 20 nm in single-domain magnetic state, which generate modifiable coherent magnetization volume (CMV) configurations in the flakes. At room temperature, the instability of the CVM configuration is exhibited by the angular dependence of the FMR spectra in fields of less than 100 mT and its reset by stronger fields. This finding highlights the magnetic manipulation of polycrystalline greigite, which is a novel trait to detect this mineral phase in Earth systems and to assess its fidelity as paleomagnetic information carrier. Additionally, our magneto-spectroscopic approach to analyse instable CMV opens the door for a new more rigorous magnetic assessment and interpretation of polycrystalline nano-materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article gives a review on some important experimental studies on the magnetization curves using different theoretical models. Applications of the law of approach to saturation magnetization and Langevin function to various kinds of magnetic materials belonging to different groups such as ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, antiferromagnetic, superparamagnetic materials at various experimental conditions, applied field ranges, and their dependencies on the applied field are collectively reviewed. Extraction of important magnetic parameters by fitting magnetization data with suitable models and their variation with composition, morphologies, size etc. along with the strategies adopted are also discussed. The purpose and outcomes of such studies along with future scope are also highlighted in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We document magnetic mineral diagenesis with high‐resolution magnetic susceptibility, hysteresis, isothermal remanent magnetization, and other rock magnetic measurements through a shallow sulfate‐methane transition (SMT) at Perseverance Drift—a high‐accumulation rate Holocene biosiliceous Antarctic marine sediment deposit. The structure of the SMT is defined with porewater measurements from the same core, allowing direct comparison. Dissolution of the detrital (titano)magnetite assemblage, with preferential dissolution of stochiometric magnetite, occurs in the upper SMT. Higher coercivity magnetic minerals dissolve more slowly, continuing to dissolve through the entire SMT and could be a source of ferric iron for microbial respiration following exhaustion of porewater sulfate, as suggested by accumulation of porewater ferrous iron below the SMT. Superparamagnetic ferrimagnetic mineral enrichment/depletion occurs in three phases through the SMT and is coupled tightly to the availability of dissolved ferrous iron relative to dissolved sulfide. High concentrations of authigenic remanence‐bearing iron sulfides, including greigite and hexagonal 3C pyrrhotite, which can be detected using remanence parameters but not in‐field concentration dependent parameters, accumulate in a transient horizon at the base of the SMT during this early diagenesis, where sulfide is present but limited relative to dissolved ferrous iron. Formation of this remanence‐bearing iron sulfide horizon is likely facilitated by continued iron reduction through the SMT. Nonsteady state perturbations that shift the porewater profile, such as changes in carbon flux or sedimentation rate, can lead to preservation of these transient horizons, much like well documented preservation of manganese oxide layers in marine sediments following similar shifts to porewater profiles. Key Points: Magnetic mineral diagenesis is studied in Antarctic sediments using high‐resolution porewater and rock magnetic dataMagnetic mineral dissolution and authigenesis is tightly coupled to dissolved sulfide and ferrous iron concentrationsRemanence‐bearing iron sulfides form below the sulfate‐methane transition and can be preserved following nonsteady state diagenesis [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nature of magnetic ordering in the inverted spinel Co2SnO4 = [Co2+][Co2+Sn4+]O4 is investigated by measuring the temperature dependence of its magnetization (M) and ac-susceptibilities (χ′ and χ″) in different magnetic fields (H) using a superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer. The polycrystalline sample with a grain size of 3-5 μm was prepared by the solid-state route and characterized by x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Above the ferrimagnetic Néel temperature TN = 41 K, χdc = M/H fits well with the Néel' expression for the two-sublattice model of ferrimagnetism. The ferrimagnetic ordering is suggested to result from different magnetic moments of Co2+ on the A sites (3.87 μB) and B sites (4.16 μB) and antiferromagnetic molecular field constants with magnitudes NAA = 13.6, NBB = 36.8, and NAB = 33.2. The temperature variations of χ′ and χ″ under various dc-bias fields suggest the existence of a spin-glass (SG) phase for T < TSG = 39.1 K in which only the transverse spin components are frozen below TSG. This co-existence of longitudinal ferrimagnetic order below TN = 41 K and transverse SG state below TSG = 39.1 K is suggested to result from the presence of non-magnetic Sn4+ ions on the B sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High field magnetization measurements up to 60 T on free powder samples from GdCo12-xFexB6 (x = 0-3) compounds are reported. The data were used to evaluate the microscopic exchange interaction integral, JGd-3d, between Gd and 3d (Co,Fe) spins. The systems are ferrimagnets; they order magnetically between TC = 95 K for x = 3 and TC = 165 K for x = 0. The low temperature magnetization curves as well as the temperature dependence of intrinsic magnetic parameters are determined by magnetic measurements in pulsed magnetic field. The average magnetic moment <μCo+Fe> per mean transition metal atom (Co + Fe) is small and increases with increasing Fe concentration from 0.44 μΒ for x = 0 to 0.51 μΒ for x = 3 at T = 4 K. From high field magnetization curves, a value of JGd-3d/kB = -4.65 K is derived for x = 0, whereas mean field approximation yields a much larger 3d-3d exchange integral of JCo-Co/kB = 105 K. The obtained results reveal an increase of -JGd-3d/kB with Fe concentration. For x = 0.5, the intersublattice coefficient nGd-3d is found to keep an almost constant value of 5.87 ± 0.13 T*f.u.*μB-1 whatever the temperature in the 2 to 60 K range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to study the magnetic properties and the hysteresis behavior of a ferrimagnetic cubic Ising nanowire with mixed spins S = 3/2 and S = 5/2 in which the atoms are placed alternately. Design/methodology/approach: In order to investigate the effects of the exchange interactions and crystal field on the magnetic properties and hysteresis behavior of the nanowire, we have used the Monte Carlo simulation. More precisely, we have plotted the thermal variations of the sublattice and total magnetizations for different values of the Hamiltonian parameters, and we have presented the corresponding phase diagrams. In addition, the influence of an external magnetic field is examined by plotting the variations of hysteresis loops with the change of temperature and crystal field. Findings: All phase transition found in this study are of second-order and the critical temperatures increase linearly with the increase of the exchange interactions. The compensation temperatures appear only for some domains of crystal field D and exchange interaction JB of the sublattice (B). Moreover, when studying the hysteresis behavior, the system can show one or double hysteresis loops. Originality/value: The authors consider that this research is consistent with the scientific axis of the journal which benefits a great esteem in our country and in the world. In addition, the results are of technological interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on a theoretical study of thermal magnetization switching induced by nanosecond electric current pulse using Lagrangian formalism based on the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation. The parameters for modeling are obtained from the measurements of the anomalous Hall resistance at different probe currents. We obtain the switching diagrams, analyze how the switching rate depends on the pulse parameters and the applied magnetic field, and find the optimal set of values such as orientation of the field, electric pulse duration, and energy consumption. We find that the magnetization switching is particularly efficient near the compensation point, where a decrease in the magnetization of the rare-earth sublattices by 10% or less can lead to reversal of net magnetization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A detailed study has been carried out of the static and dynamic magnetic properties of ferrimagnetic spinel MgFe 1.2 Ga 0.8 O 4 nanoparticles (NPs), including the measurements of low-field dc -magnetization M (T) under zero-field-cooled (ZFC) and field-cooled (FC) conditions and ac -susceptibility χ ac (T) at different frequencies (f) and amplitudes of the ac -field (H ac). Below, a Curie temperature (T C), a clear magnetic irreversibility (M ZFC (T) ≠ M FC (T)), as well as a broad peak in both M ZFC (T)– M FC (T) magnetizations have been observed. At T ≪ T C , the two distinct, frequency-dependent peaks at T p1 ≈ 9 K and T p2 ≈ 14 K in the imaginary part of the ac -susceptibility χ ac '' (T) have been found. Their positions have been consistent with those of the anomalies detected on the temperature dependence of the magnetic contribution to the heat capacity C mag (T), and a sharp decrease of the M ZFC (T) magnetization near ≈ 10–20 K. It was revealed that the fitting of the frequency dependence of the peaks' positions (T p1 (f) and T p2 (f)) in the imaginary part of ac -susceptibility χ ac '' (T) using the Neel-Arrhenius law yields unphysical values of the relaxation time (τ 0) and, therefore, these results ruled out a possibility of an existence of superparamagnetic (SPM) clusters in the system. On the other hand, the T p1 (f) and T p2 (f) dependences followed both the Vogel-Fulcher law and the power law. These observations indicate that, a complex magnetic state in MgFe 1.2 Ga 0.8 O 4 , realized in the low temperature region, may likely be related to a progressive freezing of magnetic clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the phase transitions, for a molecular-based magnet, are examined using mean field method (MFM). The longitudinal magnetizations can be achieved by minimizing the free energy is an interesting function for locating and induction of spin compensation temperatures as well. By applying Blume-Capel (BC) configuration to a system consisting of two sublattices for a mixed spin-3/2 and spin-7/2on a square lattice in the anisotropies plane, the ground-state phase diagram of this system has been built. On principles of Bogoliubov inequality (BI) of the free energy, it has been investigated the spin compensation phenomena. In particular, characteristic ferrimagnetic features have been shown depending on an unequal crystal field parameters (DA, DB<-1.0) applied on the A−sites and B−sites, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

van der Waals (vdW) engineering of magnetism is a topic of increasing research interest in the community at present. We study the magnetic properties of quasi-two-dimensional layered vdW Mn3Si2Te6 (MST) crystals upon proton irradiation as a function of fluences of 1 × 1015, 5 × 1015, 1 × 1016, and 1 × 1018 H+/cm2. We find that the magnetization is significantly enhanced by 53 % and 37 % in the ferrimagnetic phase (at 50 K) when the MST crystal was irradiated with the proton fluence of 5 × 1015, both in ab and c planes, respectively. The ferrimagnetic ordering temperature and magnetic anisotropy are retained even after proton irradiation. From the fluence dependence of magnetization, electron paramagnetic resonance spectral parameters (g-value and signal width), and Raman data, we show that the magnetic exchange interactions (Mn–Te–Mn) are significantly modified at this fluence. This work shows that it is possible to employ proton irradiation in tuning the magnetic properties of vdW crystals and provide many opportunities to design desired magnetic phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with ferromagnetic counterparts, antiferromagnetic materials are considered as the future of spintronic applications since these materials are robust against the magnetic perturbation, produce no stray field, and display ultrafast dynamics. There are (at least) two sets of magnetic moments in antiferromagnets (AFMs) (with magnetization of the same magnitude but antiparallel directions) and ferrimagnets (with the magnetization of the different magnitude). The coupled dynamics of the bipartite collinear AFMs is modeled by a coupled system of Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equations with additional terms originated from the interlattice exchange, which leads to femtosecond magnetization dynamics in AFMs. In this article, we develop three Gauss–Seidel projection methods for micromagnetics simulation in AFMs and ferrimagnets. They are first-order accurate in time and second-order accurate in space, and only solve linear systems of equations with constant coefficients at each step. Femtosecond dynamics, Néel wall structure, and phase transition in the presence of an external magnetic field for AFMs are provided with the femtosecond stepsize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ever since the first observation of all-optical switching of magnetization in the ferrimagnetic alloy GdFeCo using femtosecond laser pulses, there has been significant interest in exploiting this process for data-recording applications. In particular, the ultrafast speed of the magnetic reversal can enable the writing speeds associated with magnetic memory devices to be potentially pushed towards THz frequencies. This work reports the development of perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions incorporating a stack of Tb/Co nanolayers whose magnetization can be all-optically controlled via helicity-independent single-shot switching. Toggling of the magnetization of the Tb/Co electrode was achieved using either 60 femtosecond-long or 5 picosecond-long laser pulses, with incident fluences down to 3.5 mJ/cm2, for Co-rich compositions of the stack either in isolation or coupled to a CoFeB-electrode/MgO-barrier tunnel-junction stack. Successful switching of the CoFeB-[Tb/Co] electrodes was obtained even after annealing at 250 °C. After integration of the [Tb/Co]-based electrodes within perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions yielded a maximum tunneling magnetoresistance signal of 41% and RxA value of 150 Ωμm2 with current-in-plane measurements and ratios between 28% and 38% in nanopatterned pillars. These results represent a breakthrough for the development of perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions controllable using single laser pulses, and offer a technologically-viable path towards the realization of hybrid spintronic-photonic systems featuring THz switching speeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The XY model has been used in a centered rectangular lattice structure consists of two sub-lattices of spin 1–1/2 with different ferromagnetic couplings on each lattice and anti-ferromagnetic interaction between the two sub-lattices. Utilizing the Monte Carlo simulation, we have studied the energy per site, the specific heat, the total magnetization, the initial susceptibility, and hysteresis effects. Our results revealed that existences of two peaks on the specific heat and a single loop historic behavior. The Binder cumulant and initial susceptibility both confirmed the existence of critical temperature where the system possesses a phase transition to paramagnetism. Such behaviors are monitoring by the different coupling constants adopted in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic properties of antiferromagnetic nanoparticles are not as straight forward as for ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic nanoparticles. We analyzed the data of antiferromagnetic six-line ferrihydrite nanoparticles by considering distribution in particle magnetic moment. The fit of magnetization data, using non-linear least square fit procedure, considering Langevin function with and without distribution in particle magnetic moment, is presented. Magnetization of the system is measured as function of temperature and applied magnetic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]