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Objective: This study was undertaken to develop a standardized grading system based on expert consensus for evaluating the level of confidence in the localization of the epileptogenic zone (EZ) as reported in published studies, to harmonize and facilitate systematic reviews in the field of epilepsy surgery., Methods: We conducted a Delphi study involving 22 experts from 18 countries, who were asked to rate their level of confidence in the localization of the EZ for various theoretical clinical scenarios, using different scales. Information provided in these scenarios included one or several of the following data: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, invasive electroencephalography summary, and postoperative seizure outcome., Results: The first explorative phase showed an overall interrater agreement of .347, pointing to large heterogeneity among experts' assessments, with only 17% of the 42 proposed scenarios associated with a substantial level of agreement. A majority showed preferences for the simpler scale and single-item scenarios. The successive Delphi voting phases resulted in a majority consensus across experts, with more than two thirds of respondents agreeing on the rating of each of the tested single-item scenarios. High or very high levels of confidence were ascribed to patients with either an Engel class I or class IA postoperative seizure outcome, a well-delineated EZ according to all available invasive EEG (iEEG) data, or a well-delineated focal epileptogenic lesion on MRI. MRI signs of hippocampal sclerosis or atrophy were associated with a moderate level of confidence, whereas a low level was ascribed to other MRI findings, a poorly delineated EZ according to iEEG data, or an Engel class II-IV postoperative seizure outcome., Significance: The proposed grading system, based on an expert consensus, provides a simple framework to rate the level of confidence in the EZ reported in published studies in a structured and harmonized way, offering an opportunity to facilitate and increase the quality of systematic reviews and guidelines in the field of epilepsy surgery., (© 2024 The Authors. Epilepsia published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International League Against Epilepsy.)

Objective: To profile European trends in pediatric epilepsy surgery (<16 years of age) between 2008 and 2015. Methods: We collected information on volumes and types of surgery, pathology, and seizure outcome from 20 recognized epilepsy surgery reference centers in 10 European countries. Results: We analyzed retrospective aggregate data on 1859 operations. The proportion of surgeries significantly increased over time (P <.0001). Engel class I outcome was achieved in 69.3% of children, with no significant improvement between 2008 and 2015. The proportion of histopathological findings consistent with glial scars significantly increased between the ages of 7 and 16 years (P for trend =.0033), whereas that of the remaining pathologies did not vary across ages. A significant increase in unilobar extratemporal surgeries (P for trend =.0047) and a significant decrease in unilobar temporal surgeries (P for trend =.0030) were observed between 2008 and 2015. Conversely, the proportion of multilobar surgeries and unrevealing magnetic resonance imaging cases remained unchanged. Invasive investigations significantly increased, especially stereo‐electroencephalography. We found different trends comparing centers starting their activity in the 1990s to those whose programs were developed in the past decade. Multivariate analysis revealed a significant variability of the proportion of the different pathologies and surgical approaches across countries, centers, and age groups between 2008 and 2015. Significance: Between 2008 and 2015, we observed a significant increase in the volume of pediatric epilepsy surgeries, stability in the proportion of Engel class I outcomes, and a modest increment in complexity of the procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy is mainly based on clinical and electrophysiological criteria. If electrophysiological findings remain questionable for the diagnosis of CIDP and/or clinical presentation is atypical, nerve biopsy may assist the diagnosis. We present a case in which the nerve biopsy was helpful in diagnosis of CIDP and revealed the peculiar presence of tomacula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]