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In this work, the external magnetic field is employed as a "knob" to transfer the light energy from the zero-order diffraction to the high-order diffractions of electromagnetically induced grating in a degenerate two-level atomic medium. Under a standing-wave coupling field, the diffraction of the probe beam is created with the diffraction pattern including zero-, first- and second-order diffractions. When the magnetic field is not applied, the absorption grating is formed based on amplitude modulation of the transmission function; most of the probe light energy is focused on the zero-order diffraction (about 70%) and only about 6% of the first-order diffraction. However, when the external magnetic field is applied, the phase grating is formed based on the phase modulation of transmission function; the probe light energy is transferred from zero-order diffraction to first- and second-order diffractions, in which the first-order diffraction efficiency can be obtained about 32% with proper magnetic field strength. Moreover, the probe light energy can also be transferred from zero-order diffraction to first- and second-order diffractions by adjusting the frequency and/or the intensity of the coupling and probe fields in the presence of external magnetic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Exploring the influence of static magnetic field induction intensity on the freezing effect. • Static magnetic field shortens the maximum ice crystal formation region and the freezing process. • Static magnetic field has a delaying effect on the retrogradation of starch in fried rice. • Static magnetic field freezing further improved the quality of freezing-thaw fried rice. Magnetic fields are a new food-processing technology, with application in freezing, refrigeration, thawing, and preservation. In this work, the effects of static magnetic field (SMF) on freeze-thaw behavior, water distribution, retrogradation, and quality of fried rice are investigated. Results from the freezing curve show freezing time of fried rice during 2 mT treatment is the shortest, followed by 5 mT. Over a number of freeze-thaw cycles (FTC), the retrogradation enthalpy, relative crystallinity, and short-range ordered degree increased, while the application of the SMF can alleviate these processes. Changes in texture properties of samples treated by SMF are the significantly delayed in comparison with 0 mT, especially the adhesiveness index. The color and flavor of fried rice also show a delay downward trend. Therefore SMF can improve the quality of fried rice. The static magnetic field freezing method is appropriate for the actual production of frozen fried rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast to electromagnetic fields, static magnetic fields (SMFs) have not been extensively studied in terms of their potential health consequences. Although upward- and downward-oriented magnetic poles may cause various biological effects, only the pole with the upward orientation has been mainly investigated. Considering that the interaction of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T lymphocytes is crucial to trigger an immune response, we assessed the effect of long-term exposure of human T lymphocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) to moderate strength SMFs of different orientations focusing on the cytokine profile of activated T cells. Cultures of allogenic T lymphocytes and DCs (immature and matured by TLR3 and TLR7 agonists) were continuously exposed to four SMFs. The intensity of the applied field was 1 militesla (mT) or 56 mT of the upward- and downward-oriented pole of the SMF. Cell culture supernatants were assayed for IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, TNF-α, TNF-β, IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 by ELISA or flow cytometry. The upward-oriented 56 mT SMF significantly increased the release of IFN-γ and TNF-β (both p < 0.05) in the cell culture supernatants of T cells and immature DCs. In contrast, the same cultures exposed to the upward-oriented 1 mT SMF showed significantly elevated levels of IL-17 (p < 0.05). The levels of IL-4, TNF-α, IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were not affected by the upward-oriented SMF. The downward-oriented 56 mT SMF increased TNF-α release when T cells were stimulated with mature DCs. The production of other cytokines was unchanged by the downward-oriented SMF. These findings demonstrate for the first time different in vitro biological effects of upward- and downward-oriented static magnetic fields on the cytokine production of T cells activated by DCs, helping to better understand SMF effects on the immune system and suggesting that the selective SMF effect on the immune response could have potential therapeutic effects in different immune-mediated disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence, evolution, and spread of life on Earth have all occurred in the geomagnetic field, and its extensive biological effects on living organisms have been documented. The charged characteristics of metal ions in biological fluids determine that they are affected by electromagnetic field forces, thus affecting life activities. Iron metabolism, as one of the important metal metabolic pathways, keeps iron absorption and excretion in a relatively balanced state, and this process is precisely and completely controlled. It is worth paying attention to how the iron metabolism process of living organisms is changed when exposed to electromagnetic fields. In this paper, the processes of iron absorption, storage and excretion in animals (mammals, fish, arthropods), plants and microorganisms exposed to electromagnetic field were summarized in detail as far as possible, in order to discover the regulation of iron metabolism by electromagnetic field. Studies and data on the effects of electromagnetic field exposure on iron metabolism in organisms show that exposure profiles vary widely across species and cell lines. This process involves a variety of factors, and the complexity of the results is not only related to the magnetic flux density/operating frequency/exposure time and the heterogeneity of the observed object. A systematic review of the biological regulation of iron metabolism by electromagnetic field exposure will not only contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of its biological effects and mechanism, but also is necessary to improve human awareness of the health related risks of electromagnetic field exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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β-fructofuranosidases (FFases) are enzymes involved in sucrose hydrolysis and can be used in the production of invert sugar and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS). This last is an important prebiotic extensively used in the food industry. In the present study, the FFase production by Aspergillus tamarii Kita UCP 1279 was assessed by solid-state fermentation using a mixture of wheat and soy brans as substrate. The FFase presents optimum pH and temperature at 5.0–7.0 and 60 °C, respectively. According to the kinetic/thermodynamic study, the FFase was relatively stable at 50 °C, a temperature frequently used in industrial FOS synthesis, using sucrose as substrate, evidenced by the parameters half-life (115.52 min) and D-value (383.76 min) and confirmed by thermodynamic parameters evaluated. The influence of static magnetic field with a 1450 G magnetic flux density presented a positive impact on FFase kinetic parameters evidenced by an increase of affinity of enzyme by substrate after exposition, observed by a decrease of 149.70 to 81.73 mM on Km. The results obtained indicate that FFases present suitable characteristics for further use in food industry applications. Moreover, the positive influence of a magnetic field is an indicator for further developments of bioprocesses with the presence of a magnetic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work studied the effects of an on-line static magnetic field on the defects, microstructures, and mechanical properties of AlSi7Mg samples fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). Process experiments were carried out on a self-developed LPBF equipment with an on-line static magnetic field generating system, where magnetic field intensity was adjustable from 0 to 0.3 T. With the action of static magnetic field, the relative density of samples increased from 96.9% to 98.6%. Furthermore, the solidification front of the columnar grain in the mushy zone was broken. With the increase of magnetic field intensity, the crystallographic orientation changed from strong <001> to <001>, <101> and <111> uniform distribution and the average grain was gradually refined from 8.35 to 7.22 μm. Based on the above optimisation, the ultimate tensile strength increased from (326.67 ± 5.31) MPa to (382.00 ± 2.45) MPa. Simultaneously, the elongation at break increased from 8.48% ± 0.20% to 11.78% ± 0.20%. In general, the reduction of pores, the refinement of grains and the increase of Mg2Si precipitates contributed to the simultaneous enhancement of strength and toughness together. This study could provide a new idea for laser additive manufacturing of excellent performance aluminum alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the effect of static magnetic field on the embedding performance of volatile drugs, the β-cyclodextrin and the Pogostemoncablin oil were used as embedded wall material and core material. The embedding rate of β-cyclodextrin and Pogostemoncablin oil under different binding parameters were analyzed at 0, 3, 6 and 10 mT static magnetic field. The results showed that the embedding rate of Pogostemoncablin oil increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of wall material mass fraction, core material mass fraction, wall core ratio, temperature, treatment time and rotational speed. Under the same inclusion conditions, compared with the control, the embedding rate of Pogostemoncablin oil increased significantly with the increase of static magnetic field intensity (P<0.05). Compared with the control, under 3, 6 and 10 mT static magnetic field, the embedding rate of Pogostemoncablin oil increased by 4.46%, 8.80% and 13.01% respectively when wall material of β- cyclodextrin with a mass fraction of 30% and the core material of Pogostemoncablin oil with a mass fraction of 80% were treated at 45 °C and 200 r/min for 2 h with a wall core ratio of 3:1. Static magnetic field enhanced the entrapment performance of the Pogostemoncablin oil inclusion compound, and this study provides a new reference method for promoting the embedding of volatile drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent researches show that a static magnetic field (SMF) has an impact on the molten pool dynamics and microstructure of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF). This work is intended to the multiple effect of SMF on the molten pool dynamics during L-PBF of Inconel 718 superalloy. A three-dimensional (3D) multiphase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model at the powder-bed scale was established by coupling the electromagnetic braking and Seebeck effect in a static vertically-distributed magnetic field. Results show that the magnetic damping force (MDF) of the order of 104 N/m3∼105 N/m3 within the whole molten pool suppresses the Marangoni convection. The thermoelectric magnetic force (TEMF) of the order of 106 N/m3∼107 N/m3 rotates in the mushy zone and further enhances the melt flow of the whole molten pool. The SMF will not transform the flow pattern and temperature distribution in the molten pool. SMFs of 0.1 T and 0.3 T will suppress the melt flow, while that of 0.5 T will enhance the melt flow. The width of molten pool first decreases and then increases when the magnetic flux density (MFD) increases from 0 T to 0.5 T. In addition, applying a SMF of 0.3 T can effectively inhibit pore defect and spatters. This work can provide insight into the control of molten pool by introducing a SMF during L-PBF. • Multiphase computational fluid dynamics model is implemented by considering the electromagnetic braking and Seebeck effect. • The effect of Lorentz force on the molten pool dynamics with different magnetic flux densities is discussed. • The magnetic damping force suppresses the melt flow while the thermoelectric magnetic force promotes the melt flow. • The pore defect and spatters are effectively suppressed under a magnetic field of 0.3 T. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a correlation between cell channel α-helices displacement and the mitochondrial transmembrane potential after exposure of 3, 7, 15 and 24 h of neuronal-like cells to a uniform magnetic field at the intensity of 2 mT was shown. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy and fluorescence techniques were used to analyze the secondary structure of protein content and mitochondrial transmembrane potential, respectively. The main result of this study was represented by a significant inverse relation between the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and the intensity of the Amide I band that can be associated with time exposure. Given that mitochondrial transmembrane potential should be related to the gating state of voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) in mitochondrial membrane, this result could have a relevant role in medicine. Indeed, VDAC's irregular behavior can be associated with several varieties of mitochondria-associated pathologies and various forms of cancer and neurodegeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The combined effect of exposure to a static magnetic field (SMF) and potentially toxic agents is a crucial research area, mainly due to occupational and environmental exposure to these factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the simultaneous exposure of human fibroblasts to fluoride and a SMF. Materials and methods: Control fibroblasts and fibroblasts that had been treated with fluoride were subjected to an SMF at a moderate induction (0.45, 0.55 and 0.65 T). The intracellular reactive oxygen species production, the concentration of malondialdehyde and the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were measured. Results: Our investigations revealed that a moderate SMF does not enhance the action of fluoride in inducing oxidative stress by generating free radicals Conclusions: A moderate SMF may be a factor that weakens the toxic action of fluoride, which is important for the health of individuals that are co-exposed to an SMF and fluoride ions (F−) from occupational and environmental sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we solidified an immiscible pseudo-binary (Fe–C)–50mass%Cu alloy in a static magnetic field and observed macro morphologies as a function of the magnetic flux density. The experimental result shows that the Fe-rich phase exhibits a single bulk when the alloy is solidified at a low magnetic flux density, while it is separated in to two smaller bulks at high magnetic flux densities and the distance between the bulks becomes larger with the increase of the magnetic flux density. The possible reason for the separation of the Fe-rich phase was simply proposed. As far as the migration of separated Fe-rich phase bulks is concerned, the thermoelectric effect between the Fe-rich and Cu-rich metals was considered, from which the thermoelectric body force could be exerted upon the Fe-rich droplets. The higher the body force is produced, the larger the distance will be covered due to the migration of the droplets. Further analysis reveals that the convection attributed to the thermoelectric effect may contribute to the migration of the Fe-rich droplets at a low magnetic field and become negligible at high magnetic flux densities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In this study, the effects of different intensities of Static Magnetic Fields (SMFs) (10, 15 and 25 mT) and different concentrations of cisplatin drug were investigated on the viability percent and IC50 of the A2780 and A2780-CP cell lines at 24, 48 and 96 h to show useful potential of SMF as a physical agent to enhance the effectiveness of common therapeutic approaches and decrease of drug resistance to cisplatin anticancer drug. Materials and methods: Magnetic field exposure was performed using a locally designed generator. The cell viability percent, IC50 and cisplatin uptake in treated cells were evaluated by MTT assay and inductively coupled plasma (ICP), respectively. Results: Increasing of concentration and time of cisplatin drug showed a noticeable decrease in viability percent in sensitive and resistant cell lines compared with control group. These decreases were more significant in resistant cells compared with sensitive cells. The obtained IC50 values for resistant were greater than the values obtained for A2780 cells. ICP analysis demonstrated an increased uptake of cisplatin after treatment for 48 and 96 h relative to untreated groups in both resistant and sensitive cells. Conclusion: Results showed that A2780 cells were more sensitive to cisplatin than A2780-CP. Studies have shown that SMF can increase the effect of cisplatin on cell viability percent and decrease the resistance of A2780-CP cells by producing large, verruca shaped structures at the surface of the cell membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eucalyptus globulus pre-treated by static magnetic fields of 30, 60, 120, 150 and 400 mT (mT) before sowing were used in a 45-day experiment to remediate soil containing Cd, Hg, Pb, Zn, Cr and Cu. The influence of magnetic fields on its remediation efficiency was evaluated. Magnetic fields with strength of 30, 60, 120 and 150 mT increased the biomass yield of the species by 3.1, 19.4, 48.1 and 60.9%, respectively, while 400 mT decreased the yield by 16.7%. Comparing with the control exposed only to the earth's geomagnetic field, all plants pre-treated by static magnetic field had significantly higher metal concentrations with the highest values achieved in the field of 400 mT. Higher transpiration rate of the plants along with exposure to static magnetic fields induced lower soil moisture content and was beneficial to environmental control because it could reduce the leachate during the phytoremediation process. Among all static magnetic field treatments, 150 mT was the best to improve the phytoremediation and alleviate the environmental risk, which shortened the time to purify Cd, Pb and Cu by 27.8–73.2%, 27.3–74.7% and 2.5–50.6%, respectively and intercepted 31.6–86.1% of the leachate. Therefore, static magnetic field with appropriate intensity is a suitable candidate to improve phytoremediation efficiency through enhancing the biomass production, toxin uptake and leachate interception. • Magnetized seeds of Eucalyptus globulus before sowing stimulated its growth. • Metal concentrations of plant tissues increased with the increment of field strength. • More metals were accumulated in plant shoots with magnetic field. • Magnetized plants (except 400 mT) intercepted more leachate than the control. • The optimal phytoremediation protocol was recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To study the response of neuronal-like cells to an applied static or low-frequency magnetic field. Materials and methods: Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy was used to investigate the overall behavior of SH-SY5Y neuronal-like cells exposed to a static or 50 Hz magnetic fields at intensities up to 1 mT generated by two Helmholtz coils driven by direct current or alternate current voltage. The Helmholtz coils were placed into an incubator in a 5% CO2/95% air humidified at 37 °C. Results: A significant increase in intensity of the Amide I band and of CH2 stretching vibrations in neuronal-like FTIR spectra appeared after 6 h exposure to static or 50 Hz magnetic fields. Conclusions: These findings can be easily explained assuming that proteins α-helices and lipids contents in cellular membrane aligned toward the direction of the applied magnetic field after exposure, inducing an increase of ions flux across cellular membrane channels after exposure to a magnetic field, changing cellular functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the serious side effects of chemotherapy drugs against lung cancer, and the antitumor properties and high safety of magnetic fields, the present study combined moderate or ultra-high intensity statics magnetic fields (SMFs) with platycodin D (PD) to explore the antitumor efficiency and biosafety. The antitumor effects of PD with or without moderate and ultra-high SMFs on A549 cells bearing mice were compared. Mouse body weight, food/water intake, hematology routine, blood biochemistry, tumor weight and tissues hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining were examined. Behavior was measured using the elevated plus maze, open field and vital signs tests. The combined targets of PD and SMFs were detected using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). The results showed that the antitumor effect of 22 Tesla (T) SMF group was 3.6-fold higher compared with that of the 2 mg/kg PD group (tumor growth inhibition=10.08%), while the antitumor effect of 150 mT SMF was only 1.56-fold higher compared with that of PD. Although PD reduced the food intake, there was no significant difference in body weight, water intake or food consumption among PD and SMF groups. Behavioral results indicated that PD ameliorated dysphoria in mice, but SMFs reduced this effect. However, no significant abnormalities were found in routine blood, blood biochemistry test, H&E staining or organ index, except renal index which was reduced by PD with or without SMFs. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) demonstrated that SMFs and PD synergistically targeted the expression of genes associated with tumor growth, inflammation and neurological disease. The present study showed the antitumor efficacy and biosafety of moderate or ultra-high SMF combined with PD, which exhibited only few side effects in the treatment of lung cancer, thus supporting further research for the clinical application of magnetic fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study presents results concerning the effect of a static magnetic field (SMF) on synthetic wastewater biodegradation by activated sludge and on dehydrogenase activity of microorganisms of activated sludge. The highest process efficiency was obtained for a SMF of 0.0075 T among the tested magnetic flux density values of 0.005-0.14 T. Decrease in COD was 25% higher for the bioreactor exposed to SMF compared with control experiments. The positive effect of SMF 0.0075-0.0080 T was confirmed in experiments on the dehydrogenase activity of activated sludge. It was also shown that a SMF of 0.007 T increased p-nitroaniline removal from wastewater and influenced the recombination frequency in a streptomycin-resistant bacteria strain of Eschercihia coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the mechanism of temperature shock treatment and electromagnetic effect for food preservation, this paper developed a novel food preservation method by combining static magnetic field with low magnetic flux density and low-temperature water shock to process the fresh postharvest vegetable. Compared with the single cold-water shock treatment (CST, T w = 2 °C, τ = 40 min), the static magnetic field and cold-water shock treatment (SMCT, B = 70 Gs, T w = 2 °C, τ = 40 min) caused an increase of cooling-rate of cucumbers' tissues during treatment. Weight loss of SMCT was also lower than that of CST during storage. Furthermore, decay incidence and color difference of SMCT were about 40.2% and 10.6% lower than that of CST. Activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase for SMCT were higher than that of CST, which caused a reduction of malondialdehyde. Experimental results confirmed that SMCT had a positive influence on pre-cooling, preservation quality and physicochemical properties of cucumbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Livestock and poultry manure are repositories of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Accumulating evidence suggests that composting is an important way to effectively attenuate ARGs, but how to reinforce the reduction in ARGs during composting needs to be further investigated. This study explored the influence of an external static magnetic field on ARG mitigation enhancement during swine manure composting. The results showed that a total of 12 high-risk ARGs were identified. A relatively high magnetic field intensity (14.81 mT) was more effective in reducing the abundance of high-risk ARGs, and the removal rate was 20.66–100 %. It also reduced the abundance of 27.14 % of integrons, 79.44 % of insertion sequences, and 8.78 % of plasmids. Partial least squares path modeling showed that a relatively high magnetic field intensity treatment promoted the reduction in e rmB by reducing the abundance of Phascolarctobacterium , Streptococcus , and insertion sequences. It also mitigated sul1 expression by reducing the abundance of Acinetobacter and integrons, and it mitigated tetM expression by decreasing Lactobacillus , Streptococcus , insertion sequences, and plasmids. These findings demonstrate that an external static magnetic field is an effective method for intensifying the reduction in ARGs, providing a feasible reference for controlling the potential ARG risk of organic waste composting. [Display omitted] • A static magnetic field enhanced the reduction of high-risk ARGs in composting. • The removal rate of high-risk ARGs was 20.66 %− 100 %. • HMF reduced 27.14 % integrons, 79.44 % insertion sequences, and 8.78 % plasmids. • A static magnetic field reduced high-risk ARGs by changing host-microbe and MGEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Rhodochrosite agglomerated rapidly with oleic-kerosene emulsion in magnetic field. • Magnetic field could enhance emulsion adsorption due to higher oleic acid solubility. • Larger adsorption rate and capacity caused stronger hydrophobicity in a shorter time. • Attraction and action distance positively correlated with magnetic field intensity. • Larger hydrophobic attraction enhanced agglomeration rather than magnetic attraction. Efficient enrichment of fine rhodochrosite is key to purifying manganese carbonate ore and reducing the discharge of electrolytic manganese slag at the source. Enhancing the agglomeration of rhodochrosite fines is important for efficient flotation separation. In this study, we investigated the agglomeration mechanism of rhodochrosite fines co-enhanced by oleic-kerosene emulsion and static magnetic field using agglomerate and surface properties analysis, electrical conductivity and atomic force microscopy measurements, and extended Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek theoretical calculations. The results showed that the agglomerate size and regularity degree increased with increasing shearing time, achieving the maximum values of the average size at 20 min with magnetic field and at 40 min without magnetic field. Larger-sized and tighter agglomerates can be formed in a shorter time by the Lorentz force in magnetic field. As magnetic field was applied, the surface electronegativity of rhodochrosite in emulsion solution was stronger and positively correlated with magnetic field intensity. In addition, due to the higher solubility of oleic acid, the adsorption capacity and net heat of emulsion increased, resulting in a stronger hydrophobicity of rhodochrosite with a shorter hydrophobization time. Interestingly, almost no attraction existed between particles with magnetic field in aqueous solution, while a larger attraction existed without magnetic field in emulsion solution, and the attraction and action distance both increased markedly with increasing magnetic field intensity. However, the magnetic attraction was much smaller than hydrophobic attraction. As a result, agglomeration of rhodochrosite fines could be enhanced by stronger hydrophobic attraction under the synergy effect of magnetic field and oleic-kerosene emulsion. This research will be conducive to in-depth insight into the enhancement mechanisms of rhodochrosite agglomeration and will provide a basis for flotation regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, experimental investigations are performed in order to determine the thermal performance of NiFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles dispersed in deionized water in a thermosyphon-type heat pipe. The effects of the magnetic flux density and nanoparticle mass fraction were analyzed at different heat inputs and cooling water flow rates. The magnetic field was generated by the current-carrying solenoid. Our results indicated that the use of NiFe 2 O 4 nanofluid significantly improves the thermal performance of the heat pipe which also showed that the enhancement of heat transfer coefficient can be obtained with increasing mass fraction and in presence of a low parallel magnetic field. A decrease of 26.6% was achieved in the temperature difference between the evaporator and the condenser regions compared to distilled water at a 3% mass fraction and under a magnetic field. The maximum improvement in heat pipe's thermal resistance was found as 30.4%, through NiFe 2 O 4 nanofluid usage under magnetic field. Compared to base fluid, the application of magnetic nanofluid and parallel magnetic field reduces the thermal resistance, increases heat pipe efficiency and the heat transfer coefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reveal the influence mechanisms of static magnetic field on the nitritation process from new perspectives of electron transport and microbial community shift, a static magnetic field-enhanced nitritation SBR process was employed, and the pollutant removals, the hydroxylamine oxidoreductase activity, the cytochrome c content, as well as the electron transport system activity of the activated sludge, were determined while the static magnetic field intensity was reduced from 40 mT to 0 mT via 20 mT and 10 mT. Meanwhile, the microbial community structure was examined. When the static magnetic field intensity was 10 mT, and the concentrations of COD and ammonium nitrogen in influent were 196.42 ± 5.19 mg/L and 96.99 ± 0.53 mg/L respectively, the nitrite accumulation rate was 93.56 ± 1.19%, meanwhile, the highest hydroxylamine oxidoreductase activity, cytochrome c content, and electron transport system activity which were 15.879 ± 0.055 U/mg MLVSS, 0.086 ± 0.001 mg/g MLVSS and 0.288 ± 0.005 μg O 2 /g·min respectively were obtained. Moreover, the abundance of Nitrosomonas sp. was much higher than those while the intensities were 40 mT, 20 mT and 0 mT. Static magnetic field can accelerate the start-up of the nitritation process, moreover, improve the performance of the process by changing the microbial community structure and improving the HAO activity, the Cyt c content, ETSA, as well as the energy generation of microorganisms. [Display omitted] • 10 mT static magnetic field is the optimum for the nitritation process. • 10 mT static magnetic field improves the relative abundance of Nitrosomonas sp. in activated sludge. • Static magnetic field can accelerate the start-up of the nitritation process. • Static magnetic field can enhance the electron transport of the nitritation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The magnetic separation in oil-in-oil magnetic Pickering emulsion was investigated. • Magnetic Pickering droplet under influence of the DC magnetic field was presented. • The ultrasonic attenuation based on FFT analysis was determined. • The propagation of ultrasonic waves described in frequency domain was proven to be able to efficiently monitor Pickering emulsions. A Pickering emulsion is an emulsion stabilized by solid particles accumulated at the surface of droplets. It is also possible to create a stable Pickering emulsion stabilized by ferromagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles to make it susceptible to magnetic fields. This type of emulsion has received great research interest in recent years because it has generated and holds the promise of a variety of practical applications. One interesting application is magnetic separation in the gradient magnetic field. However, the real-time characterization of magnetic Pickering emulsions, especially under external stimuli such as magnetic fields, is generally challenging. We used a convenient method to control the properties of magnetic particle-stabilized emulsions via the ultrasound technique. In the experiments, we investigated the attenuation of ultrasound using ultrasonic spectroscopy as a function of the magnetic particle concentration and magnetic field intensity. The analysis of ultrasonic waves as a function of frequency provided information about the movement of magnetic Pickering droplets during magnetic separation. The results showed much weaker separation for a low magnetic particles concentration as the magnetic force was not sufficient to induce significant droplets movement, whereas for a high concentration the magnetic separation occurred very dynamically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • SMF enhanced metabolic pathways related to H 2 production of C. pasteurianum. • Maximum H 2 production and production rate were achieved with 3.2 mT SMF application. • Carbon conversion efficiency was significant increased with 3.2 mT SMF application. Microbial fermentation plays important roles in hydrogen production. Various methods to promote hydrogen production are being developed. Here, different magnetic field intensities (2.7 mT, 3.2 mT and 9.1 mT) were applied to the glucose fermentation system of Clostridium pasteurianum to evaluate the feasibility and effect of statistic magnetic field on hydrogen production. The results showed that the magnetic field intensity of 3.2 mT effectively enhanced the hydrogen production. The total glucose consumption reached 0.64 ± 0.010 mmol, the maximum hydrogen yield reached 2.34 ± 0.020 mol H 2 /mol glucose, and the maximum hydrogen production rate reached 0.065 ± 0.002 mmol/h. Compared with the control, the maximum biomass, carbon conversion efficiency and energy conversion efficiency were elevated by 366%, 114%, and 26.8%, respectively. Our results provide a new way for promotion of hydrogen production, better understanding of the interaction mechanism between magnetic field and microorganisms and for optimizing the hydrogen production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of a static magnetic field on systems with chaotic dynamical behavior have attracted little attention so far. Here, Chua's electronic circuit with an inductor placed in a static uniform magnetic field operating in a chaotic double-scroll regime is studied experimentally. The effect of the magnetic field on the duty cycle factor and the spike count rate, with spikes defined by crossings between the scrolls of the double-scroll attractor, is described. A slow monotonic variation in the duty cycle factor and constant spike count rate is observed for magnetic field intensities up to the threshold, where both these metrics change severely; the dynamic trajectory remains on one scroll and spikes disappear. The dependence of the static magnetic field intensity on Chua's circuit resistivity at the threshold is given. Two biomimetic magnetic chaotic sensors are proposed: one based on one Chua's circuit and another that can have various transfer functions and is composed of several independent Chua's circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of static magnetic field on atmospheric corrosion behavior of copper under thin electrolyte layer is investigated through polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, EDS and SEM techniques. The influences of the intensity and direction of magnetic field on the corrosion behavior are discussed. Results show that: mainly pitting corrosion occurs to the copper; the magnetic field reduces the ability of ions to migrate from thin electrolyte layer to electrode surface, and inhibits the formation of CuO and soluble copper chloride. The mechanisms involved are proposed to explain the inhibition effect. Unlabelled Image • Copper mainly shows pitting corrosion under thin electrolyte layers and magnetic field. • The magnetic field changes the distribution of ions in the diffusion layer. • The magnetic field reduces the number of ions close to the electrode surface. • The inhibitory effect of horizontal magnetic field on corrosion process is notable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the influence of a static magnetic field on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of AlSi10Mg alloy was studied. Our findings show that the applied magnetic field results in increase of the relative density and decrease of cellular dendrite spacing in the processed material. Moreover, the fraction of grains with a columnar morphology decreases and the fraction of equiaxed grains increases with increasing magnetic field intensity. As a result, the AlSi10Mg alloys fabricated via selective laser melted (SLM) with a superimposed magnetic field exhibited both a high ultimate tensile strength and ductility, which are superior to the AlSi10Mg alloys using identical process parameters without magnetic field. Furthermore, the influence of a static magnetic field on the melt pool scale and mushy zone scale was analyzed and simulated numerically. Our results suggest that the decrease pores density may be attributed to magnetic damping of convection and the volume force imposed on the cellular dendrite reaches 105 N/m3, which is sufficient to fracture the columnar grains and refine the cellular dendrite spacing. The present study provides novel insight into the potential of using a superimposed magnetic field during SLM processing and the associated benefits in terms of materials performance. Unlabelled Image • A static magnetic field was used to modify the microstructure and mechanical behavior of SLM fabricated AliSi10Mg alloy. • AlSi10Mg alloys fabricated via SLM with a magnetic field exhibited high tensile strength and excellent ductility. • Effect of a static magnetic field on the melt pool scale and mushy zone scale was analyzed and simulated numerically. • A novel insight into the potential of using a magnetic field during SLM and increase materials performance benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Optimizing the ability of exoelectrogens is a key factor in boosting the overall efficiency of bioelectrochemical systems. In this study, we construct magnetic microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with magnets with different static magnetic field (SMF) intensities for use as anodes. It is proposed as an in situ study of the effects of magnetic fields on the performance and exoelectrogenic biofilm of bioelectrochemical system. Results: The magnetic MFCs obtain a 71.0–105% increase in voltage production and a 42.9–104% increase in power density compared with non-magnetic MFCs. MFCs with a MF intensity of 80 mT obtain the best performances. SMF decreases the internal resistance of MFCs, especially its diffusion resistance. The relative abundance of Geobacter in magnetic MFCs is up to 32.5% higher than that of non-magnetic MFC. SMFs also lead to the shifts in microbial community structure of methanogens. Conclusion: The constructed magnetic MFCs obtained better performance compared with the non-magnetic MFC, in terms of voltage production, power density, and coulombic efficiency. The relative abundance of Geobacter spp. (one kind of exoelectrogen) was much higher in the magnetic MFCs. The optimal static magnetic field intensity for enriching exoelectrogens is around 80 mT. It is likely that the decrease of internal resistance, enrichment in exoelectrogens, and the syntrophic interactions between exoelectrogens and methanogens result in the enhanced performance of magnetic MFCs. This study provides a magnetic method for the enrichment of exoelectrogens, which can be extensively applied in bioelectrochemical systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]