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Introduction: Lupus nephritis is a common and severe manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus that can lead to end-stage renal disease and death. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and cyclophosphamide as induction therapy and subsequently as maintenance therapy for lupus nephritis., Materials and Methods: In this retrospective case-control study, 67 patients with proliferative lupus nephritis who were treated with MMF (n = 45) and pulse of intravenous cyclophosphamide (n = 22) were included. Remission of the kidney disease, mortality, and adverse events were evaluated and compared between the two groups., Results: The 45 patients treated with MMF had a mean age of 33.8 ± 10.6 years and 17.1% of them were males. The 22 patients treated with pulse of intravenous cyclophosphamide had a mean age of  38.1 ± 11.1 years and 18.2% of them were males. Complete and partial kidney remission occurred in 40% and 42.2% of the patients treated with MMF and in 31.8% and 59.1% of the patients treated with cyclophosphamide, respectively. No significant differences were observed in complete and partial remission between the two groups. No mortality was reported in the studied patients. There were no significant differences in the frequency of adverse events between the two groups., Conclusions: The efficacy of MMF in long-term treatment of lupus nephritis was comparable to that of cyclophosphamide, and there is no significant differences in the rate of side effects between the two regimens.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate long-term efficacy of low dose cyclosporine A (CsA) in the treatment of resistant proliferative lupus nephritis., Methods: In this retrospective study, patients with biopsy proven proliferative lupus nephritis who were unresponsive to combination therapy with steroid plus mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or cyclophosphamide (CYC) and had been treated with CsA were included. Efficacy monitoring was based on the systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease activity index, dose of prednisolone, serum complement, anti-double stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) titration, urine analysis, proteinuria, creatinine clearance, remission of the renal disease, renal survival and involvement of other organs., Results: This study included 27 consecutive patients (22 females, 5 males) with resistant proliferative lupus nephritis. Mean duration of follow up and treatment with CsA were 40.7 ± 24.9 and 35.2 ± 19.1 months, respectively. Complete and partial renal remission occurred in 66.9% and 25.7% patients, respectively. Creatinine clearance was stable, proteinuria and anti-dsDNA titer decreased, and C3 and C4 increased significantly during the treatment with CsA. Severe complications such as death, dialysis, kidney transplantation and severe infection did not occur in the studied patients during the follow-up period., Conclusions: Low-dose CsA could induce renal remission and ameliorate the SLE disease activity in patients with resistant proliferative lupus nephritis and it would be a safe drug for treatment of these patients.