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Lung cancer is one of the most threatening malignancies among the different kinds of tumors. The incidence and mortality rate are increasing especially in male. Advances in diagnosis and treatment have been achieve in recent years. However, the lung tumor cells also developing chemo- and radio-resistance. Novel approaches and new treatments are stilled needed to develop for early diagnosis and treatment. Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) original exosomes were proved different expression in lung tumor, which mediate multiple biological processes and is responsible for tumor proliferation and metastasis. In this review, we focus on the emerging roles of both lncRNAs and exosomal lncRNAs in lung cancer and their roles on angiogenesis, metastasis, diagnosis, drug resistance, and immune regulation of lung cancer. Exosome lncRNAs were proved to serve as regulatory factors for gene expression, mediating intercellular communication, and participating in the occurrence and development of various diseases. In addition, exosomes lnc RNA has advantages on the early diagnosis of lung cancer, tumor cell metastasis, drug resistance, and immune regulation. Exosome lncRNAs an provide some unique ideas on how to improve the efficiency of diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer in the future., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Purpose: To develop a better radiomic model for the differential diagnosis of benign and lung adenocarcinoma lesions presenting as larger solid nodules and masses based on multiscale computed tomography (CT) radiomics., Materials and Methods: This retrospective study enrolled 205 patients with solid nodules and masses from Center 1 between January 2010 and February 2022 and Center 2 between January 2019 and February 2022. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we retrospectively enrolled 165 patients from two centers and assigned them to the training dataset (n = 115) or the test dataset (n = 50). Radiomics features were extracted from volumes of interest on CT images. A gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) was used for data dimensionality reduction to perform the final feature selection. Four models were developed using clinical data, conventional imaging features and radiomics features, namely, the clinical and image model (CIM), the plain CT radiomics model (PRM), the enhanced CT radiomics model (ERM) and the combined model (CM). Model performance was evaluated to determine the best model for identifying benign and lung adenocarcinoma presenting as larger solid nodules and masses., Results: In the training dataset, the areas under the curve (AUCs) for the CIM, PRM, ERM, and CM were 0.718, 0.806, 0.819, and 0.917, respectively. The differential diagnostic capability of the ERM was better than that of the PRM and the CIM. The CM was optimal. Intermediate and junior radiologists and respiratory physicians achieved improved obviously diagnostic results with the radiomics model. The senior radiologists showed slight improved diagnostic results after using the radiomics model., Conclusion: Radiomics may have the potential to be used as a noninvasive tool for the differential diagnosis of benign and lung adenocarcinoma lesions presenting as larger solid nodules and masses., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Xie et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Objective: This study investigated the prognostic value of the preoperative albumin/globulin to monocyte ratio (AGMR) in patients with resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)., Methods: The study retrospectively enrolled patients with resected NSCLC from the Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University from January 2016 to December 2017. Baseline demographic and clinicopathological data were collected. The preoperative AGMR was calculated. Propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was applied. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine the optimal AGMR cut-off value. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to evaluate the prognostic value of the AGMR., Results: A total of 305 NSCLC patients were included. The optimal AGMR value was 2.80. Before PSM. The high AGMR (>2.80) group had a significantly longer OS (41.34 + 11.32 vs. 32.03 + 17.01 months; P < 0.01) and DFS (39.00 + 14.49 vs. 28.78 + 19.13 months; P < 0.01) compared with the low AGMR (≤2.80) group. Multivariate analyses showed that AGMR (P < 0.01) in addition to sex (P < 0.05), body mass index (P < 0.01), history of respiratory diseases (P < 0.01), lymph node metastasis (P < 0.01), and tumor size (P < 0.01) were associated with OS and DFS. After PSM, AGMR remained as an independent prognostic factor for OS (hazard ratio [HR] 2.572, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.470-4.502; P = 0.001) and DFS (HR 2.110, 95% CI: 1.228-3.626; P = 0.007)., Conclusion: The preoperative AGMR is a potential prognostic indicator for OS and DFS in resected early-stage NSCLC., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing interest., (Copyright © 2023 Asian Surgical Association and Taiwan Robotic Surgery Association. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

We performed a meta-analysis to comprehensively assess the effect of single-port video-assisted thoracoscopy on surgical site wound infection and healing in patients with lung cancer. A computerised search for studies on single-port video-assisted thoracoscopy treatment of lung cancer was conducted from the time of database creation through February 2023 using the PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang databases. Two investigators independently screened the literature, extracted information, and evaluated the quality of studies according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Either a fixed or random-effects model was used in calculating the relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4 software. The results showed that, compared with multi-port video-assisted thoracoscopy, single-port video-assisted thoracoscopy significantly reduced surgical site wound infection (RR: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.19-0.77, P = .007) and significantly promoted wound healing (RR: 0.37, 95% CI: 0.22-0.64, P < .001). Compared with multi-port video-assisted thoracoscopy, single-port video-assisted thoracoscopy significantly reduced surgical site wound infections and also promoted wound healing. However, because of large variations in study sample sizes, some of the literature reported methods of inferior quality. Additional high-quality studies containing large sample sizes are needed to further validate these results., (© 2023 The Authors. International Wound Journal published by Medicalhelplines.com Inc and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Purpose: To investigate the incremental value of enhanced CT-based radiomics in discriminating between pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and pulmonary adenocarcinoma (PAC) presenting as solid nodules or masses and to develop an optimal radiomics model., Methods: A total of 128 lesions (from 123 patients) from three hospitals were retrospectively analyzed and were randomly divided into training and test datasets at a ratio of 7:3. Independent predictors in subjective image features were used to develop the subjective image model (SIM). The plain CT-based and enhanced CT-based radiomics features were screened by the correlation coefficient method, univariate analysis, and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, then used to build the plain CT radiomics model (PRM) and enhanced CT radiomics model (ERM), respectively. Finally, the combined model (CM) combining PRM and ERM was established. In addition, the performance of three radiologists and one respiratory physician was evaluated. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCs) were used to assess the performance of each model., Results: The differential diagnostic capability of the ERM (training: AUC = 0.933; test: AUC = 0.881) was better than that of the PRM (training: AUC = 0.861; test: AUC = 0.756) and the SIM (training: AUC = 0.760; test: AUC = 0.611). The CM was optimal (training: AUC = 0.948; test: AUC = 0.917) and outperformed the respiratory physician and most radiologists., Conclusions: The ERM was more helpful than the PRM for identifying PTB and PAC that present as solid nodules or masses, and the CM was the best., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Prohibitin 2 (PHB2) is an evolutionarily conserved and functionally diverse protein that plays an important role in multiple cellular functions, including cell proliferation, cell migration, and apoptosis, and is also known to participate in the process of tumorigenesis and development. In this study, the lamprey PHB2 (Lm-PHB2) gene was over-expressed in KRAS (kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog)-mutated non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells to investigate its effect on cell proliferation. The effects of Lm-PHB2 protein on the proliferation of NSCLC cells were determined by treating cells with the purified recombinant Lm-PHB2 protein (rLm-PHB2) followed by cell counting kit (CCK) assays and flow cytometry. Analysis showed that rLm-PHB2 blocked cells in the G2 phase and inhibited the cell proliferation of A549, Calu-1, and NCI-H226 to various degrees. The effect on Calu-1 cells was the most obvious and was concentration- and time-dependent. Similarly, cells transfected with the pEGFP-N1-Lm-PHB2 plasmid also resulted in the suppression of proliferation in A549 cells and Calu-1 cells. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that Lm-PHB2 inhibited cell proliferation by repressing the transcription of PLK1 (polo-like kinase 1), Wee1 (wee1 kinase), CCNB1 (cyclin B1), and CDC25C (cell division control protein 25C). According to western blot analysis, Lm-PHB2 not only down-regulated the expression of PLK1, Wee1, CCNB1, and CDC25C but also reduced the phosphorylation levels of CCNB1 and CDC25C, thus blocking Calu-1 cells in G2/M phase. Our findings demonstrate a function of lamprey PHB2 that may inhibit the proliferation of some NSCLC cells by down-regulating the expression and phosphorylation of cell cycle-associated proteins., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Killing tumor cells efficiently with photothermal therapy remains a huge challenge. In this study, we successfully prepared a novel polymer with photothermal conversion capability via a condensation reaction, and then subjected it to Polyethylene glycol (PEG) modification and ultrasonic nanocrystalline treatment to make it suitable for in vivo photothermal therapy applications. The conjugated polymer demonstrated good biocompatibility and photothermal conversion ability and was shown in cell experiments to be effective in killing tumor cells after laser irradiation. In addition, the conjugated polymer-based photothermal therapy, guided by photoacoustic real-time imaging and mediated by laser irradiation, of a tumor-bearing mouse model could effectively inhibit the growth of tumor tissue and demonstrated good in vivo biosafety. Thus, photothermal therapy based on the conjugated polymer synthesized in this study provides a new idea and strategy for the treatment of lung cancer., (© 2022 IOP Publishing Ltd.)

Purpose: To explore the value of radiomics in the identification of lung adenocarcinomas with predominant lepidic growth in pure ground-glass nodules (pGGNs) larger than 10 mm., Methods: We retrospectively analyzed CT images of 204 patients with large pGGNs (≥ 10 mm) pathologically diagnosed as minimally invasive adenocarcinomas (MIAs), lepidic predominant adenocarcinomas (LPAs), and non-lepidic predominant adenocarcinomas (NLPAs). All pGGNs in the two groups (MIA/LPA and NLPA) were randomly divided into training and test cohorts. Forty-seven patients from another center formed the external validation cohort. Baseline features, including clinical data and CT morphological and quantitative parameters, were collected to establish a baseline model. The radiomics model was built with the optimal radiomics features. The combined model was developed using the rad&#95;score and independent baseline predictors. The performance of the models was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and compared using the DeLong test. The differential diagnosis performance of the models was compared with three radiologists (with 20+, 10+, and 3 years of experience) in the test cohort., Results: The radiomics (training AUC: 0.833; test AUC: 0.804; and external validation AUC: 0.792) and combined (AUC: 0.849, 0.820, and 0.775, respectively) models performed better for discriminating than the baseline model (AUC: 0.756, 0.762, and 0.725, respectively) developed by tumor location and mean CT value of the whole nodule. The DeLong test showed that the AUCs of the combined and radiomics models were significantly increased in the training cohort. The highest AUC value of the radiologists was 0.600., Conclusion: The application of CT radiomics improved the identification performance of lung adenocarcinomas with predominant lepidic growth appearing as pGGNs larger than 10 mm., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Aims: Glioblastoma is the central nervous system tumor with the highest mortality rate, and the clinical effectiveness of chemotherapy is low. Curzerene can inhibit the progression of non-small-cell lung cancer, but its role in glioma has not been reported. The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of curzerene on glioma progression and further explore its potential mechanism., Methods: The expression of glutathione S-transferase A4 (GSTA4) in glioblastoma and the effect of curzerene on the expression of GSTA4 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 and the activation of the mTOR pathway were detected by Western blotting and RT-PCR, and the effects of curzerene treatment on glioma malignant character were detected by cell biological assays. The in vivo antitumor effects of curzerene were analyzed in a nude mouse xenograft model., Results: Curzerene was found to inhibit the expression of GSTA4 mRNA and protein in U251 and U87 glioma cells, and this effect correlated with a downregulation of the proliferation of these cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Invasion and migration were also inhibited, and curzerene treatment correlated with induction of apoptosis. Curzerene inhibited the activation of the mTOR pathway and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9, and it correlated with increased 4-hydroxynonenal levels. In vivo, curzerene was found to significantly inhibit tumor growth in nude mice and to prolong the survival time of tumor-bearing nude mice., Conclusion: In conclusion, inhibition of GSTA4 correlates with positive outcomes in glioma models, and thus, this molecule is a candidate drug for the treatment of glioma., (© 2022 The Authors. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: High-mobility group box 2 (HMGB2) is considered as oncogene in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), while its clinical implication is still unknown. This study aimed to explore the correlation of HMGB2 with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis in NSCLC patients., Methods: A total of 133 NSCLC patients who received radical excision were enrolled. HMGB2 expression in the tumor specimens and paired adjacent tissue specimens was determined by immunohistochemical assay (for protein expression) and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay (for gene expression), respectively., Results: HMGB2 protein expression was higher in tumor tissue compared with adjacent tissue, and it could distinguish tumor tissue from adjacent tissue (area under the curve (AUC): 0.775, 95%confidence interval (95%CI): 0.720-0.830). Meanwhile, tumor HMGB2 protein high expression correlated with lymph node (LYN) metastasis and advanced TNM stage. Additionally, tumor HMGB2 protein high expression associated with worse disease-free survival (DFS), while HMGB2 protein expression did not correlate with overall survival (OS). Besides, HMGB2 mRNA expression was raised in tumor tissue compared with adjacent tissue, and it had a good value in differentiating tumor tissue from adjacent tissue (AUC: 0.875, 95% CI: 0.834-0.915). Furthermore, tumor HMGB2 mRNA high expression correlated with higher Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score, LYN metastasis, and advanced TNM stage. Meanwhile, tumor HMGB2 mRNA high expression associated with shorter DFS and OS., Conclusion: HMGB2 could be a biomarker that reflects disease features and prognosis of NSCLC, which is beneficial to improve clinical efficacy in NSCLC patients., (© 2021. Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland.)

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between the p73 G4C14-to-A4T14 polymorphism (hereafter, G4C14-to-A4T14) and lung cancer risk., Methods: The studies on the relationship between G4C14-A4T14 and lung cancer risk published as of November 5, 2018, were comprehensively searched in PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, the Chinese Wanfang database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and China Biology Medicine (CBM). The last update was on May 24, 2019. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata 12.0., Results: The association between G4C14-A4T14 and lung cancer risk was analyzed in nine studies. The findings indicate no association between G4C14-to-A4T14 and lung cancer risk (allele model: OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.73-1.11, I 2  = 86.0%, P = .330; dominant model: OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.74-1.17, I 2  = 82.6%, P = .551; recessive model: OR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.50-1.13, I 2  = 75.2%, P = .165; homozygote model: OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.47-1.17, I 2  = 79.6%, P = .199; heterozygote model: OR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.80-1.21, I 2  = 75.8%, P = .879). The heterogeneity between subgroups by cancer types and genotyping method was significantly reduced. After the deletion of suspected duplicates, no association was found between G4C14-to-A4T14 and lung cancer susceptibility., Conclusion: Our meta-analysis confirms that G4C14-to-A4T14 is not significantly related to lung cancer risk., (© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: A-kinase-interacting protein 1 (AKIP1) has been reported as an oncogenetic factor in multiple cancers; however, no study has reported its role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) yet. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of AKIP1, and its correlation with tumor characteristics as well as prognosis in patients with NSCLC., Methods: Four hundred and ninety patients with NSCLC who underwent resection were reviewed, and baseline clinical data were collected. AKIP1 expression in tumor tissue/paired adjacent tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated., Results: A-kinase-interacting protein 1 expression was elevated in tumor tissue compared with paired adjacent tissue (P < .001), and high AKIP1 tumor tissue expression was correlated with poor pathological differentiation (P < .001), tumor size >5 cm (P = .001), lymph node metastasis (P = .016), higher TNM stages (P < .001), and abnormal CEA level (>5 ng/mL) (P = .035). DFS was worse in patients with tumor tissue AKIP1 high expression compared with patients who had AKIP1 low expression in total patients (P < .001), TNM stage I (P < .001) and TNM stage III (P < .001) patients. And the OS was also decreased in patients with AKIP1 high expression in total patients (P < .001), TNM stage I patients (P = .001) and TNM stage III patients (P = .004). Moreover, multivariate Cox's proportional hazards regression model analysis revealed that AKIP1 high expression was an independent predictive factor for worse DFS (P < .001) and OS (P < .001)., Conclusion: Tumor tissue AKIP1 expression may have the potential to be a biomarker assisting in disease monitoring and prognosis in NSCLC., (© 2019 The Authors. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

The association between polymorphisms in the nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1 (NME1) gene and overall risk of cancer remains to be elucidated. Here, we performed a meta-analysis of the association between rs16949649, rs2302254, and rs34214448 polymorphisms in the NME1 gene and cancer risk. PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI databases (as of June 6, 2017) were searched. Eight studies, encompassing 1644 cases and 2038 controls, were selected. The results revealed no significant relationship between NME1 polymorphisms and overall cancer susceptibility. Interestingly, the rs16949649 polymorphism was associated with increased susceptibility to gynecological cancer (heterozygous model: odds ratio [OR] = 1.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.06-2.86, P = 0.029). The rs2302254 polymorphism was linked to decreased susceptibility to gastric cancer in the other groups (recessive model: OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.28-0.98, P = 0.045). The rs34214448 polymorphism correlated significantly with increased susceptibility to non-small cell lung cancer according to all genetic models (P < 0.05) and was linked to decreased risk in cervical cancer (recessive model: OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.27-0.94, P = 0.031). Thus, our meta-analysis found rs16949649 associated with increased susceptibility to gynecological cancer and rs2302254 was linked to reduced gastric cancer risk; additional, larger studies are required to confirm these findings., (Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.)

Background: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) combined with chemotherapy has a certain short-term therapeutic effect for the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but whether it can improve the long-term survival rate of patients is still controversy. This study retrospectively analyzed the difference of long-term efficacy between RFA combined with chemotherapy and chemotherapy alone in the treatment of patients with advanced NSCLC., Methods: A total of 77 patients with stage IIIb and stage IV NSCLC who underwent radiofrequency ablation and chemotherapy in the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences from September 2009 to December 2015 were enrolled as the treatment group. Chemotherapy with no radiofrequency ablation was performed in 56 patients with stage IIIb and stage IV NSCLC as the control group. Two groups of patients were followed up by telephone about their living conditions. "Survival" package of R software version 3.4.1 was used for statistical analysis. Two sets of data baseline levels were tested by chi-square test. The bias was processed by Cox regression model and the survival curve was plotted using covariate mean substitution method., Results: The first-year survival rate of the treatment group was 70.74%, the two-year survival rate was 39.31% and the median survival time was 22.1 months. The one-year survival rate was 54.54% in the control group, the two-year survival rate was 19.49%, the median survival for 18.1 months. The long-term survival rate of the treatment group was better than that of the control group (P<0.05, OR=0.571)., Conclusions: Radiofrequency ablation of lung cancer combined with chemotherapy can significantly improve the 2-year survival rate of patients with stage IIIb and stage IV NSCLC.

Microdissection is a useful method in tissue sampling prior to molecular testing. Tumor heterogeneity imposes new challenges for tissue sampling. Different microdissecting methods have been employed in face of such challenge. We improved our microdissection method by separately microdissecting the morphologically different tumor components. This improvement helped the pyrosequencing data analysis of two specimens. One specimen consisted of both adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine components. When both tumor components were sequenced together for KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) gene mutations, the resulting pyrogram indicated that it was not a wild type, suggesting that it contained KRAS mutation. However, the pyrogram did not match any KRAS mutations and a conclusion could not be reached. After microdissecting and testing the adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine components separately, it was found that the adenocarcinoma was positive for KRAS G12C mutation and the neuroendocrine component was positive for KRAS G12D mutation. The second specimen consisted of two morphologically different tumor nodules. When microdissected and sequenced separately, one nodule was positive for BRAF (v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1) V600E and the other nodule was wild type at the BRAF codon 600. These examples demonstrate that it is necessary to microdissect morphologically different tumor components for pyrosequencing.

Sputum occult blood screening (SOBS) for lung cancer was performed in outpatients with suspected lung cancer. A total of 1011 patients were seen. Among them, 604 patients were found to be negative for SOBS, and 407 were found to be positive. The false-negative rate was 3.97% (24 of 604), and the opposite positive rate was 19.65% (80 of 407). A total of 14,431 normal subjects over 40 years of age were screened by SOBS. In the series, 1942 specimens were found to be positive. Among the 1942 patients, 31 were found to have definite cancer cells.

Neostigmine induction was investigated as a method for increasing the rate of detection of lung cancer in respiratory cytology samples. Eleven patients with dry and essentially nonproductive cough were given neostigmine, 15 mg by mouth or 0.5 mg by hypodermic injection. The quality of sputum produced was increased in all cases; the sputum was also more easily expectorated. Eight patients suspected of having lung cancer had previously negative cytologic examinations of sputum obtained by conventional methods. Following the administration of neostigmine, malignant cells indicating squamous-cell carcinoma were found in the sputum samples of three of these patients while dysplastic cells were detected in the samples from two patients. It is postulated that neostigmine intake may increase the excretion of mucous glands in the bronchial submucosa as well as the bronchial epithelium itself.

In laboratory experiments, it was reported by some authors that radiation response increases with the dose rate, although other workers have reported that this relationship does not exist. Up to the present, this problem has remained controversial. The present clinical pilot study was designed with the aim of comparing the effect of high and low dose rates. The study was carried out on 27 patients who suffered from various types of malignancy. Twelve patients with advanced but relatively comparable bilateral metastases in the neck region, and 15 patients with multiple pulmonary metastatic foci were studied. Radiation was given at a high dose rate (1112 rad/min) when irradiating one side of the neck or one of the metastatic lesions in the lung, while radiation was given at a low dose rate (400 rad/min) on the opposite side of the neck or a separate lesion in the lung. All other aspects of radiation, however, were identical for all lesions. The total dose varied from 4000-7000 rad/4-7 wk. Five fractions per week and a daily dose of 200-300 rad was given. It was observed that the high dose rate gave rise to a higher radiosensitivity than the low dose rate. Tumor regression rates were calculated by measuring the dimensions of the lesions. The tumor regression rate in the high dose rate group was universally higher than that in the low dose rate group. The radiation response in the high dose rate group was about 5.2-37.6%, averaging 18%, higher than that in the low dose rate group. In conclusion, a high dose rate of radiation elicits a higher radiosensitivity, and hence, a possible higher cancericidal effect.