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1. Sub-arcsecond imaging with the International LOFAR Telescope II. Completion of the LOFAR Long-Baseline Calibrator Survey

Author: G. K. Miley, Annalisa Bonafede, M. P. van Haarlem, Jochen Eislöffel, John McKean, P. C. G. van Dijk, M. A. Garrett, B. Ciardi, R. Blaauw, E. Jütte, Harvey Butcher, O. Wucknitz, Luitje Koopmans, Oleg Smirnov, M. Pandey-Pommier, Pietro Zucca, Joseph R. Callingham, S. Mooney, R. J. van Weeren, A. Nelles, Antonia Rowlinson, W. Reich, Heino Falcke, S. Duscha, Rajan Chhetri, Emanuela Orrú, G. Mann, Dominik J. Schwarz, Michiel A. Brentjens, P. Zarka, M. Ruiter, Hanna Rothkaehl, Kaspars Prūsis, Ralph A. M. J. Wijers, S. Badole, Jean-Mathias Griessmeier, P. Maat, Neal Jackson, Marco Iacobelli, Jeremy J. Harwood, Andrzej Krankowski, M. J. Norden, Vishambhar Pandey, A. J. van der Horst, John Morgan, F. Sweijen, Adam Deller, George Heald, S. Damstra, Martin J. Hardcastle, Mark J. Bentum, Ashish Asgekar, Leah K. Morabito, A. W. Gunst, M. Tagger, A. Shulevski, C. Vocks, A. Drabent, Javier Moldon, A. H. W. M. Coolen, M. Paas, Atvars Nikolajevs, W. N. Brouw, J. Sluman, Roberto Pizzo, Marcus Brüggen, Henk Mulder, Matthias Hoeft, F. de Gasperin, I. M. Avruch, J. A. Zensus, Arthur Corstanje, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay (USN), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO), European Commission, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, UK Research and Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, Center for Wireless Technology Eindhoven, and EM for Radio Science Lab
Subjects: active -Radio continuum, active [Galaxies], Radio galaxy, galaxies -Atmospheric physics, Astronomy, media_common.quotation_subject, FOS: Physical sciences, Flux, Murchison Widefield Array, ionosphere, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Surveys, Interplanetary scintillation, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Instrumentation, Remote sensing, media_common, Physics, Spectral index, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Radio lines: galaxies, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, interferometers [Instrumentation], Astronomy and Astrophysics, Quasar, LOFAR, Galaxies: active, interferometers -Techniques, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, galaxies [Radio lines], Space and Planetary Science, Sky, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Instrumentation: interferometers, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Techniques: interferometric, interferometric [Techniques], interferometric -Surveys -Galaxies, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: Full list of authors: Jackson, N.; Badole, S.; Morgan, J.; Chhetri, R.; Prūsis, K.; Nikolajevs, A.; Morabito, L.; Brentjens, M.; Sweijen, F.; Iacobelli, M.; Orrù, E.; Sluman, J.; Blaauw, R.; Mulder, H.; van Dijk, P.; Mooney, S.; Deller, A.; Moldon, J.; Callingham, J. R.; Harwood, J.; Hardcastle, M.; Heald, G.; Drabent, A.; McKean, J. P.; Asgekar, A.; Avruch, I. M.; Bentum, M. J.; Bonafede, A.; Brouw, W. N.; Brüggen, M.; Butcher, H. R.; Ciardi, B.; Coolen, A.; Corstanje, A.; Damstra, S.; Duscha, S.; Eislöffel, J.; Falcke, H.; Garrett, M.; de Gasperin, F.; Griessmeier, J. -M.; Gunst, A. W.; van Haarlem, M. P.; Hoeft, M.; van der Horst, A. J.; Jütte, E.; Koopmans, L. V. E.; Krankowski, A.; Maat, P.; Mann, G.; Miley, G. K.; Nelles, A.; Norden, M.; Paas, M.; Pandey, V. N.; Pandey-Pommier, M.; Pizzo, R. F.; Reich, W.; Rothkaehl, H.; Rowlinson, A.; Ruiter, M.; Shulevski, A.; Schwarz, D. J.; Smirnov, O.; Tagger, M.; Vocks, C.; van Weeren, R. J.; Wijers, R.; Wucknitz, O.; Zarka, P.; Zensus, J. A.; Zucca, P., The Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) Long-Baseline Calibrator Survey (LBCS) was conducted between 2014 and 2019 in order to obtain a set of suitable calibrators for the LOFAR array. In this paper, we present the complete survey, building on the preliminary analysis published in 2016 which covered approximately half the survey area. The final catalogue consists of 30 006 observations of 24 713 sources in the northern sky, selected for a combination of high low-frequency radio flux density and flat spectral index using existing surveys (WENSS, NVSS, VLSS, and MSSS). Approximately one calibrator per square degree, suitable for calibration of ≥200 km baselines is identified by the detection of compact flux density, for declinations north of 30° and away from the Galactic plane, with a considerably lower density south of this point due to relative difficulty in selecting flat-spectrum candidate sources in this area of the sky. The catalogue contains indicators of degree of correlated flux on baselines between the Dutch core and each of the international stations, involving a maximum baseline length of nearly 2000 km, for all of the observations. Use of the VLBA calibrator list, together with statistical arguments by comparison with flux densities from lower-resolution catalogues, allow us to establish a rough flux density scale for the LBCS observations, so that LBCS statistics can be used to estimate compact flux densities on scales between 300 mas and 2′′, for sources observed in the survey. The survey is used to estimate the phase coherence time of the ionosphere for the LOFAR international baselines, with median phase coherence times of about 2 min varying by a few tens of percent between theshortest and longest baselines. The LBCS can be used to assess the structures of point sources in lower-resolution surveys, with significant reductions in the degree of coherence in these sources on scales between 2′′ and 300 mas. The LBCS survey sources show a greater incidence of compact flux density in quasars than in radio galaxies, consistent with unified schemes of radio sources. Comparison with samples of sources from interplanetary scintillation (IPS) studies with the Murchison Widefield Array shows consistent patterns of detection of compact structure in sources observed both interferometrically with LOFAR and using IPS. © ESO 2022., Support for the operation of the MWA is provided by the Australian Government (NCRIS), under a contract to Curtin University administered by Astronomy Australia Limited. We acknowledge the Pawsey Supercomputing Centre which is supported by the Western Australian and Australian Governments. A.D. acknowledges support by the BMBF Verbundforschung under the grant 052020. L.K.M. is grateful for support from the UKRI Future Leaders Fellowship (grant MR/T042842/1). J. Moldón acknowledges financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the “Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” award to the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709) and from the grant RTI2018-096228-B-C31 (MICIU/FEDER, EU). J.P.M. acknowledges support from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO, project number 629.001.023) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS, project number 114A11KYSB20170054).
Published: 2022

2. Sub-arcsecond imaging with the International LOFAR Telescope I. Foundational calibration strategy and pipeline

Author: Martin J. Hardcastle, H. Paas, Matthias Hoeft, J. Moldon, R. Pizzo, Arthur Corstanje, A. Kappes, S. Mooney, John McKean, Gottfried Mann, Pietro Zucca, Harvey Butcher, M. Pandey-Pommier, Joseph R. Callingham, A. Nelles, S. Duscha, Marco Iacobelli, Aleksander Shulevski, V. N. Pandey, Ph. Zarka, Annalisa Bonafede, S. Badole, M. Ruiter, Ashish Asgekar, Hanna Rothkaehl, M. P. van Haarlem, P. Kukreti, Wolfgang Reich, Michel Tagger, J. M. Anderson, Marian Soida, A. H. W. M. Coolen, Judith H. Croston, Olaf Wucknitz, Neal Jackson, Heino Falcke, W. N. Brouw, Jochen Eislöffel, Philip Best, A. Drabent, F. Sweijen, F. de Gasperin, Dominik J. Schwarz, Cyril Tasse, J. B. R. Oonk, J. M. Griessmeier, Benedetta Ciardi, S. Damstra, A. J. van der Horst, Stefan J. Wijnholds, C. Groeneveld, E. Jütte, D. Engels, I. M. Avruch, Ralph A. M. J. Wijers, Léon V. E. Koopmans, Timothy W. Shimwell, Emanuela Orru, Andrzej Krankowski, R. J. van Weeren, Leah K. Morabito, A. W. Gunst, I. van Bemmel, D. Venkattu, Mark J. Bentum, Adam T. Deller, Christian Vocks, George K. Miley, John Conway, M. A. Garrett, M. Bondi, Matthias Kadler, E. Bonnassieux, H. J. A. Röttgering, API Other Research (FNWI), High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay (USN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Galaxies, Etoiles, Physique, Instrumentation (GEPI), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), European Commission, European Research Council, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK), Astronomy, and Kapteyn Astronomical Institute
Subjects: Astronomy, Pipeline (computing), active, Field of view, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, high angular resolution, radiation mechanisms, law, galaxies, active, galaxies, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, media_common, Physics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrometry, Interferometry, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, high angular resolution, jets, active [Galaxies], media_common.quotation_subject, galaxies: active, FOS: Physical sciences, Telescope, 0103 physical sciences, Calibration, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Remote sensing, non-thermal [Radiation mechanisms], non-thermal radiation, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, techniques: high angular resolution, active galaxies, Astronomy and Astrophysics, LOFAR, radiation mechanisms: non-thermal, galaxies: jets, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, high angular resolution [Techniques], non-thermal, radiation mechanisms, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Space and Planetary Science, Sky, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), non-thermal, galaxies, jets, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, jets [Galaxies], techniques, jets of galaxies
Abstract: Full list of authors: Morabito, L. K.; Jackson, N. J.; Mooney, S.; Sweijen, F.; Badole, S.; Kukreti, P.; Venkattu, D.; Groeneveld, C.; Kappes, A.; Bonnassieux, E.; Drabent, A.; Iacobelli, M.; Croston, J. H.; Best, P. N.; Bondi, M.; Callingham, J. R.; Conway, J. E.; Deller, A. T.; Hardcastle, M. J.; McKean, J. P.; Miley, G. K.; Moldon, J.; Röttgering, H. J. A.; Tasse, C.; Shimwell, T. W.; van Weeren, R. J.; Anderson, J. M.; Asgekar, A.; Avruch, I. M.; van Bemmel, I. M.; Bentum, M. J.; Bonafede, A.; Brouw, W. N.; Butcher, H. R.; Ciardi, B.; Corstanje, A.; Coolen, A.; Damstra, S.; de Gasperin, F.; Duscha, S.; Eislöffel, J.; Engels, D.; Falcke, H.; Garrett, M. A.; Griessmeier, J.; Gunst, A. W.; van Haarlem, M. P.; Hoeft, M.; van der Horst, A. J.; Jütte, E.; Kadler, M.; Koopmans, L. V. E.; Krankowski, A.; Mann, G.; Nelles, A.; Oonk, J. B. R.; Orru, E.; Paas, H.; Pandey, V. N.; Pizzo, R. F.; Pandey-Pommier, M.; Reich, W.; Rothkaehl, H.; Ruiter, M.; Schwarz, D. J.; Shulevski, A.; Soida, M.; Tagger, M.; Vocks, C.; Wijers, R. A. M. J.; Wijnholds, S. J.; Wucknitz, O.; Zarka, P.; Zucca, P., The International LOFAR Telescope is an interferometer with stations spread across Europe. With baselines of up to ~2000 km, LOFAR has the unique capability of achieving sub-arcsecond resolution at frequencies below 200 MHz. However, it is technically and logistically challenging to process LOFAR data at this resolution. To date only a handful of publications have exploited this capability. Here we present a calibration strategy that builds on previous high-resolution work with LOFAR. It is implemented in a pipeline using mostly dedicated LOFAR software tools and the same processing framework as the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS). We give an overview of the calibration strategy and discuss the special challenges inherent to enacting high-resolution imaging with LOFAR, and describe the pipeline, which is publicly available, in detail. We demonstrate the calibration strategy by using the pipeline on P205+55, a typical LoTSS pointing with an 8 h observation and 13 international stations. We perform in-field delay calibration, solution referencing to other calibrators in the field, self-calibration of these calibrators, and imaging of example directions of interest in the field. We find that for this specific field and these ionospheric conditions, dispersive delay solutions can be transferred between calibrators up to ~1.5° away, while phase solution transferral works well over ~1°. We also demonstrate a check of the astrometry and flux density scale with the in-field delay calibrator source. Imaging in 17 directions, we find the restoring beam is typically ~0.3′′ ×0.2′′ although this varies slightly over the entire 5 deg2 field of view. We find we can achieve ~80–300 μJy bm−1 image rms noise, which is dependent on the distance from the phase centre; typical values are ~90 μJy bm−1 for the 8 h observation with 48 MHz of bandwidth. Seventy percent of processed sources are detected, and from this we estimate that we should be able to image roughly 900 sources per LoTSS pointing. This equates to ~ 3 million sources in the northern sky, which LoTSS will entirely cover in the next several years. Future optimisation of the calibration strategy for efficient post-processing of LoTSS at high resolution makes this estimate a lower limit. © ESO 2022., This work made use of the Dutch national e-infrastructure with the support of the SURF Cooperative using grant no. EINF-262 LKM is grateful for support from the Medical Research Council (grant MR/T042842/1). S.M. acknowledges support from the Governmentof Ireland Postgraduate Scholarship Programme. E.B. acknowledges support from the ERC-ERG grant DRANOEL, n.714245. A.D. acknowledges support by the BMBF Verbundforschung under the grant 052020. J.H.C. acknowledges support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/R000794/1). P.N.B. is grateful for support from the UK STFC via grant ST/R000972/1. J.R.C. thanks the Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO) for support via the Talent Programme Veni grant. M.J.H. acknowledges support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/R000905/1). J.P.M. acknowledges support from the NetherlandsOrganization for Scientific Research (NWO, project number 629.001.023) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS, project number 114A11KYSB20170054). J.M. acknowledges financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the “Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” award to the Instituto de Astrofísicade Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709) and from the grant RTI2018-096228-B-C31 (MICIU/FEDER, EU). R.J.v.W. acknowledges support from the ERC Starting Grant ClusterWeb 804208. D.J.S. acknowledges support by the GermanFederal Ministry for Science and Research BMBF-Verbundforschungsprojekt D-LOFAR 2.0 (grant numbers 05A20PB1). LOFAR (van Haarlem et al. 2013) is the Low Frequency Array designed and constructed by ASTRON. It has observing, data processing, and data storage facilities in several countries, that are owned by various parties (each with their own funding sources), and that are collectively operated by the ILT foundation under a joint scientific policy. The ILT resources have benefitted from the following recent major funding sources: CNRS-INSU, Observatoire de Paris and Université d’Orléans, France; BMBF, MIWF-NRW, MPG, Germany; Science Foundation Ireland (SFI), Department of Business, Enterprise and Innovation (DBEI), Ireland; NWO, The Netherlands; The Science and Technology Facilities Council, UK; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland.
Published: 2022

3. LOFAR 144-MHz follow-up observations of GW170817

Author: Oleg Smirnov, Martin J. Hardcastle, P. Zarka, Adam Stewart, H. Paas, D. Carbone, P. Maat, Dominik J. Schwarz, M. C. Toribio, David A. Nichols, G. Mann, Rudy Wijnands, A. J. van der Horst, Evan Keane, H. J. A. Röttgering, Olaf Wucknitz, C. Tasse, T. Muñoz-Darias, Henk Mulder, M. H. D. van der Wiel, Kenta Hotokezaka, M. P. van Haarlem, Stephane Corbel, J. B. R. Oonk, S. ter Veen, A. W. Gunst, W. N. Brouw, Casey J. Law, M. Iacobelli, K. Gourdji, Samaya Nissanke, J. W. Broderick, Timothy W. Shimwell, R. Pekal, Rob Fender, W. Reich, James M. Anderson, Matthias Hoeft, Anna Nelles, R. Blaauw, Luitje Koopmans, J. van Leeuwen, Aleksandar Shulevski, R. J. van Weeren, Pietro Zucca, Marian Soida, Martin Bell, Ralph A. M. J. Wijers, Vanessa A. Moss, M. Pandey-Pommier, Thomas M. O. Franzen, Antonia Rowlinson, Anjali A. A. Piette, S. Duscha, Richard Fallows, M. A. Garrett, Peter G. Jonker, Mark J. Bentum, J.-M. Grießmeier, M. de Vos, B. Ciardi, Jörg R. Hörandel, E. Jütte, C. Vocks, M. Serylak, Andrzej Krankowski, Marcus Brüggen, Jochen Eislöffel, M. Pietka, Galaxies, Etoiles, Physique, Instrumentation (GEPI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay (USN), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), Astroparticle Physics (IHEF, IoP, FNWI), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement (LPCE), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Astronomy, and Kapteyn Astronomical Institute
Subjects: Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Binary number, Astrophysics, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Radio spectrum, stars: neutron, neutron [stars], 0201 Astronomical and Space Sciences, 0103 physical sciences, 14. Life underwater, Center frequency, 010306 general physics, stars [radio continuum], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Spectral index, Gravitational wave, Astronomy and Astrophysics, LOFAR, Afterglow, Neutron star, gravitational waves, Space and Planetary Science, ddc:520, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], radio continuum: stars
Abstract: We present low-radio-frequency follow-up observations of AT 2017gfo, the electromagnetic counterpart of GW170817, which was the first binary neutron star merger to be detected by Advanced LIGO-Virgo. These data, with a central frequency of 144 MHz, were obtained with LOFAR, the Low-Frequency Array. The maximum elevation of the target is just 13.7 degrees when observed with LOFAR, making our observations particularly challenging to calibrate and significantly limiting the achievable sensitivity. On time-scales of 130-138 and 371-374 days after the merger event, we obtain 3$\sigma$ upper limits for the afterglow component of 6.6 and 19.5 mJy beam$^{-1}$, respectively. Using our best upper limit and previously published, contemporaneous higher-frequency radio data, we place a limit on any potential steepening of the radio spectrum between 610 and 144 MHz: the two-point spectral index $\alpha^{610}_{144} \gtrsim -2.5$. We also show that LOFAR can detect the afterglows of future binary neutron star merger events occurring at more favourable elevations., Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS
Published: 2020

4. Cassiopeia A, Cygnus A, Taurus A, and Virgo A at ultra-low radio frequencies

Author: F. de Gasperin, J. Vink, J. P. McKean, A. Asgekar, I. Avruch, M. J. Bentum, R. Blaauw, A. Bonafede, J. W. Broderick, M. Brüggen, F. Breitling, W. N. Brouw, H. R. Butcher, B. Ciardi, V. Cuciti, M. de Vos, S. Duscha, J. Eislöffel, D. Engels, R. A. Fallows, T. M. O. Franzen, M. A. Garrett, A. W. Gunst, J. Hörandel, G. Heald, M. Hoeft, M. Iacobelli, L. V. E. Koopmans, A. Krankowski, P. Maat, G. Mann, M. Mevius, G. Miley, R. Morganti, A. Nelles, M. J. Norden, A. R. Offringa, E. Orrú, H. Paas, V. N. Pandey, M. Pandey-Pommier, R. Pekal, R. Pizzo, W. Reich, A. Rowlinson, H. J. A. Rottgering, D. J. Schwarz, A. Shulevski, O. Smirnov, C. Sobey, M. Soida, M. Steinmetz, M. Tagger, M. C. Toribio, A. van Ardenne, A. J. van der Horst, M. P. van Haarlem, R. J. van Weeren, C. Vocks, O. Wucknitz, P. Zarka, P. Zucca, Astronomy, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay (USN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), De Gasperin F., Vink J., McKean J.P., Asgekar A., Avruch I., Bentum M.J., Blaauw R., Bonafede A., Broderick J.W., Bruggen M., Breitling F., Brouw W.N., Butcher H.R., Ciardi B., Cuciti V., De Vos M., Duscha S., Eisloffel J., Engels D., Fallows R.A., Franzen T.M.O., Garrett M.A., Gunst A.W., Horandel J., Heald G., Hoeft M., Iacobelli M., Koopmans L.V.E., Krankowski A., Maat P., Mann G., Mevius M., Miley G., Morganti R., Nelles A., Norden M.J., Offringa A.R., Orru E., Paas H., Pandey V.N., Pandey-Pommier M., Pekal R., Pizzo R., Reich W., Rowlinson A., Rottgering H.J.A., Schwarz D.J., Shulevski A., Smirnov O., Sobey C., Soida M., Steinmetz M., Tagger M., Toribio M.C., Van Ardenne A., Van Der Horst A.J., Van Haarlem M.P., Van Weeren R.J., Vocks C., Wucknitz O., Zarka P., Zucca P., High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), Gravitation and Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES)
Subjects: Astronomy, media_common.quotation_subject, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, radio continuum: general, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, radio continuum, law.invention, Telescope, law, 0103 physical sciences, Angular resolution, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Surface brightness, 010306 general physics, Cygnus A, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, media_common, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), [PHYS]Physics [physics], Physics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, LOFAR, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, interferometric [techniques], Cassiopeia A, techniques: interferometric, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Sky, general, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), interferometric, ddc:520, general [radio continuum], Radio frequency, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], techniques, general [ontinuum]
Abstract: The four persistent radio sources in the northern sky with the highest flux density at metre wavelengths are Cassiopeia A, Cygnus A, Taurus A, and Virgo A; collectively they are called the A-team. Their flux densities at ultra-low frequencies (, 7 pages, 2 figures, accepted A&A, online data on A&A website
Published: 2020

5. A large light-mass component of cosmic rays at 10(17)-10(17.5) electronvolts from radio observations

Author: Vishambhar Pandey, D. D. Mulcahy, M. A. Garrett, J. van Leeuwen, Tim Hassall, Adam Deller, Harvey Butcher, D. Engels, H. Paas, John Conway, J. E. Enriquez, A. I. F. Stewart, M. Pandey-Pommier, Matthias Steinmetz, Rob Fender, B. Ciardi, M. Pietka, E. Juette, G. van Diepen, P. N. Best, M. C. Toribio, A. Horneffer, Chiara Ferrari, M. P. van Haarlem, S. Duscha, Mark J. Bentum, Stefan J. Wijnholds, Jochen Eislöffel, Sarod Yatawatta, Emanuela Orrú, M. Kuniyoshi, Michael Kramer, Anna Nelles, C. Vogt, R. J. van Weeren, Martin Bell, Maaijke Mevius, John D. Swinbank, P. Maat, Matthias Hoeft, M. J. Norden, Pim Schellart, D. McKay-Bukowski, J. A. Zensus, John McKean, Dominik J. Schwarz, Richard Fallows, Aris Karastergiou, Ph. Zarka, V. I. Kondratiev, T. N. G. Trinh, Stijn Buitink, Heino Falcke, Michael W. Wise, Jörg P. Rachen, Benjamin Stappers, Jason W. T. Hessels, J. Sluman, Gianni Bernardi, Jörg R. Hörandel, I. M. Avruch, James M. Anderson, F. de Gasperin, Frank Breitling, Roberto Pizzo, H. J. A. Röttgering, Satyendra Thoudam, G. Kuper, Olaf Wucknitz, M. Serylak, H. Munk, Wilfred Frieswijk, Ashish Asgekar, Marcus Brüggen, M. Iacobelli, Y. Tang, W. Reich, S. ter Veen, A. W. Gunst, Anna M. M. Scaife, Laura Rossetto, Ralph A. M. J. Wijers, A. G. Polatidis, Rebecca McFadden, Arthur Corstanje, Annalisa Bonafede, Christian Vocks, G. M. Loose, Sera Markoff, Jean-Mathias Grießmeier, Michel Tagger, D. Carbone, R. C. Vermeulen, T. Huege, Olaf Scholten, Oleg Smirnov, Huib Intema, Cyril Tasse, J. W. Broderick, E. de Geus, R. J. Dettmar, George Heald, W. N. Brouw, Gottfried Mann, High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), Radboud University [Nijmegen], Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), University of Groningen [Groningen], Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Laboratoire Analyse, Géométrie et Applications (LAGA), Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Institut Galilée-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Mathematics Applied to Geoscience, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), Australia Telescope National Facility (ATNF), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), University of Edinburgh, Jacobs University [Bremen], Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), University of Southampton, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute [Groningen], University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Onsala Space Observatory, Dept. of Radio and Space Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Hamburger Sternwarte/Hamburg Observatory, Universität Hamburg (UHH), Medstar Research Institute, Astronomisches Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum [Bochum], Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg (TLS), SETI Institute, Institute of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Département de Géologie, Université de Montréal (UdeM), Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay (USN), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, University of Manchester [Manchester], Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), Oxford Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory (CAL), Columbia University [New York], Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek (AI PANNEKOEK), University of Oulu, Center for Information Technology CIT, Université de Groningen, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Radio Astronomy Observatory [Charlottesville] (NRAO), National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), School of Physics and Astronomy [Southampton], Interactions Son Musique Mouvement, Sciences et Technologies de la Musique et du Son (STMS), Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique (IRCAM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique (IRCAM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH / Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), SKA South Africa, Ska South Africa, Galaxies, Etoiles, Physique, Instrumentation (GEPI), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Finca El Encin, Instituto Madrileño de Investigación y Desarrollo Rural, Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDRA), Argelander-Institut für Astronomie (AlfA), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Observatoire de Paris - Site de Paris (OP), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, European Project: 227610,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2008-AdG,LOFAR-AUGER(2009), European Project: 640130,H2020,ERC-2014-STG,LOFAR(2015), Radboud university [Nijmegen], Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, nstitute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Galilée-Université Paris 13 (UP13), Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO), University of Oxford [Oxford], École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Research unit Astroparticle Physics, Astronomy, and Kapteyn Astronomical Institute
Subjects: TELESCOPE, High-energy astronomy, Astronomy, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, Electron, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Radiation, EXTENSIVE AIR-SHOWERS, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astroparticle physics, Physics, Multidisciplinary, COSMIC cancer database, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, LOFAR, ENERGY-SPECTRUM, SIMULATIONS, PULSES, High-energy astrophysics, Air shower, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], ARRAY, Neutrino, Particle astrophysics, EMISSION
Abstract: Cosmic rays are the highest-energy particles found in nature. Measurements of the mass composition of cosmic rays with energies of 1017–1018 electronvolts are essential to understanding whether they have galactic or extragalactic sources. It has also been proposed that the astrophysical neutrino signal1 comes from accelerators capable of producing cosmic rays of these energies2. Cosmic rays initiate air showers—cascades of secondary particles in the atmosphere—and their masses can be inferred from measurements of the atmospheric depth of the shower maximum3 (Xmax; the depth of the air shower when it contains the most particles) or of the composition of shower particles reaching the ground4. Current measurements5 have either high uncertainty, or a low duty cycle and a high energy threshold. Radio detection of cosmic rays6,7,8 is a rapidly developing technique9 for determining Xmax (refs 10, 11) with a duty cycle of, in principle, nearly 100 per cent. The radiation is generated by the separation of relativistic electrons and positrons in the geomagnetic field and a negative charge excess in the shower front6,12. Here we report radio measurements of Xmax with a mean uncertainty of 16 grams per square centimetre for air showers initiated by cosmic rays with energies of 1017–1017.5 electronvolts. This high resolution in Xmax enables us to determine the mass spectrum of the cosmic rays: we find a mixed composition, with a light-mass fraction (protons and helium nuclei) of about 80 per cent. Unless, contrary to current expectations, the extragalactic component of cosmic rays contributes substantially to the total flux below 1017.5 electronvolts, our measurements indicate the existence of an additional galactic component, to account for the light composition that we measured in the 1017–1017.5 electronvolt range.
Published: 2019

6. Probing ionospheric structures using the LOFAR radio telescope

Author: Ilian T. Iliev, R. J. van Weeren, Vibor Jelić, F. B. Abdalla, K. M. B. Asad, Michiel A. Brentjens, S. Kazemi, Saleem Zaroubi, A. H. Patil, J. Noordam, Emma Chapman, A. R. Offringa, Sarod Yatawatta, A. G. de Bruyn, Geraint Harker, Elizabeth R. Fernandez, Léon V. E. Koopmans, Harish Vedantham, Joel N. Bregman, B. Ciardi, S. van der Tol, Abhik Ghosh, S. Bus, V. N. Pandey, W. N. Brouw, M. Mevius, and Stefan J. Wijnholds
Subjects: Length scale, Physics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Total electron content, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics, LOFAR, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Radio telescope, Interferometry, Earth's magnetic field, 0103 physical sciences, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Ionosphere, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Reionization, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: LOFAR is the LOw-Frequency Radio interferometer ARray located at midlatitude (52°53′N). Here we present results on ionospheric structures derived from 29 LOFAR nighttime observations during the winters of 2012/2013 and 2013/2014. We show that LOFAR is able to determine differential ionospheric total electron content values with an accuracy better than 0.001 total electron content unit = 1016m−2 over distances ranging between 1 and 100 km. For all observations the power law behavior of the phase structure function is confirmed over a long range of baseline lengths, between 1 and 80 km, with a slope that is, in general, larger than the 5/3 expected for pure Kolmogorov turbulence. The measured average slope is 1.89 with a one standard deviation spread of 0.1. The diffractive scale, i.e., the length scale where the phase variance is 1rad2, is shown to be an easily obtained single number that represents the ionospheric quality of a radio interferometric observation. A small diffractive scale is equivalent to high phase variability over the field of view as well as a short time coherence of the signal, which limits calibration and imaging quality. For the studied observations the diffractive scales at 150 MHz vary between 3.5 and 30 km. A diffractive scale above 5 km, pertinent to about 90% of the observations, is considered sufficient for the high dynamic range imaging needed for the LOFAR epoch of reionization project. For most nights the ionospheric irregularities were anisotropic, with the structures being aligned with the Earth magnetic field in about 60% of the observations.
Published: 2016

7. Low-frequency radio absorption in Cassiopeia A

Author: M. Arias, J. Vink, F. de Gasperin, P. Salas, J. B. R. Oonk, R. J. van Weeren, A. S. van Amesfoort, J. Anderson, R. Beck, M. E. Bell, M. J. Bentum, P. Best, R. Blaauw, F. Breitling, J. W. Broderick, W. N. Brouw, M. Brüggen, H. R. Butcher, B. Ciardi, E. de Geus, A. Deller, P. C. G. van Dijk, S. Duscha, J. Eislöffel, M. A. Garrett, J. M. Grießmeier, A. W. Gunst, M. P. van Haarlem, G. Heald, J. Hessels, J. Hörandel, H. A. Holties, A. J. van der Horst, M. Iacobelli, E. Juette, A. Krankowski, J. van Leeuwen, G. Mann, D. McKay-Bukowski, J. P. McKean, H. Mulder, A. Nelles, E. Orru, H. Paas, M. Pandey-Pommier, V. N. Pandey, R. Pekal, R. Pizzo, A. G. Polatidis, W. Reich, H. J. A. Röttgering, H. Rothkaehl, D. J. Schwarz, O. Smirnov, M. Soida, M. Steinmetz, M. Tagger, S. Thoudam, M. C. Toribio, C. Vocks, M. H. D. van der Wiel, R. A. M. J. Wijers, O. Wucknitz, P. Zarka, P. Zucca, API (FNWI), High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay (USN), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LOFAR, Astronomy, Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek, University of Amsterdam, SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), Leiden Observatory, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ), Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia, University of Edinburgh, Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (IAP), University of Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, 21029, Hamburg, Germany, Mount Stromlo Observatory, Australian National University, Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik (MPA), Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Thüringer Landessternwarte, Tautenburg Observatory, JBCA School of Physics and Astronomy, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science, Department of Astrophysics, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, George Washington University, Astronomisches Institut der Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany, University of Warmia and Mazury [Olsztyn], Department of Physics and Technology, University of Tromso, Tromso, Norway, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Center for Information Technology, University of Groningen (CIT), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Poznan University of Technology, Space Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences (Torun), Universität Bielefeld = Bielefeld University, Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University, Astronomical Observatory, Jagiellonian University, Department of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Electromagnetics, Center for Wireless Technology Eindhoven, EM for Radio Science Lab, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace ( LPC2E ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ), Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay ( USN ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Observatoire de Paris-Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon ( CRAL ), École normale supérieure - Lyon ( ENS Lyon ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique ( LESIA ), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Observatoire de Paris-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS )
Subjects: TI-44, [ PHYS.ASTR ] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astronomy, radio continuum: general, Astrophysics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, supernova remnants / radiation mechanisms: general / radio continuum, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, individual, Ejecta, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, SUPERNOVA REMNANT CASSIOPEIA, general [radiation mechanisms], ISM: supernova remnants, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, ABSOLUTE SPECTRUM, supernova remnants [ISM], Radius, Supernova, EJECTA, ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, general [radio continuum], Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Cas A / ISM, individual: Cas A [supernovae], supernovae, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, radiation mechanisms: general, LARGE ARRAY, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Low frequency, Astronomy & Astrophysics, ACCELERATION, Radio spectrum, VDP::Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Fysikk: 430::Astrofysikk, astronomi: 438, 0103 physical sciences, 3-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, EXPLOSION, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, LOFAR, Cassiopeia A, VDP::Mathematics and natural science: 400::Physics: 430::Astrophysics, astronomy: 438, supernovae: individual: Cas A, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, general, EMISSION, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], CAS-A
Abstract: Cassiopeia A is one of the best-studied supernova remnants. Its shocked ejecta emits brightly in radio and X-rays. Its unshocked ejecta can be studied through infrared emission, the radio-active decay of $^{44}$Ti, and low frequency free-free absorption due to cold gas internal to the shell. Free-free absorption is affected by the mass, geometry, temperature, and ionisation conditions in the absorbing gas. Observations at the lowest radio frequencies constrain a combination of these properties. We use LOFAR LBA observations at 30-77 MHz and L-band VLA observations to compare $u-v$-matched images with a common resolution of 17". We simultaneously fit, per pixel, for the emission measure and the ratio of the emission from the unabsorbed front of the shell versus the absorbed back of the shell. We explore the effects that low temperatures and a high degree of clumping can have on the derived physical properties, such as mass and density. We also compile published radio flux measurements, fit for the absorption processes that occur in the radio band, and consider how they affect the secular decline of the source. We find a mass in the unshocked ejecta of $M = 2.95 \pm {0.48} \,M_{\odot}$ for an assumed gas temperature of $T=100$ K. This estimate is reduced for colder gas temperatures and if the ejecta are clumped. We measure the reverse shock to have a radius of $114$" $\pm $6". We also find that a decrease in the amount of mass in the unshocked ejecta (as more and more material meets the reverse shock and heats up) cannot account for the observed low frequency behaviour of the secular decline rate. To reconcile our low frequency absorption measurements with models that predict little mass in the unshocked ejecta we need the ejecta to be very clumped, or the temperature in the cold gas to be low ($\sim10$ K). Both conditions can jointly contribute to the high absorption., Accepted for publication in A&A v2: including the DOI, language edits
Published: 2018

8. Shock location and CME 3D reconstruction of a solar type II radio burst with LOFAR

Author: M. C. Toribio, B. Ciardi, J. M. Anderson, Eduard P. Kontar, Karl-Ludwig Klein, Charlotte Sobey, Jochen Eislöffel, Marian Soida, Marco Iacobelli, P. Zarka, A. P. Rouillard, R. Blaauw, A. G. Polatidis, R. J. van Weeren, Mario M. Bisi, A. W. Gunst, E. de Geus, Mark J. Bentum, Oleg Smirnov, Henk Mulder, R. Pizzo, Aris Karastergiou, F. Breitling, Pietro Zucca, Jörg R. Hörandel, Hanna Rothkaehl, Peter T. Gallagher, H. Munk, Bartosz Dabrowski, Martin Bell, Olaf Wucknitz, Anna Nelles, R. Vermeulen, Jean-Mathias Grießmeier, Marcus Brüggen, Ashish Asgekar, V. N. Pandey, H. Paas, Jasmina Magdalenic, Richard Fallows, Matthias Hoeft, Christian Vocks, Philip Best, J. W. Broderick, Harvey Butcher, J. Sluman, D. McKay-Bukowski, E. Juette, M. A. Garrett, Andrzej Krankowski, Satyendra Thoudam, Antonia Rowlinson, R. Pekal, S. Duscha, Eoin P. Carley, Adam T. Deller, Dominik J. Schwarz, Wolfgang Reich, J. van Leeuwen, Emanuela Orru, Diana E. Morosan, Aleksandar Shulevski, Gottfried Mann, George Heald, W. N. Brouw, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), Trinity College Dublin, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences (CBK), Polska Akademia Nauk (PAN), Space Radio-Diagnostic Research Center [Olsztyn], University of Warmia and Mazury [Olsztyn], School of Physics and Astronomy [Southampton], University of Southampton, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute [Groningen], University of Groningen [Groningen], Universität Hamburg (UHH), Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg (TLS), Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay (USN), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Radboud university [Nijmegen], Ruhr-Universität Bochum [Bochum], Oxford Astrophysics, University of Oxford [Oxford], University of Tromsø (UiT), Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), Argelander-Institut für Astronomie (AlfA), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Center for Wireless Technology Eindhoven, Electromagnetics, EM for Radio Science Lab, High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), Astronomy, Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Universiteit Leiden, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Radboud University [Nijmegen], University of Oxford, ANR-17-CE31-0006,COROSHOCK,EVALUER LE ROLE DU CHOC COMME ACCELERATEUR DE PARTICULES SOLAIRES(2017), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, corona [Sun], Sun: coronal mass ejections (CMEs), Astronomy, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, WAVES, Interplanetary medium, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Computer Science::Digital Libraries, 01 natural sciences, VDP::Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Fysikk: 430::Astrofysikk, astronomi: 438, 0103 physical sciences, Coronal mass ejection, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, SUN-EARTH CONNECTION, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Science & Technology, Sun: radio radiation, ORIGIN, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], radio radiation [Sun], Sun: corona, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, TRANSIENTS, Astronomy and Astrophysics, LOFAR, Corona, Physics::History of Physics, coronal mass ejections (CMEs) [Sun], VDP::Mathematics and natural science: 400::Physics: 430::Astrophysics, astronomy: 438, CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS, Radio propagation, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Physical Sciences, FLARES, Physics::Space Physics, X-RAY, Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph, EMISSION, Heliosphere, Radio wave
Abstract: Type II radio bursts are evidence of shocks in the solar atmosphere and inner heliosphere that emit radio waves ranging from sub-meter to kilometer lengths. These shocks may be associated with CMEs and reach speeds higher than the local magnetosonic speed. Radio imaging of decameter wavelengths (20-90 MHz) is now possible with LOFAR, opening a new radio window in which to study coronal shocks that leave the inner solar corona and enter the interplanetary medium and to understand their association with CMEs. To this end, we study a coronal shock associated with a CME and type II radio burst to determine the locations at which the radio emission is generated, and we investigate the origin of the band-splitting phenomenon., Comment: 7 Figures, 9 Pages
Published: 2018

9. Upper limits on the 21 cm epoch of reionization power spectrum from one night with LOFAR

Author: Joop Schaye, Koki Kakiichi, A. H. Patil, Ilian T. Iliev, Sarod Yatawatta, F. B. Abdalla, K. M. B. Asad, A. G. de Bruyn, Vishambhar Pandey, Léon V. E. Koopmans, Saleem Zaroubi, Stefan J. Wijnholds, Geraint Harker, A. R. Offringa, B. K. Gehlot, M. B. Silva, W. N. Brouw, M. Hatef, Maaijke Mevius, Harish Vedantham, Emma Chapman, Suman Majumdar, Vibor Jelić, Garrelt Mellema, Damir Vrbanec, Abhik Ghosh, Michiel A. Brentjens, B. Ciardi, and Astronomy
Subjects: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), media_common.quotation_subject, first stars, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, QB0460, Celestial pole, 0103 physical sciences, 0201 Astronomical and Space Sciences, dark ages, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Reionization, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), media_common, Physics, 0306 Physical Chemistry (incl. Structural), reionization, Science & Technology, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Spectral density, QB0468, Astronomy and Astrophysics, LOFAR, Redshift, Space and Planetary Science, Sky, Physical Sciences, 0202 Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics, astro-ph.CO, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Noise (radio), Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, astro-ph.IM
Abstract: We present the first limits on the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) 21-cm HI power spectra, in the redshift range $z=7.9-10.6$, using the Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) High-Band Antenna (HBA). In total 13\,h of data were used from observations centred on the North Celestial Pole (NCP). After subtraction of the sky model and the noise bias, we detect a non-zero $\Delta^2_{\rm I} = (56 \pm 13 {\rm mK})^2$ (1-$\sigma$) excess variance and a best 2-$\sigma$ upper limit of $\Delta^2_{\rm 21} < (79.6 {\rm mK})^2$ at $k=0.053$$h$cMpc$^{-1}$ in the range $z=$9.6-10.6. The excess variance decreases when optimizing the smoothness of the direction- and frequency-dependent gain calibration, and with increasing the completeness of the sky model. It is likely caused by (i) residual side-lobe noise on calibration baselines, (ii) leverage due to non-linear effects, (iii) noise and ionosphere-induced gain errors, or a combination thereof. Further analyses of the excess variance will be discussed in forthcoming publications., Comment: 17 pages, 8 figures, accepted by ApJ
Published: 2017

10. LBCS: The LOFAR Long-Baseline Calibrator Survey

Author: Rebecca McFadden, G. M. Loose, J. van Leeuwen, J. Schaap, N. J. Vermaas, M. P. van Haarlem, Philip Best, M. Sipior, E. de Geus, E. Juette, D. Engels, Sarod Yatawatta, J. Moldón, George Heald, Anna M. M. Scaife, C. Vocks, F. Breitling, M. Iacobelli, L. Cerrigone, D. D. Mulcahy, H. J. A. Röttgering, Matthias Hoeft, John D. Swinbank, Jean-Mathias Griessmeier, W. Reich, P. Maat, James M. Anderson, M. A. Garrett, Amitpal S. Tagore, I. van Bemmel, J. Sluman, Roberto Pizzo, R. Vermeulen, Marcus Brüggen, Satyendra Thoudam, Aleksandar Shulevski, R. Blaauw, M. C. Toribio, Emanuela Orrú, A. Horneffer, R. J. van Weeren, W. N. Brouw, Martin Bell, M. Avruch, Michael W. Wise, Jörg R. Hörandel, D. McKay-Bukowski, Jochen Eislöffel, Gerard H. Kuper, P. Zarka, Adam Deller, A. Drabent, Mark J. Bentum, Arthur Corstanje, Dominik J. Schwarz, Matthias Steinmetz, F. de Gasperin, Richard Fallows, H. Munk, A. G. Polatidis, Tobia Carozzi, Annalisa Bonafede, S. ter Veen, Leah K. Morabito, A. W. Gunst, John Conway, Anna D. Kapińska, Huib Intema, Heino Falcke, J. W. Broderick, M. Pandey-Pommier, Neal Jackson, Antonia Rowlinson, John McKean, Michiel A. Brentjens, B. Ciardi, Eskil Varenius, O. Wucknitz, M. Kuniyoshi, School of Physics and Astronomy [Manchester], University of Manchester [Manchester], Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), Departament d'Astronomia i Meteorologia [Barcelona], Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Onsala Space Observatory, Dept. of Radio and Space Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], ARC Centre of Excellence for Autonomous Systems (CAS), University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Uppsala] (IRF), Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics (DPMMS), Faculty of mathematics Centre for Mathematical Sciences [Cambridge] (CMS), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)-University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Department of Astrophysics [Nijmegen], Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud university [Nijmegen]-Radboud university [Nijmegen], GeoForschungsZentrum - Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam (GFZ), Newcastle University [Newcastle], Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE ERIC), University of Hamburg, Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Oxford Astrophysics, University of Oxford [Oxford], University of Southampton, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute [Groningen], University of Groningen [Groningen], University of Edinburgh, Radboud university [Nijmegen], Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg (TLS), Hamburger Sternwarte/Hamburg Observatory, Universität Hamburg (UHH), Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay (USN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), Astronomisches Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum [Bochum], National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), Health Service Executive [Dublin] (HSE), Aalborg University [Denmark] (AAU), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Astrophysikalisches Institut Potsdam (AIP), Princeton University, SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Project: 283393,EC:FP7:INFRA,FP7-INFRASTRUCTURES-2011-1,RADIONET3(2012), High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), Radboud University [Nijmegen]-Radboud University [Nijmegen], Universiteit Leiden, University of Oxford, Radboud University [Nijmegen], Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Jackson, N., Tagore, A., Deller, A., Moldón, J., Varenius, E., Morabito, L., Wucknitz, O., Carozzi, T., Conway, J., Drabent, A., Kapinska, A., Orrù, E., Brentjens, M., Blaauw, R., Kuper, G., Sluman, J., Schaap, J., Vermaas, N., Iacobelli, M., Cerrigone, L., Shulevski, A., Ter Veen, S., Fallows, R., Pizzo, R., Sipior, M., Anderson, J., Avruch, I.M., Bell, M.E., Van Bemmel, I., Bentum, M.J., Best, P., Bonafede, A., Breitling, F., Broderick, J.W., Brouw, W.N., Brüggen, M., Ciardi, B., Corstanje, A., De Gasperin, F., De Geus, E., Eislöffel, J., Engels, D., Falcke, H., Garrett, M.A., Grießmeier, J.M., Gunst, A.W., Van Haarlem, M.P., Heald, G., Hoeft, M., Hörandel, J., Horneffer, A., Intema, H., Juette, E., Kuniyoshi, M., Van Leeuwen, J., Loose, G.M., Maat, P., McFadden, R., McKay-Bukowski, D., McKean, J.P., Mulcahy, D.D., Munk, H., Pandey-Pommier, M., Polatidis, A.G., Reich, W., Röttgering, H.J.A., Rowlinson, A., Scaife, A.M.M., Schwarz, D.J., Steinmetz, M., Swinbank, J., Thoudam, S., Toribio, M.C., Vermeulen, R., Vocks, C., Van Weeren, R.J., Wise, M.W., Yatawatta, S., Zarka, P., and Astronomy
Subjects: Coherence time, media_common.quotation_subject, Astronomy, interferometers [instrumentation], galaxies: active, EWI-27445, Flux, FOS: Physical sciences, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Radio continuum: galaxie, law.invention, Instrumentation: interferometer, Telescope, surveys, law, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Range (statistics), Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology, Survey, instrumentation: interferometers, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries), media_common, radio continuum: galaxies, Instrumentation:interferometers- Techniques:interferometric - Surveys - Galaxies:active -Radio continuum:galaxies, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Astronomy and Astrophysics, LOFAR, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Geodesy, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, galaxies [radio continuum], Square degree, interferometric [techniques], METIS-319490, Sky, Space and Planetary Science, techniques: interferometric, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), active [galaxies], Environmental science, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, IR-102283, Coherence (physics)
Abstract: (abridged). We outline LBCS (the LOFAR Long-Baseline Calibrator Survey), whose aim is to identify sources suitable for calibrating the highest-resolution observations made with the International LOFAR Telescope, which include baselines >1000 km. Suitable sources must contain significant correlated flux density (50-100mJy) at frequencies around 110--190~MHz on scales of a few hundred mas. At least for the 200--300-km international baselines, we find around 1 suitable calibrator source per square degree over a large part of the northern sky, in agreement with previous work. This should allow a randomly selected target to be successfully phase calibrated on the international baselines in over 50% of cases. Products of the survey include calibrator source lists and fringe-rate and delay maps of wide areas -- typically a few degrees -- around each source. The density of sources with significant correlated flux declines noticeably with baseline length over the range 200--600~km, with good calibrators on the longest baselines appearing only at the rate of 0.5 per square degree. Coherence times decrease from 1--3 minutes on 200-km baselines to about 1 minute on 600-km baselines, suggesting that ionospheric phase variations contain components with scales of a few hundred kilometres. The longest median coherence time, at just over 3 minutes, is seen on the DE609 baseline, which at 227km is close to being the shortest. We see median coherence times of between 80 and 110 seconds on the four longest baselines (580--600~km), and about 2 minutes for the other baselines. The success of phase transfer from calibrator to target is shown to be influenced by distance, in a manner that suggests a coherence patch at 150-MHz of the order of 1 degree., Accepted by Astronomy & Astrophysics. Error in figure 6 corrected
Published: 2016

11. Optimized trigger for ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray and neutrino observations with the low frequency radio array

Author: Y. Tang, Harvey Butcher, M. Drost, J. W. Romein, M. Pandey-Pommier, J. Morawietz, A. Renting, A. de Jong, J. Eisloeffel, M. A. Garrett, A. Doorduin, S. Yattawatta, Maaijke Mevius, Rebecca McFadden, K. Dijkstra, A. G. Polatidis, J. Sluman, W. A. van Cappellen, A. van Duin, Jean-Mathias Grießmeier, M. P. van Haarlem, Roberto Pizzo, H. Weggemans, Ben Stappers, Stijn Buitink, P. Maat, M. Loose, M. J. Norden, W. Reich, P. Bennema, C. Broekema, R. Nijboer, E. van der Wal, J. D. Mol, H.-J. Stiepel, H. A. Holties, L.A. Horneffer, H. Meulman, Rene C. Vermeulen, Olaf Wucknitz, J. van Leeuwen, R. H. van de Brink, P. Donker, P. Gruppen, Martin Bell, K. Stuurwold, Joel N. Bregman, G. Bernadi, E. Kooistra, H. Munk, T. Grit, G. Kuper, J. E. Noordam, J.-P. de Reijer, W. N. Brouw, Luitje Koopmans, M. Avruch, G. van Diepen, Heino Falcke, M. de Vos, Mark J. Bentum, B. Ciardi, C. Mallary, Matthias Hoeft, P. Riemers, Michel Tagger, K. Singh, S. ter Veen, A. W. Gunst, H. Paas, J. Roosjen, Ashish Asgekar, M. Ruiter, C. Vogt, Philip Best, M. Gerbers, Michel Arts, P. Lambropoulos, J. E. van Zwieten, Lambert J.M. Nieuwenhuis, E. Mulder, A. Huijgen, G. Schoonderbeek, D. Kant, S. Damstra, C. W. James, M. Brueggen, Albert-Jan Boonstra, A. P. Schoenmakers, A. H. W. M. Coolen, M. Steinmetz, R. J. Dettmar, Stefan J. Wijnholds, Y. Koopman, Olaf Scholten, Oleg Smirnov, R. Overeem, Michael W. Wise, Jörg R. Hörandel, J. M. Anderson, H. Roettgering, A. van Ardenne, Vishambhar Pandey, High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), University of Groningen [Groningen], Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), University of Southampton, University of Edinburgh, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute [Groningen], Radboud University [Nijmegen], Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics [Canberra] (RSAA), Australian National University (ANU), Department of Reproduction and Development, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, London Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Astronomisches Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum [Bochum], Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg (TLS), Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek (AI PANNEKOEK), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), DLR Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Köln] (DLR), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics (JBCA), University of Manchester [Manchester], Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH / Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ), University of Reading (UOR), Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud university [Nijmegen], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), KVI - Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, Astronomy, and Kapteyn Astronomical Institute
Subjects: FLUX, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Lunar radio detection, TELESCOPE, Astronomy, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Low frequency, UHE NEUTRINOS, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, Radio telescope, Telescope, LIMITS, Frequency filter detection, law, SEARCH, 0103 physical sciences, Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), DETECTOR, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation, Ultra-high energy neutrinos, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, SPECTRUM, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, LOFAR, Ultra-high energy cosmic rays, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, Neutrino, Nano-second pulse detection, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, EMISSION, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract: When an ultra-high energy neutrino or cosmic ray strikes the Lunar surface a radio-frequency pulse is emitted. We plan to use the LOFAR radio telescope to detect these pulses. In this work we propose an efficient trigger implementation for LOFAR optimized for the observation of short radio pulses., Comment: Submitted to Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A
Published: 2012

12. Imaging Jupiter's radiation belts down to 127 MHz with LOFAR

Author: Gianni Bernardi, Jörg R. Hörandel, A. G. Polatidis, Ashish Asgekar, A. Nelles, Angélica Sicard, H. Munk, R. J. van Weeren, Jason W. T. Hessels, D. McKay-Bukowski, I. de Pater, Matthias Hoeft, Oleg Smirnov, A. W. Gunst, Frank Breitling, Arthur Corstanje, Sebastien Hess, Quentin Nénon, Mark J. Bentum, J. van Leeuwen, R. C. Vermeulen, M. Loose, P. Zarka, H. J. A. Röttgering, P. Maat, M. J. Norden, M. Tagger, J. Moldón, F. de Gasperin, S. Bourdarie, Rene P. Breton, Annalisa Bonafede, John D. Swinbank, I. van Bemmel, Stephane Corbel, Martin Bell, V. I. Kondratiev, M. Pandey-Pommier, M. Iacobelli, James M. Anderson, Roberto Pizzo, Marcus Brüggen, Satyendra Thoudam, M. C. Toribio, Gerard H. Kuper, Antonia Rowlinson, Jochen Eislöffel, S. Duscha, Rebecca McFadden, M. A. Garrett, Daniel Santos-Costa, Julien N. Girard, Matthias Steinmetz, B. Ciardi, O. Wucknitz, J.-M. Grießmeier, M. Kuniyoshi, Ralph A. M. J. Wijers, Wilfred Frieswijk, Heino Falcke, C. Tasse, W. N. Brouw, S. Markov, Emanuela Orrú, H. Paas, Adam Deller, W. Reich, Dominik J. Schwarz, J. W. Broderick, E. Juette, G. Mann, Philip Best, C. Vocks, E. de Geus, Girard, J.N., Zarka, P., Tasse, C., Hess, S., De Pater, I., Santos-Costa, D., Nenon, Q., Sicard, A., Bourdarie, S., Anderson, J., Asgekar, A., Bell, M.E., Van Bemmel, I., Bentum, M.J., Bernardi, G., Best, P., Bonafede, A., Breitling, F., Breton, R.P., Broderick, J.W., Brouw, W.N., Brüggen, M., Ciardi, B., Corbel, S., Corstanje, A., De Gasperin, F., De Geus, E., Deller, A., Duscha, S., Eislöffel, J., Falcke, H., Frieswijk, W., Garrett, M.A., Grießmeier, J., Gunst, A.W., Hessels, J.W.T., Hoeft, M., Hörandel, J., Iacobelli, M., Juette, E., Kondratiev, V.I., Kuniyoshi, M., Kuper, G., Van Leeuwen, J., Loose, M., Maat, P., Mann, G., Markoff, S., McFadden, R., McKay-Bukowski, D., Moldon, J., Munk, H., Nelles, A., Norden, M.J., Orru, E., Paas, H., Pandey-Pommier, M., Pizzo, R., Polatidis, A.G., Reich, W., Röttgering, H., Rowlinson, A., Schwarz, D., Smirnov, O., Steinmetz, M., Swinbank, J., Tagger, M., Thoudam, S., Toribio, M.C., Vermeulen, R., Vocks, C., Van Weeren, R.J., Wijers, R.A.M.J., Wucknitz, O., Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Galaxies, Etoiles, Physique, Instrumentation (GEPI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, ONERA - The French Aerospace Lab [Toulouse], ONERA, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), University of Southampton, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE (UMR_7585)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Royal Observatory Edinburgh (ROE), University of Edinburgh, Jacobs University [Bremen], Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics (JBCA), University of Manchester [Manchester], Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Radboud University [Nijmegen], Hamburger Sternwarte/Hamburg Observatory, Universität Hamburg (UHH), Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg (TLS), Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden, Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay (USN), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek (AI PANNEKOEK), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics (DPMMS), Faculty of mathematics Centre for Mathematical Sciences [Cambridge] (CMS), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)-University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Ruhr-Universität Bochum [Bochum], Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), University of Oulu, University of Groningen [Groningen], Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Universität Bielefeld, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH / Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, ANR-11-IDEX-0005,USPC,Université Sorbonne Paris Cité(2011), European Project: 228261,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2008-AdG,SPARSEASTRO(2009), ITA, GBR, FRA, DEU, NLD, Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Radboud university [Nijmegen], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Harvard University [Cambridge]-Smithsonian Institution, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), DPMMS/CMS, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02/10-LABX-0023,UnivEarthS,Earth - Planets - Universe: observation, modeling, transfer(2011), Astronomy, High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), and Faculty of Science
Subjects: radio continuum: planetary systems, Brightness, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, radio continuum: planetary, EWI-27447, Astronomy, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Magnetosphere, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Electron, METIS-321662, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Jupiter, symbols.namesake, 0103 physical sciences, Emission spectrum, IR-103183, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Radio continuum: planetary system, Planets and satellites: magnetic field, Astronomy and Astrophysics, LOFAR, Astronomy and Astrophysic, planets and satellites: magnetic fields, Spectral flux density, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Van Allen radiation belt, Techniques: interferometric, symbols, ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, systems, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Context. Observing Jupiter's synchrotron emission from the Earth remains today the sole method to scrutinize the distribution and dynamical behavior of the ultra energetic electrons magnetically trapped around the planet (because in-situ particle data are limited in the inner magnetosphere). Aims. We perform the first resolved and low-frequency imaging of the synchrotron emission with LOFAR at 127 MHz. The radiation comes from low energy electrons (~1-30 MeV) which map a broad region of Jupiter's inner magnetosphere. Methods (see article for complete abstract) Results. The first resolved images of Jupiter's radiation belts at 127-172 MHz are obtained along with total integrated flux densities. They are compared with previous observations at higher frequencies and show a larger extent of the synchrotron emission source (>=4 $R_J$). The asymmetry and the dynamic of east-west emission peaks are measured and the presence of a hot spot at lambda_III=230 {\deg} $\pm$ 25 {\deg}. Spectral flux density measurements are on the low side of previous (unresolved) ones, suggesting a low-frequency turnover and/or time variations of the emission spectrum. Conclusions. LOFAR is a powerful and flexible planetary imager. The observations at 127 MHz depict an extended emission up to ~4-5 planetary radii. The similarities with high frequency results reinforce the conclusion that: i) the magnetic field morphology primarily shapes the brightness distribution of the emission and ii) the radiating electrons are likely radially and latitudinally distributed inside about 2 $R_J$. Nonetheless, the larger extent of the brightness combined with the overall lower flux density, yields new information on Jupiter's electron distribution, that may shed light on the origin and mode of transport of these particles., Comment: 10 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in A&A (27/11/2015) - abstract edited because of limited characters
Published: 2015

13. Calibrating high-precision Faraday rotation measurements for LOFAR and the next generation of low-frequency radio telescopes (Corrigendum)

Author: C. Sotomayor-Beltran, C. Sobey, J. W. T. Hessels, G. de Bruyn, A. Noutsos, A. Alexov, J. Anderson, A. Asgekar, I. M. Avruch, R. Beck, M. E. Bell, M. R. Bell, M. J. Bentum, G. Bernardi, P. Best, L. Birzan, A. Bonafede, F. Breitling, J. Broderick, W. N. Brouw, M. Brüggen, B. Ciardi, F. de Gasperin, R.-J. Dettmar, A. van Duin, S. Duscha, J. Eislöffel, H. Falcke, R. A. Fallows, R. Fender, C. Ferrari, W. Frieswijk, M. A. Garrett, J. Grießmeier, T. Grit, A. W. Gunst, T. E. Hassall, G. Heald, M. Hoeft, A. Horneffer, M. Iacobelli, E. Juette, A. Karastergiou, E. Keane, J. Kohler, M. Kramer, V. I. Kondratiev, L. V. E. Koopmans, M. Kuniyoshi, G. Kuper, J. van Leeuwen, P. Maat, G. Macario, S. Markoff, J. P. McKean, D. D. Mulcahy, H. Munk, E. Orru, H. Paas, M. Pandey-Pommier, M. Pilia, R. Pizzo, A. G. Polatidis, W. Reich, H. Röttgering, M. Serylak, J. Sluman, B. W. Stappers, M. Tagger, Y. Tang, C. Tasse, S. ter Veen, R. Vermeulen, R. J. van Weeren, R. A. M. J. Wijers, S. J. Wijnholds, M. W. Wise, O. Wucknitz, S. Yatawatta, P. Zarka, Astronomisches Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum [Bochum], Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), School of Oceanography [Seattle], University of Washington [Seattle], SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), Université de Tours (UT), CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), University of Southampton, Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik (MPA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Edinburgh, Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden, Jacobs University [Bremen], Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Kapteyn Astronomical Institute [Groningen], University of Groningen [Groningen], Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Hamburger Sternwarte/Hamburg Observatory, Universität Hamburg (UHH), Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg (TLS), Institute of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Department of Quantitative Methods, Università degli studi di Genova = University of Genoa (UniGe), Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay (USN), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, University of Manchester [Manchester], Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics (DPMMS), Faculty of mathematics Centre for Mathematical Sciences [Cambridge] (CMS), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)-University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Oxford Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing (Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing), Swinburne University of Technology [Melbourne], Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek (AI PANNEKOEK), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics-Electronics, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SKA South Africa, Ska South Africa, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie (AlfA), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, ANR-09-JCJC-0001,OPALES(2009), European Project: 224897,EC:FP7:PEOPLE,FP7-PEOPLE-2007-2-2-ERG,WIDEMAP(2008), Université de Tours, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Universita degli studi di Genova, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO), University of Oxford [Oxford], Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Harvard University [Cambridge]-Smithsonian Institution, and Smithsonian Institution-Harvard University [Cambridge]
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Astronomy, Astrophysics, Low frequency, 01 natural sciences, Radio telescope, symbols.namesake, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, Faraday effect, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, polarization, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], business.industry, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, LOFAR, techniques: polarimetric, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], symbols, business, addenda, errata
Abstract: International audience; Faraday rotation measurements using the current and next generation of low-frequency radio telescopes will provide a powerful probe of astronomical magnetic fields. However, achieving the full potential of these measurements requires accurate removal of the time-variable ionospheric Faraday rotation contribution. We present ionFR, a code that calculates the amount of ionospheric Faraday rotation for a specific epoch, geographic location, and line-of-sight. ionFR uses a number of publicly available, GPS-derived total electron content maps and the most recent release of the International Geomagnetic Reference Field. We describe applications of this code for the calibration of radio polarimetric observations, and demonstrate the high accuracy of its modeled ionospheric Faraday rotations using LOFAR pulsar observations. These show that we can accurately determine some of the highest-precision pulsar rotation measures ever achieved. Precision rotation measures can be used to monitor rotation measure variations – either intrinsic or due to the changing line-of-sight through the interstellar medium. This calibration is particularly important for nearby sources, where the ionosphere can contribute a significant fraction of the observed rotation measure. We also discuss planned improvements to ionFR, as well as the importance of ionospheric Faraday rotation calibration for the emerging generation of low-frequency radio telescopes, such as the SKA and its pathfinders.
Published: 2015

14. LOFAR tied-array imaging and spectroscopy of solar S bursts

Author: B. Ciardi, Helmut O. Rucker, Mario M. Bisi, J. van Leeuwen, J. Sluman, Roberto Pizzo, M. C. Toribio, Jochen Eislöffel, J. W. Broderick, Gerard H. Kuper, Pietro Zucca, Harvey Butcher, V. I. Kondratiev, Aidan M. O'Flannagain, Alain Kerdraon, Mark J. Bentum, Matthias Hoeft, Wilfred Frieswijk, W. N. Brouw, M. A. Garrett, E. de Geus, A. A. Konovalenko, Anna M. M. Scaife, G. Mann, H. Munk, Annalisa Bonafede, James M. Anderson, A. Karastergiou, Philippe Zarka, H. Paas, I. M. Avruch, Heino Falcke, Jean-Mathias Griessmeier, F. Breitling, R. Vermeulen, Jason W. T. Hessels, Bo Thidé, Peter T. Gallagher, John McKean, A. G. Polatidis, Emanuela Orrú, C. Tasse, Ashish Asgekar, D. McKay-Bukowski, Diana E. Morosan, C. Vocks, Jasmina Magdalenic, Richard Fallows, A. Alexov, A. W. Gunst, Gianni Bernardi, Hamish A. S. Reid, Alexander L. MacKinnon, Trinity College Dublin, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), University of Glasgow, Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Radio Astronomy of NASU [Kharkiv] (IRA), National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Space Research Institute of Austrian Academy of Sciences (IWF), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Uppsala] (IRF), GeoForschungsZentrum - Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam (GFZ), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, Jacobs University [Bremen], University of Southampton, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute [Groningen], University of Groningen [Groningen], Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics [Canberra] (RSAA), Australian National University (ANU), Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg (TLS), Radboud University [Nijmegen], Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden, Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay (USN), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), University of Oxford, University of Oulu, School of Physics and Astronomy [Southampton], Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, Astronomy, ITA, GBR, FRA, DEU, NLD, High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), Harvard University [Cambridge]-Smithsonian Institution, Radboud university [Nijmegen], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO), University of Oxford [Oxford], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Smithsonian Institution-Harvard University [Cambridge], Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Morosan, D.E., Gallagher, P.T., Zucca, P., O'Flannagain, A., Fallows, R., Reid, H., Magdalenic, J., Mann, G., Bisi, M.M., Kerdraon, A., Konovalenko, A.A., MacKinnon, A.L., Rucker, H.O., Thide, B., Vocks, C., Alexov, A., Anderson, J., Asgekar, A., Avruch, I.M., Bentum, M.J., Bernardi, G., Bonafede, A., Breitling, F., Broderick, J.W., Brouw, W.N., Butcher, H.R., Ciardi, B., De Geus, E., Eisloffel, J., Falcke, H., Frieswijk, W., Garrett, M.A., Grießmeier, J., Gunst, A.W., Hessels, J.W.T., Hoeft, M., Karastergiou, A., Kondratiev, V.I., Kuper, G., Van Leeuwen, J., McKay-Bukowski, D., McKean, J.P., Munk, H., Orru, E., Paas, H., Pizzo, R., Polatidis, A.G., Scaife, A.M.M., Sluman, J., Tasse, C., Toribio, M.C., Vermeulen, R., and Zarka, P.
Subjects: POLARIZATION, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, corona [Sun], Astronomy, METIS-315083, Astrophysics, particle emission [Sun], 01 natural sciences, CORONA, law.invention, law, Coronal mass ejection, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Maser, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries), Sun: magnetic fields, Physics, Sun: radio radiation, Nanoflares, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, magnetic fields [Sun], Physical Sciences, Radio frequency, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Context (language use), Low frequency, Astronomy & Astrophysics, FREQUENCY, Radio telescope, Sun: particle emission, 0103 physical sciences, Sun: magnetic field, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Science & Technology, III RADIO-BURSTS, Sun: corona, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], radio radiation [Sun], Astronomy and Astrophysics, LOFAR, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Sun: corona – Sun: radio radiation – Sun: particle emission – Sun: magnetic fields, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, DENSITY, SPIKES, IR-98664, RADIATION, EWI-26541, FINE-STRUCTURE
Abstract: Context. The Sun is an active source of radio emission that is often associated with energetic phenomena ranging from nanoflares to coronal mass ejections (CMEs). At low radio frequencies (, 6 pages, 4 figures
Published: 2015

15. Calibrating the absolute amplitude scale for air showers measured at LOFAR

Author: A. Haungs, Stijn Buitink, A. Nelles, Olaf Scholten, Oleg Smirnov, Pim Schellart, George Heald, Jörg P. Rachen, Jörg R. Hörandel, Maria Krause, A. G. Polatidis, Emanuela Orrú, Wilfred Frieswijk, H. J. A. Röttgering, W. N. Brouw, Rebecca McFadden, Frank G. Schröder, J. Kohler, Katrin Link, R. Krause, P. Zarka, M. Iacobelli, J. Sluman, P. N. Best, P. Maat, M. J. Norden, Roberto Pizzo, Satyendra Thoudam, K. Weidenhaupt, M. P. van Haarlem, M. C. Toribio, Gerard H. Kuper, J. E. Enriquez, A. Horneffer, T. Karskens, Harvey Butcher, F. de Gasperin, J. D. Bregman, S. ter Veen, R. C. Vermeulen, Jochen Eislöffel, Heino Falcke, V. I. Kondratiev, M. Pandey-Pommier, H. Paas, E. Juette, M. Bruüggen, R. Hiller, W. Reich, James M. Anderson, Stefan J. Wijnholds, R. J. van Weeren, Arthur Corstanje, A. Karastergiou, B. Ciardi, Matthias Hoeft, D. McKay-Bukowski, Laura Rossetto, O. Wucknitz, T. N. G. Trinh, S. Duscha, C. Tasse, Martin Bell, M. Serylak, Mark J. Bentum, Tim Huege, J. van Leeuwen, M. Kuniyoshi, Vishambhar Pandey, D. Carbone, Ralph A. M. J. Wijers, Dominik J. Schwarz, Richard Fallows, M. A. Garrett, L. Bähren, Martin Erdmann, Annalisa Bonafede, Physics, Astronomy and Astrophysics Research Group, Elementary Particle Physics, Radboud university [Nijmegen], Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie - Campus Nord, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie - Campus Süd, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), Department of Astrophysics [Nijmegen], Radboud university [Nijmegen]-Radboud university [Nijmegen], University of Groningen [Groningen], Global Aerospace, Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek (AI PANNEKOEK), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Jacobs University [Bremen], Kapteyn Astronomical Institute [Groningen], Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics [Canberra] (RSAA), Australian National University (ANU), Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Hamburger Sternwarte/Hamburg Observatory, Universität Hamburg (UHH), Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg (TLS), Adran Ffiseg, Prifysgol Cymru Aberystwyth, Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE ERIC), DPMMS/CMS, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Ruhr-Universität Bochum [Bochum], Oxford Astrophysics, University of Oxford [Oxford], Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), University of Oulu, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Department of Physics and Astronomy [South Africa], University of the Western Cape, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Aucun, Stichting WBBS, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie (AlfA), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics (DPMMS), Faculty of mathematics Centre for Mathematical Sciences [Cambridge] (CMS), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)-University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Radboud University [Nijmegen], École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Radboud University [Nijmegen]-Radboud University [Nijmegen], Universiteit Leiden, University of Oxford, École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of the Western Cape (UWC), High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), Research unit Astroparticle Physics, Astronomy, and Kapteyn Astronomical Institute
Subjects: Astronomy, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Optics, Calibration, ddc:610, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Instrumentation, Absolute scale, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Mathematical Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), [PHYS]Physics [physics], Physics, business.industry, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, LOFAR, Amplitude, Air shower, Experimental High Energy Physics, ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, Antennas, Radio frequency, Antenna (radio), Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], business
Abstract: Air showers induced by cosmic rays create nanosecond pulses detectable at radio frequencies. These pulses have been measured successfully in the past few years at the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) and are used to study the properties of cosmic rays. For a complete understanding of this phenomenon and the underlying physical processes, an absolute calibration of the detecting antenna system is needed. We present three approaches that were used to check and improve the antenna model of LOFAR and to provide an absolute calibration of the whole system for air shower measurements. Two methods are based on calibrated reference sources and one on a calibration approach using the diffuse radio emission of the Galaxy, optimized for short data-sets. An accuracy of 19% in amplitude is reached. The absolute calibration is also compared to predictions from air shower simulations. These results are used to set an absolute energy scale for air shower measurements and can be used as a basis for an absolute scale for the measurement of astronomical transients with LOFAR., Comment: 34 pages, 10 figures
Published: 2015

16. Measuring a Cherenkov ring in the radio emission from air showers at 110–190 MHz with LOFAR

Author: Aris Karastergiou, Gianni Bernardi, Jörg R. Hörandel, Adam Deller, A. Nelles, A. Horneffer, Jochen Eislöffel, Heino Falcke, Stefan J. Wijnholds, Gottfried Mann, J. E. Enriquez, Maaijke Mevius, B. Ciardi, Ben Stappers, Matthias Steinmetz, C. Tasse, Sarod Yatawatta, Olaf Scholten, Oleg Smirnov, Stijn Buitink, A. G. Polatidis, Arthur Corstanje, E. Juette, Adam Stewart, Christian Vocks, P. Zarka, M. Kuniyoshi, Rene C. Vermeulen, P. Maat, M. J. Norden, Harvey Butcher, Tim Hassall, Dominik J. Schwarz, V. I. Kondratiev, Joel N. Bregman, J. W. Broderick, Marcus Brüggen, M. Pandey-Pommier, George Heald, W. Reich, Michel Tagger, S. Duscha, J. Anderson, R. J. van Weeren, W. N. Brouw, M. van den Akker, G. Pietka, Wilfred Frieswijk, Philip Best, Pim Schellart, Y. Tang, Anna M. M. Scaife, K. D. de Vries, Ashish Asgekar, Martin Bell, S. ter Veen, A. W. Gunst, Marco Iacobelli, M. A. Garrett, G. Kuper, Frank Breitling, Richard Fallows, H. J. A. Röttgering, Mark J. Bentum, Olaf Wucknitz, Michael Kramer, H. Paas, Roberto Pizzo, Satyendra Thoudam, Physics, Elementary Particle Physics, Astronomy and Astrophysics Research Group, Radboud university [Nijmegen], SETI Institute, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut, Univ. of Groningen (KVI), University of Groningen [Groningen], Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), University of Southampton, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University [Cambridge]-Smithsonian Institution, University of Edinburgh, Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Kapteyn Astronomical Institute [Groningen], Jacobs University [Bremen], Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg (TLS), Institute of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, University of Manchester [Manchester], Centre de Mathématiques Laurent Schwartz (CMLS), École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dipartimento di Matematica 'Guido Castelnuovo' [Roma I] (Sapienza University of Rome), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' [Rome], Ruhr-Universität Bochum [Bochum], Oxford Astrophysics, University of Oxford [Oxford], Vrije Universiteit Medical Centre (VUMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Physics and Astronomy [Southampton], Interactions Son Musique Mouvement, Sciences et Technologies de la Musique et du Son (STMS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-IRCAM-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-IRCAM-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Rhodes University, Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH / Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Argelander-Institut für Astronomie (AlfA), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, the Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA), the Samenwerkingsverband Noord-Nederland (SNN), the Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter (FOM) and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), VENI Grant 639-041-130., European Project: 227610,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2008-AdG,LOFAR-AUGER(2009), Radboud University [Nijmegen], Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, Universiteit Leiden, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome] (UNIROMA), University of Oxford, École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Research unit Astroparticle Physics, Astronomy, ITA, GBR, FRA, DEU, and NLD
Subjects: Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Radiation, Radio telescope, Optics, cosmic rays, Extensive air showers, Radio emission, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Cherenkov radiation, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Astroparticle physics, Physics, astro-ph.HE, Range (particle radiation), business.industry, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Radio emissions, Astronomy and Astrophysics, LOFAR, Time-compression, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Experimental High Energy Physics, ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, business, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Refractive index, astro-ph.IM
Abstract: Measuring radio emission from air showers offers a novel way to determine properties of the primary cosmic rays such as their mass and energy. Theory predicts that relativistic time compression effects lead to a ring of amplified emission which starts to dominate the emission pattern for frequencies above ~100 MHz. In this article we present the first detailed measurements of this structure. Ring structures in the radio emission of air showers are measured with the LOFAR radio telescope in the frequency range of 110 - 190 MHz. These data are well described by CoREAS simulations. They clearly confirm the importance of including the index of refraction of air as a function of height. Furthermore, the presence of the Cherenkov ring offers the possibility for a geometrical measurement of the depth of shower maximum, which in turn depends on the mass of the primary particle., 20 pages, 10 figures, accpeted for publication in Astroparticle Physics
Published: 2015

17. The LOFAR Multifrequency Snapshot Sky Survey (MSSS): I. Survey description and first results

Author: G. H. Heald, R. F. Pizzo, E. Orrú, R. P. Breton, D. Carbone, C. Ferrari, M. J. Hardcastle, W. Jurusik, G. Macario, D. Mulcahy, D. Rafferty, A. Asgekar, M. Brentjens, R. A. Fallows, W. Frieswijk, M. C. Toribio, B. Adebahr, M. Arts, M. R. Bell, A. Bonafede, J. Bray, J. Broderick, T. Cantwell, P. Carroll, Y. Cendes, A. O. Clarke, J. Croston, S. Daiboo, F. de Gasperin, J. Gregson, J. Harwood, T. Hassall, V. Heesen, A. Horneffer, A. J. van der Horst, M. Iacobelli, V. Jelić, D. Jones, D. Kant, G. Kokotanekov, P. Martin, J. P. McKean, L. K. Morabito, B. Nikiel-Wroczyński, A. Offringa, V. N. Pandey, M. Pandey-Pommier, M. Pietka, L. Pratley, C. Riseley, A. Rowlinson, J. Sabater, A. M. M. Scaife, L. H. A. Scheers, K. Sendlinger, A. Shulevski, M. Sipior, C. Sobey, A. J. Stewart, A. Stroe, J. Swinbank, C. Tasse, J. Trüstedt, E. Varenius, S. van Velzen, N. Vilchez, R. J. van Weeren, S. Wijnholds, W. L. Williams, A. G. de Bruyn, R. Nijboer, M. Wise, A. Alexov, J. Anderson, I. M. Avruch, R. Beck, M. E. Bell, I. van Bemmel, M. J. Bentum, G. Bernardi, P. Best, F. Breitling, W. N. Brouw, M. Brüggen, H. R. Butcher, B. Ciardi, J. E. Conway, E. de Geus, A. de Jong, M. de Vos, A. Deller, R.-J. Dettmar, S. Duscha, J. Eislöffel, D. Engels, H. Falcke, R. Fender, M. A. Garrett, J. Grießmeier, A. W. Gunst, J. P. Hamaker, J. W. T. Hessels, M. Hoeft, J. Hörandel, H. A. Holties, H. Intema, N. J. Jackson, E. Jütte, A. Karastergiou, W. F. A. Klijn, V. I. Kondratiev, L. V. E. Koopmans, M. Kuniyoshi, G. Kuper, C. Law, J. van Leeuwen, M. Loose, P. Maat, S. Markoff, R. McFadden, D. McKay-Bukowski, M. Mevius, J. C. A. Miller-Jones, R. Morganti, H. Munk, A. Nelles, J. E. Noordam, M. J. Norden, H. Paas, A. G. Polatidis, W. Reich, A. Renting, H. Röttgering, A. Schoenmakers, D. Schwarz, J. Sluman, O. Smirnov, B. W. Stappers, M. Steinmetz, M. Tagger, Y. Tang, S. ter Veen, S. Thoudam, R. Vermeulen, C. Vocks, C. Vogt, R. A. M. J. Wijers, O. Wucknitz, S. Yatawatta, P. Zarka, Heald, G.H., Pizzo, R.F., Orrú, E., Breton, R.P., Carbone, D., Ferrari, C., Hardcastle, M.J., Jurusik, W., Macario, G., Mulcahy, D., Rafferty, D., Asgekar, A., Brentjens, M., Fallows, R.A., Frieswijk, W., Toribio, M.C., Adebahr, B., Arts, M., Bell, M.R., Bonafede, A., Bray, J., Broderick, J., Cantwell, T., Carroll, P., Cendes, Y., Clarke, A.O., Croston, J., Daiboo, S., De Gasperin, F., Gregson, J., Harwood, J., Hassall, T., Heesen, V., Horneffer, A., Van Der Horst, A.J., Iacobelli, M., Jelić, V., Jones, D., Kant, D., Kokotanekov, G., Martin, P., McKean, J.P., Morabito, L.K., Nikiel-Wroczyński, B., Offringa, A., Pandey, V.N., Pandey-Pommier, M., Pietka, M., Pratley, L., Riseley, C., Rowlinson, A., Sabater, J., Scaife, A.M.M., Scheers, L.H.A., Sendlinger, K., Shulevski, A., Sipior, M., Sobey, C., Stewart, A.J., Stroe, A., Swinbank, J., Tasse, C., Trüstedt, J., Varenius, E., Van Velzen, S., Vilchez, N., Van Weeren, R.J., Wijnholds, S., Williams, W.L., De Bruyn, A.G., Nijboer, R., Wise, M., Alexov, A., Anderson, J., Avruch, I.M., Beck, R., Bell, M.E., Van Bemmel, I., Bentum, M.J., Bernardi, G., Best, P., Breitling, F., Brouw, W.N., Brüggen, M., Butcher, H.R., Ciardi, B., Conway, J.E., De Geus, E., De Jong, A., De Vos, M., Deller, A., Dettmar, R.-J., Duscha, S., Eislöffel, J., Engels, D., Falcke, H., Fender, R., Garrett, M.A., Grießmeier, J., Gunst, A.W., Hamaker, J.P., Hessels, J.W.T., Hoeft, M., Hörandel, J., Holties, H.A., Intema, H., Jackson, N.J., Jütte, E., Karastergiou, A., Klijn, W.F.A., Kondratiev, V.I., Koopmans, L.V.E., Kuniyoshi, M., Kuper, G., Law, C., Van Leeuwen, J., Loose, M., Maat, P., Markoff, S., McFadden, R., McKay-Bukowski, D., Mevius, M., Miller-Jones, J.C.A., Morganti, R., Munk, H., Nelles, A., Noordam, J.E., Norden, M.J., Paas, H., Polatidis, A.G., Reich, W., Renting, A., Röttgering, H., Schoenmakers, A., Schwarz, D., Sluman, J., Smirnov, O., Stappers, B.W., Steinmetz, M., Tagger, M., Tang, Y., Ter Veen, S., Thoudam, S., Vermeulen, R., Vocks, C., Vogt, C., Wijers, R.A.M.J., Wucknitz, O., Yatawatta, S., Zarka, P., High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics (JBCA), University of Manchester [Manchester], University of Hertfordshire [Hatfield] (UH), Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie = Jagiellonian University (UJ), Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Southampton, Jacobs University [Bremen], Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek (AI PANNEKOEK), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hamburger Sternwarte/Hamburg Observatory, Universität Hamburg (UHH), School of Physics and Astronomy [Southampton], Leiden Observatory, Leiden University (Leiden Observatory), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden, SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics [Canberra] (RSAA), Australian National University (ANU), Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Astronomisches Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum [Bochum], Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg (TLS), Radboud University [Nijmegen], Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay (USN), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH / Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ), Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), ANR-09-JCJC-0001,OPALES(2009), European Project: 247295,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2009-AdG,AARTFAAC(2010), European Project: 267697,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2010-AdG_20100224,4PI-SKY(2011), ITA, GBR, FRA, DEU, NLD, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'études européennes et de politique comparée (CEE), Sciences Po (Sciences Po)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Harvard University [Cambridge]-Smithsonian Institution, Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE (UMR_7585)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Radboud university [Nijmegen], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Astronomy, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Jagiellonian University [Krakow] (UJ), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Smithsonian Institution-Harvard University [Cambridge], Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), ANR-09-JCJC-0001,OPALES,nOn-thermal Processes in gALaxy cluStErs(2009), and Database Architectures
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Computer science, Astronomy, media_common.quotation_subject, FOS: Physical sciences, METIS-315082, 01 natural sciences, Radio spectrum, Radio continuum: general, surveys, 0103 physical sciences, radio continuum: general, Survey, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, media_common, Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astronomy and Astrophysics, LOFAR, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Square kilometre array, IR-98663, Sky, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Space and Planetary Science, Experimental High Energy Physics, EWI-26540, Snapshot (computer storage), general [radio continuum], Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: We present the Multifrequency Snapshot Sky Survey (MSSS), the first northern-sky LOFAR imaging survey. In this introductory paper, we first describe in detail the motivation and design of the survey. Compared to previous radio surveys, MSSS is exceptional due to its intrinsic multifrequency nature providing information about the spectral properties of the detected sources over more than two octaves (from 30 to 160 MHz). The broadband frequency coverage, together with the fast survey speed generated by LOFAR's multibeaming capabilities, make MSSS the first survey of the sort anticipated to be carried out with the forthcoming Square Kilometre Array (SKA). Two of the sixteen frequency bands included in the survey were chosen to exactly overlap the frequency coverage of large-area Very Large Array (VLA) and Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) surveys at 74 MHz and 151 MHz respectively. The survey performance is illustrated within the "MSSS Verification Field" (MVF), a region of 100 square degrees centered at J2000 (RA,Dec)=(15h,69deg). The MSSS results from the MVF are compared with previous radio survey catalogs. We assess the flux and astrometric uncertainties in the catalog, as well as the completeness and reliability considering our source finding strategy. We determine the 90% completeness levels within the MVF to be 100 mJy at 135 MHz with 108" resolution, and 550 mJy at 50 MHz with 166" resolution. Images and catalogs for the full survey, expected to contain 150,000-200,000 sources, will be released to a public web server. We outline the plans for the ongoing production of the final survey products, and the ultimate public release of images and source catalogs., Comment: 23 pages, 19 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics. MSSS Verification Field images and catalog data may be downloaded from http://vo.astron.nl
Published: 2015

18. Initial LOFAR observations of epoch of reionization windows. II. Diffuse polarized emission in the ELAIS-N1 field

Author: F. de Gasperin, A. Horneffer, Jochen Eislöffel, M. A. Garrett, Geraint Harker, Michael Kramer, A. Nelles, J. van Leeuwen, Maaijke Mevius, Wilfred Frieswijk, Y. Tang, Anna M. M. Scaife, S. ter Veen, J. P. Hamaker, V. Veligatla, Marijke Haverkorn, G. Mann, A. W. Gunst, Chiara Ferrari, Rob Fender, D. Engels, Philip Best, Harish Vedantham, A. R. Offringa, John Conway, M. Iacobelli, M. Serylak, E. Juette, Hannes Jensen, James M. Anderson, C. Vocks, Annalisa Bonafede, Heino Falcke, Vibor Jelić, R. J. Dettmar, John McKean, Matthias Hoeft, A. H. Patil, J. W. Broderick, Saleem Zaroubi, P. Maat, Tim Hassall, Harvey Butcher, Aris Karastergiou, H. J. A. Röttgering, Rajat M. Thomas, M. J. Norden, V. I. Kondratiev, Olaf Wucknitz, M. Pandey-Pommier, H. Paas, Gianni Bernardi, Jörg R. Hörandel, Mark J. Bentum, Antonia Rowlinson, Michel Tagger, Garrelt Mellema, H. Munk, C. Tasse, O. Martinez-Rubi, W. Reich, J. D. Bregman, S. Kazemi, Abhik Ghosh, George Heald, Oleg Smirnov, Elizabeth Fernandez, S. Duscha, Dominik J. Schwarz, A. G. Polatidis, I. M. Avruch, Michiel A. Brentjens, W. N. Brouw, Roberto Pizzo, P. Labropoulos, Marcus Brüggen, Ralph A. M. J. Wijers, G. Pietka, Gerard H. Kuper, K. M. B. Asad, Martin Bell, Satyendra Thoudam, Jean-Mathias Griessmeier, Richard Fallows, A. Alexov, Emma Chapman, Ron Beck, A. G. de Bruyn, Luitje Koopmans, Vishambhar Pandey, Adam Deller, C. Toribio, F. B. Abdalla, P. Zarka, Matthias Steinmetz, F. Breitling, B. Ciardi, Jason W. T. Hessels, S. Bus, M. Kuniyoshi, R. Vermeulen, Stefan J. Wijnholds, E. de Geus, Sarod Yatawatta, S. Daiboo, Adam Stewart, A. J. van der Horst, R. J. van Weeren, D. McKay-Bukowski, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), University College of London [London] (UCL), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE (UMR_7585)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), University of Southampton, University of Edinburgh, Jacobs University [Bremen], Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg (TLS), Radboud university [Nijmegen], Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay (USN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics (JBCA), University of Manchester [Manchester], University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Ruhr-Universität Bochum [Bochum], Vrije Universiteit Medical Centre (VUMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), University of Oulu, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), School of Physics and Astronomy [Southampton], Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek (AI PANNEKOEK), ANR-09-JCJC-0001,OPALES(2009), Jelić, V., De Bruyn, A.G., Mevius, M., Abdalla, F.B., Asad, K.M.B., Bernardi, G., Brentjens, M.A., Bus, S., Chapman, E., Ciardi, B., Daiboo, S., Fernandez, E.R., Ghosh, A., Harker, G., Jensen, H., Kazemi, S., Koopmans, L.V.E., Labropoulos, P., Martinez-Rubi, O., Mellema, G., Offringa, A.R., Pandey, V.N., Patil, A.H., Thomas, R.M., Vedantham, H.K., Veligatla, V., Yatawatta, S., Zaroubi, S., Alexov, A., Anderson, J., Avruch, I.M., Beck, R., Bell, M.E., Bentum, M.J., Best, P., Bonafede, A., Bregman, J., Breitling, F., Broderick, J., Brouw, W.N., Brüggen, M., Butcher, H.R., Conway, J.E., De Gasperin, F., De Geus, E., Deller, A., Dettmar, R.-J., Duscha, S., Eislöffel, J., Engels, D., Falcke, H., Fallows, R.A., Fender, R., Ferrari, C., Frieswijk, W., Garrett, M.A., Grießmeier, J., Gunst, A.W., Hamaker, J.P., Hassall, T.E., Haverkorn, M., Heald, G., Hessels, J.W.T., Hoeft, M., Hörandel, J., Horneffer, A., Van Der Horst, A., Iacobelli, M., Juette, E., Karastergiou, A., Kondratiev, V.I., Kramer, M., Kuniyoshi, M., Kuper, G., Van Leeuwen, J., Maat, P., Mann, G., McKay-Bukowski, D., McKean, J.P., Munk, H., Nelles, A., Norden, M.J., Paas, H., Pandey-Pommier, M., Pietka, G., Pizzo, R., Polatidis, A.G., Reich, W., Röttgering, H., Rowlinson, A., Scaife, A.M.M., Schwarz, D., Serylak, M., Smirnov, O., Steinmetz, M., Stewart, A., Tagger, M., Tang, Y., Tasse, C., Ter Veen, S., Thoudam, S., Toribio, C., Vermeulen, R., Vocks, C., Van Weeren, R.J., Wijers, R.A.M.J., Wijnholds, S.J., Wucknitz, O., Zarka, P., Astronomy, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Radboud University [Nijmegen], Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universiteit Leiden, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Observatoire de Paris - Site de Paris (OP), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and ANR-09-JCJC-0001,OPALES,nOn-thermal Processes in gALaxy cluStErs(2009)
Subjects: Brightness, Astronomy, techniques, Astrophysics, Cosmology: observation, 01 natural sciences, EWI-25428, law.invention, law, polarimetric [techniques], dark ages, Faraday cage, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Physics, Line-of-sight, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Polarization (waves), observations [cosmology], interferometric [techniques], radio continuum: ISM, techniques: interferometric, Brightness temperature, ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, IR-93232, reionization, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, techniques: polarimetric, cosmology: observations, diffuse radiation, first stars, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, ISM [radio continuum], Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Radio telescope, 0103 physical sciences, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Reionization, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, METIS-309730, LOFAR, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Dark ages, reionization, first star, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), polarimetric
Abstract: This study aims to characterise the polarized foreground emission in the ELAIS-N1 field and to address its possible implications for the extraction of the cosmological 21-cm signal from the Low-Frequency Array - Epoch of Reionization (LOFAR-EoR) data. We use the high band antennas of LOFAR to image this region and RM-synthesis to unravel structures of polarized emission at high Galactic latitudes. The brightness temperature of the detected Galactic emission is on average 4 K in polarized intensity and covers the range from -10 to +13rad m^-2 in Faraday depth. The total polarized intensity and polarization angle show a wide range of morphological features. We have also used the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT) at 350 MHz to image the same region. The LOFAR and WSRT images show a similar complex morphology, at comparable brightness levels, but their spatial correlation is very low. The fractional polarization at 150 MHz, expressed as a percentage of the total intensity, amounts to 1.5%. There is no indication of diffuse emission in total intensity in the interferometric data, in line with results at higher frequencies. The wide frequency range, good angular resolution and good sensitivity make LOFAR an exquisite instrument for studying Galactic polarized emission at a resolution of 1-2 rad m^-2 in Faraday depth. The different polarised patterns observed at 150 MHz and 350 MHz are consistent with different source distributions along the line of sight wring in a variety of Faraday thin regions of emission. The presence of polarised foregrounds is a serious complication for Epoch of Reionization experiments. To avoid the leakage of polarized emission into total intensity, which can depend on frequency, we need to calibrate the instrumental polarization across the field of view to a small fraction of 1%., 12 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in A&A
Published: 2014

19. Studying Galactic interstellar turbulence through fluctuations in synchrotron emission First LOFAR Galactic foreground detection

Author: Torsten A. Enßlin, I. van Bemmel, A. W. Gunst, H. Junklewitz, Wilfred Frieswijk, J. W. Broderick, Martin Bell, C. Vogt, Rainer Beck, M. Iacobelli, Cathy Horellou, E. de Geus, Vibor Jelić, Y. Tang, Sarod Yatawatta, Anna M. M. Scaife, Aris Karastergiou, R. J. van Weeren, Krzysztof T. Chyzy, J. Sluman, Michael W. Wise, Gianni Bernardi, Harvey Butcher, G. Mann, Jörg R. Hörandel, George Heald, J. van Leeuwen, D. D. Mulcahy, A. Horneffer, V. I. Kondratiev, M. Pandey-Pommier, Roberto Pizzo, Charlotte Sobey, Emanuela Orrú, Marcus Brüggen, W. Jurusik, Michel Tagger, C. Toribio, W. N. Brouw, R. Vermeulen, S. Duscha, F. de Gasperin, Jean-Mathias Griessmeier, I. M. Avruch, Heino Falcke, Gerard H. Kuper, John McKean, R. J. Dettmar, C. Tasse, Tim Hassall, Rosita Paladino, Ashish Asgekar, Anton Zensus, Michael R. Bell, Laura Birzan, J. P. Hamaker, H. J. A. Röttgering, Oleg Smirnov, Chiara Ferrari, Olaf Wucknitz, John Conway, W. Reich, Dominik J. Schwarz, Luitje Koopmans, P. Zarka, Matthias Hoeft, Carlos Sotomayor-Beltran, F. Breitling, D. Engels, H. Munk, Richard Fallows, A. Alexov, Philip Best, M. A. Garrett, C. Vocks, Jochen Eislöffel, Marijke Haverkorn, Annalisa Bonafede, B. Ciardi, M. Kuniyoshi, Matthias Steinmetz, Jason W. T. Hessels, Giulia Macario, Ben Stappers, A. G. Polatidis, Mark J. Bentum, Michael Kramer, James M. Anderson, Astronomy, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, Iacobelli, M., Haverkorn, M., Orrú, E., Pizzo, R.F., Anderson, J., Beck, R., Bell, M.R., Bonafede, A., Chyzy, K., Dettmar, R.-J., Enßlin, T.A., Heald, G., Horellou, C., Horneffer, A., Jurusik, W., Junklewitz, H., Kuniyoshi, M., Mulcahy, D.D., Paladino, R., Reich, W., Scaife, A., Sobey, C., Sotomayor-Beltran, C., Alexov, A., Asgekar, A., Avruch, I.M., Bell, M.E., Van Bemmel, I., Bentum, M.J., Bernardi, G., Best, P., Birzan, L., Breitling, F., Broderick, J., Brouw, W.N., Brüggen, M., Butcher, H.R., Ciardi, B., Conway, J.E., De Gasperin, F., De Geus, E., Duscha, S., Eislöffel, J., Engels, D., Falcke, H., Fallows, R.A., Ferrari, C., Frieswijk, W., Garrett, M.A., Grießmeier, J., Gunst, A.W., Hamaker, J.P., Hassall, T.E., Hessels, J.W.T., Hoeft, M., Hörandel, J., Jelic, V., Karastergiou, A., Kondratiev, V.I., Koopmans, L.V.E., Kramer, M., Kuper, G., Van Leeuwen, J., MacArio, G., Mann, G., McKean, J.P., Munk, H., Pandey-Pommier, M., Polatidis, A.G., Röttgering, H., Schwarz, D., Sluman, J., Smirnov, O., Stappers, B.W., Steinmetz, M., Tagger, M., Tang, Y., Tasse, C., Toribio, C., Vermeulen, R., Vocks, C., Vogt, C., Van Weeren, R.J., Wise, M.W., Wucknitz, O., Yatawatta, S., Zarka, P., Zensus, A., and High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI)
Subjects: ISM: general, ISM: magnetic fields, ISM: structure, radio continuum: general, radio continuum: ISM, techniques: interferometric, POLARIZATION, Astronomy, Continuum (design consultancy), Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Power law, GHZ, EWI-24132, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Physics, general [ISM], MAGNETIC-FIELD, Magnetic field, interferometric [techniques], METIS-302576, WIDE-FIELD, interferometric, ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, Galactic coordinate system, general [radio continuum], ANGULAR POWER SPECTRUM, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Cosmic ray, ISM [radio continuum], IR-89497, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, ISM: magnetic field, radio continuum: ISM techniques, 0103 physical sciences, Radio continuum: ISM, ALGORITHM, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, magnetic fields [ISM], Spectral density, Astronomy and Astrophysics, LOFAR, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, W-PROJECTION, Galaxy, radiation mechanisms: non-thermal / galaxies: active / galaxies: individual: M 87 / galaxies: clusters: individual: Virgo / galaxies: jets / radio continuum: galaxies, GALAXY, 350 MHZ, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Techniques: interferometric, RADIO-EMISSION
Abstract: The characteristic outer scale of turbulence and the ratio of the random to ordered components of the magnetic field are key parameters to characterise magnetic turbulence in the interstellar gas, which affects the propagation of cosmic rays within the Galaxy. We provide new constraints to those two parameters. We use the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) to image the diffuse continuum emission in the Fan region at (l,b) (137.0,+7.0) at 80"x70" resolution in the range [146,174] MHz. We detect multi-scale fluctuations in the Galactic synchrotron emission and compute their power spectrum. Applying theoretical estimates and derivations from the literature for the first time, we derive the outer scale of turbulence and the ratio of random to ordered magnetic field from the characteristics of these fluctuations . We obtain the deepest image of the Fan region to date and find diffuse continuum emission within the primary beam. The power spectrum of the foreground synchrotron fluctuations displays a power law behaviour for scales between 100 and 8 arcmin with a slope of (-1.84+/-0.19). We find an upper limit of about 20 pc for the outer scale of the magnetic interstellar turbulence toward the Fan region. We also find a variation of the ratio of random to ordered field as a function of Galactic coordinates, supporting different turbulent regimes. We use power spectra fluctuations from LOFAR as well as earlier GMRT and WSRT observations to constrain the outer scale of turbulence of the Galactic synchrotron foreground, finding a range of plausible values of 10-20 pc. Then, we use this information to deduce lower limits of the ratio of ordered to random magnetic field strength. These are found to be 0.3, 0.3, and 0.5 for the LOFAR, WSRT and GMRT fields considered respectively. Both these constraints are in agreement with previous estimates., Comment: 13 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in A&A
Published: 2013

20. Calibrating high-precision Faraday rotation measurements for LOFAR and the next generation of low-frequency radio telescopes

Author: Olaf Wucknitz, J. Kohler, D. D. Mulcahy, Aris Karastergiou, M. Iacobelli, Wilfred Frieswijk, Michael W. Wise, Gianni Bernardi, Philip Best, Gerard H. Kuper, V. I. Kondratiev, M. Pandey-Pommier, Y. Tang, Tim Hassall, Sarod Yatawatta, P. Maat, R. J. van Weeren, Evan Keane, George Heald, Frank Breitling, A. Noutsos, S. Duscha, H. Munk, R. C. Vermeulen, W. N. Brouw, J. Eisloeffel, John McKean, Stefan J. Wijnholds, T. Grit, Heino Falcke, J. Sluman, Roberto Pizzo, C. Tasse, Jean-Mathias Griessmeier, Rob Fender, I. M. Avruch, G. de Bruyn, Carlos Sotomayor-Beltran, Sera Markoff, M. Brueggen, Ralph A. M. J. Wijers, B. Ciardi, E. Juette, S. ter Veen, A. W. Gunst, Chiara Ferrari, M. Kuniyoshi, J. W. Broderick, Giulia Macario, Matthias Hoeft, A. Horneffer, M. Pilia, Michel Tagger, Jason W. T. Hessels, F. de Gasperin, Annalisa Bonafede, Richard Fallows, A. Alexov, Luitje Koopmans, Martin Bell, M. A. Garrett, Rainer Beck, M. Serylak, Michael Kramer, P. Zarka, Huub Roettgering, J. van Leeuwen, James M. Anderson, R. J. Dettmar, Mark J. Bentum, Ben Stappers, A. G. Polatidis, Laura Birzan, Ashish Asgekar, Charlotte Sobey, Emanuela Orrú, Michael R. Bell, A. van Duin, H. Paas, W. Reich, Astronomisches Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum [Bochum], Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire (LCPM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University [Cambridge]-Smithsonian Institution, University of Edinburgh, Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Jacobs University [Bremen], Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), University of Southampton, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute [Groningen], University of Groningen [Groningen], Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Hamburger Sternwarte/Hamburg Observatory, Universität Hamburg (UHH), Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg (TLS), Radboud university [Nijmegen], Institute of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay (USN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, University of Manchester [Manchester], Oxford Astrophysics, University of Oxford [Oxford], Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology [Melbourne], Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek (AI PANNEKOEK), Center for Information Technology CIT, Université de Groningen, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Argelander-Institut für Astronomie (AlfA), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, ANR-09-JCJC-0001,OPALES(2009), Astronomy, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, Universiteit Leiden, Radboud University [Nijmegen], Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Oxford, École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sotomayor-Beltran, C., Sobey, C., Hessels, J.W.T., De Bruyn, G., Noutsos, A., Alexov, A., Anderson, J., Asgekar, A., Avruch, I.M., Beck, R., Bell, M.E., Bell, M.R., Bentum, M.J., Bernardi, G., Best, P., Birzan, L., Bonafede, A., Breitling, F., Broderick, J., Brouw, W.N., Brüggen, M., Ciardi, B., De Gasperin, F., Dettmar, R.-J., Van Duin, A., Duscha, S., Eislöffel, J., Falcke, H., Fallows, R.A., Fender, R., Ferrari, C., Frieswijk, W., Garrett, M.A., Grießmeier, J., Grit, T., Gunst, A.W., Hassall, T.E., Heald, G., Hoeft, M., Horneffer, A., Iacobelli, M., Juette, E., Karastergiou, A., Keane, E., Kohler, J., Kramer, M., Kondratiev, V.I., Koopmans, L.V.E., Kuniyoshi, M., Kuper, G., Van Leeuwen, J., Maat, P., MacArio, G., Markoff, S., McKean, J.P., Mulcahy, D.D., Munk, H., Orru, E., Paas, H., Pandey-Pommier, M., Pilia, M., Pizzo, R., Polatidis, A.G., Reich, W., Röttgering, H., Serylak, M., Sluman, J., Stappers, B.W., Tagger, M., Tang, Y., Tasse, C., Ter Veen, S., Vermeulen, R., Van Weeren, R.J., Wijers, R.A.M.J., Wijnholds, S.J., Wise, M.W., Wucknitz, O., Yatawatta, S., and Zarka, P.
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Astronomy, VLA, Polarimetry, FOS: Physical sciences, IR-89498, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Rotation, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Radio telescope, PULSAR ROTATION, symbols.namesake, MHZ, Pulsar, DISPERSION, law, 0103 physical sciences, Faraday effect, DEPOLARIZATION, Faraday cage, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, EWI-24501, polarization, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, METIS-302716, Astronomy and Astrophysics, GALACTIC MAGNETIC-FIELD, LOFAR, Astronomy and Astrophysic, GALAXY, techniques: polarimetric, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, symbols, ARRAY, Ionosphere, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: International audience; Faraday rotation measurements using the current and next generation of low-frequency radio telescopes will provide a powerful probe of astronomical magnetic fields. However, achieving the full potential of these measurements requires accurate removal of the time-variable ionospheric Faraday rotation contribution. We present ionFR, a code that calculates the amount of ionospheric Faraday rotation for a specific epoch, geographic location, and line-of-sight. ionFR uses a number of publicly available, GPS-derived total electron content maps and the most recent release of the International Geomagnetic Reference Field. We describe applications of this code for the calibration of radio polarimetric observations, and demonstrate the high accuracy of its modeled ionospheric Faraday rotations using LOFAR pulsar observations. These show that we can accurately determine some of the highest-precision pulsar rotation measures ever achieved. Precision rotation measures can be used to monitor rotation measure variations - either intrinsic or due to the changing line-of-sight through the interstellar medium. This calibration is particularly important for nearby sources, where the ionosphere can contribute a significant fraction of the observed rotation measure. We also discuss planned improvements to ionFR, as well as the importance of ionospheric Faraday rotation calibration for the emerging generation of low-frequency radio telescopes, such as the SKA and its pathfinders.
Published: 2013

21. Initial deep LOFAR observations of Epoch of Reionization windows: I. The North Celestial Pole

Author: M. A. Garrett, Vibor Jelić, Michel Tagger, B. Ciardi, Aris Karastergiou, Harish Vedantham, Marco Iacobelli, Michael W. Wise, Gianni Bernardi, Garrelt Mellema, F. Breitling, F. B. Abdalla, Panagiotis Labropoulos, H. Paas, R. J. van Weeren, Richard Fallows, Léon V. E. Koopmans, M. Kuniyoshi, Michiel A. Brentjens, W. N. Brouw, R. Nijboer, E. Juette, Emanuela Orru, Olaf Wucknitz, V. Veligatla, Gottfried Mann, Ben Stappers, John McKean, M. Mevius, A. G. Polatidis, J. M. Anderson, A. Alexov, Gerard H. Kuper, J. D. Mol, S. ter Veen, Annalisa Bonafede, R. Pizzo, A. W. Gunst, T. E. Hassall, M. Pandey-Pommier, Ph. Zarka, Joop Schaye, Geraint Harker, Michael Kramer, J. Sluman, P. Maat, Jason W. T. Hessels, M. J. Norden, H. J. A. Röttgering, A. R. Offringa, Philip Best, V. I. Kondratiev, Heino Falcke, V. N. Pandey, Chiara Ferrari, J. Noordam, S. Duscha, E. de Geus, John Conway, R. Vermeulen, Sarod Yatawatta, S. Kazemi, Matthias Hoeft, S. Daiboo, F. Batejat, Michael R. Bell, Wolfgang Reich, Saleem Zaroubi, J. M. Griessmeier, R. H. van de Brink, Rajat M. Thomas, Cyril Tasse, Y. Tang, J. W. Broderick, Emma Chapman, Mark J. Bentum, Stefan J. Wijnholds, J. van Leeuwen, Joel N. Bregman, H. Munk, Marcus Brüggen, F. de Gasperin, W. Frieswijk, I. M. Avruch, Oleg Smirnov, Matthias Steinmetz, Martin Bell, O. Martinez Rubi, de Antonius Bruyn, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), Kapteyn Astronomical Institute [Groningen], University of Groningen [Groningen], Department of process and energy, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University [Cambridge]-Smithsonian Institution, Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy [Boulder] (CASA), University of Colorado [Boulder], Stockholm Observatory Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Génétique Diversité et Ecophysiologie des Céréales (GDEC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP), University of Edinburgh, Jacobs University [Bremen], Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Onsala Space Observatory, Dept. of Radio and Space Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Hamburger Sternwarte/Hamburg Observatory, Universität Hamburg (UHH), Medstar Research Institute, Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), Radboud university [Nijmegen], Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg (TLS), Ruhr-Universität Bochum [Bochum], Oxford Astrophysics, University of Oxford [Oxford], University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Observatoire de Paris - Site de Meudon (OBSPM), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center for Information Technology CIT, Université de Groningen, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Yatawatta, S., De Bruyn, A.G., Brentjens, M.A., Labropoulos, P., Pandey, V.N., Kazemi, S., Zaroubi, S., Koopmans, L.V.E., Offringa, A.R., Jelić, V., Martinez Rubi, O., Veligatla, V., Wijnholds, S.J., Brouw, W.N., Bernardi, G., Ciardi, B., Daiboo, S., Harker, G., Mellema, G., Schaye, J., Thomas, R., Vedantham, H., Chapman, E., Abdalla, F.B., Alexov, A., Anderson, J., Avruch, I.M., Batejat, F., Bell, M.E., Bell, M.R., Bentum, M., Best, P., Bonafede, A., Bregman, J., Breitling, F., Van De Brink, R.H., Broderick, J.W., Brüggen, M., Conway, J., De Gasperin, F., De Geus, E., Duscha, S., Falcke, H., Fallows, R.A., Ferrari, C., Frieswijk, W., Garrett, M.A., Griessmeier, J.M., Gunst, A.W., Hassall, T.E., Hessels, J.W.T., Hoeft, M., Iacobelli, M., Juette, E., Karastergiou, A., Kondratiev, V.I., Kramer, M., Kuniyoshi, M., Kuper, G., Van Leeuwen, J., Maat, P., Mann, G., McKean, J.P., Mevius, M., Mol, J.D., Munk, H., Nijboer, R., Noordam, J.E., Norden, M.J., Orru, E., Paas, H., Pandey-Pommier, M., Pizzo, R., Polatidis, A.G., Reich, W., Röttgering, H.J.A., Sluman, J., Smirnov, O., Stappers, B., Steinmetz, M., Tagger, M., Tang, Y., Tasse, C., Ter Veen, S., Vermeulen, R., Van Weeren, R.J., Wise, M., Wucknitz, O., Zarka, P., High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, Universiteit Leiden, Radboud University [Nijmegen], Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and University of Oxford
Subjects: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Astronomy, first stars, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Instrumentation: interferometer, METIS-302720, Celestial pole, first stars -instrumentation: interferometers -techniques: interferometric -methods: data analysis, 0103 physical sciences, dark ages, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Reionization, Physics, reionization, instrumentation: interferometers, techniques: interferometric, methods: data analysis, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, IR-89500, Instrumentation: interferometers – Techniques: interferometric – Cosmology: observations, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, EWI-24509, Astronomy and Astrophysics, LOFAR, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Redshift, Galaxy, diffuse radiation, Dark ages, reionization, first star, Orders of magnitude (time), Space and Planetary Science, Instrumentation: interferometers, Techniques: interferometric, ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, Ionosphere, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Noise (radio), Methods: data analysi, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: The aim of the LOFAR Epoch of Reionization (EoR) project is to detect the spectral fluctuations of the redshifted HI 21cm signal. This signal is weaker by several orders of magnitude than the astrophysical foreground signals and hence, in order to achieve this, very long integrations, accurate calibration for stations and ionosphere and reliable foreground removal are essential. One of the prospective observing windows for the LOFAR EoR project will be centered at the North Celestial Pole (NCP). We present results from observations of the NCP window using the LOFAR highband antenna (HBA) array in the frequency range 115 MHz to 163 MHz. The data were obtained in April 2011 during the commissioning phase of LOFAR. We used baselines up to about 30 km. With about 3 nights, of 6 hours each, effective integration we have achieved a noise level of about 100 microJy/PSF in the NCP window. Close to the NCP, the noise level increases to about 180 microJy/PSF, mainly due to additional contamination from unsubtracted nearby sources. We estimate that in our best night, we have reached a noise level only a factor of 1.4 above the thermal limit set by the noise from our Galaxy and the receivers. Our continuum images are several times deeper than have been achieved previously using the WSRT and GMRT arrays. We derive an analytical explanation for the excess noise that we believe to be mainly due to sources at large angular separation from the NCP., 19 pages, 24 figures. Draft version with low resolution images. Accepted on 08/01/2013 Astronomy & Astrophysics. Abstract abridged. Version with high resolution images: http://www.astro.rug.nl/~yatawatta/ncp_eor.pdf
Published: 2013

22. LOFAR: The LOw-Frequency ARray

Author: M. P. van Haarlem, M. W. Wise, A. W. Gunst, G. Heald, J. P. McKean, J. W. T. Hessels, A. G. de Bruyn, R. Nijboer, J. Swinbank, R. Fallows, M. Brentjens, A. Nelles, R. Beck, H. Falcke, R. Fender, J. Hörandel, L. V. E. Koopmans, G. Mann, G. Miley, H. Röttgering, B. W. Stappers, R. A. M. J. Wijers, S. Zaroubi, M. van den Akker, A. Alexov, J. Anderson, K. Anderson, A. van Ardenne, M. Arts, A. Asgekar, I. M. Avruch, F. Batejat, L. Bähren, M. E. Bell, M. R. Bell, I. van Bemmel, P. Bennema, M. J. Bentum, G. Bernardi, P. Best, L. Bîrzan, A. Bonafede, A.-J. Boonstra, R. Braun, J. Bregman, F. Breitling, R. H. van de Brink, J. Broderick, P. C. Broekema, W. N. Brouw, M. Brüggen, H. R. Butcher, W. van Cappellen, B. Ciardi, T. Coenen, J. Conway, A. Coolen, A. Corstanje, S. Damstra, O. Davies, A. T. Deller, R.-J. Dettmar, G. van Diepen, K. Dijkstra, P. Donker, A. Doorduin, J. Dromer, M. Drost, A. van Duin, J. Eislöffel, J. van Enst, C. Ferrari, W. Frieswijk, H. Gankema, M. A. Garrett, F. de Gasperin, M. Gerbers, E. de Geus, J.-M. Grießmeier, T. Grit, P. Gruppen, J. P. Hamaker, T. Hassall, M. Hoeft, H. A. Holties, A. Horneffer, A. van der Horst, A. van Houwelingen, A. Huijgen, M. Iacobelli, H. Intema, N. Jackson, V. Jelic, A. de Jong, E. Juette, D. Kant, A. Karastergiou, A. Koers, H. Kollen, V. I. Kondratiev, E. Kooistra, Y. Koopman, A. Koster, M. Kuniyoshi, M. Kramer, G. Kuper, P. Lambropoulos, C. Law, J. van Leeuwen, J. Lemaitre, M. Loose, P. Maat, G. Macario, S. Markoff, J. Masters, R. A. McFadden, D. McKay-Bukowski, H. Meijering, H. Meulman, M. Mevius, E. Middelberg, R. Millenaar, J. C. A. Miller-Jones, R. N. Mohan, J. D. Mol, J. Morawietz, R. Morganti, D. D. Mulcahy, E. Mulder, H. Munk, L. Nieuwenhuis, R. van Nieuwpoort, J. E. Noordam, M. Norden, A. Noutsos, A. R. Offringa, H. Olofsson, A. Omar, E. Orrú, R. Overeem, H. Paas, M. Pandey-Pommier, V. N. Pandey, R. Pizzo, A. Polatidis, D. Rafferty, S. Rawlings, W. Reich, J.-P. de Reijer, J. Reitsma, G. A. Renting, P. Riemers, E. Rol, J. W. Romein, J. Roosjen, M. Ruiter, A. Scaife, K. van der Schaaf, B. Scheers, P. Schellart, A. Schoenmakers, G. Schoonderbeek, M. Serylak, A. Shulevski, J. Sluman, O. Smirnov, C. Sobey, H. Spreeuw, M. Steinmetz, C. G. M. Sterks, H.-J. Stiepel, K. Stuurwold, M. Tagger, Y. Tang, C. Tasse, I. Thomas, S. Thoudam, M. C. Toribio, B. van der Tol, O. Usov, M. van Veelen, A.-J. van der Veen, S. ter Veen, J. P. W. Verbiest, R. Vermeulen, N. Vermaas, C. Vocks, C. Vogt, M. de Vos, E. van der Wal, R. van Weeren, H. Weggemans, P. Weltevrede, S. White, S. J. Wijnholds, T. Wilhelmsson, O. Wucknitz, S. Yatawatta, P. Zarka, A. Zensus, J. van Zwieten, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek (AI PANNEKOEK), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Institute of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Radboud university [Nijmegen], Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire (LCPM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), University of Southampton, Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, University of Manchester [Manchester], Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Medical Center Haaglanden, SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), University of Edinburgh, Jacobs University [Bremen], Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Kapteyn Astronomical Institute [Groningen], University of Groningen [Groningen], Department of Reproduction and Development, Erasmus University Rotterdam, London Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity, Leiden, The Netherlands, Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg (TLS), Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Medstar Research Institute, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Plant Research International, Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Dipartimento di Matematica 'Guido Castelnuovo' [Roma I] (Sapienza University of Rome), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Centre de Mathématiques Laurent Schwartz (CMLS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X), Peuplements végétaux et bioagresseurs en milieu tropical (UMR PVBMT), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Ruhr-Universität Bochum [Bochum], Oxford Astrophysics, University of Oxford [Oxford], Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Vrije Universiteit Medical Centre (VUMC), Queen's Medical Centre, National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), University of Oulu, Department of Economics, Bryant University, Center for Agricultural Research in Suriname CELOS and Department of Biology, Anton de Kom Universiteit van Suriname - Anton de Kom University of Suriname [Paramaribo] (UVS), DLR Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Köln] (DLR), Onsala Space Observatory (OSO), Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Geophysical Institute [Bergen] (GFI / BiU), University of Bergen (UiB), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics [PennState], Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Academic Medical Center - Academisch Medisch Centrum [Amsterdam] (AMC), School of Physics and Astronomy [Southampton], Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay (USN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Center for Information Technology CIT, Université de Groningen, Processus d'Activation Sélective par Transfert d'Energie Uni-électronique ou Radiatif (UMR 8640) (PASTEUR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Département de Chimie - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center for Operations and Econometrics, Center of Operation Research and Econometrics [Louvain] (CORE), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL)-Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Finca El Encin, Instituto Madrileño de Investigación y Desarrollo Rural, Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDRA), Department of Surgery (EINDHOVEN - Surgery), Catharina Hospital, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Smithsonian Institution-Harvard University [Cambridge], Argelander-Institut für Astronomie (AlfA), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, ANR-09-JCJC-0001,OPALES(2009), Astronomy, KVI - Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, Radboud University [Nijmegen], Universiteit Leiden, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome] (UNIROMA), École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Oxford, École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, UMR Peuplement Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical (UMR PVBMT - INRA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), university Rotterdam, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' [Rome], Department of Physics, University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Geophysical Institute [Bergen], University of Bergen (UIB), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Rhodes University, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SKA South Africa, Ska South Africa, Center for Operations and Econometrics, Universit´e catholique de Louvain and Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, Harvard University [Cambridge]-Smithsonian Institution, Observatoire de Paris - Site de Paris (OP), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), ANR-09-JCJC-0001,OPALES,nOn-thermal Processes in gALaxy cluStErs(2009), High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), Van Haarlem, M.P., Wise, M.W., Gunst, A.W., Heald, G., McKean, J.P., Hessels, J.W.T., De Bruyn, A.G., Nijboer, R., Swinbank, J., Fallows, R., Brentjens, M., Nelles, A., Beck, R., Falcke, H., Fender, R., Hörandel, J., Koopmans, L.V.E., Mann, G., Miley, G., Röttgering, H., Stappers, B.W., Wijers, R.A.M.J., Zaroubi, S., Van Den Akker, M., Alexov, A., Anderson, J., Anderson, K., Van Ardenne, A., Arts, M., Asgekar, A., Avruch, I.M., Batejat, F., Bähren, L., Bell, M.E., Bell, M.R., Van Bemmel, I., Bennema, P., Bentum, M.J., Bernardi, G., Best, P., Bîrzan, L., Bonafede, A., Boonstra, A.-J., Braun, R., Bregman, J., Breitling, F., Van De Brink, R.H., Broderick, J., Broekema, P.C., Brouw, W.N., Brüggen, M., Butcher, H.R., Van Cappellen, W., Ciardi, B., Coenen, T., Conway, J., Coolen, A., Corstanje, A., Damstra, S., Davies, O., Deller, A.T., Dettmar, R.-J., Van Diepen, G., Dijkstra, K., Donker, P., Doorduin, A., Dromer, J., Drost, M., Van Duin, A., Eislöffel, J., Van Enst, J., Ferrari, C., Frieswijk, W., Gankema, H., Garrett, M.A., De Gasperin, F., Gerbers, M., De Geus, E., Grießmeier, J.-M., Grit, T., Gruppen, P., Hamaker, J.P., Hassall, T., Hoeft, M., Holties, H.A., Horneffer, A., Van Der Horst, A., Van Houwelingen, A., Huijgen, A., Iacobelli, M., Intema, H., Jackson, N., Jelic, V., De Jong, A., Juette, E., Kant, D., Karastergiou, A., Koers, A., Kollen, H., Kondratiev, V.I., Kooistra, E., Koopman, Y., Koster, A., Kuniyoshi, M., Kramer, M., Kuper, G., Lambropoulos, P., Law, C., Van Leeuwen, J., Lemaitre, J., Loose, M., Maat, P., Macario, G., Markoff, S., Masters, J., McFadden, R.A., McKay-Bukowski, D., Meijering, H., Meulman, H., Mevius, M., Middelberg, E., Millenaar, R., Miller-Jones, J.C.A., Mohan, R.N., Mol, J.D., Morawietz, J., Morganti, R., Mulcahy, D.D., Mulder, E., Munk, H., Nieuwenhuis, L., Van Nieuwpoort, R., Noordam, J.E., Norden, M., Noutsos, A., Offringa, A.R., Olofsson, H., Omar, A., Orrú, E., Overeem, R., Paas, H., Pandey-Pommier, M., Pandey, V.N., Pizzo, R., Polatidis, A., Rafferty, D., Rawlings, S., Reich, W., De Reijer, J.-P., Reitsma, J., Renting, G.A., Riemers, P., Rol, E., Romein, J.W., Roosjen, J., Ruiter, M., Scaife, A., Van Der Schaaf, K., Scheers, B., Schellart, P., Schoenmakers, A., Schoonderbeek, G., Serylak, M., Shulevski, A., Sluman, J., Smirnov, O., Sobey, C., Spreeuw, H., Steinmetz, M., Sterks, C.G.M., Stiepel, H.-J., Stuurwold, K., Tagger, M., Tang, Y., Tasse, C., Thomas, I., Thoudam, S., Toribio, M.C., Van Der Tol, B., Usov, O., Van Veelen, M., Van Der Veen, A.-J., Ter Veen, S., Verbiest, J.P.W., Vermeulen, R., Vermaas, N., Vocks, C., Vogt, C., De Vos, M., Van Der Wal, E., Van Weeren, R., Weggemans, H., Weltevrede, P., White, S., Wijnholds, S.J., Wilhelmsson, T., Wucknitz, O., Yatawatta, S., Zarka, P., Zensus, A., and Van Zwieten, J.
Subjects: instrumentation: interferometers -radio continuum: general -radio lines: general -dark ages, Computer science, Astronomy, INTERPLANETARY SCINTILLATION, radio continuum: general, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Precision Array for Probing the Epoch of Reionization, law.invention, Observatory, law, first stars - telescopes, dark ages, instrumentation: interferometers, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Telescope, UNDERSTANDING RADIO POLARIMETRY, Instrumentation: Interferometer, SELF-CALIBRATION, Interferometry, ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, reionization, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, radio lines: general, first stars, Z-GREATER-THAN-5.7 QUASARS, FOS: Physical sciences, Murchison Widefield Array, 0103 physical sciences, RAY AIR-SHOWERS, Angular resolution, dark ages, reionization, first stars, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Remote sensing, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, telescopes, Astronomy and Astrophysics, LOFAR, Astronomy and Astrophysic, Sextant (astronomical), Dark ages, reionization, first star, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], PROBE WMAP OBSERVATIONS, DIGITAL SKY SURVEY, HIGH-REDSHIFT, MONTE-CARLO SIMULATIONS, INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM
Abstract: LOFAR, the LOw-Frequency ARray, is a new-generation radio interferometer constructed in the north of the Netherlands and across europe. Utilizing a novel phased-array design, LOFAR covers the largely unexplored low-frequency range from 10-240 MHz and provides a number of unique observing capabilities. Spreading out from a core located near the village of Exloo in the northeast of the Netherlands, a total of 40 LOFAR stations are nearing completion. A further five stations have been deployed throughout Germany, and one station has been built in each of France, Sweden, and the UK. Digital beam-forming techniques make the LOFAR system agile and allow for rapid repointing of the telescope as well as the potential for multiple simultaneous observations. With its dense core array and long interferometric baselines, LOFAR achieves unparalleled sensitivity and angular resolution in the low-frequency radio regime. The LOFAR facilities are jointly operated by the International LOFAR Telescope (ILT) foundation, as an observatory open to the global astronomical community. LOFAR is one of the first radio observatories to feature automated processing pipelines to deliver fully calibrated science products to its user community. LOFAR's new capabilities, techniques and modus operandi make it an important pathfinder for the Square Kilometre Array (SKA). We give an overview of the LOFAR instrument, its major hardware and software components, and the core science objectives that have driven its design. In addition, we present a selection of new results from the commissioning phase of this new radio observatory., Comment: 56 pages, 34 figures, accepted for publication by A&A
Published: 2013
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23. LOFAR detections of low-frequency radio recombination lines towards Cassiopeia A

Author: Jochen Eislöffel, Maaijke Mevius, R. J. van Weeren, Ralph A. M. J. Wijers, A. G. Polatidis, D. McKay-Bukowski, Chiara Ferrari, John Conway, Wilfred Frieswijk, Y. Tang, Glenn J. White, Robert Braun, Michael R. Bell, J. Sluman, W. A. van Cappellen, V. N. Pandey, Richard Fallows, Raffaella Morganti, H. J. A. Röttgering, Philip Best, M. A. Garrett, T. Grit, Charlotte Sobey, Emanuela Orrú, I. M. Avruch, P. Maat, M. J. Norden, Rainer Beck, D. D. Mulcahy, Michel Tagger, Annalisa Bonafede, James Miller-Jones, Aris Karastergiou, Sarod Yatawatta, J.-M. Grießmeier, J. B. R. Oonk, H. Paas, B. Ciardi, C. Tasse, Michael W. Wise, Heino Falcke, Gianni Bernardi, Ashish Asgekar, M. Kuniyoshi, Oleg Smirnov, Matthias Steinmetz, J. Kohler, Marco Iacobelli, E. Juette, John McKean, H. Munk, Marcus Brüggen, Harvey Butcher, G. Kuper, J. M. Anderson, V. I. Kondratiev, Christian Vocks, T. E. Hassall, M. Pandey-Pommier, Casey J. Law, F. Breitling, M. de Vos, A. W. Gunst, S. Duscha, Neal Jackson, Olaf Wucknitz, Sera Markoff, A. de Jong, Laura Birzan, Giulia Macario, A. Schoenmakers, Wolfgang Reich, Huib Intema, J. W. Broderick, J. D. Mol, E. de Geus, Jason W. T. Hessels, R. Pizzo, P. Zarka, George Heald, Mark J. Bentum, W. N. Brouw, Gottfried Mann, R. Vermeulen, Matthias Hoeft, F. Batejat, Bart Scheers, I. van Bemmel, Martin Bell, F. de Gasperin, J. van Leeuwen, R. H. van de Brink, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), Kapteyn Astronomical Institute [Groningen], University of Groningen [Groningen], Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Smithsonian Institution-Harvard University [Cambridge], SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Stanford University, Jodrell Bank Cent. for Astrophysics, University of Manchester [Manchester], Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), Onsala Space Observatory (OSO), Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire (LCPM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), University of Southampton, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), University of Edinburgh, Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Jacobs University [Bremen], Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Hamburger Sternwarte/Hamburg Observatory, Universität Hamburg (UHH), Medstar Research Institute, Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg (TLS), Radboud university [Nijmegen], Institute of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay (USN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Dipartimento di Matematica 'Guido Castelnuovo' [Roma I] (Sapienza University of Rome), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Centre de Mathématiques Laurent Schwartz (CMLS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X), Ruhr-Universität Bochum [Bochum], Oxford Astrophysics, University of Oxford [Oxford], Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek (AI PANNEKOEK), University of Oulu, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), National Radio Astronomy Observatory [Charlottesville] (NRAO), National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Argelander-Institut für Astronomie (AlfA), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, ANR-09-JCJC-0001,OPALES(2009), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universiteit Leiden, Radboud University [Nijmegen], Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome] (UNIROMA), École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Oxford, École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Asgekar, A., Oonk, J.B.R., Yatawatta, S., Van Weeren, R.J., McKean, J.P., White, G., Jackson, N., Anderson, J., Avruch, I.M., Batejat, F., Beck, R., Bell, M.E., Bell, M.R., Van Bemmel, I., Bentum, M.J., Bernardi, G., Best, P., Bîrzan, L., Bonafede, A., Braun, R., Breitling, F., Van De Brink, R.H., Broderick, J., Brouw, W.N., Brüggen, M., Butcher, H.R., Van Cappellen, W., Ciardi, B., Conway, J.E., De Gasperin, F., De Geus, E., De Jong, A., De Vos, M., Duscha, S., Eislöffel, J., Falcke, H., Fallows, R.A., Ferrari, C., Frieswijk, W., Garrett, M.A., Grießmeier, J.-M., Grit, T., Gunst, A.W., Hassall, T.E., Heald, G., Hessels, J.W.T., Hoeft, M., Iacobelli, M., Intema, H., Juette, E., Karastergiou, A., Kohler, J., Kondratiev, V.I., Kuniyoshi, M., Kuper, G., Law, C., Van Leeuwen, J., Maat, P., MacArio, G., Mann, G., Markoff, S., McKay-Bukowski, D., Mevius, M., Miller-Jones, J.C.A., Mol, J.D., Morganti, R., Mulcahy, D.D., Munk, H., Norden, M.J., Orru, E., Paas, H., Pandey-Pommier, M., Pandey, V.N., Pizzo, R., Polatidis, A.G., Reich, W., Röttgering, H., Scheers, B., Schoenmakers, A., Sluman, J., Smirnov, O., Sobey, C., Steinmetz, M., Tagger, M., Tang, Y., Tasse, C., Vermeulen, R., Vocks, C., Wijers, R.A.M.J., Wise, M.W., Wucknitz, O., Zarka, P., High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), Astronomy, and Kapteyn Astronomical Institute
Subjects: Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, ISM: individual objects: Cassiopeia A, IR-89496, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Low frequency, ISM: individual objects: Cas siopeia A, 01 natural sciences, ISM: clouds, Spectral line, CARBON, MHZ, ISM: cloud, 0103 physical sciences, EWI-24495, Spectral resolution, Supernova remnant, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Helium, Radio lines: ISM, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Line (formation), Physics, radio lines : ISM, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, LOFAR, Astronomy and Astrophysic, REGIONS, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, METIS-302711, Cassiopeia A, chemistry, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, ISM: clouds / radio lines: ISM / ISM: individual objects: Cassiopeia A, [SDU.ASTR.GA]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.GA]
Abstract: Cassiopeia A was observed using the Low-Band Antennas of the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) with high spectral resolution. This allowed a search for radio recombination lines (RRLs) along the line-of-sight to this source. Five carbon-alpha RRLs were detected in absorption between 40 and 50 MHz with a signal-to-noise ratio of > 5 from two independent LOFAR datasets. The derived line velocities (v_LSR ~ -50 km/s) and integrated optical depths (~ 13 s^-1) of the RRLs in our spectra, extracted over the whole supernova remnant, are consistent within each LOFAR dataset and with those previously reported. For the first time, we are able to extract spectra against the brightest hotspot of the remnant at frequencies below 330 MHz. These spectra show significantly higher (15-80 %) integrated optical depths, indicating that there is small-scale angular structure on the order of ~1 pc in the absorbing gas distribution over the face of the remnant. We also place an upper limit of 3 x 10^-4 on the peak optical depths of hydrogen and helium RRLs. These results demonstrate that LOFAR has the desired spectral stability and sensitivity to study faint recombination lines in the decameter band., Accepted for publication in A&A Letters; 5 pages, 4 colour figures
Published: 2013

24. The brightness and spatial distributions of terrestrial radio sources

Author: W. N. Brouw, D. A. Rafferty, Oleg Smirnov, John McKean, Harvey Butcher, M. A. Garrett, M. Pandey-Pommier, Geraint Harker, Stefan J. Wijnholds, H. J. A. Röttgering, Marco Iacobelli, Jean-Mathias Grießmeier, Ashish Asgekar, Michael R. Bell, R. J. van Weeren, Abhik Ghosh, S. Duscha, Olaf Wucknitz, Christian Vocks, G. Kuper, Saleem Zaroubi, W. Reich, Frank Breitling, P. Maat, M. J. Norden, Ilian T. Iliev, I. M. Avruch, B. Ciardi, C. Tasse, Rene C. Vermeulen, Giulia Macario, Wilfred Frieswijk, V. I. Kondratiev, Chiara Ferrari, Rainer Beck, Laura Birzan, Y. Tang, Anna M. M. Scaife, Charlotte Sobey, S. ter Veen, A. Horneffer, M. Kuniyoshi, Emanuela Orrú, A. Alexov, Jochen Eislöffel, H. Paas, Luitje Koopmans, M. de Vos, E. Juette, Wouter Klijn, Michel Tagger, H. Meulman, A. G. Polatidis, F. B. Abdalla, J. van Leeuwen, J. Sluman, F. de Gasperin, A. R. Offringa, Roberto Pizzo, Richard Fallows, A. G. de Bruyn, Tim Hassall, R. van Nieuwpoort, Martin Bell, Mark J. Bentum, C. Toribio, J. W. Broderick, E. de Geus, M. Loose, Philippe Zarka, Philip Best, Marcus Brüggen, Gottfried Mann, J. M. Anderson, Aris Karastergiou, Michael W. Wise, Gianni Bernardi, Garrelt Mellema, Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics [Canberra] (RSAA), Australian National University (ANU), Kapteyn Astronomical Institute [Groningen], University of Groningen [Groningen], Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy ( ASTRON ), University College of London [London] (UCL), Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik (MPA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, University of Sussex, Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy [Boulder] (CASA), University of Colorado [Boulder], AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University [Cambridge]-Smithsonian Institution, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Space Telescope Science Institute (STSci), Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), University of Edinburgh, Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), School of Physics and Astronomy [Southampton], University of Southampton, Universität Hamburg (UHH), Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg (TLS), Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum [Bochum], Oxford Astrophysics, University of Oxford [Oxford], University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Center for Information Technology CIT, Université de Groningen, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Department of Physics-Electronics, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud university [Nijmegen], Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek (AI PANNEKOEK), Argelander-Institut für Astronomie (AlfA), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, Universiteit Leiden, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Oxford, École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Radboud University [Nijmegen], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Rhodes University, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, Astronomy, and High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI)
Subjects: Brightness, IR-89516, Astronomy, radio continuum: general, 02 engineering and technology, Astrophysics, PROPAGATION, Interference (wave propagation), 01 natural sciences, Cosmology, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, EWI-24493, dark ages, instrumentation: interferometers, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Physics, INTERFERENCE MITIGATION, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, ASTRONOMY, Physics - Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, techniques: interferometric, Dark Ages, ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, reionization, methods: observational, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, atmospheric effects, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], first stars, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, reionisation, 0103 physical sciences, dark ages, reionization, first stars, Visibility, Reionization, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), EPOCH, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], atmospheric effects – instrumentation: interferometers – methods: observational – techniques: interferometric – radio continuum: general – dark ages, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Astronomy and Astrophysics, LOFAR, Redshift, METIS-302710, Space and Planetary Science, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (physics.ao-ph), TELESCOPES
Abstract: Faint undetected sources of radio-frequency interference (RFI) might become visible in long radio observations when they are consistently present over time. Thereby, they might obstruct the detection of the weak astronomical signals of interest. This issue is especially important for Epoch of Reionisation (EoR) projects that try to detect the faint redshifted HI signals from the time of the earliest structures in the Universe. We explore the RFI situation at 30-163 MHz by studying brightness histograms of visibility data observed with LOFAR, similar to radio-source-count analyses that are used in cosmology. An empirical RFI distribution model is derived that allows the simulation of RFI in radio observations. The brightness histograms show an RFI distribution that follows a power-law distribution with an estimated exponent around -1.5. With several assumptions, this can be explained with a uniform distribution of terrestrial radio sources whose radiation follows existing propagation models. Extrapolation of the power law implies that the current LOFAR EoR observations should be severely RFI limited if the strength of RFI sources remains strong after time integration. This is in contrast with actual observations, which almost reach the thermal noise and are thought not to be limited by RFI. Therefore, we conclude that it is unlikely that there are undetected RFI sources that will become visible in long observations. Consequently, there is no indication that RFI will prevent an EoR detection with LOFAR., Accepted for publication in MNRAS
Published: 2013

25. Corrigendum: A large light-mass component of cosmic rays at 1017–1017.5 electronvolts from radio observations

Author: Wilfred Frieswijk, M. P. van Haarlem, Anna M. M. Scaife, Vishambhar Pandey, M. C. Toribio, A. Horneffer, Michael Kramer, Jochen Eislöffel, S. ter Veen, Harvey Butcher, A. W. Gunst, J. van Leeuwen, Maaijke Mevius, G. van Diepen, E. de Geus, Sarod Yatawatta, Adam Stewart, Adam Deller, V. I. Kondratiev, M. Pandey-Pommier, Laura Rossetto, D. Carbone, A. Nelles, A. G. Polatidis, Tim Hassall, D. D. Mulcahy, James M. Anderson, S. Duscha, Ralph A. M. J. Wijers, J. Sluman, Roberto Pizzo, Marcus Brüggen, Rebecca McFadden, Hubertus Intema, E. Juette, Stijn Buitink, Satyendra Thoudam, Rob Fender, M. Serylak, R. C. Vermeulen, F. de Gasperin, Y. Tang, O. Scholten, Christian Vocks, J. W. Broderick, M. A. Garrett, P. Maat, M. J. Norden, John D. Swinbank, Heino Falcke, John McKean, H. J. A. Röttgering, Aris Karastergiou, Mark J. Bentum, M. Iacobelli, Arthur Corstanje, Sera Markoff, Benjamin Stappers, M. Tagger, Michael W. Wise, Gianni Bernardi, Jörg R. Hörandel, G. M. Loose, Dominik J. Schwarz, Martin Bell, C. Tasse, Frank Breitling, John Conway, Annalisa Bonafede, H. Paas, M. Steinmetz, Gottfried Mann, R. J. Dettmar, Stefan J. Wijnholds, George Heald, Jason W. T. Hessels, T. Huege, Oleg Smirnov, W. N. Brouw, P. Zarka, J.-M. Grießmeier, B. Ciardi, D. Engels, O. Wucknitz, J. E. Enriquez, M. Kuniyoshi, Richard Fallows, G. Kuper, W. Reich, M. Pietka, Emanuela Orrú, Ashish Asgekar, C. Vogt, Philip Best, Pim Schellart, J. P. Rachen, H. Munk, R. J. van Weeren, D. McKay-Bukowski, Chiara Ferrari, T. N. G. Trinh, Matthias Hoeft, J. A. Zensus, I. M. Avruch, Department of Astrophysics [Nijmegen], Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud university [Nijmegen]-Radboud university [Nijmegen], Radboud university [Nijmegen], Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institute for Mathematics Applied to Geoscience, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), University of Edinburgh, Jacobs University [Bremen], Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), University of Southampton, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute [Groningen], University of Groningen [Groningen], University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Medstar Research Institute, Astronomisches Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum [Bochum], Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg (TLS), Hamburger Sternwarte/Hamburg Observatory, Universität Hamburg (UHH), Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département de Géologie, Université de Montréal [Montréal], Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, University of Manchester [Manchester], Rhodes University, Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek (AI PANNEKOEK), University of Oulu, Center for Information Technology CIT, Université de Groningen, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Ghent], Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Oxford Astrophysics, University of Oxford [Oxford], School of Physics and Astronomy [Southampton], Interactions Son Musique Mouvement, Sciences et Technologies de la Musique et du Son (STMS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-IRCAM-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-IRCAM-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH / Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Université Libre de Bruxelles [Bruxelles] (ULB), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Argelander-Institut für Astronomie (AlfA), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Observatoire de Paris - Site de Paris (OP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Radboud University [Nijmegen]-Radboud University [Nijmegen], Radboud University [Nijmegen], École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Montréal (UdeM), Universiteit Leiden, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), University of Oxford, Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique (IRCAM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique (IRCAM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES)
Subjects: Pierre Auger Observatory, Astroparticle physics, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Multidisciplinary, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, High-energy astronomy, Astronomy, Electronvolt, Cosmic ray, LOFAR, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Auger, International Cosmic Ray Conference, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: In this Letter, we omitted to cite preliminary results from the low-energy extension of the Pierre Auger Observatory, as presented at the International Cosmic Ray Conference 2015 (ref. 1). Figure 1 of this Corrigendum shows measurements of the average value of Xmax for the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR), and earlier experiments using different techniques, now including the data from the Pierre Auger Observatory1 , specifically the contribution of A. Porcelli. Our values are in agreement with those of ref. 1 within systematic uncertainties.
Published: 2016

26. Wide-band simultaneous observations of pulsars: disentangling dispersion measure and profile variations

Author: P. Maat, Benjamin Stappers, Heino Falcke, Charlotte Sobey, Emanuela Orrú, Jason W. T. Hessels, E. Rol, L. Bähren, H. Meulman, Joris P. W. Verbiest, C. Tasse, A. Alexov, Matthias Hoeft, M. A. Garrett, Sarod Yatawatta, James Miller-Jones, Evan Keane, Michael Kramer, S. ter Veen, J. Masters, A. W. Gunst, Casey J. Law, Jochen Eislöffel, B. Scheers, Maaijke Mevius, T. E. Hassall, J. W. Broderick, R. C. Vermeulen, B. Ciardi, Martin Bell, John McKean, Luitje Koopmans, J. E. Noordam, Gerard H. Kuper, Annalisa Bonafede, Harvey Butcher, Sera Markoff, M. P. van Haarlem, E. J. Daw, Rudy Wijnands, M. Kuniyoshi, V. I. Kondratiev, M. Pandey-Pommier, A. Noutsos, K. Zagkouris, Michael R. Bell, H. Paas, J. Sluman, Michiel A. Brentjens, Ashish Asgekar, Roberto Pizzo, Marcus Brüggen, C. G. M. Sterks, W. Reich, R. A. Osten, Albert-Jan Boonstra, Michel Tagger, Stephane Corbel, A. G. Polatidis, P.G. Jonker, M. Gerbers, Stefan J. Wijnholds, J. van Leeuwen, H. Spreeuw, A. de Jong, Matthias Steinmetz, R. J. van Weeren, P. Zarka, K. Lazaridis, George Heald, Mark J. Bentum, G. M. Loose, W. N. Brouw, Patrick Weltevrede, V. S. Dhillon, Aris Karastergiou, Michael W. Wise, Gianni Bernardi, M. Serylak, Rob Fender, Ralph A. M. J. Wijers, H. J. A. Röttgering, H. A. Holties, Y. Tang, Anna M. M. Scaife, Olaf Wucknitz, H. Munk, John D. Swinbank, Jean-Mathias Griessmeier, Vishambhar Pandey, Philip Best, Pim Schellart, T. Coenen, Kenneth C. Anderson, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, Astronomy, Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, University of Manchester [Manchester], Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), Oxford Astrophysics, University of Oxford [Oxford], Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay (USN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), University of Southampton, Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek (AI PANNEKOEK), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), University of Sheffield [Sheffield], Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg (TLS), Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud university [Nijmegen], Space Telescope Science Institute (STSci), School of Physics and Astronomy [Southampton], Argelander-Institut für Astronomie (AlfA), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University [Cambridge]-Smithsonian Institution, University of Edinburgh, Jacobs University [Bremen], Kapteyn Astronomical Institute [Groningen], University of Groningen [Groningen], Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), Applied Stochastics (IMAPP), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH / Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ), Center for Information Technology CIT, Université de Groningen, Netherlands Foundation for Scientific Research. Joeri van Leeuwen and ThijsCoenen are supported by the Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (GrantNOVA3-NW3-2.3.1), European Project: 224838,EC:FP7:PEOPLE,FP7-PEOPLE-2007-4-3-IRG,PULSARS WITH LOFAR(2008), European Project: 236394,EC:FP7:PEOPLE,FP7-PEOPLE-IEF-2008,PULSAR SURVEY(2010), Hassall, T.E., Stappers, B.W., Hessels, J.W.T., Kramer, M., Alexov, A., Anderson, K., Coenen, T., Karastergiou, A., Keane, E.F., Kondratiev, V.I., Lazaridis, K., Van Leeuwen, J., Noutsos, A., Serylak, M., Sobey, C., Verbiest, J.P.W., Weltevrede, P., Zagkouris, K., Fender, R., Wijers, R.A.M.J., Bähren, L., Bell, M.E., Broderick, J.W., Corbel, S., Daw, E.J., Dhillon, V.S., Eislöffel, J., Falcke, H., Grießmeier, J.-M., Jonker, P., Law, C., Markoff, S., Miller-Jones, J.C.A., Osten, R., Rol, E., Scaife, A.M.M., Scheers, B., Schellart, P., Spreeuw, H., Swinbank, J., Ter Veen, S., Wise, M.W., Wijnands, R., Wucknitz, O., Zarka, P., Asgekar, A., Bell, M.R., Bentum, M.J., Bernardi, G., Best, P., Bonafede, A., Boonstra, A.J., Brentjens, M., Brouw, W.N., Brüggen, M., Butcher, H.R., Ciardi, B., Garrett, M.A., Gerbers, M., Gunst, A.W., Van Haarlem, M.P., Heald, G., Hoeft, M., Holties, H., De Jong, A., Koopmans, L.V.E., Kuniyoshi, M., Kuper, G., Loose, G.M., Maat, P., Masters, J., McKean, J.P., Meulman, H., Mevius, M., Munk, H., Noordam, J.E., Orrú, E., Paas, H., Pandey-Pommier, M., Pandey, V.N., Pizzo, R., Polatidis, A., Reich, W., Röttgering, H., Sluman, J., Steinmetz, M., Sterks, C.G.M., Tagger, M., Tang, Y., Tasse, C., Vermeulen, R., Van Weeren, R.J., Wijnholds, S.J., Yatawatta, S., University of Oxford, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Radboud University [Nijmegen], Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, Universiteit Leiden, École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Rhodes University, SKA South Africa, and Ska South Africa
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Astronomy, Magnetosphere, Astrophysics, magnetic fields, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, law, Dispersion (optics), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Telescope, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, SPECTRAL BEHAVIOR, ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, ARRIVAL-TIME DELAY, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, SUPERDISPERSION DELAY, EMPIRICAL-THEORY, Pulsar, pulsars: general, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, ISM: general, METIS-287956, Gravitational wave, Astronomy and Astrophysics, telescopes, LOFAR, Astronomy and Astrophysic, EWI-22107, Pulse (physics), PULSES, Interstellar medium, PSR 0809&74, FREQUENCY-DEPENDENCE, Magnetic field, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], RADIO-EMISSION, IR-80985, REFRACTION, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], INTERSTELLAR SCATTERING
Abstract: Dispersion in the interstellar medium is a well known phenomenon that follows a simple relationship, which has been used to predict the time delay of dispersed radio pulses since the late 1960s. We performed wide-band simultaneous observations of four pulsars with LOFAR (at 40-190 MHz), the 76-m Lovell Telescope (at 1400 MHz) and the Effelsberg 100-m Telescope (at 8000 MHz) to test the accuracy of the dispersion law over a broad frequency range. In this paper we present the results of these observations which show that the dispersion law is accurate to better than 1 part in 100000 across our observing band. We use this fact to constrain some of the properties of the ISM along the line-of-sight and use the lack of any aberration or retardation effects to determine upper limits on emission heights in the pulsar magnetosphere. We also discuss the effect of pulse profile evolution on our observations, and the implications that it could have for precision pulsar timing projects such as the detection of gravitational waves with pulsar timing arrays., 20 Pages, 14 Figures, Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics
Published: 2012

27. First LOFAR observations at very low frequencies of cluster-scale non-thermal emission: the case of Abell 2256

Author: R. J. van Weeren, H. J. A. Röttgering, D. A. Rafferty, R. Pizzo, A. Bonafede, M. Brüggen, G. Brunetti, C. Ferrari, E. Orrù, G. Heald, J. P. McKean, C. Tasse, F. de Gasperin, L. Bîrzan, J. E. van Zwieten, S. van der Tol, A. Shulevski, N. Jackson, A. R. Offringa, J. Conway, H. T. Intema, T. E. Clarke, I. van Bemmel, G. K. Miley, G. J. White, M. Hoeft, R. Cassano, G. Macario, R. Morganti, M. W. Wise, C. Horellou, E. A. Valentijn, O. Wucknitz, K. Kuijken, T. A. Enßlin, J. Anderson, A. Asgekar, I. M. Avruch, R. Beck, M. E. Bell, M. R. Bell, M. J. Bentum, G. Bernardi, P. Best, A.-J. Boonstra, M. Brentjens, R. H. van de Brink, J. Broderick, W. N. Brouw, H. R. Butcher, W. van Cappellen, B. Ciardi, J. Eislöffel, H. Falcke, R. Fender, M. A. Garrett, M. Gerbers, A. Gunst, M. P. van Haarlem, J. P. Hamaker, T. Hassall, J. W. T. Hessels, L. V. E. Koopmans, G. Kuper, J. van Leeuwen, P. Maat, R. Millenaar, H. Munk, R. Nijboer, J. E. Noordam, V. N. Pandey, M. Pandey-Pommier, A. Polatidis, W. Reich, A. M. M. Scaife, A. Schoenmakers, J. Sluman, B. W. Stappers, M. Steinmetz, J. Swinbank, M. Tagger, Y. Tang, R. Vermeulen, M. de Vos, Astronomy, Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Galaxies, Etoiles, Physique, Instrumentation (GEPI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), ANR-09-JCJC-0001,OPALES(2009), European Project: 224897,EC:FP7:PEOPLE,FP7-PEOPLE-2007-2-2-ERG,WIDEMAP(2008), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Van Weeren, R.J., Röttgering, H.J.A., Rafferty, D.A., Pizzo, R., Bonafede, A., Brüggen, M., Brunetti, G., Ferrari, C., Orrù, E., Heald, G., McKean, J.P., Tasse, C., De Gasperin, F., Bîrzan, L., Van Zwieten, J.E., Van Der Tol, S., Shulevski, A., Jackson, N., Offringa, A.R., Conway, J., Intema, H.T., Clarke, T.E., Van Bemmel, I., Miley, G.K., White, G.J., Hoeft, M., Cassano, R., MacArio, G., Morganti, R., Wise, M.W., Horellou, C., Valentijn, E.A., Wucknitz, O., Kuijken, K., Enßlin, T.A., Anderson, J., Asgekar, A., Avruch, I.M., Beck, R., Bell, M.E., Bell, M.R., Bentum, M.J., Bernardi, G., Best, P., Boonstra, A.-J., Brentjens, M., Van De Brink, R.H., Broderick, J., Brouw, W.N., Butcher, H.R., Van Cappellen, W., Ciardi, B., Eislöffel, J., Falcke, H., Fender, R., Garrett, M.A., Gerbers, M., Gunst, A., Van Haarlem, M.P., Hamaker, J.P., Hassall, T., Hessels, J.W.T., Koopmans, L.V.E., Kuper, G., Van Leeuwen, J., Maat, P., Millenaar, R., Munk, H., Nijboer, R., Noordam, J.E., Pandey, V.N., Pandey-Pommier, M., Polatidis, A., Reich, W., Scaife, A.M.M., Schoenmakers, A., Sluman, J., Stappers, B.W., Steinmetz, M., Swinbank, J., Tagger, M., Tang, Y., Vermeulen, R., De Vos, M., and High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI)
Subjects: galaxies: clusters: individual: Abell 2256, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), PARTICLE-ACCELERATION, COMA CLUSTER, Astronomy, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, ASTROPHYSICAL SHOCKS, radio continuum: general, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Radio spectrum, MAGNETIC-FIELDS, Relativistic particle, X-RAY-EMISSION, METIS-293218, 0103 physical sciences, MERGING GALAXY CLUSTER, EXTENDED RADIO-EMISSION, Telescope, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Galaxy cluster, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Spectral index, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, telescopes, LOFAR, Astronomy and Astrophysic, EWI-22624, Galaxy, SHOCK ACCELERATION, DEEP 1.4 GHZ, Radio halo, Space and Planetary Science, ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, Halo, large-scale structure of Universe, IR-82401, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], SKY SURVEY, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: Abell 2256 is one of the best known examples of a galaxy cluster hosting large-scale diffuse radio emission that is unrelated to individual galaxies. It contains both a giant radio halo and a relic, as well as a number of head-tail sources and smaller diffuse steep-spectrum radio sources. The origin of radio halos and relics is still being debated, but over the last years it has become clear that the presence of these radio sources is closely related to galaxy cluster merger events. Here we present the results from the first LOFAR Low band antenna (LBA) observations of Abell 2256 between 18 and 67 MHz. To our knowledge, the image presented in this paper at 63 MHz is the deepest ever obtained at frequencies below 100 MHz in general. Both the radio halo and the giant relic are detected in the image at 63 MHz, and the diffuse radio emission remains visible at frequencies as low as 20 MHz. The observations confirm the presence of a previously claimed ultra-steep spectrum source to the west of the cluster center with a spectral index of -2.3 \pm 0.4 between 63 and 153 MHz. The steep spectrum suggests that this source is an old part of a head-tail radio source in the cluster. For the radio relic we find an integrated spectral index of -0.81 \pm 0.03, after removing the flux contribution from the other sources. This is relatively flat which could indicate that the efficiency of particle acceleration at the shock substantially changed in the last \sim 0.1 Gyr due to an increase of the shock Mach number. In an alternative scenario, particles are re-accelerated by some mechanism in the downstream region of the shock, resulting in the relatively flat integrated radio spectrum. In the radio halo region we find indications of low-frequency spectral steepening which may suggest that relativistic particles are accelerated in a rather inhomogeneous turbulent region., Comment: 13 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in A\&A on April 12, 2012
Published: 2012

28. Observing pulsars and fast transients with LOFAR

Author: S. ter Veen, A. W. Gunst, John D. Swinbank, T. Grit, R.-J. Dettmar, Sera Markoff, Patrick Weltevrede, M. A. Garrett, J. Sluman, Léon V. E. Koopmans, P. Maat, George Heald, John McKean, J. P. Hamaker, M. J. Norden, H. J. A. Röttgering, Sarod Yatawatta, V. S. Dhillon, Aris Karastergiou, J. D. Mol, A. Noutsos, M. P. van Haarlem, C. G. M. Sterks, Y. Tang, Casey J. Law, Stefan J. Wijnholds, Ashish Asgekar, Jason W. T. Hessels, Jochen Eislöffel, W. N. Brouw, A. van Duin, P. Bennema, M. Gerbers, J. W. Broderick, V. I. Kondratiev, P. C. Broekema, Michael W. Wise, Harvey Butcher, A. Alexov, James Miller-Jones, Oleg Smirnov, H. Spreeuw, L. Bähren, M. Loose, Joel N. Bregman, J. Noordam, A. G. de Bruyn, Philippe Zarka, R. Vermeulen, A. G. Polatidis, Marcus Brüggen, Heino Falcke, Kenneth C. Anderson, Matthias Hoeft, Matthias Steinmetz, A. Zensus, H. A. Holties, M. Pandey-Pommier, A. Schoenmakers, Olaf Wucknitz, Gerard H. Kuper, C. Vogt, Michael Kramer, Hans Olofsson, Bart Scheers, J. M. Anderson, N. J. Vermaas, Philip Best, T. E. Hassall, B. W. Stappers, D. McKay-Bukowski, R. Nijboer, Rob Fender, Ralph A. M. J. Wijers, T. Coenen, M. de Vos, George K. Miley, Mark J. Bentum, Rainer Beck, R. H. van de Brink, John Conway, Wolfgang Reich, Michel Tagger, E. J. Daw, Martin Bell, I. M. Avruch, B. Ciardi, A. Horneffer, John W. Romein, J. van Enst, Michiel A. Brentjens, J. van Leeuwen, J. M. Griessmeier, Raffaella Morganti, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, Astronomy, Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics (JBCA), University of Manchester [Manchester], University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek (AI PANNEKOEK), Oxford Astrophysics, University of Oxford [Oxford], Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), University of Southampton, University of Sheffield [Sheffield], Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg (TLS), Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay (USN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud university [Nijmegen], Argelander-Institut für Astronomie (AlfA), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Observatoire de Paris - Site de Paris (OP), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), Kapteyn Astronomical Institute [Groningen], University of Groningen [Groningen], Jacobs University [Bremen], Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Astronomisches Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum [Bochum], Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (Grant NOVA3-NW3-2.3.1), European Project: 224838,EC:FP7:PEOPLE,FP7-PEOPLE-2007-4-3-IRG,PULSARS WITH LOFAR(2008), University of Oxford, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Radboud University [Nijmegen], Universiteit Leiden, École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI)
Subjects: DECAMETER WAVELENGTHS, Computer science, Astronomy, EWI-20531, INTENSITY VARIATIONS, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, FLUX DENSITIES, law, METIS-279184, instrumentation: interferometers, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries), Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, INTERSTELLAR PLASMA, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, LOW-FREQUENCY, Radio frequency, Ionosphere, methods: observational, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Radio astronomy, Radio wave, BINARY MILLISECOND PULSAR, GAMMA-RAY PULSARS, NEUTRON-STARS, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, IR-78088, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Low frequency, RADIO-CONTINUUM EMISSION, Radio telescope, Telescope, stars: neutron, Pulsar, pulsars: general, 0103 physical sciences, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), ISM: general, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Radio window, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Astronomy and Astrophysics, telescopes, LOFAR, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Space and Planetary Science, DENSITY POWER SPECTRUM
Abstract: Low frequency radio waves, while challenging to observe, are a rich source of information about pulsars. The LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) is a new radio interferometer operating in the lowest 4 octaves of the ionospheric "radio window": 10-240MHz, that will greatly facilitate observing pulsars at low radio frequencies. Through the huge collecting area, long baselines, and flexible digital hardware, it is expected that LOFAR will revolutionize radio astronomy at the lowest frequencies visible from Earth. LOFAR is a next-generation radio telescope and a pathfinder to the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), in that it incorporates advanced multi-beaming techniques between thousands of individual elements. We discuss the motivation for low-frequency pulsar observations in general and the potential of LOFAR in addressing these science goals. We present LOFAR as it is designed to perform high-time-resolution observations of pulsars and other fast transients, and outline the various relevant observing modes and data reduction pipelines that are already or will soon be implemented to facilitate these observations. A number of results obtained from commissioning observations are presented to demonstrate the exciting potential of the telescope. This paper outlines the case for low frequency pulsar observations and is also intended to serve as a reference for upcoming pulsar/fast transient science papers with LOFAR., Comment: 35 pages, 19 figures, accepted for publication by A&A
Published: 2011

29. A very brief description of LOFAR - the Low Frequency Array

Author: M. P. van Haarlem, Luitje Koopmans, J. P. Hamaker, Heino Falcke, Ben Stappers, Jan Kuijpers, L. Bähren, J. Noordam, Stefan J. Wijnholds, Robert Braun, W. A. van Cappellen, Harvey Butcher, A. W. Gunst, E. de Geus, K. van der Schaaf, W. H. W. M. Boland, R. T. Schilizzi, Tom Oosterloo, J. Reitsma, W. N. Brouw, C. M. de Vos, G. K. Miley, Michael W. Wise, A. G. de Bruyn, H. J. A. Röttgering, Ralph A. M. J. Wijers, Rob Fender, Joel N. Bregman, G. W. Kant, C. Vogt, Michiel A. Brentjens, and High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI)
Subjects: Physics, media_common.quotation_subject, Astronomy, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics (astro-ph), Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, LOFAR, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Galaxy, law.invention, Telescope, Radio telescope, Stars, Space and Planetary Science, law, Sky, Reionization, media_common
Abstract: LOFAR (Low Frequency Array) is an innovative radio telescope optimized for the frequency range 30-240 MHz. The telescope is realized as a phased aperture array without any moving parts. Digital beam forming allows the telescope to point to any part of the sky within a second. Transient buffering makes retrospective imaging of explosive short-term events possible. The scientific focus of LOFAR will initially be on four key science projects (KSPs): 1) detection of the formation of the very first stars and galaxies in the universe during the so-called epoch of reionization by measuring the power spectrum of the neutral hydrogen 21-cm line (Shaver et al. 1999) on the ~5' scale; 2) low-frequency surveys of the sky with of order $10^8$ expected new sources; 3) all-sky monitoring and detection of transient radio sources such as gamma-ray bursts, x-ray binaries, and exo-planets (Farrell et al. 2004); and 4) radio detection of ultra-high energy cosmic rays and neutrinos (Falcke & Gorham 2003) allowing for the first time access to particles beyond 10^21 eV (Scholten et al. 2006). Apart from the KSPs open access for smaller projects is also planned. Here we give a brief description of the telescope., 2 pages, IAU GA 2006, Highlights of Astronomy, Volume 14, K.A. van der Hucht, ed
Published: 2006
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29 results on '"W N, Brouw"'

1. Sub-arcsecond imaging with the International LOFAR Telescope II. Completion of the LOFAR Long-Baseline Calibrator Survey

2. Sub-arcsecond imaging with the International LOFAR Telescope I. Foundational calibration strategy and pipeline

3. LOFAR 144-MHz follow-up observations of GW170817

4. Cassiopeia A, Cygnus A, Taurus A, and Virgo A at ultra-low radio frequencies

5. A large light-mass component of cosmic rays at 10(17)-10(17.5) electronvolts from radio observations

6. Probing ionospheric structures using the LOFAR radio telescope

7. Low-frequency radio absorption in Cassiopeia A

8. Shock location and CME 3D reconstruction of a solar type II radio burst with LOFAR

9. Upper limits on the 21 cm epoch of reionization power spectrum from one night with LOFAR

10. LBCS: The LOFAR Long-Baseline Calibrator Survey

11. Optimized trigger for ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray and neutrino observations with the low frequency radio array

12. Imaging Jupiter's radiation belts down to 127 MHz with LOFAR

13. Calibrating high-precision Faraday rotation measurements for LOFAR and the next generation of low-frequency radio telescopes (Corrigendum)

14. LOFAR tied-array imaging and spectroscopy of solar S bursts

15. Calibrating the absolute amplitude scale for air showers measured at LOFAR

16. Measuring a Cherenkov ring in the radio emission from air showers at 110–190 MHz with LOFAR

17. The LOFAR Multifrequency Snapshot Sky Survey (MSSS): I. Survey description and first results

18. Initial LOFAR observations of epoch of reionization windows. II. Diffuse polarized emission in the ELAIS-N1 field

19. Studying Galactic interstellar turbulence through fluctuations in synchrotron emission First LOFAR Galactic foreground detection

20. Calibrating high-precision Faraday rotation measurements for LOFAR and the next generation of low-frequency radio telescopes

21. Initial deep LOFAR observations of Epoch of Reionization windows: I. The North Celestial Pole

22. LOFAR: The LOw-Frequency ARray

23. LOFAR detections of low-frequency radio recombination lines towards Cassiopeia A

24. The brightness and spatial distributions of terrestrial radio sources

25. Corrigendum: A large light-mass component of cosmic rays at 1017–1017.5 electronvolts from radio observations

26. Wide-band simultaneous observations of pulsars: disentangling dispersion measure and profile variations

27. First LOFAR observations at very low frequencies of cluster-scale non-thermal emission: the case of Abell 2256

28. Observing pulsars and fast transients with LOFAR

29. A very brief description of LOFAR - the Low Frequency Array

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29 results on '"W N, Brouw"'

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