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U ovom radu analizira se institut zajma (mutuum) i zajmovnih poslova u rimskoj pravnoj tradiciji s osvrtom na današnje uređenje zajma u suvremenom, hrvatskom pravu. Zajam (mutuum) je ugovor čiji su temelji postavljeni već u rimskom pravu te se razvijao od moralne (naturalne), neutužive obveze pa sve do pravno uređenog instituta s odgovarajućom pravnom zaštitom. Glavne karakteristike zajma u rimskoj pravnoj tradiciji su realnost, jednostranoobvezujući učinak, obveza stricti iuris te mogućnost ugovaranja kamata s propisanim ograničenjima. Pored toga u radu se analiziraju i neka posebna pitanja vezana uz razvoj ugovora mutuum u rimskom pravu (npr. Senatus consultum Macedonianum) te pomorski zajam (fenus nauticum) kao posebna vrsta zajma uz sve njegove posebnosti. Nadalje se posebna pažnja posvećuje stipulaciji i ekspensilaciji kao ugovorima koji su uz svoju opću ulogu u rimskom pravnom sustavu imali i posebnu relevantnost kao zajmovni poslovi, odnosno ugovori koji su se često sklapali uz realni mutuum ili umjesto njega. Zajam u suvremenom hrvatskom pravu u dobroj mjeri odgovara ugovoru mutuum iz rimske pravne tradicije, uz bitnu razliku što je uređen kao konsenzualni a ne realni ugovor. Nadalje, u radu se iscrpnije analizira predmet suvremenog ugovora o zajmu, obveze ugovornih stranaka, vrste zajma, kamate s propisanim ograničenjima, zelenaški ugovor o zajmu (što je ujedno i kazneno djelo) te ugovor o kreditu kao inačica ugovora o zajmu te naposljetku sličnosti i razlike između tih ugovora., This paper analyzes the institute of loan (mutuum) and related contracts in Roman legal tradition, with a focus on the current regulation of loan in contemporary Croatian law. Loan (mutuum) is a contract with foundations which were established in Roman law and which developed from a moral (natural), unenforceable obligation to a legally regulated institute with corresponding legal protection. The main characteristics of loan (mutuum) in Roman legal tradition are that it is a contract re (obligation arose from an object delivered), unilateral binding effect, stricti iuris obligation, and the possibility of agreeing on interest rates with prescribed limitations. Additionally, the paper deals with certain particular questions associated with the development of the contract of mutuum in Roman law (for example the Senatus consultum Macedonianum) and the maritime loan (fenus nauticum) with all its specificities. Furthermore, the text particularly analyses the contracts of stipulatio and expensilatio as contracts related to mutuum, since they were often concluded alongside or instead of a loan. Loan in contemporary Croatian law corresponds in greater part to mutuum from Roman legal tradition, with an important distinction that it is conceived as a consensual contract. The text further deals with the objects of contemporary loan, obligations of the contracting parties, types of loan, interest rates with prescribed limitations, usurious loan agreements (which are also a criminal offense), and the credit agreement as a variation of the loan agreement, as well as the similarities and differences between these contracts.

Whereas literature on Thomas Aquinas's doctrine of usury has tended to focus on the Summa Theologiae, this paper highlights the contribution of his early work the Commentary on the Sentences. In this work, Aquinas distances himself from the Roman law mutuum and the assumption of a borrower's state of necessity, and he introduces preliminary monetary elements. He thereby paves the way for a future understanding of surplus in intertemporal exchange. The monetary loan is presented as a commercial exchange involving not only commercial risk but also the risk of analytical errors in understanding the nature of the operation.; Tandis que la littérature sur la doctrine de Thomas d'Aquin sur l’usure se concentre habituellement sur la Somme de théologie, cet article met en lumière l’apport de son œuvre de jeunesse, le Commentaire des Sentences. L’Aquinate prend ses distances avec le mutuum du droit romain et avec la considération d’un état de nécessité de l’emprunteur, et il introduit de premiers éléments monétaires. Il ouvre à la voie à une future compréhension d’un surplus dans un échange intertemporel. Le prêt se présente comme un échange commercial impliquant non seulement des risques commerciaux, mais aussi le risque d’une erreur d’analyse dans la compréhension de la nature de l’opération.