1. Neuroendocrine hepatic metastatic disease: the surgeon's perspective.
- Author
-
Concors SJ and Maxwell JE
- Subjects
- Humans, Hepatectomy, Neuroendocrine Tumors pathology, Intestinal Neoplasms pathology, Liver Neoplasms surgery, Surgeons
- Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors are a rare subset of tumors that are increasing in incidence over the last 4 decades. These tumors occur along the gastrointestinal tract and bronchopulmonary tree and frequently metastasize. Up to 90% of patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors develop liver metastases (NeLM) during their clinical course. The development of NeLM and their appropriate management has a profound impact on patient morbidity and mortality. Workup of NeLM involves biopsy to define tumor grade, cross-sectional imaging to delineate the distribution and number of metastases, and hormonal studies to determine tumor functionality. Depending on these three factors, a combination of cytoreductive surgery, liver-directed therapies, and medical management-with cytostatic and cytotoxic chemotherapies, is utilized. The multidisciplinary management of patients with NeLM should carefully consider all these factors., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)
- Published
- 2022
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