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Background and aimsDetailed investigation of the biological pathways leading to hepatic fibrosis and identification of liver fibrosis biomarkers may facilitate early interventions for pediatric cholestasis.Approach and resultsA targeted enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based panel of nine biomarkers (lysyl oxidase, tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1, connective tissue growth factor [CTGF], IL-8, endoglin, periostin, Mac-2-binding protein, MMP-3, and MMP-7) was examined in children with biliary atresia (BA; n = 187), alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (A1AT; n = 78), and Alagille syndrome (ALGS; n = 65) and correlated with liver stiffness (LSM) and biochemical measures of liver disease. Median age and LSM were 9 years and 9.5 kPa. After adjusting for covariates, there were positive correlations among LSM and endoglin ( p = 0.04) and IL-8 ( p

ObjectivesTo advance our understanding of monogenic forms of intrahepatic cholestasis.MethodsAnalyses included participants with pathogenic biallelic mutations in adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette subfamily B member 11 (ABCB11) (bile salt export pump; BSEP) or adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) phospholipid transporting 8B1 (ATP8B1) (familial intrahepatic cholestasis; FIC1), or those with monoallelic or biallelic mutations in adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette subfamily B member 4 (ABCB4) (multidrug resistance; MDR3), prospectively enrolled in the Longitudinal Study of Genetic Causes of Intrahepatic Cholestasis (LOGIC; NCT00571272) between November 2007 and December 2013. Summary statistics were calculated to describe baseline demographics, history, anthropometrics, laboratory values, and mutation data.ResultsNinety-eight participants with FIC1 (n = 26), BSEP (n = 53, including 8 with biallelic truncating mutations [severe] and 10 with p.E297G or p.D482G [mild]), or MDR3 (n = 19, including four monoallelic) deficiency were analyzed. Thirty-five had a surgical interruption of the enterohepatic circulation (sEHC), including 10 who underwent liver transplant (LT) after sEHC. Onset of symptoms occurred by age 2 years in most with FIC1 and BSEP deficiency, but was later and more variable for MDR3. Pruritus was nearly universal in FIC1 and BSEP deficiency. In participants with native liver, failure to thrive was common in FIC1 deficiency, high ALT was common in BSEP deficiency, and thrombocytopenia was common in MDR3 deficiency. sEHC was successful after more than 1 year in 7 of 19 participants with FIC1 and BSEP deficiency. History of LT was most common in BSEP deficiency. Of 102 mutations identified, 43 were not previously reported.ConclusionsIn this cohort, BSEP deficiency appears to be correlated with a more severe disease course. Genotype-phenotype correlations in these diseases are not straightforward and will require the study of larger cohorts.

Simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation (SLKT) is increasingly common in the United States. However, little is known about the renal-related outcomes following SLKT, which are essential to maximize the health of these allografts. We examined the factors impacting renal function following SLKT. This is an observational multicenter cohort study from the US Multicenter SLKT Consortium consisting of recipients of SLKT aged ≥18 years of transplantations performed between February 2002 and June 2017 at 6 large US centers in 6 different United Network for Organ Sharing regions. The primary outcome was incident post-SLKT stage 4-5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) defined as

ObjectivesTo identify predictors of portal hypertension, liver transplantation, and death in North American youth with alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency, and compare with patients with AAT deficiency elsewhere.Study designThe Childhood Liver Disease Research Network Longitudinal Observational Study of Genetic Causes of Intrahepatic Cholestasis is a prospective, cohort study of pediatric cholestatic liver diseases, including AAT deficiency, enrolling PIZZ and PISZ subjects 0-25 years of age seen since November 2007 at 17 tertiary care centers in the US and Canada. Data from standard-of-care baseline and annual follow-up visits were recorded from medical records, history, physical examination, and laboratory studies. Participants with portal hypertension were identified based on data collected.ResultsWe enrolled 350 participants (60% male) with a native liver; 278 (79%) entered the cohort without portal hypertension and 18 developed portal hypertension during follow-up. Thirty participants required liver transplantation; 2 patients died during 1077 person-years of follow-up. There was no difference in participants with or without preceding neonatal cholestasis progressing to transplantation or death during the study (12% vs 7%; P = .09), or in experiencing portal hypertension (28% vs 21%; P = .16); the hazard ratio for neonatal cholestasis leading to portal hypertension was P = .04. Development of portal hypertension was associated with a reduced height Z-score.ConclusionsPortal hypertension in youth with AAT deficiency impacts growth measures. Progression to liver transplantation is slow and death is rare, but the risk of complications and severe liver disease progression persists throughout childhood. A history of neonatal cholestasis is a weak predictor of severe disease.

Biliary atresia (BA) is the most common cause of end-stage liver disease in children and the primary indication for pediatric liver transplantation, yet underlying etiologies remain unknown. Approximately 10% of infants affected by BA exhibit various laterality defects (heterotaxy) including splenic abnormalities and complex cardiac malformations-a distinctive subgroup commonly referred to as the biliary atresia splenic malformation (BASM) syndrome. We hypothesized that genetic factors linking laterality features with the etiopathogenesis of BA in BASM patients could be identified through whole-exome sequencing (WES) of an affected cohort. DNA specimens from 67 BASM subjects, including 58 patient-parent trios, from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases-supported Childhood Liver Disease Research Network (ChiLDReN) underwent WES. Candidate gene variants derived from a prespecified set of 2,016 genes associated with ciliary dysgenesis and/or dysfunction or cholestasis were prioritized according to pathogenicity, population frequency, and mode of inheritance. Five BASM subjects harbored rare and potentially deleterious biallelic variants in polycystic kidney disease 1 like 1 (PKD1L1), a gene associated with ciliary calcium signaling and embryonic laterality determination in fish, mice, and humans. Heterozygous PKD1L1 variants were found in 3 additional subjects. Immunohistochemical analysis of liver from the one BASM subject available revealed decreased PKD1L1 expression in bile duct epithelium when compared to normal livers and livers affected by other noncholestatic diseases. Conclusion: WES identified biallelic and heterozygous PKD1L1 variants of interest in 8 BASM subjects from the ChiLDReN data set; the dual roles for PKD1L1 in laterality determination and ciliary function suggest that PKD1L1 is a biologically plausible, cholangiocyte-expressed candidate gene for the BASM syndrome.

Background & aimsA substantial proportion of pediatric liver transplant recipients develop subclinical chronic allograft injury. We studied whether there are distinct patterns of injury based on histopathologic features and identified associated immunologic profiles.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study of 157 stable, long-term pediatric recipients of transplanted livers (70 boys; > 6 years old at time of transplantation; mean, 8.9 ± 3.46 years after liver transplantation) who underwent liver biopsy analysis from August 13, 2012, through May 1, 2014. Participants had received livers from a living or deceased donor and had consistently normal results from liver tests. Liver biopsy specimens were scored by a central pathologist; an unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis of histologic features was used to sort biopsy samples into 3 clusters. We conducted transcriptional and cytometric analyses of liver tissue samples and performed a systems biology analysis that incorporated clinical, serologic, histologic, and transcriptional data.ResultsThe mean level of alanine aminotransferase in participants was 27.6 ± 14.57 U/L, and the mean level of γ-glutamyl transferase was 17.4 ± 7.93 U/L. Cluster 1 was characterized by interface activity (n = 34), cluster 2 was characterized by periportal or perivenular fibrosis without interface activity (n = 45), and cluster 3 had neither feature (n = 78). We identified a module of genes whose expression correlated with levels of alanine aminotransferase, class II donor-specific antibody, portal inflammation, interface activity, perivenular inflammation, portal and perivenular fibrosis, and cluster assignment. The module was enriched in genes that regulate T-cell-mediated rejection (TCMR) of liver and other transplanted organs. Functional pathway analysis showed overrepresentation of TCMR gene sets for cluster 1 but not clusters 2 or 3.ConclusionIn an analysis of biopsies from an apparently homogeneous group of stable, long-term pediatric liver transplant recipients with consistently normal liver test results, we found evidence of chronic graft injury (inflammation and/or fibrosis). Biopsy samples with interface activity had a gene expression pattern associated with TCMR.

Published histologic studies of the hilar plate or entire biliary remnant at the time of Kasai portoenterostomy (KHPE) have not provided deep insight into the pathogenesis of biliary atresia, relation to age at surgery, prognosis or the basis for successful drainage. We report detailed histologic findings in 172 centrally reviewed biliary remnants with an average of 6 sections per subject. Active lesions were classified as either necroinflammatory (rare/clustered in a few subjects) or active concentric fibroplasia with or without inflammation (common). Inactive lesions showed bland replacement by collagen and fibrous cords with little or no inflammation. Heterogeneity was common within a given remnant; however, relatively homogenous histologic patterns, defined as 3 or more inactive or active levels in the hepatic ducts levels, characterized most remnants. Homogeneity did not correlate with age at KHPE, presence/absence of congenital anomalies at laparotomy indicative of heterotaxy and outcome. Remnants from youngest subjects were more likely than older subjects to be homogenously inactive suggesting significantly earlier onset in the youngest subset. Conversely remnants from the oldest subjects were often homogenously active suggesting later onset or slower progression. More data are needed in remnants from subjects

IntroductionOptimizing outcome in biliary atresia (BA) requires timely diagnosis. Cholestasis is a presenting feature of BA, as well as other diagnoses (Non-BA). Identification of clinical features of neonatal cholestasis that would expedite decisions to pursue subsequent invasive testing to correctly diagnose or exclude BA would enhance outcomes. The analytical goal was to develop a predictive model for BA using data available at initial presentation.MethodsInfants at presentation with neonatal cholestasis (direct/conjugated bilirubin >2 mg/dl [34.2 μM]) were enrolled prior to surgical exploration in a prospective observational multi-centered study (PROBE-NCT00061828). Clinical features (physical findings, laboratory results, gallbladder sonography) at enrollment were analyzed. Initially, 19 features were selected as candidate predictors. Two approaches were used to build models for diagnosis prediction: a hierarchical classification and regression decision tree (CART) and a logistic regression model using a stepwise selection strategy.ResultsIn PROBE April 2004-February 2014, 401 infants met criteria for BA and 259 for Non-BA. Univariate analysis identified 13 features that were significantly different between BA and Non-BA. Using a CART predictive model of BA versus Non-BA (significant factors: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, acholic stools, weight), the receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (ROC AUC) was 0.83. Twelve percent of BA infants were misclassified as Non-BA; 17% of Non-BA infants were misclassified as BA. Stepwise logistic regression identified seven factors in a predictive model (ROC AUC 0.89). Using this model, a predicted probability of >0.8 (n = 357) yielded an 81% true positive rate for BA;

The liver biopsy guides diagnostic investigation and therapy in infants with undiagnosed cholestasis. Histologic features in the liver may also have prognostic value in the patient with biliary atresia (BA). We assessed the relative value of histologic features in 227 liver needle biopsies in discriminating between BA and other cholestatic disorders in infants enrolled in a prospective Childhood Liver Disease Research Network (ChiLDReN) cohort study by correlating histology with clinical findings in infants with and without BA. In addition, we reviewed 316 liver biopsies from clinically proven BA cases and correlated histologic features with total serum bilirubin 6 months after hepatoportoenterostomy (the Kasai procedure, HPE) and transplant-free survival up to 6 years. Review pathologists were blinded to clinical information except age. Semiquantitative scoring of 26 discrete histologic features was based on consensus. Bile plugs in portal bile ducts/ductules, moderate to marked ductular reaction, and portal stromal edema had the largest odds ratio for predicting BA versus non-BA by logistic regression analysis. The diagnostic accuracy of the needle biopsy was estimated to be 90.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 85.2%, 94.9%), whereas sensitivity and specificity for a diagnosis of BA are 88.4% (95% CI: 81.4, 93.5) and 92.7% (95% CI: 84.8, 97.3), respectively. No histologic features were associated with an elevated serum bilirubin 6 months after HPE, although it (an elevated serum bilirubin) was associated with an older age at HPE. Higher stages of fibrosis, a ductal plate configuration, moderate to marked bile duct injury, an older age at HPE, and an elevated international normalized ratio were independently associated with a higher risk of transplantation.

ObjectivesTo assess health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in children with Alagille syndrome (ALGS) in comparison with healthy and other liver disease cohorts, and to identify determinants of HRQOL in patients with ALGS.Study designWithin the Childhood Liver Disease Research Network prospective study of cholestasis, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) questionnaires were administered to 70 children with ALGS, 95 children with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (A1ATD), and 49 children with other causes of chronic intrahepatic cholestasis (IHC) aged 5-18 years. Parent proxy PedsQL scores were recorded for children aged 2-18 years (98 ALGS, 123 A1ATD, and 68 IHC).ResultsMean ages and total bilirubin (mg/dL) were ALGS 9.4 years; 4.4, A1ATD 9.5 years; 0.7, and IHC 10.3 years; 2.9. ALGS child PedsQL scores were lower than in healthy children and children with A1ATD (mean 73 vs 83; P = .001). Children with ALGS and IHC were similar, except in physical scores (73 vs 79; P = .05). Parents of children with ALGS perceived their children to have worse HRQOL than A1ATD (P ≤ .001) and marginally lower compared with IHC. Univariate analysis revealed ALGS child-reported scores were positively associated with better growth and inversely with total bilirubin. Growth failure, elevated international normalized ratio, and an intracardiac defect were predictive of poor parental scores (P ≤ .05). In multivariate analysis, only weight z-score remained significant for child- and parent-reported scores.ConclusionsHRQOL is impaired in children with ALGS compared with healthy and children with A1ATD, similar to children with IHC and is associated with growth failure, which is a potentially treatable cause of impaired HRQOL.

Objectivesα-1-Antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency is a common genetic disease with an unpredictable and highly variable course. The Childhood Liver Disease Research and Education Network is a National Institutes of Health, multicenter, longitudinal consortium studying pediatric liver diseases, with the objective of prospectively defining natural history and identifying disease modifiers.MethodsLongitudinal, cohort study of A1AT patients' birth through 25 years diagnosed as having liver disease, type PIZZ or PISZ. Medical history, physical examination, laboratory, imaging, and standardized survey tool data were collected during the provision of standard of care.ResultsIn the present report of the cohort at baseline, 269 subjects were enrolled between November 2008 and October 2012 (208 with their native livers and 61 postliver transplant). Subjects with mild disease (native livers and no portal hypertension [PHT]) compared to severe disease (with PHT or postliver transplant) were not different in age at presentation. A total of 57% of subjects with mild disease and 76% with severe disease were jaundiced at presentation (P = 0.0024). A total of 29% of subjects with native livers had PHT, but age at diagnosis and growth were not different between the no-PHT and PHT groups (P > 0.05). Subjects with native livers and PHT were more likely to have elevated bilirubin, ALT, AST, INR, and GGTP than the no-PHT group (P <

Objectivesδ-Bilirubin (Bδ) forms when bilirubin conjugates covalently bind to albumin by way of nonenzymatic transesterification in patients with cholestasis. Infants with cholestasis with biliary atresia form Bδ. The aim of the present study was to investigate the factors determining serum Bδ concentrations in infants with biliary atresia.MethodsStudy patients were infants enrolled in a prospective study (PROBE: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00061828) of biliary atresia. We acquired data of concurrently measured serum bilirubin analytes (total bilirubin [TB], conjugated bilirubin [Bc], and unconjugated bilirubin) and applied graphical methods and linear mixed effects model to study factors contributing to Bδ variability.ResultsBδ level increased with increasing levels of Bc and TB. In addition, the length of time cholestasis persisted partially determined the level of Bδ. An increase of 1 mg/dL in Bc is related to approximately 0.36 mg/dL increase in Bδ (P

ObjectiveFat-soluble vitamin (FSV) deficiency is a well-recognized consequence of cholestatic liver disease and reduced intestinal intraluminal bile acid. We hypothesized that serum bile acid (SBA) would predict biochemical FSV deficiency better than serum total bilirubin (TB) level in infants with biliary atresia.MethodsInfants enrolled in the Trial of Corticosteroid Therapy in Infants with Biliary Atresia after hepatoportoenterostomy were the subjects of this investigation. Infants received standardized FSV supplementation and monitoring of TB, SBA, and vitamin levels at 1, 3, and 6 months. A logistic regression model was used with the binary indicator variable insufficient/sufficient as the outcome variable. Linear and nonparametric correlations were made between specific vitamin measurement levels and either TB or SBA.ResultsThe degree of correlation for any particular vitamin at a specific time point was higher with TB than with SBA (higher for TB in 31 circumstances vs 3 circumstances for SBA). Receiver operating characteristic curve shows that TB performed better than SBA (area under the curve 0.998 vs 0.821). Including both TB and SBA did not perform better than TB alone (area under the curve 0.998).ConclusionsWe found that TB was a better predictor of FSV deficiency than SBA in infants with biliary atresia. The role of SBA as a surrogate marker of FSV deficiency in other cholestatic liver diseases, such as progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, α-1-antitrypsin deficiency, and Alagille syndrome in which the pathophysiology is dominated by intrahepatic cholestasis, warrants further study.

ObjectivesTo examine the medical status of children with biliary atresia (BA) with their native livers after hepato- portoenterostomy (HPE) surgery.Study designThe Childhood Liver Disease Research and Education Network database was utilized to examine subjects with BA living with their native livers 5 or more years after HPE and to describe the prevalence of subjects with BA with an "ideal" outcome, defined as no clinical evidence of chronic liver disease, normal liver biochemical indices (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, platelet count, total bilirubin, international normalized ratio, and albumin), and normal health-related quality of life 5 or more years after HPE.ResultsChildren with BA (n = 219; 43% male) with median age 9.7 years were studied. Median age at HPE was 56 (range 7-125) days. Median age- and sex-adjusted height and weight z-scores at 5-year follow-up were 0.487 (IQR -0.27 to 1.02) and 0.00 (IQR -0.74 to 0.70), respectively. During the 12 preceding months, cholangitis and bone fractures occurred in 17% and 5.5%, respectively. Health-related quality of life was reported normal by 53% of patients. However, only 1.8% met the study definition of "ideal" outcome. Individual tests of liver synthetic function (total bilirubin, albumin, and international normalized ratio) were normal in 75%, 85%, and 73% of the study cohort.ConclusionCholangitis and fractures in long-term survivors underscore the importance of ongoing medical surveillance. Over 98% of this North American cohort of subjects with BA living with native livers 5 or more years after HPE have clinical or biochemical evidence of chronic liver disease.

ImportanceBiliary atresia is the most common cause of end-stage liver disease in children. Controversy exists as to whether use of steroids after hepatoportoenterostomy improves clinical outcome.ObjectiveTo determine whether the addition of high-dose corticosteroids after hepatoportoenterostomy is superior to surgery alone in improving biliary drainage and survival with the native liver.Design, setting, and patientsThe multicenter, double-blind Steroids in Biliary Atresia Randomized Trial (START) was conducted in 140 infants (mean age, 2.3 months) between September 2005 and February 2011 in the United States; follow-up ended in January 2013.InterventionsParticipants were randomized to receive intravenous methylprednisolone (4 mg/kg/d for 2 weeks) and oral prednisolone (2 mg/kg/d for 2 weeks) followed by a tapering protocol for 9 weeks (n = 70) or placebo (n = 70) initiated within 72 hours of hepatoportoenterostomy.Main outcomes and measuresThe primary end point (powered to detect a 25% absolute treatment difference) was the percentage of participants with a serum total bilirubin level of less than 1.5 mg/dL with his/her native liver at 6 months posthepatoportoenterostomy. Secondary outcomes included survival with native liver at 24 months of age and serious adverse events.ResultsThe proportion of participants with improved bile drainage was not statistically significantly improved by steroids at 6 months posthepatoportoenterostomy (58.6% [41/70] of steroids group vs 48.6% [34/70] of placebo group; adjusted relative risk, 1.14 [95% CI, 0.83 to 1.57]; P = .43). The adjusted absolute risk difference was 8.7% (95% CI, -10.4% to 27.7%). Transplant-free survival was 58.7% in the steroids group vs 59.4% in the placebo group (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.0 [95% CI, 0.6 to 1.8]; P = .99) at 24 months of age. The percentage of participants with serious adverse events was 81.4% [57/70] of the steroids group and 80.0% [56/70] of the placebo group (P > .99); however, participants receiving steroids had an earlier time of onset of their first serious adverse event by 30 days posthepatoportoenterostomy (37.2% [95% CI, 26.9% to 50.0%] of steroids group vs 19.0% [95% CI, 11.5% to 30.4%] of placebo group; P = .008).Conclusions and relevanceAmong infants with biliary atresia who have undergone hepatoportoenterostomy, high-dose steroid therapy following surgery did not result in statistically significant treatment differences in bile drainage at 6 months, although a small clinical benefit could not be excluded. Steroid treatment was associated with earlier onset of serious adverse events in children with biliary atresia.Trial registrationclinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00294684.

Elucidating genetic causes of cholestasis has proved to be important in understanding the physiology and pathophysiology of the liver. Here we show that protein-truncating mutations in the tight junction protein 2 gene (TJP2) cause failure of protein localization and disruption of tight-junction structure, leading to severe cholestatic liver disease. These findings contrast with those in the embryonic-lethal knockout mouse, highlighting differences in redundancy in junctional complexes between organs and species.

UnlabelledThe etiology of biliary atresia (BA) is unknown. Given that patterns of anomalies might provide etiopathogenetic clues, we used data from the North American Childhood Liver Disease Research and Education Network to analyze patterns of anomalies in infants with BA. In all, 289 infants who were enrolled in the prospective database prior to surgery at any of 15 participating centers were evaluated. Group 1 was nonsyndromic, isolated BA (without major malformations) (n = 242, 84%), Group 2 was BA and at least one malformation considered major as defined by the National Birth Defects Prevention Study but without laterality defects (n = 17, 6%). Group 3 was syndromic, with laterality defects (n = 30, 10%). In the population as a whole, anomalies (either major or minor) were most prevalent in the cardiovascular (16%) and gastrointestinal (14%) systems. Group 3 patients accounted for the majority of subjects with cardiac, gastrointestinal, and splenic anomalies. Group 2 subjects also frequently displayed cardiovascular (71%) and gastrointestinal (24%) anomalies; interestingly, this group had genitourinary anomalies more frequently (47%) compared to Group 3 subjects (10%).ConclusionThis study identified a group of BA (Group 2) that differed from the classical syndromic and nonsyndromic groups and that was defined by multiple malformations without laterality defects. Careful phenotyping of the patterns of anomalies may be critical to the interpretation of both genetic and environmental risk factors associated with BA, allowing new insight into pathogenesis and/or outcome.

ObjectivesTo quantify health related quality of life (HRQOL) of patients with biliary atresia with their native livers and compare them with healthy children and patients with biliary atresia post-liver transplant (LT) and to examine the relationship between HRQOL and medical variables.Study designA cross-sectional HRQOL study of patients with biliary atresia with their native livers (ages 2-25 years) was conducted and compared with healthy and post-LT biliary atresia samples using Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 child self and parent proxy reports, a validated measure of physical/psychosocial functioning.Results221 patients with biliary atresia with native livers (54% female, 67% white) were studied. Patient self and parent proxy reports showed significantly poorer HRQOL than healthy children across all domains (P < .001), particularly in emotional and psychosocial functioning. Child self and parent proxy HRQOL scores from patients with biliary atresia with their native livers and post-LT biliary atresia were similar across all domains (P = not significant). Child self and parent proxy reports showed moderate agreement across all scales, except social functioning (poor to fair agreement). On multivariate regression analysis, black race and elevated total bilirubin were associated with lower Total and Psychosocial HRQOL summary scores.ConclusionsHRQOL in patients with biliary atresia with their native livers is significantly poorer than healthy children and similar to children with post-LT biliary atresia. These findings identify significant opportunities to optimize the overall health of patients with biliary atresia.

ObjectiveBiliary atresia (BA) frequently results in portal hypertension (PHT), complications of which lead to significant morbidity and mortality. The Childhood Liver Disease Research and Education Network was used to perform a cross-sectional multicentered analysis of PHT in children with BA.MethodsSubjects with BA receiving medical management at a Childhood Liver Disease Research and Education Network site were enrolled. A priori, clinically evident PHT was defined as "definite" when there was either history of a complication of PHT or clinical findings consistent with PHT (both splenomegaly and thrombocytopenia). PHT was denoted as "possible" if one of the findings was present in the absence of a complication, whereas PHT was "absent" if none of the criteria were met.ResultsA total of 163 subjects were enrolled between May 2006 and December 2009. At baseline, definite PHT was present in 49%, possible in 17%, and absent in 34% of subjects. Demographics, growth, and anthropometrics were similar amongst the 3 PHT categories. Alanine aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, and sodium levels were similar, whereas there were significant differences in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), AST/alanine aminotransferase, albumin, total bilirubin, prothrombin time, white blood cell count, platelet count, and AST/platelet count between definite and absent PHT. Thirty-four percent of those with definite PHT had either prothrombin time >15 seconds or albumin