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With the advent of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the selection and application of electrode materials have been the subject of much discussion and study. Among them, graphite has been widely investigated for use as electrode materials in LIBs due to its abundant resources, low cost, safety and electrochemical diversity. While it is commonly recognized that conventional graphite materials utilized for commercial purposes have a limited theoretical capacity, there has been a steady emergence of new and improved carbonaceous materials for use as anodes in light of the progressive development of LIBs. In this paper, the latest research progress of various carbon materials in LIBs is systematically and comprehensively reviewed. Firstly, the rocking chair charging and discharging mechanism of LIBs is briefly introduced in this paper, using graphite anodes as an example. After that, the general categories of carbonaceous materials are highlighted, and the recent research on the recent progress of various carbonaceous materials (graphite-based, amorphous carbon-based, and nanocarbon-based) used in LIB anodes is presented separately based on the classification of the structural morphology, emphasizing the influence of the morphology and structure of carbon-based materials on the electrochemical performance of the batteries. Finally, the current challenges of carbonaceous materials in LIB applications and the future development of other novel carbonaceous materials are envisioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MnO, used as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), suffers from severe volume changes, poor conductivity and limited cycle performance. Herein, we applied carbon materials derived from metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) to obtain a considerable specific surface area and fitting aperture, which can be used to physically fix MnO nanoparticles. The ultrafine Co particles further anchor MnO nanoparticles through chemical interaction. The combination of physical and chemical anchoring of MnO alleviated the problem of volume changes during the intercalation reaction of LIBs. The composite of carbon material and the doping of transition metal Co improved the conductivity of MnO. In addition, the convenient channel provided by the porous structure for the diffusion of ions, the slowing down of volume changes during the process of lithiation/delithiation and the improvement in conductivity are propitious to electrochemical performance of LIBs. Therefore, Co–MnO/C delivered an ultrahigh capacity of 1653 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1. The specific capacity tested at 100 and 1000 mA g−1 can still reach 1414 and 772 mA h g−1, respectively, after about 300 cycles. Mn-based materials with their outstanding electrochemical performance, environmental friendliness and convenient synthesis strategy demonstrate the feasibility of Co–MnO/C composite materials in practical applications of LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a honeycomb-shaped meso@mesoporous carbon nanofiber material incorporating homogeneously dispersed ultra-fine Fe2O3 nanoparticles (denoted as Fe2O3@g-C3N4@H-MMCN) is synthesised through a pyrolysis process. The honeycomb-shaped configuration of the meso@mesoporous carbon nanofiber material derived from a natural bio-carbon source (crab shell) acts as a support for an anode material for Li-ion batteries. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is produced via the one-step pyrolysis of urea at high temperature under an N2 atmosphere without the assistance of additives. The resulting favorable electrochemical performance, with superior rate capabilities (1067 mA h g−1 at 1000 mA g−1), a remarkable specific capacity (1510 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1), and steady cycling performance (782.9 mA h g−1 after 500 cycles at 2000 mA g−1), benefitted from the advantages of both the host material and the Fe2O3 nanoparticles, which play an important role due to their ultra-fine particle size of 5 nm. The excellent cycle life and high capacity demonstrate that this strategy of strong synergistic effects represents a new pathway for pursuing high-electrochemical-performance materials for lithium-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gallium oxide as a novel electrode material has attracted attention because of its high stability and conductivity. In addition, Ga2O3 will be converted to Ga during the charge and discharge process, and the self-healing behavior of Ga can improve the cycling stability. In this paper, we synthesized Ga2O3 nanoparticles with a size of about 4 nm via a facile sol–gel method. Meanwhile, we employed three types of carbon materials (reduced graphene oxide, mesoporous carbon nanofiber arrays, and carbon nanotubes) to avoid the aggregation of Ga2O3 nanoparticles and improve the conductivity of Ga2O3 during the discharge/charge process as well. Among the three samples, the deactivating defective sites and special carbon matrix of reduced graphene oxide can provide more attachment points for Ga ions, so the Ga2O3 nanoparticles can be more closely and uniformly distributed on rGO. Benefitting from the perfect combination of reduced graphene oxide sheets and Ga2O3 nanoparticles, a stable capacity of the Ga2O3/rGO electrode can be maintained at 411 mA h g−1 at a current density of 1000 mA g−1 after 600 cycles. We believe that this work provides a novel and efficient way to improve the electrochemical stability of Li-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used in many fields, and research on LIBs electrode materials have attracted much attention. Among them, transition metal selenides (TMSs) are the most promising candidates in the next generation LIBs due to their high theoretical specific capacity and electrical conductivity. However, poor cycle stability and severe volume variation result in serious capacity decay during the charge/discharge process, limiting the practical application. In this paper, CoSe2−MnSe2 composites are synthesized via Co−Mn‐based metal‐organic framework (MOF) precursor. Meanwhile, three types of materials are successfully synthesized including CoSe2‐MnSe2@reduced graphene oxide (rGO), CoSe2‐MnSe2@polypyrrole (PPy), and CoSe2‐MnSe2/glucose (C). According to the electrochemical test results, it can be seen that the electrochemical performance of CoSe2−MnSe2 has been improved significantly. CoSe2‐MnSe2@rGO electrode materials, in particular, of which the inactivation defect sites and special carbon structure of rGO could provide more attachment points for ions. Due to the perfect combination of rGO and CoSe2−MnSe2, the CoSe2‐MnSe2@rGO composites display outstanding rate performance (1266 mA h g−1 at current densities of 100 mA g−1) and high reversible capacity (1169 after 150 cycles at 100 mA g−1). We believe that CoSe2‐MnSe2@rGO is a kind of very promising anode material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Ga/Ga2O3@C dodecahedron composite with a high specific capacity of about 542 mA h g−1 after 200 cycles at the current density of 1000 mA g−1 was synthesized by one-step hydrogen reduction. This hierarchical homogeneous structure combined the Ga, Ga2O3 and carbon frameworks (from Ga-MOF) to exhibit excellent electrochemical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) with excellent electrochemical performance are of significance to meet the increasing demand for rechargeable batteries. Niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5), as an intercalation material with promising electrochemical properties has caught our attention. In this study, Nb2O5 nanoparticles were successfully synthesized through a classical sol‐gel process. The nanoparticles with a size of less than 5 nm were uniformly coated on carbon materials, i. e., reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and three‐dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) carbon, under the same proportion, to explore which kind of carbon materials is more suitable to improve the electrochemical performance of Nb2O5 as an anode for LIBs. Nb2O5/3DOM carbon composite exhibited a superior electrochemical performance to the other two materials, where a high reversible capacity of 519 mA h g−1 could be maintained at the current density of 5.0C (C=201.7 mA g−1). Furthermore, the specific capacity of Nb2O5/3DOM carbon composite maintained 1163 mA h g−1 at the current density of 0.2C (C=201.7 mA g−1) after 100 cycles. Nb2O5 nanoparticles and two different Nb2O5/carbon composites are synthesized by a sol‐gel process and tested as negative electrodes for lithium‐ion batteries. The Nb2O5/3DOM carbon composite exhibited superior electrochemical performance (compared to pure Nb2O5 and the Nb2O5/rGO composite). Thus, 3DOM carbon is more suitable to be a matrix to coat Nb2O5 as an anode for lithium‐ion batteries than rGO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Non-metallic materials as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. • Defects caused by hydrogen bonding facilitate the intercalation reaction in LIBs. • High self-healing properties facilitate real-time repair of reactive interfaces. • Simple preparation method and abundant elemental storage meet the economic cost. The replacement of metallic materials with non-metallic materials as anode electrodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is an increasing hot spot for constructing a new generation of energy storage field. Here, a novel deep eutectic composites material consisting of quaternary ammonium salts (QASs) and N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) on the basis of hydrogen bonding reaction is used as the anode material of LIBs, boasting numerous advantages, including facile synthesis, environmental friendliness, superb conductivity, self-healing property, and multiple active sites to provide capacity. Typically, tetraethylammonium chloride (TEACl)/NMP delivered a reversible specific capacity of 764.8 mAh/g at 100 mA/g after cycling 420 times and coulombic efficiency is maintained near 100 % after 1000 cycles at 100 mA/g. The availability of hydrogen bonding network reduces the lattice energy of its components and creates defects, which is more favorable for the intercalation reaction in LIBs. Concurrently, the effect of hydrogen bonding reaction and the natural mobility of the deep eutectic composites exhibit high self-healing properties, facilitating the repair of the reaction interface in real time. An abundance of active sites that can bind Li+ to form LiH is used to provide capacity, which is also confirmed by density functional theory (DFT) method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile approach that combines the chemical etching with sulfidation of the sacrificial templates of the Fe-based MOFs is developed to prepare FeS 2 @ Porous Octahedral Carbon (FeS 2 @POC). The porous carbon shell can improve the conductivity of active materials, bring a high reversible capacity. Moreover, the void space between carbon and FeS 2 can accommodate the volume changes during cycling and the existence of carbon can prevent the aggregation of pulverized FeS 2 particles during Li ions insertion/extraction process, which are favorable to gain superior cycling stability. When used as an anode for lithium-ion batteries, the FeS 2 @POC shows superior electrochemical performance with a high specific capacity, excellent rate performance (381 mAh g−1 at 5000 mA g−1) and good cyclability (1074 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 after 100 cycles, about 99% capacity retention). The results demonstrate that this product may be considered as a promising anode material for advanced lithium-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimony/reduced graphene oxide (Sb/rGO) composite is prepared successfully with the addition of rGO nanosheets via a facile one-step chemical deposition route using SbCl 3 as the precursor, which could form metallic Sb nanoparticles anchored on the rGO sheets submerging in N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) without any other addition of surfactant. Microstructure characterization tests reveal the sheet-like Sb/rGO composite consisting of the ultrafine Sb nanoparticles uniformly and intimately dispersed on the rGO nanosheets. In this special structure, rGO nanosheets with the preponderance of ultra-thin and flexible not only restrain the tremendous volume change of Sb nanoparticles but also have a brilliant synergistic effect and strong bonding effect along with Sb nanoparticles and improve the conductivity of active material. Therefore, as an anode material with promoted electrochemical performance for lithium-ion batteries, Sb/rGO composite shows the high reversible capacity of 797.5 mAh g−1 and 562.9 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at the current density of 80 mA g−1 and 430 mA g−1, respectively. And the rate performance is also improved due to the existence of rGO nanosheets as an indispensable role in the Sb/rGO composite. • Sb nanoparticles are anchored on rGO by one-step chemical deposition route. • Spherality metallic Sb particles are prepared by a novel method. • The Sb/rGO composite displays excellent electrochemical performance. • This new route can provide an idea to explore other metal/rGO composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Advanced SMS-FeX 3 anodes show promising performance in LIBs. • Fe trihalides (FeF 3 , FeCl 3 , FeBr 3) synergize with NMP, yielding SMS-FeX 3 materials of exceptional electrochemical performance. • SMS-FeX 3 anodes exemplify easy synthesis, sustainability, and leverage solid molten salts' electrochemical strengths. • SMS-FeX 3 anodes present a promising outlook for LIBs anodes, demonstrating substantial potential for practical utilization. Cost-effective metal trihalides exhibiting high specific capacity hold significant promise as anodes in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Within this study, the spotlight falls on innovative anode materials, denoted as solid molten salts (SMS-FeX 3 , X = F, Cl, Br), which are synthesized through the utilization of transition metal trihalides. SMS-FeX 3 anodes offer a range of advantages, including facile synthesis, environmental sustainability, and the electrochemical benefits stemming from the superior conductivity and electrochemical performance of solid molten salts. Leveraging the synergistic interaction between Fe trihalides (FeF 3 , FeCl 3 , FeBr 3) and N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP), these SMS materials exhibit exceptional electrochemical performance and remarkable cycle stability. Furthermore, a comprehensive comparison among the three Fe trihalides underscores their distinct characteristics: SMS-FeF 3 showcases a consistent Coulombic Efficiency of approximately 100 % throughout 400 cycles. SMS-FeCl 3 stands out with an initial specific capacity of 1258 mAh/g at 100 mA g−1, sustaining at 900 mAh/g after 400 cycles. Meanwhile, SMS-FeBr 3 , serving as a comparative material, exhibits commendable rate performance even at 2000 mA g−1. These captivating and pioneering SMS-FeX 3 anode materials offer a fresh perspective on the anode fabrication of LIBs, bearing exceptional promise for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract SnO x is considered as a promising anode candidate for lithium-ion batteries, but suffers from the low electrical conductivity and severe volume expansion during cycling. To solve these issues, we develop a simple and facile process of incipient wetness impregnation followed by pyrolysis gel molecules to prepare SnO x /mesoporous carbon nanofiber arrays, SnO x /graphene, SnO x /carbon nanotubes and SnO x /three-dimensionally ordered macroporous carbon materials. Notably, SnO x nanoparticles about 5 nm are prepared by a nonaqueous sol-gel method. We also explore the effect of different morphologies and pore structures of four carbon substrates on the electrochemical performance of the composites. Benefiting from the small size of SnO x nanoparticles and the synergistic effect between SnO x and the different carbon matrix materials, SnO x -Carbon electrode materials display excellent rate capability and cycle stability. SnO x /mesoporous carbon nanofiber arrays exhibits the best rate (522 mA h g−1 at 2000 mA g−1) and cycling performances (1327 mA h g−1 after 200 cycles at 100 mA g−1). The superior electrochemical performance, facile synthesized method and low cost of the Sn-based materials exhibit promising application for SnO x /mesoporous carbon nanofiber arrays as anode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. Furthermore, the ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies on this electrode material under different states suggest that the Sn and Li 2 O could reversibly react to form SnO x during the charging process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, carboxyl groups were introduced on the organic ligands of ZIF-67 through post-synthetic modification (-CH 3 →-CH 2 Br→-CHO→-COOH). A thin layer of Ag nanoparticles (3 nm in diameter) coating was deposited on external surface of ZIF-67 crystals through the reaction between the aldehyde groups in the ligands and silver ammonia solution. The carboxyl groups can participate in the lithium storage while the Ag nanoparticles coating help in increasing the conductivity. Electrochemical properties of the modified ZIF-67 electrodes are examined by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge tests. Benefiting from the outstanding conductivity of Ag nanoparticles and the synergistic effect between Ag nanoparticles and the modified ZIF-67, the composite exhibits enhanced electrochemical performance compared to its ZIF-67 counterpart. Nearly an invariable capacity of 800 mA h g −1 is maintained up to 100 cycles at 0.28 C (1C = 137 mA g −1 ) with a Coulombic efficiency of 99%. Furthermore, the ex situ X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies on the electrode material under different states suggest that the Co ions remain in the Co 2+ state during the charging/discharging process and the usual conversion reaction mechanism for lithium storage might not be suitable for the modified ZIF-67 electrode material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that introduction of TiO 2 materials could improve cyclability of anode materials. However, such an investigation on TiO 2 coating Zn 2 GeO 4 for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) has not been reported. In this work, novel Zn 2 GeO 4 nanorods@TiO 2 were fabricated. TiO 2 shell layer acting as a buffer and mechanical support against the pulverization of the Zn 2 GeO 4 materials improves the electrochemical properties, the Zn 2 GeO 4 nanorods@TiO 2 as anode demonstrates a stable reversible capacity 330 mA h g −1 after 150 cycles under a current density of 200 mA g −1 and excellent rate capacity. Moreover, it is with a 100% capacity retention after the second cycle and much higher than that of compared to pure Zn 2 GeO 4 nanorods (only 26%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Electrochemistry mechanism of Fe-based SMS in LIBs is elucidated. • Two potential adsorption sites of Fe-based SMS are obtained by DFT methods. • Adsorption sites are attractive for Li+ with the increasing of around electrons. • Large amounts of LiH are released to obtain good electrochemical performance. The Solid Molten Salt-Fe 2 O 3 @Polypyrrole (SMS-Fe 2 O 3 @PPy) materials as anode electrode are successfully synthesized by a two-step method and applied for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The SMS-Fe 2 O 3 @PPy electrode is composed of Fe-based solid molten salt (SMS), PPy and octahedral Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles. Importantly, the introduction of PPy not only can provide a coating to suppress the volume expansion but also improve the electrical conductivity of the material. The elegant synergy effectively reduces the volume expansion of the material during the Li+ insertion/extraction process. As an anode for the LIBs, the SMS-Fe 2 O 3 @PPy electrode deliver reversible capacities of 1346 mAh/g at 100 mA g−1, good cycle stability of 1198 mAh/g even after 1000 cycles at 500 mA g−1 and excellent rate performance of 110 mAh/g even at 50 A g−1. It is found that the SMS can provide a large amount of LiH by combining with Li+ in the discharge process. The potential adsorption sites (site A and site B) from SMS were obtained by Density Functional theory (DFT) methods, and the attraction capacity of SMS to Li+ increased with the increasing of the number of electrons around SMS. All above unique advantages lead to a large specific capacity as well as excellent cycling stability, resulting in a considerable electrochemical performance. It can be seen from the excellent electrochemical performance of SMS-Fe 2 O 3 @PPy electrode that portends this will be a promising material for high-performance electrochemical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel prepared ZIF-4@CuO is proposed as lithium-ion battery (LIB) anode material in this work. ZIF-4-CuCl 2 is prepared by the hydrogen extraction reaction in which CuCl 2 replaced the hydrogen sites on the imidazole-based N-heterocyclic carbene of ZIF-4 for under basic conditions. ZIF-4@CuO was prepared by decomposition of ZIF-4-CuCl 2 precursor. The formed CuO was isolated and highly dispersed by the ZIF-4 frame. The combination of porous structure by ZIF and highly dispersed CuO nanoparticles strongly promotes the reaction kinetics of the electrode. The reversible specific capacity of ZIF-4@CuO anode material is 425 mA h g-1 at 1000 mA g-1 after 300 cycles, exhibits excellent electrochemical performance in LIBs. The preparation of highly dispersed nanoparticles explores a novel strategy for the anodes design of LIBs with superior performance. • CuO nanoparticles are highly dispersed on the ZIF-4 framework by hydrogen extraction reaction and decomposition reaction. • The porous structure by ZIF-4 and highly dispersed CuO nanoparticles synergistically enhance the electrochemical performance. • The ZIF-4@CuO electrode still maintains the capacity of 819 mA h g-1 after 100 cycles at current densities of 100 mA g-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globular Sb 2 O 4 @PPy core-shell nanospheres are synthesized via a facile method combining controllable synthesis of nanospheres and conductive nanocomposite engineering. Sb 2 O 4 nanospheres an ultrastable structure generates the relatively large void space and shorten the distance of diffusion, and the thin conductive PPy shell can alleviate the giant volume change. The obtained Sb 2 O 4 @PPy core-shell nanospheres in anode material for lithium-ion batteries exhibit an enhanced electrochemical performance with 932.2 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1 after 100 cycles and high rate property (552.8 mA h g−1 at 2000 mA g−1). Notably, a specific reversible capacity about 542.8 mA h g−1 still can be delivered even after 250 long cycles at the high current density of 1000 mA g−1. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The Cl-doped ZIF-67-derived carbon microspheres were prepared by a novel chlorination method in high-temperature. • The electrochemical performance of CCH@CM has been greatly improved compared to ZIF-67. • CCH@CM continues the microporous structure of ZIF-67 while minimizes volume expansion. • Cobalt Chloride Hydrate (CCH) grown in situ provides maximum active sites for electrochemical reactions with Li-ions. In this work, the carbon-microsphere loaded with cobalt chloride hydrate (CCH@CM) was prepared via a collaborative and chlorination strategy derived from ZIF-67 precursor, which exhibits a superior electrochemical performance as a lithium-ion battery anode material. The synthesized CCH@CM obtained a high initial discharge capacity (947 mAh g−1) and the capacity attenuation rate is close to zero after 200 cycles at the current density of 100 mA g−1. The porous structure derived from ZIF-67 not only can provide a conductive path, which increases the transport of electrons and lithium ions, but also alleviate volume expansion. The presences of -Cl-/H 2 O groups provide active sites for the anchoring of Li+. As the first successful synthesizing the cobalt chloride hydrate (CCH) from ZIF-67, good electrochemical performance provides a promising for the large-scale application in lithium ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We report a one-step strategy for the synthesis based on non-aqueous sol-gel PPy-encapsulated SnO 2 nanoparticles. • Benefiting from this interesting carbon decorated and non-agglomeration strategy, SnO 2 @Pyy-2 demonstrated excellent rate performance and cycle performance when it was evaluated as anode material for lithium-ion batteries. [Display omitted] SnO 2 has been considered a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) based on its high theoretical capacity (1494 mA h g−1). Unfortunately, the electrochemical properties, including rate performance and stability for SnO 2 -based materials, are still restrained by huge volume expansion and weak electron dynamics. Hence, we developed a one-step strategy for the synthesis based on non-aqueous sol-gel polypyrrole (PPy)-encapsulated SnO 2 nanoparticles to solve the above issues. The synthesized material exhibits excellent dispersibility, and the SnO 2 nanoparticles are encapsulated by the conductive coating (SnO 2 @PPy-2). As an anode, SnO 2 @PPy-2 demonstrates excellent electrochemical capabilities compared to pure SnO 2 and SnO 2 @PPy-1(based on pure SnO 2 encapsulated PPy). SnO 2 @PPy-2 not only exhibits 783.8 mAh g−1 and 932.6 mAh g−1 capacities at 0.5 A g−1(200 cycles) and 0.2 A g−1(100 cycles) but also retains an excellent rate performance for 560.2 mA h g−1 at 2 A g−1. This superior Li-storage performance can be ascribed to the reduced nanosize for SnO 2 and the conductive polymer coating, which significantly enhances mass transfer efficiency. The existence of PPy dramatically restricts volume expansion and the agglomeration of Sn intermediates during charge/discharge. This work has also provided novel ways for the preparation of other disperse metal oxide/conductive-polymer composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrite FeS 2 , which has abundant reserves, is widely regarded as an excellent anode material for lithium-ion batteries. However, FeS 2 is prone to volume expansion and low conductivity during charging and discharging, resulting in poor electrochemical performance. In this paper, a fast non-hydrogel method was used to synthesize the precursor of FeS 2 @C (carbon nanotubes, graphene, crab shell carbon, and sucrose carbon), and the obtained FeS 2 @CNT has a relatively best electrochemical performance. Benefiting from its structural advantages, FeS 2 @CNT exhibits a good rate performance (1200, 1125, 1020, 920 and 820 mA h g−1 at five levels of the current density of 100–2000 mA g−1). And it has an excellent cycle performance (1200 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles at 100 mA g−1). It shows that this method has considerable advantages in the process of preparing composites. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Develop a simple and practical method for preparing nanoparticles. • Investigate different carbon materials as substrates and their effects on electrochemical performance. • Connect the volume expansion of the electrode material into the breakdown of the battery. • Study the effect of pseudocapacitance, current density and resistance on electrode performance. [Display omitted] Transition metal oxychlorides, such as VOCl and BiOCl, have become an attractive candidate material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In this paper, the TaOCl 3 /Co-CNT was obtained by a non-hydrosol gel method, which used for lithium-ion anode materials. Pure TaOCl 3 possesses a higher theoretical capacity, but the expected effect would not be obtained due to the volume expansion. The introduction of Co-CNT enhances the stability of the structure, shortens the Li+ transmission distance, and introduces conductive metal cobalt, which improves the electrochemical performance of the electrode material. TaOCl 3 /Co-CNT, as the anode electrode, exhibits superb electrochemical properties, including a high reversible specific capacity of 1295 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1, the perfect cycle stability (the capacity of TaOCl 3 /Co-CNT electrode achieved 650 mA h g−1 at 500 mA g−1 after 200 cycles) and the excellent rate performance. The results confirm that this product combined with facile fabrication process is promising for the practical applications in LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we put forward a concept of novel self-supporting multilevel-3D porous NiO nanowires and successfully synthesize them to be used as binder-free electrode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). According to the "like dissolves like" rule, Zr-based metal-organic gel (Zr-MOG) with the same organic ligand of the precursor of NiO is in situ coated on the surface of novel multilevel-3D porous nanowires, which not only effectively stabilizes the multilevel-3D porous network structure, but also adheres the electrode material to the surface of the Cu foil effectively and prevents electrode pulverization or shedding due to its own viscosity without adding binder (PVDF) in the process of fabricating electrode. Contact angle analysis illustrates Zr-MOG possesses potential to provide cementation power. Through theoretical simulation, the binding energy of NiO@Zr-MOG is lower than NiO, demonstrating the superiority to occur the redox reaction. The novel self-supporting multilevel-3D porous NiO nanowires coated by Zr-MOG possess superior electrochemical performance of LIBs (the specific capacity reached 1816.3 mAh g−1 at the current density of 100 mA g−1, remained at 1318.7 mAh g−1 after 150 cycles). This work will provide a new perspective for the fabrication of high-performance binder-free LIB electrodes. [Display omitted] • Put forward the concept of novel multilevel-3D porous nanowires. • Binder-free lithium-ion battery anode by "like dissolves like" coating. • The superiority of NiO@Zr-MOG was demonstrated by theoretical simulation. • The fabrication method is applicable to other transition metal oxides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sn-MOF is used as a precursor to prepare SnS 2 nanomaterials by vacuum vulcanization. • A novel nitrogen-doped method is designed. Benefiting from this interesting carbon decorated and nitrogen-doped strategy, SnS 2 /C-NB demonstrated excellent lithium storage performance. • Benefiting from this interesting carbon decorated and nitrogen-doped strategy, SnS 2 /C-NB demonstrated excellent rate performance and cycle performance when it was evaluated as anode material for lithium-ion batteries. • This method can be used to prepare other nitrogen-doped advanced anode materials. [Display omitted] SnS 2 has been identified as an up-and-coming anode candidate for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with its high theoretical capacity. Nevertheless, the material's rate performance and stability properties during actual cycling are still constrained by the striking volume expansion and weak ions dynamics. Thus, we upgrade a novel nitrogen-doped strategy based on MOFs materials to solve the above problem. The nitrogen source is successfully introduced under vacuum conditions by using different N-containing organic ligands to replace the position of the solvent sites on the MOF clusters. Finally, the material was obtained by high-temperature vulcanization under vacuum conditions, which retained the like-hexahedral carbon skeleton of the precursor to suppress volume expansion effectively. The introduction of nitrogen not only enhances the mechanical capability of the carbon skeleton but also enhances the electrical conductivity of the material. The SnS 2 /C-NB composites exhibit excellent cycle stability (maintains 1080.1 mAh g−1 for 200 cycles at 100 mA g−1, which stays at 84.1%; maintains 660.2 mAh g−1 for 200 cycles at 1000 mA g−1, which stays at 82.5%) with the synergistic protection of nitrogen-doped/carbon-coated and shorter ions/electrons transfer channels. The present work provides a new idea for the preparation of nitrogen-doped materials to enhance the cycling stability and rate performance of LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, 3D-conductive supramolecular gel and derivates were synthesized and the performance of lithium storage were explored. In sol or gel state of iron-based metal-organic gel (Fe-MOG), the redox reaction of Fe3+ will generate free radicals which can catalyze the polymerization of pyrrole. Meanwhile, the conductive polymer could be more uniformly and closely coated on the internal structure of Fe-MOG. Systematic electrochemical analysis demonstrated that 3D-conductive supramolecular gel anode performed a stable reversible specific capacity of 1304.9 mAh g−1 at the current density of 0.1 A g−1, and outstanding cycle performance with high reversible specific capacity of 824.5 mAh g−1 at the current density of 0.4 A g−1 after 300 cycles and 422.3 mAh g−1 at the current density of 2 A g−1 after 100 cycles. At the same time, supramolecular gel-derived N-doped Fe–C could also show excellent performance of lithium storage as a novel carbon material, demonstrating that 3D-conductive supramolecular gel has a broad application prospect in the field of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). • 3D-conductive supramolecular gel and derivates were synthesized and the performance of lithium storage were explored. • 3D-conductive supramolecular gel can maximize the synergy effect between Fe-MOG and PPy. • 3D-conductive supramolecular gel can effectively restrain volume expansion. • 3D-conductive supramolecular gel and derivates have high reversible specific capacity and excellent cycle performance. • The method of fabricating 3D-conductive supramolecular gel can also be applied to other metal atoms and ligands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amorphous metal-organic gel (MOG) can be applied as anode for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) due to its advantages of the controllable structure and the adjustable pore size. In this work, M-MOGs (M=Ni, Zr, Fe, Al, Cr) membranes were fabricated by drop casting method and used as LIB anodes for the first time. They exhibited the excellent electrochemical performance, which were much better than metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) or MOGs without membrane formation of the same metal atom. There was no need to add carbon black, binder or organic solvent when fabricating the membrane electrode which can be attributed to the excellent electronic conductibility of membrane and the viscosity of MOGs. At the same time, the prepared MOGs have the self-healable property which can effectively restrain volume expansion during the lithium ion intercalation/extraction process. In five membrane electrodes, Ni-MOG membrane had a great specific capacity reaching to 1710.1 mA h g−1 at the current density of 100 mA g−1, and remained at 1245.5 mA h g−1 after 30 cycles with high rate performance. Furthermore, the coulombic efficiency was nearly 100% after 100 cycles at a high current density of 2 A g−1 or 5 A g−1. The conductivities of the five MOG membranes were between 10−8 and 10−7 S m−1, indicating that the membrane anodes had semiconductor property. It can be seen that amorphous MOG membrane is a promising anode material for LIBs. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition metal sulfide materials (TMSs) with remarkable rate stability and desirable energy density have become the promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the low electrical conductivity and severe volume variation, always result in serious capacity decay during the charge-discharge process. In this work, we report a convenient and facile strategy to prepare MOFs-derived CoS 2 –MnS nanoparticles by using Co–Mn-based metal-organic frameworks (Co–Mn MOFs) as a precursor. In addition, CoS 2 –MnS/C (terephthalic acid, PTA), CoS 2 –MnS@CNT (carbon nanotubes) and CoS 2 –MnS@rGO (reduced graphene oxide) electrode materials are successfully synthesized by introducing carbon matrix materials. Benefiting from the synergistic between CoS 2 –MnS and the different carbon, CoS 2 –MnS@carbon electrode materials display excellent rate capability and cycle stability. The CoS 2 –MnS@rGO composites offer outstanding rate performance (1620 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1) and high reversible capacity (1327 and 927 mA h g−1 at 100 and 1000 mA g−1, respectively, after 100 cycles). Because of its high cycle performance and excellent lithium storage performance, the CoS 2 –MnS@rGO can be considered as a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Image 1 • The Co–Mn MOFs is used as a precursor to synthesize the MOFs derivative CoS 2 –MnS. • CoS 2 –MnS@carbon exhibited excellent rate performance and outstanding cycle capacity. • This method can be used to prepare other mixed transition-metal sulfide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile low-temperature aqueous solution method was applied to synthesize Sn-MOF hexahedron, and then the SnO@C, Sn/SnO@C and Sn@C nanocomposites were obtained by H 2 reduction using the Sn-MOF as a template at different temperatures. SnO and Sn are embedded in the hexahedral carbon framework with the form of nanorods and nanospheres, respectively. When utilized as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), all the three materials exhibited superior electrochemical performance thanks to the regular hexahedral structure provided by MOFs. Notably, benefiting from the coexistence of rod-like SnO and sphere-like Sn, which is helpful to alleviate the aggregation effect of the sample, Sn/SnO@C exhibited the best rate performance (516.1 mA h g−1 for LIB and 130.1 mA h g−1 for SIB at the current density of 2000 mA g−1) and remarkable cyclability (835.9 mA h g−1 for LIB at 1000 mA g−1 after 200 cycles and 401.5 mA g−1 for SIB at 100 mA g−1 after 100 cycles). The results show that the Sn/SnO@C composite has potential as a practical anode for lithium ion batteries and sodium ion batteries. • SnO@C, Sn/SnO@C and Sn@C were synthesized by One-step reduction method using Sn-MOF as both the precursor and the sacrificing template. • SnO and Sn are embedded in a carbon matrix uniformly in the form of nanorods and nanospheres, respectively. • The coexistence of SnO and Sn with different morphologies in the unique carbon skeleton is beneficial to electrochemical performance. • Sn/SnO@C showed superior rate performance and outstanding cycle capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we synthesize a high performance FeSe 2 –C/rGO (reduced graphene oxide) anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Benefiting from the advantages of using Fe-MOG (Metal organic gel) as precursor and the addition of rGO sheets, the rodlike FeSe 2 is obtained, and the graphene not only limit the size of FeSe 2 rods to smaller, but improve the conductivity. Cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic discharge/charge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are utilized to examine the electrochemical characteristic of FeSe 2 –C/rGO anode. The cell display an extremely stable electrochemical properties during the redox reaction process and superior rate performance. Particularly, the discharge capacity of FeSe 2 –C/rGO anode is 917.6 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles at 100 mA g−1 with the coulombic efficiency of 99%, which is slightly higher than the initial discharge capacity in cycling. Besides, the FeSe 2 –C/rGO anode material exhibit the best cyclability compared to FeSe 2 –C, Fe 2 O 3 –C/rGO and FeS 2 –C/rGO anode material, which are prepared by the analogous synthesis process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal sulfides are widely used in lithium-ion batteries (LIB) and sodium-ion batteries (SIB) due to their large specific capacity and superior electrochemical performance. In addition, metal gallium (Ga) is regarded as a promising self-healing anode material for LIBs and SIBs. In this paper, we combine the two side to efficiently synthesize the carbon-coated Ga 2 S 3 by vacuum sealing heat treatment based on the novel metal-organic frameworks (Ga-MOF). The carbon skeleton inherited from the Ga-MOF precursor can limit the volume expansion of Ga 2 S 3 during cycling. In addition, the modification of Ga-MOF, employing organic ligands (BTC) to replace solvent sites in MOF clusters, is not only carried out to enhance the mechanical properties of the carbon framework, but also to further improve the conductivity of the Ga 2 S 3 /C material. In particular, the post-synthetic modification MOF-derived Ga 2 S 3 /C (Ga 2 S 3 /C-PSM) material exhibits the excellent cyclability with a reversible capacity of 918 mAh g−1 for LIB and a reversible capacity of 385 mAh g−1 for SIB after 200 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1, respectively. We believe that this work indicates a novel and efficient way to improve the electrochemical stability for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel multi-step method that combines solvothermal, sulfidation and polymerization process was utilized to synthesize Antimony Sulfide/Meso@Microporous Carbon nanofibers@polypyrrole (Sb 2 S 3 /MMCN@ppy) composite. As the host, the MMCN is full of microporous and mesoporous naturally, which can prevent the aggregation during the sulfidation process and accelerate the transfer of electron inside the whole composite. Meanwhile, the effective coverage of ppy layer can accommodate the volume changes during cycling and fast the electron transfer on the surface of the composite. Combining those merits, the dual physical barrier composed of MMCN and conductive ppy layer guarantees the ultrastable structure for superior electrochemical performance. When used as an anode for lithium-ion batteries, Sb 2 S 3 /MMCN@ppy composite demonstrates the stable electrochemical performance with an enhanced lithium-storage capability. Impressively, even at the high current density of 1000 mA g−1, a specific reversible capacity about 556 mA h g−1 can be delivered after 300 long cycles. In addition, Sb 2 S 3 /MMCN@ppy composite also displays the outstanding stability sodium-storage property in sodium-ion batteries (269 mAh g−1 at 1000 mA g−1 after 300 long cycles). The results show that this product may be considered as a promising anode material for advanced LIBs and SIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]